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Marasini S, Jia X. Neuroprotective Approaches for Brain Injury After Cardiac Arrest: Current Trends and Prospective Avenues. J Stroke 2024; 26:203-230. [PMID: 38836269 PMCID: PMC11164592 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2023.04329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
With the implementation of improved bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques and public-access defibrillation, survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has increased significantly over the years. Nevertheless, OHCA survivors have residual anoxia/reperfusion brain damage and associated neurological impairment resulting in poor quality of life. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or targeted temperature management has proven effective in improving post-cardiac arrest (CA) neurological outcomes, yet considering the substantial healthcare costs and resources involved, there is an urgent need for alternative treatment strategies that are crucial to alleviate brain injury and promote recovery of neurological function after CA. In this review, we searched PubMed for the latest preclinical or clinical studies (2016-2023) utilizing gas-mediated, pharmacological, or stem cell-based neuroprotective approaches after CA. Preclinical studies utilizing various gases (nitric oxide, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, argon, and xenon), pharmacological agents targeting specific CA-related pathophysiology, and stem cells have shown promising results in rodent and porcine models of CA. Although inhaled gases and several pharmacological agents have entered clinical trials, most have failed to demonstrate therapeutic effects in CA patients. To date, stem cell therapies have not been reported in clinical trials for CA. A relatively small number of preclinical stem-cell studies with subtle therapeutic benefits and unelucidated mechanistic explanations warrant the need for further preclinical studies including the improvement of their therapeutic potential. The current state of the field is discussed and the exciting potential of stem-cell therapy to abate neurological dysfunction following CA is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash Marasini
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Park H, Jung YS, Suh GJ, Kwon WY, Kim KS, Kim T, Kim H, Shin J. Combination Therapy of Niacin and Apocynin Attenuates Lung Injury During Sepsis in Rats. J Surg Res 2023; 285:51-58. [PMID: 36640610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress contributes to tissue injury through reactive oxygen species-dependent signaling pathways during sepsis. We studied therapeutic benefits of the combination therapy of niacin, which increased reduced glutathione levels, and apocynin, which suppressed reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) activity, in septic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Polymicrobial sepsis was induced through cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) with antibiotics in male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 189). The rats were randomly divided into sham, CLP, CLP + niacin, CLP + apocynin, and CLP + niacin + apocynin groups. Six hours after CLP, vehicle, niacin (360 mg/kg through the orogastric tube), and/or apocynin (20 mg/kg through intraperitoneal injection) were administered. The occurrence of mortality for 72 h after CLP was observed. Next, a separate set of animals was euthanized at 24 h post-CLP for lung tissue analyses. RESULTS Combination therapy with niacin and apocynin significantly improved survival in rats with sepsis (75.0% versus 28.8%, P = 0.006) but monotherapy with niacin or apocynin did not. Monotherapy with niacin and apocynin appeared to increase NADPH levels and decrease Nox levels and activity, respectively, but failed to show statistical significances. However, combination therapy significantly decreased Nox levels and activity, increased NADPH and glutathione levels, decreased intranuclear nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 levels, reduced inflammatory cytokine expression and malondialdehyde levels, and attenuated histological lung injuries. CONCLUSIONS Combination therapy with niacin and apocynin synergistically attenuated lung injuries and improved survival in rats with sepsis through niacin-induced glutathione redox cycle activation and apocynin-induced Nox suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesu Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sun Jung
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gil Joon Suh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Yong Kwon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Su Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegyun Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lin MC, Liu CC, Liao CS, Ro JH. Neuroprotective Effect of Quercetin during Cerebral Ischemic Injury Involves Regulation of Essential Elements, Transition Metals, Cu/Zn Ratio, and Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206128. [PMID: 34684707 PMCID: PMC8538157 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia results in increased oxidative stress in the affected brain. Accumulating evidence suggests that quercetin possesses anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The essential elements magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and transition metal iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) are required for brain functions. This study investigates whether the neuroprotective effects of quercetin on the ipsilateral brain cortex involve altered levels of essential trace metals, the Cu/Zn ratio, and antioxidant activity. Rats were intraperitoneally administered quercetin (20 mg/kg) once daily for 10 days before ischemic surgery. Cerebral ischemia was induced by ligation of the right middle cerebral artery and the right common carotid artery for 1 h. The ipsilateral brain cortex was homogenized and the supernatant was collected for biochemical analysis. Results show that rats pretreated with quercetin before ischemia significantly increased Mg, Zn, Se, SOD, and CAT levels, while the malondialdehyde, Fe, Cu, and the Cu/Zn ratio clearly decreased as compared to the untreated ligation subject. Taken together, our findings suggest that the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of quercetin during cerebral ischemic injury involve the modulation of essential elements, transition metals, Cu/Zn ratio, and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Cheng Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 406053, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-C.L.); (J.-H.R.); Tel.: +886-4-2239-1647 (M.-C.L.); +886-4-2463-2000 (J.-H.R.)
| | - Chien-Chi Liu
- Department of Nursing, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung 404336, Taiwan;
| | - Chin-Sheng Liao
- Laboratory Department, Chung-Kang Branch, Cheng-Ching General Hospital, Taichung 407211, Taiwan;
| | - Ju-Hai Ro
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung-Kang Branch, Cheng-Ching Hospital, Taichung 407211, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-C.L.); (J.-H.R.); Tel.: +886-4-2239-1647 (M.-C.L.); +886-4-2463-2000 (J.-H.R.)
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Ro JH, Liu CC, Lin MC. Resveratrol Mitigates Cerebral Ischemic Injury by Altering Levels of Trace Elements, Toxic Metal, Lipid Peroxidation, and Antioxidant Activity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3718-3727. [PMID: 33230635 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia causes increased oxidative stress due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. The polyphenol compound resveratrol exerts neuroprotective effects through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities. The trace elements magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) also exert antioxidant properties. This study mainly investigates whether the neuroprotective effect of resveratrol during cerebral ischemia is related to its modulation of the concentrations of trace element and toxic metal lead (Pb). Experimental rats were administered resveratrol (20 mg/kg) once daily for 10 consecutive days. Cerebral ischemia was surgically induced via ligation of the right middle cerebral artery and right common carotid artery for 1 h. Brain cortex tissues were homogenized, and the supernatants were harvested for biochemical analysis. Experimental results showed that rats pretreated with resveratrol before cerebral ischemia had significantly higher trace element concentrations of Mg, Zn, and Se and higher antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the brain cortex as compared to untreated cerebral ischemia rats. Conversely, resveratrol pretreatment markedly attenuated lipid peroxidation and concentrations of the toxic metal Pb as compared to untreated cerebral ischemic rats. Altogether, the findings of this study highlight that the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of resveratrol involves modulation of the brain levels of trace elements, toxic metal lead, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hai Ro
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Kang Branch, Cheng Ching Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chi Liu
- Department of Nursing, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Choudhary RC, Shoaib M, Sohnen S, Rolston DM, Jafari D, Miyara SJ, Hayashida K, Molmenti EP, Kim J, Becker LB. Pharmacological Approach for Neuroprotection After Cardiac Arrest-A Narrative Review of Current Therapies and Future Neuroprotective Cocktail. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:636651. [PMID: 34084772 PMCID: PMC8167895 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.636651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrest (CA) results in global ischemia-reperfusion injury damaging tissues in the whole body. The landscape of therapeutic interventions in resuscitation medicine has evolved from focusing solely on achieving return of circulation to now exploring options to mitigate brain injury and preserve brain function after CA. CA pathology includes mitochondrial damage and endoplasmic reticulum stress response, increased generation of reactive oxygen species, neuroinflammation, and neuronal excitotoxic death. Current non-pharmacologic therapies, such as therapeutic hypothermia and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, have shown benefits in protecting against ischemic brain injury and improving neurological outcomes post-CA, yet their application is difficult to institute ubiquitously. The current preclinical pharmacopeia to address CA and the resulting brain injury utilizes drugs that often target singular pathways and have been difficult to translate from the bench to the clinic. Furthermore, the limited combination therapies that have been attempted have shown mixed effects in conferring neuroprotection and improving survival post-CA. The global scale of CA damage and its resultant brain injury necessitates the future of CA interventions to simultaneously target multiple pathways and alleviate the hemodynamic, mitochondrial, metabolic, oxidative, and inflammatory processes in the brain. This narrative review seeks to highlight the current field of post-CA neuroprotective pharmaceutical therapies, both singular and combination, and discuss the use of an extensive multi-drug cocktail therapy as a novel approach to treat CA-mediated dysregulation of multiple pathways, enhancing survival, and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh C Choudhary
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Northshore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Muhammad Shoaib
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Samantha Sohnen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Daniel M Rolston
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northshore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Jafari
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northshore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Santiago J Miyara
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Kei Hayashida
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Northshore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | | | - Junhwan Kim
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Northshore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Lance B Becker
- Laboratory for Critical Care Physiology, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Northshore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
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Prostaglandin E1 attenuates post‑cardiac arrest myocardial dysfunction through inhibition of mitochondria‑mediated cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:110. [PMID: 33300050 PMCID: PMC7723157 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Post‑cardiac arrest myocardial dysfunction (PAMD) is a leading cause of death in patients undergoing resuscitation patients following cardiac arrest (CA). Although prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is a clinical drug used to mitigate ischemia injury, its effect on PAMD remains unknown. In the present study, the protective effects of PGE1 on PAMD were evaluated in a rat model of CA and in a hypoxia‑reoxygenation (H/R) in vitro model. Rats were randomly assigned to CA, CA+PGE1 or sham groups. Asphyxia for 8 min followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation were performed in the CA and CA+PGE1 groups. PGE1 was intravenously administered at the onset of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). PGE1 treatment significantly increased the ejection fraction and cardiac output within 4 h following ROSC and improved the survival rate, compared with the CA group. Moreover, PGE1 inactivated GSK3β, prevented mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, while reducing cytochrome c and cleaved caspase‑3 expression, as well as cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the rat model. To examine the underlying mechanism, H/R H9c2 cells were treated with PGE1 at the start of reoxygenation. The changes in GSK3β activity, mPTP opening, cytochrome c and cleaved caspase‑3 expression, and apoptosis of H9c2 cells were consistent with those noted in vivo. The results indicated that PGE1 attenuated PAMD by inhibiting mitochondria‑mediated cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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Xue X, Wang H, Su J. Inhibition of MiR-122 Decreases Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Upregulating DJ-1-Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue Deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN)/Phosphonosinol-3 Kinase (PI3K)/AKT. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e915825. [PMID: 32061171 PMCID: PMC7043345 DOI: 10.12659/msm.915825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion injury is caused by a blood reperfusion injury in ischemic brain tissue, and usually occurs in the treatment stage of ischemic disease, which can aggravate brain tissue injury. MiR-122 is closely related to ischemia-reperfusion injury in the myocardium, kidney, and liver; however, the role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury has not been established. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was established in a rat model, and the control group was a sham-operated group. After ischemia-reperfusion injury for 6, 12, and 24 hours, brain tissue specimens were collected and the expression of miR-122 and DJ-1 were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Flow cytometry was used to determine the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. The modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) scale was used to evaluate the sensory and motor function defects of the rats. The malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and enzyme activity were determined. The rats in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model were divided into 2 groups (antagomir-NC group and antagomir miR-122 group). Brain neuron RN-c cells were divided into the following 4 groups: antagomir-NC, antagomir miR-122, pIRES2-blank, and pIRES2-DJ-1. Seventy-two hours after transfection, ischemia-reperfusion treatment was carried out and conventional cultured RN-c cells were used as the control group. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis and western blot was used to detect the expression of DJ-1, PTEN, AKT, and p-AKT. RESULTS The expression of miR-122 increased significantly in the process of ischemia-reperfusion damage after cerebral infarction, while the expression of DJ-1 decreased significantly. Downregulation of miR-122 significantly increased the expression of DJ-1, enhanced the activity of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway, reduced cell apoptosis, and alleviated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of miR-122 can decrease cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by upregulating DJ-1-PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- XinHong Xue
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - HongRu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - JiangLi Su
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng City, China (mainland)
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Wang R, Zhang L, Liao R, Li Q, Pi R, Yang X. N2L, a novel lipoic acid-niacin dimer protects HT22 cells against β-amyloid peptide-induced damage through attenuating apoptosis. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1761-1770. [PMID: 31478183 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
β-amyloid protein (Aβ) is thought to be the primary cause of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Niacin has been reported to have beneficial effects on AD. Previously, we synthesized a novel compound lipoicacid-niacin dimer (N2L) and revealed that it had potent blood-lipid regulation and antioxidative properties without aflushing effect. Given that lipid metabolism is also associated with AD, the present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of N2L on Aβ1-42-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 cells. We found that N2L significantly attenuated cell apoptosis, MDA level, ROS content, and the mitochondrial membrane potential corruption induced by Aβ1-42 in HT22 cells. In addition, the activities of SOD, GSH-px and CAT that were decreased by Aβ1-42 were also restored by N2L. Furthermore, N2L reduced proapoptotic signaling by increasing the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and decreasing the protein expression of both pro-apoptotic Bax and cleaved Caspase-3. Together, these findings indicate that N2L holds great potential for neuroprotection against Aβ1-42-induced cytotoxicity via inhibition of oxidative stress and cell apoptosis, suggesting that N2L may be a promising agent for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikang Wang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Lang Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Rifang Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Gasperi V, Sibilano M, Savini I, Catani MV. Niacin in the Central Nervous System: An Update of Biological Aspects and Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040974. [PMID: 30813414 PMCID: PMC6412771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Niacin (also known as "vitamin B₃" or "vitamin PP") includes two vitamers (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) giving rise to the coenzymatic forms nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). The two coenzymes are required for oxidative reactions crucial for energy production, but they are also substrates for enzymes involved in non-redox signaling pathways, thus regulating biological functions, including gene expression, cell cycle progression, DNA repair and cell death. In the central nervous system, vitamin B₃ has long been recognized as a key mediator of neuronal development and survival. Here, we will overview available literature data on the neuroprotective role of niacin and its derivatives, especially focusing especially on its involvement in neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases), as well as in other neuropathological conditions (ischemic and traumatic injuries, headache and psychiatric disorders).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gasperi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Sibilano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Isabella Savini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Valeria Catani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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