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Meumann EM, Limmathurotsakul D, Dunachie SJ, Wiersinga WJ, Currie BJ. Burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:155-169. [PMID: 37794173 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is found in soil and water of tropical and subtropical regions globally. Modelled estimates of the global burden predict that melioidosis remains vastly under-reported, and a call has been made for it to be recognized as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Severe weather events and environmental disturbance are associated with increased case numbers, and it is anticipated that, in some regions, cases will increase in association with climate change. Genomic epidemiological investigations have confirmed B. pseudomallei endemicity in newly recognized regions, including the southern United States. Melioidosis follows environmental exposure to B. pseudomallei and is associated with comorbidities that affect the immune response, such as diabetes, and with socioeconomic disadvantage. Several vaccine candidates are ready for phase I clinical trials. In this Review, we explore the global burden, epidemiology and pathophysiology of B. pseudomallei as well as current diagnostics, treatment recommendations and preventive measures, highlighting research needs and priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella M Meumann
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanna J Dunachie
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Willem J Wiersinga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart J Currie
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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2
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Lee FFY, Alper S. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing as a mechanism for terminating Toll-like Receptor signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1023567. [PMID: 36531997 PMCID: PMC9755862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1023567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While inflammation induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is required to combat infection, persistent inflammation can damage host tissues and contribute to a myriad of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. Thus, it is essential not only that TLR signaling be activated in the presence of pathogens but that TLR signaling is ultimately terminated. One mechanism that limits persistent TLR signaling is alternative pre-mRNA splicing. In addition to encoding the canonical mRNAs that produce proteins that promote inflammation, many genes in the TLR signaling pathway also encode alternative mRNAs that produce proteins that are dominant negative inhibitors of signaling. Many of these negative regulators are induced by immune challenge, so production of these alternative isoforms represents a negative feedback loop that limits persistent inflammation. While these alternative splicing events have been investigated on a gene by gene basis, there has been limited systemic analysis of this mechanism that terminates TLR signaling. Here we review what is known about the production of negatively acting alternative isoforms in the TLR signaling pathway including how these inhibitors function, how they are produced, and what role they may play in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Fang Yao Lee
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine and Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz, CO, United States
| | - Scott Alper
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine and Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Scott Alper,
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3
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Schubert BD, Ku H, Kabwe M, Nguyen TH, Irving H, Tucci J. Effects of Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteriophages on IRAK3 Knockdown/Knockout THP-1 Monocyte Cell Lines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112582. [PMID: 36423191 PMCID: PMC9699088 DOI: 10.3390/v14112582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial sepsis characterised by an immunosuppressive and cytokine storm state is a challenge to treat clinically. While conventional antibiotics have been associated with exacerbating the cytokine storm, the role that bacteriophages may play in immune modulation of sepsis remains unclear. Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses that have the capacity to lyse specific bacteria and hence provide a natural alternative to antibiotics. K. pneumoniae is known to cause sepsis in humans, and in this study we isolated two lytic bacteriophages against this pathogen, one of which was a novel jumbo bacteriophage. We employed THP-1 monocyte cell lines, with different functional phenotypes for the interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 3 (IRAK3- a cytoplasmic homeostatic mediator and prognostic marker of inflammation), to evaluate the role of the K. pneumoniae bacteriophages in modulating the immune response in-vitro. We showed for the first time that bacteriophages did not stimulate excessive production of tumour necrosis factor alpha, or interleukin-6, in THP-1 monocyte cell lines which displayed varying levels of IRAK3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Dylan Schubert
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Heng Ku
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Oceans & Atmosphere, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Mwila Kabwe
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Trang Hong Nguyen
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Helen Irving
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Joseph Tucci
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
- Correspondence:
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4
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Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Immunological Tolerance in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. IMMUNO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also referred to as endotoxins, are major outer surface membrane components present on almost all Gram-negative bacteria and are major determinants of sepsis-related clinical complications including septic shock. LPS acts as a strong stimulator of innate or natural immunity in a wide variety of eukaryotic species ranging from insects to humans including specific effects on the adaptive immune system. However, following immune stimulation, lipopolysaccharide can induce tolerance which is an essential immune-homeostatic response that prevents overactivation of the inflammatory response. The tolerance induced by LPS is a state of reduced immune responsiveness due to persistent and repeated challenges, resulting in decreased expression of pro-inflammatory modulators and up-regulation of antimicrobials and other mediators that promote a reduction of inflammation. The presence of environmental-derived LPS may play a key role in decreasing autoimmune diseases and gut tolerance to the plethora of ingested antigens. The use of LPS may be an important immune adjuvant as demonstrated by the promotion of IDO1 increase when present in the fusion protein complex of CTB-INS (a chimera of the cholera toxin B subunit linked to proinsulin) that inhibits human monocyte-derived DC (moDC) activation, which may act through an IDO1-dependent pathway. The resultant state of DC tolerance can be further enhanced by the presence of residual E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which is almost always present in partially purified CTB-INS preparations. The approach to using an adjuvant with an autoantigen in immunotherapy promises effective treatment for devastating tissue-specific autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) and type 1 diabetes (T1D).
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Nguyen TH, Turek I, Meehan-Andrews T, Zacharias A, Irving HR. A systematic review and meta-analyses of interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 3 (IRAK3) action on inflammation in in vivo models for the study of sepsis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263968. [PMID: 35167625 PMCID: PMC8846508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 3 (IRAK3) is a critical modulator of inflammation and is associated with endotoxin tolerance and sepsis. Although IRAK3 is known as a negative regulator of inflammation, several studies have reported opposing functions, and the temporal actions of IRAK3 on inflammation remain unclear. A systematic review and meta-analyses were performed to investigate IRAK3 expression and its effects on inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6) after one- or two-challenge interventions, which mimic the hyperinflammatory and immunosuppression phases of sepsis, respectively, using human or animal in vivo models. Methods This systematic review and meta-analyses has been registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF) (Registration DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/V39UR). A systematic search was performed to identify in vivo studies reporting outcome measures of expression of IRAK3 and inflammatory markers. Meta-analyses were performed where sufficient data was available. Results The search identified 7778 studies for screening. After screening titles, abstracts and full texts, a total of 49 studies were included in the systematic review. The review identified significant increase of IRAK3 mRNA and protein expression at different times in humans compared to rodents following one-challenge, whereas the increases of IL-6 and TNF-α protein expression in humans were similar to rodent in vivo models. Meta-analyses confirmed the inhibitory effect of IRAK3 on TNF-α mRNA and protein expression after two challenges. Conclusions A negative correlation between IRAK3 and TNF-α expression in rodents following two challenges demonstrates the association of IRAK3 in the immunosuppression phase of sepsis. Species differences in underlying biology affect the translatability of immune responses of animal models to human, as shown by the dissimilarity in patterns of IRAK3 mRNA and protein expression between humans and rodents following one challenge that are further influenced by variations in experimental procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang H. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (HRI); (THN)
| | - Ilona Turek
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terri Meehan-Andrews
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anita Zacharias
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen R. Irving
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (HRI); (THN)
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6
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Geng S, Pradhan K, Li L. Signal-Strength and History-Dependent Innate Immune Memory Dynamics in Health and Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 276:23-41. [PMID: 34085119 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity exhibits memory characteristics, reflected not only in selective recognition of external microbial or internal damage signals, but more importantly in history and signal-strength dependent reprogramming of innate leukocytes characterized by priming, tolerance, and exhaustion. Key innate immune cells such as monocytes and neutrophils can finely discern and attune to the duration and intensity of external signals through rewiring of internal signaling circuitries, giving rise to a vast array of discreet memory phenotypes critically relevant to managing tissue homeostasis as well as diverse repertoires of inflammatory conditions. This review will highlight recent advances in this rapidly expanding field of innate immune programming and memory, as well as its translational implication in the pathophysiology of selected inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Geng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kisha Pradhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Yimthin T, Cliff JM, Phunpang R, Ekchariyawat P, Kaewarpai T, Lee JS, Eckold C, Andrada M, Thiansukhon E, Tanwisaid K, Chuananont S, Morakot C, Sangsa N, Silakun W, Chayangsu S, Buasi N, Day N, Lertmemongkolchai G, Chantratita W, Eoin West T, Chantratita N. Blood transcriptomics to characterize key biological pathways and identify biomarkers for predicting mortality in melioidosis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:8-18. [PMID: 33256556 PMCID: PMC7832033 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1858176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis is an often lethal tropical disease caused by the Gram-negative bacillus, Burkholderia pseudomallei. The study objective was to characterize transcriptomes in melioidosis patients and identify genes associated with outcome. Whole blood RNA-seq was performed in a discovery set of 29 melioidosis patients and 3 healthy controls. Transcriptomic profiles of patients who did not survive to 28 days were compared with patients who survived and healthy controls, showing 65 genes were significantly up-regulated and 218 were down-regulated in non-survivors compared to survivors. Up-regulated genes were involved in myeloid leukocyte activation, Toll-like receptor cascades and reactive oxygen species metabolic processes. Down-regulated genes were hematopoietic cell lineage, adaptive immune system and lymphocyte activation pathways. RT-qPCR was performed for 28 genes in a validation set of 60 melioidosis patients and 20 healthy controls, confirming differential expression. IL1R2, GAS7, S100A9, IRAK3, and NFKBIA were significantly higher in non-survivors compared with survivors (P < 0.005) and healthy controls (P < 0.0001). The AUROCC of these genes for mortality discrimination ranged from 0.80-0.88. In survivors, expression of IL1R2, S100A9 and IRAK3 genes decreased significantly over 28 days (P < 0.05). These findings augment our understanding of this severe infection, showing expression levels of specific genes are potential biomarkers to predict melioidosis outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thatcha Yimthin
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jacqueline Margaret Cliff
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rungnapa Phunpang
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peeraya Ekchariyawat
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Public Health, Department of Microbiology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taniya Kaewarpai
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ji-Sook Lee
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Clare Eckold
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Megan Andrada
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | | | | | | | - Chumpol Morakot
- Department of Medicine, Mukdahan Hospital, Mukdahan, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Noppol Buasi
- Department of Medicine, Sisaket Hospital, Sisaket, Thailand
| | - Nicholas Day
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ganjana Lertmemongkolchai
- Faculty of Associated Medical Science, Department of Clinical Immunology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,The Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wasun Chantratita
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Center for Medical Genomics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Eoin West
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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8
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Systemic Inflammation and the Breakdown of Intestinal Homeostasis Are Key Events in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020744. [PMID: 33451043 PMCID: PMC7828526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the subset distribution and function of circulating monocytes, proinflammatory cytokine levels, gut barrier damage, and bacterial translocation in chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. Thus, 56 SCI patients and 28 healthy donors were studied. The levels of circulating CD14+highCD16-, CD14+highCD16+, and CD14+lowCD16+ monocytes, membrane TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, phagocytic activity, ROS generation, and intracytoplasmic TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation were analyzed by polychromatic flow cytometry. Serum TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were measured by Luminex and LPS-binding protein (LBP), intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) and zonulin by ELISA. SCI patients had normal monocyte counts and subset distribution. CD14+highCD16- and CD14+highCD16+ monocytes exhibited decreased TLR4, normal TLR2 and increased TLR9 expression. CD14+highCD16- monocytes had increased LPS-induced TNF-α but normal IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 production. Monocytes exhibited defective phagocytosis but normal ROS production. Patients had enhanced serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels, normal IL-1 and IL-10 levels, and increased circulating LBP, I-FABP, and zonulin levels. Chronic SCI patients displayed impaired circulating monocyte function. These patients exhibited a systemic proinflammatory state characterized by enhanced serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels. These patients also had increased bacterial translocation and gut barrier damage.
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Nguyen TH, Turek I, Meehan-Andrews T, Zacharias A, Irving H. Analysis of interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-3 (IRAK3) function in modulating expression of inflammatory markers in cell culture models: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244570. [PMID: 33382782 PMCID: PMC7774834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IRAK3 is a critical modulator of inflammation in innate immunity. IRAK3 is associated with many inflammatory diseases, including sepsis, and is required in endotoxin tolerance to maintain homeostasis of inflammation. The impact of IRAK3 on inflammatory markers such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cell culture models remains controversial. OBJECTIVE To analyse temporal effects of IRAK3 on inflammatory markers after one- or two-challenge interventions in cell culture models. METHODS A systematic search was performed to identify in vitro cell studies reporting outcome measures of expression of IRAK3 and inflammatory markers. Meta-analyses were performed where sufficient data were available. Comparisons of outcome measures were performed between different cell lines and human and mouse primary cells. RESULTS The literature search identified 7766 studies for screening. After screening titles, abstracts and full-texts, a total of 89 studies were included in the systematic review. CONCLUSIONS The review identifies significant effects of IRAK3 on decreasing NF-κB DNA binding activity in cell lines, TNF-α protein level at intermediate time intervals (4h-15h) in cell lines or at long term intervals (16h-48h) in mouse primary cells following one-challenge. The patterns of TNF-α protein expression in human cell lines and human primary cells in response to one-challenge are more similar than in mouse primary cells. Meta-analyses confirm a negative correlation between IRAK3 and inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) expression after two-challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Hong Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilona Turek
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terri Meehan-Andrews
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anita Zacharias
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Irving
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is a complex process by which cells within most organ systems remove pathogens and cell debris. Phagocytosis is usually followed by inflammatory pathway activation, which promotes pathogen elimination and inhibits pathogen growth. Delayed pathogen elimination is the first step in sepsis development and a key factor in sepsis resolution. Phagocytosis thus has an important role during sepsis and likely contributes to all of its clinical stages. However, only a few studies have specifically explored and characterized phagocytic activity during sepsis. Here, we describe the phagocytic processes that occur as part of the immune response preceding sepsis onset and identify the elements of phagocytosis that might constitute a predictive marker of sepsis outcomes. First, we detail the key features of phagocytosis, including the main receptors and signaling hallmarks associated with different phagocytic processes. We then discuss how the initial events of phagosome formation and cytoskeletal remodeling might be associated with known sepsis features, such as a cytokine-driven hyperinflammatory response and immunosuppression. Finally, we highlight the unresolved mechanisms of sepsis development and progression and the need for cross-disciplinary approaches to link the clinical complexity of the disease with basic cellular and molecular mechanisms.
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11
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Lee FFY, Davidson K, Harris C, McClendon J, Janssen WJ, Alper S. NF-κB mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced alternative pre-mRNA splicing of MyD88 in mouse macrophages. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6236-6248. [PMID: 32179652 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a robust inflammatory response is needed to combat infection, this response must ultimately be terminated to prevent chronic inflammation. One mechanism that terminates inflammatory signaling is the production of alternative mRNA splice forms in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. Whereas most genes in the TLR pathway encode positive mediators of inflammatory signaling, several, including that encoding the MyD88 signaling adaptor, also produce alternative spliced mRNA isoforms that encode dominant-negative inhibitors of the response. Production of these negatively acting alternatively spliced isoforms is induced by stimulation with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS); thus, this alternative pre-mRNA splicing represents a negative feedback loop that terminates TLR signaling and prevents chronic inflammation. In the current study, we investigated the mechanisms regulating the LPS-induced alternative pre-mRNA splicing of the MyD88 transcript in murine macrophages. We found that 1) the induction of the alternatively spliced MyD88 form is due to alternative pre-mRNA splicing and not caused by another RNA regulatory mechanism, 2) MyD88 splicing is regulated by both the MyD88- and TRIF-dependent arms of the TLR signaling pathway, 3) MyD88 splicing is regulated by the NF-κB transcription factor, and 4) NF-κB likely regulates MyD88 alternative pre-mRNA splicing per se rather than regulating splicing indirectly by altering MyD88 transcription. We conclude that alternative splicing of MyD88 may provide a sensitive mechanism that ensures robust termination of inflammation for tissue repair and restoration of normal tissue homeostasis once an infection is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Fang-Yao Lee
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206; Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Kevin Davidson
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, WakeMed Hospital, Raleigh, North Carolina 27610
| | - Chelsea Harris
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206; Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Jazalle McClendon
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - William J Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Scott Alper
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206; Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045.
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12
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Duerr C, Bacher A, de Martin A, Sachet M, Sadeghi K, Baumann S, Heinz C, Spittler A. The novel polyclonal Ab preparation trimodulin attenuates ex vivo endotoxin-induced immune reactions in early hyperinflammation. Innate Immun 2019; 25:374-388. [PMID: 31165655 PMCID: PMC7103611 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919853333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a syndrome associated with excessive inflammation. Since mortality from sepsis remains high, more laboratory research is needed to provide insight into more effective ways to use novel, potentially more beneficial agents in sepsis. We investigated the ex vivo immunomodulatory effect of a novel polyclonal Ab preparation, trimodulin, containing IgM (∼23%), IgA (∼21%) and IgG (∼56%). Using whole blood and purified PBMCs from healthy volunteers and patients with sepsis, various ex vivo investigations upon endotoxin challenge and pre- and post-trimodulin treatment were performed. Endotoxin-induced TNF-α secretion was noticeably lower with than without trimodulin, implying attenuation of the hyper-responsive state. Trimodulin also lowered TLR2, TLR4, CD11b and CD64 detection on LPS/lipoteichoic acid-stimulated monocytes. These responses were observed in cells from healthy volunteers only shortly after ex vivo endotoxin stimulation and in whole blood from patients with early-stage sepsis. Furthermore, trimodulin markedly reduced lymphocyte proliferation and release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, but did not affect phagocytosis or oxidative-burst activities of endoxin-stimulated cells. Thus, trimodulin mitigated monocyte and lymphocyte hyperinflammatory responses early after endotoxin exposure. Determining whether early in vivo administration of trimodulin will elicit similar positive immunomodulatory effects and offer a clinical benefit warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Duerr
- 1 Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,2 Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Annica Bacher
- 3 Department of Surgery, University Hospital St. Pölten, Karl Landsteiner Private University for Health Sciences, Austria
| | - Angelika de Martin
- 1 Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Sachet
- 1 Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kambis Sadeghi
- 2 Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Suzann Baumann
- 1 Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Corina Heinz
- 4 Department of Preclinical Research - Translational Research, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany
| | - Andreas Spittler
- 1 Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,5 Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Centre of Translational Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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13
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Morris G, Maes M, Berk M, Puri BK. Myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome: how could the illness develop? Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:385-415. [PMID: 30758706 PMCID: PMC6428797 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-0388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A model of the development and progression of chronic fatigue syndrome (myalgic encephalomyelitis), the aetiology of which is currently unknown, is put forward, starting with a consideration of the post-infection role of damage-associated molecular patterns and the development of chronic inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress in genetically predisposed individuals. The consequences are detailed, including the role of increased intestinal permeability and the translocation of commensal antigens into the circulation, and the development of dysautonomia, neuroinflammation, and neurocognitive and neuroimaging abnormalities. Increasing levels of such stress and the switch to immune and metabolic downregulation are detailed next in relation to the advent of hypernitrosylation, impaired mitochondrial performance, immune suppression, cellular hibernation, endotoxin tolerance and sirtuin 1 activation. The role of chronic stress and the development of endotoxin tolerance via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase upregulation and the characteristics of neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and T cells, including regulatory T cells, in endotoxin tolerance are detailed next. Finally, it is shown how the immune and metabolic abnormalities of chronic fatigue syndrome can be explained by endotoxin tolerance, thus completing the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Basant K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England, W12 0HS, UK.
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14
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Haptoglobin improves acute phase response and endotoxin tolerance in response to bacterial LPS. Immunol Lett 2019; 207:17-27. [PMID: 30625342 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is characterized by delayed acute phase response and lowered immune tolerance in patients. Acute phase serum proteins, like Haptoglobin (Hp), have been associated with increased mortality in bacteria mediated acute lung inflammation and sepsis in neonates. However, it's direct role in modulating the immune response by regulating pro-inflammatory mediators leading to immune tolerant state and if gender affects its expression levels during bacterial infection, especially in blood has not been fully explored. To understand its specific role in endotoxin-mediated immune response, we investigated the correlation between the rise in Hp levels on bacterial infection and its influence on the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in male and female Whole blood (WHB) and PBMCs. Here, we observed pathogen-specific and gender-specific expression of Hp. Gonadal steroid hormones differentially influenced the Hp expression in LPS-induced WHB, where the addition of Estrogen increased Hp expression, with suppression of TNFα, in both genders. Further on evaluating, the influence of Hp on TNFα expression in endotoxin tolerance (ET), we show that increased Hp levels directly reduced TNFα expression in ET models. Interestingly, blockade of secreted Hp significantly reversed the (ET) state, confirmed by a significant rise in TNFα expression in both ex vivo and in vitro ET models, indicating a possible feedback inhibition by Hp on inflammatory mediators like TNFα. We also investigated the role of PKCδ in the regulation of LPS induced secretion of acute phase proteins (Hp) in serum, where inhibition of PKCδ, reduced secretion of anti-microbial proteins in response to LPS shown by restored bacterial growth. These findings clearly highlight the crucial role of Hp in maintaining immune tolerance via suppressing the pro-inflammatory mediators and also in preventing bacterial proliferation in blood during infection.
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15
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Chu P, He L, Zhu D, Chen L, Huang R, Liao L, Li Y, Zhu Z, Wang Y. Identification, characterisation and preliminary functional analysis of IRAK-M in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:312-321. [PMID: 30287347 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family members play important roles in myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)-dependent toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, the crucial innate immune pathway in vertebrates. In the present study, the IRAK family gene IRAK-M (also called IRAK3) from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) was cloned and characterised. IRAK-M was mainly enriched in the spleen, and the significantly altered expression was observed after grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection. Subcellular localisation showed that IRAK-M protein distributed uniformly in the entire cell and co-localised with MyD88 in the cytoplasm of transfected cells. Additionally, the interaction between IRAK-M and MyD88 was confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) system. Moreover, deficient of IRAK-M in C. idella kidney cell line (CIK) with small interference RNA (siRNA) upregulated polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C))-induced inflammatory cytokines production, including interleukin 8 (IL-8), IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), which reveals that IRAK-M functions as a negative regulator of inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, our results demonstrate that IRAK-M gene plays an important role in innate immune regulation and provide new insights into understanding the functional characteristics of the IRAK-M in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Libo He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Denghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liangming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lanjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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16
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Zheng G, Li Z, Xiang W, Huang Y, Pan M. Differentiation expression of toll‐like receptor4 (TLR4) caused by the dysregulation of microRNA‐140‐5p is responsible for the development of postoperation infection. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3479-3490. [PMID: 30321456 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics Ruian People's Hospital Ruian Zhejiang China
| | - Zhishu Li
- Department of Pediatrics Ruian People's Hospital Ruian Zhejiang China
| | - Wenna Xiang
- Department of Pediatrics Ruian People's Hospital Ruian Zhejiang China
| | - Yumao Huang
- Department of Pediatrics Ruian People's Hospital Ruian Zhejiang China
| | - Minli Pan
- Department of Pediatrics Ruian People's Hospital Ruian Zhejiang China
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17
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Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative environmental bacterium and the aetiological agent of melioidosis, a life-threatening infection that is estimated to account for ∼89,000 deaths per year worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for melioidosis, and the global diabetes pandemic could increase the number of fatalities caused by melioidosis. Melioidosis is endemic across tropical areas, especially in southeast Asia and northern Australia. Disease manifestations can range from acute septicaemia to chronic infection, as the facultative intracellular lifestyle and virulence factors of B. pseudomallei promote survival and persistence of the pathogen within a broad range of cells, and the bacteria can manipulate the host's immune responses and signalling pathways to escape surveillance. The majority of patients present with sepsis, but specific clinical presentations and their severity vary depending on the route of bacterial entry (skin penetration, inhalation or ingestion), host immune function and bacterial strain and load. Diagnosis is based on clinical and epidemiological features as well as bacterial culture. Treatment requires long-term intravenous and oral antibiotic courses. Delays in treatment due to difficulties in clinical recognition and laboratory diagnosis often lead to poor outcomes and mortality can exceed 40% in some regions. Research into B. pseudomallei is increasing, owing to the biothreat potential of this pathogen and increasing awareness of the disease and its burden; however, better diagnostic tests are needed to improve early confirmation of diagnosis, which would enable better therapeutic efficacy and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Joost Wiersinga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Rm. G2-132, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harjeet S Virk
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bart J Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David A B Dance
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Tropical Hygiene and Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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18
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García-Jiménez WL, Salguero FJ, D'Elia RV. Histopathological and immunohistochemical characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei lesions in an acute model of infection with BALB/c mice. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 98:347-355. [PMID: 29315931 PMCID: PMC5826972 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ tissue damage is a key contributor to host morbidity and mortality following infection with microbial agents. Severe immune responses, excessive cellular recruitment and necrosis of cells all play a role in disease pathology. Understanding the pathogenesis of disease can aid in identifying potential new therapeutic targets or simply act as a diagnostic tool. Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause acute and chronic diseases. The BALB/c mouse has been shown to be highly susceptible to aerosol challenge with B. pseudomallei and hence acts as a good model to study the acute and potentially lethal form of the disease melioidosis. In our study, BALB/c mice were challenged and culled at predetermined time points to generate a pathological time course of infection. Lung, liver and spleen were subjected to pathological and immunohistochemical analysis. The number and type of microscopic lesions within each organ, as well as the location and the mean percentage of neutrophils, B cells, T cells and Burkholderia capsule antigen within the lesions, were all characterized during the time course. Neutrophils were determined as the key player in tissue pathology and generation of lesions, with B cells playing an insignificant role. This detailed pathological assessment increases our understanding of B. pseudomallei disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldo Luis García-Jiménez
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Riccardo V D'Elia
- CBR Division, Defence Science & Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, UK
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19
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Xia Q, Zhou Y, Wang X, Fu S. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 3 downregulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells attenuates immunosuppression in sepsis. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:1586-1593. [PMID: 29434744 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of mortality in intensive care units due to complex inflammatory immune responses and immunosuppression. Recent studies have indicated that the negative regulator of toll like receptors, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 3 (IRAK-3/IRAK-M), serves an important role in immunosuppression during sepsis. In the current study, a cecal ligation puncture model was established in mice using lipopolysaccharide secondary challenge to simulate immunosuppression in sepsis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from this model were then used to evaluate the expression and function of IRAK-M. The results demonstrated that silencing of IRAK-M expression in PBMCs from immunosuppressed mice partially restored the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. By introducing PBMCs transfected with small-interfering RNA targeting IRAK-M into septic immunosuppressed mice, the survival rate was improved with an increase in splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and a decrease in T cell apoptosis. In conclusion, downregulation of IRAK-M reversed the effects of sepsis on the production of inflammatory cytokines in PBMCs, and improved the survival of septic immunosuppressed mice. These results provide a basis for future studies investigating the immunological mechanisms underlying immune suppression in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yupin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Shukun Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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20
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Ryan T, Coakley JD, Martin-Loeches I. Defects in innate and adaptive immunity in patients with sepsis and health care associated infection. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:447. [PMID: 29264364 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.09.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in sepsis therapy exclusively involve improvements in supportive care, while sepsis mortality rates remain disturbingly high at 30%. These persistently high sepsis mortality rates arise from the absence of sepsis specific therapies. However with improvements in supportive care, patients with septic shock commonly partially recover from the infection that precipitated their initial illness, yet they frequently succumb to subsequent health care associated infections. Remarkably today the pathophysiology of sepsis in humans, a common disease in western society, remains largely a conundrum. Conventionally sepsis was regarded as primarily a disorder of inflammation. More recently the importance of immune compromise in the pathophysiology of sepsis and health care associated infection has now become more widely accepted. Accordingly a review of the human evidence for this novel sepsis paradigm is timely. Septic patients appear to exhibit a complex and long-lasting immune deficiency state, involving lymphocytes of both the innate and adaptive immune responses that have been linked with mortality and the occurrence of health care associated infection. Such is the pervasive nature of immune compromise in sepsis that ultimately immune modulation will play a crucial role in sepsis therapies of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ryan
- Department of Intensive Care, St James's Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John D Coakley
- Department of Intensive Care, St James's Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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21
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Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are modulated during in vitro and in vivo infection with the intracellular bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:2147-2154. [PMID: 28856457 PMCID: PMC5653709 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-3038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium that causes the disease melioidosis. The disease can be fatal if left untreated or when antibiotic therapy is delayed and total clearance of the pathogen from the host is often not accomplished with current therapies. Thus, new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of infections caused by B. pseudomallei are required. To better understand host responses to B. pseudomallei infection, the activation of key proteins involved in the TLR inflammatory cascade was measured by western blotting. Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38 and ERK were both significantly altered during both in vitro and in vivo infection. In considering an approach for therapy of B. pseudomallei infection the inhibition of ERK was achieved in vitro using the inhibitor PD0325901, along with decreased TNF-α production. However, the reduction in phosphorylated ERK and TNF-α release did not correspond with decreased bacterial replication or enhance clearance from infected macrophages. Despite this apparent lack of effect on the intracellular growth of B. pseudomallei in vitro, it is not clear what effect inhibition of ERK activation might have on outcome of disease in vivo. It may be that decreasing the levels of TNF-α in vivo could aid in reducing the overactive immune response that is known to ensue following B. pseudomallei infection, thereby increasing host survival.
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22
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Sepsis Patients Display a Reduced Capacity to Activate Nuclear Factor-κB in Multiple Cell Types. Crit Care Med 2017; 45:e524-e531. [PMID: 28240686 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000002294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sepsis is a complex clinical condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. A distinctive feature of sepsis is the reduced capacity of leukocytes to release proinflammatory cytokines in response to ex vivo stimulation. Cellular signaling events leading to immunosuppression in sepsis are not well defined. We investigated cell-specific signaling events underlying the immunosuppressed phenotype in sepsis. DESIGN Ex vivo study. SETTING ICU of an academic hospital. PATIENTS Nineteen patients with sepsis and 19 age-matched healthy controls. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The phosphorylation state of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells were determined in ex vivo stimulated CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells, monocytes, and neutrophils. Messenger RNA expression levels of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and negative regulators tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 3 (A20) and mitogen activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 were determined in neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Upon ex vivo stimulation, monocytes of sepsis patients were less capable in phosphorylating nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. Sepsis was also associated with reduced phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells in stimulated B cells, CD4 and CD8 T cells. Messenger RNA expression levels of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and A20 were diminished in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of sepsis patients, whereas p38 mitogen activated protein kinase messenger RNA was up-regulated. In neutrophils of sepsis patients, mitogen activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 messenger RNA levels were down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS Sepsis-induced immunosuppression associates with a defect in the capacity to phosphorylate nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells in lymphoid cells and monocytes.
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23
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Gene Expression Profile of Human Cytokines in Response to Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00121-17. [PMID: 28435890 PMCID: PMC5397567 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00121-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is an underreported infectious disease, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Understanding the disease susceptibility and pathogenesis is crucial for developing newer diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this life-threatening infection. In this study, we aimed to analyze the gene expression levels of important cytokines in melioidosis patients and establish useful correlates with disease biomarkers compared to cases of sepsis infection caused by other pathogens and healthy individuals. A Qiagen common human cytokines array profiling the gene expression of 84 important cytokines by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used. We analyzed 26 melioidosis cases, 5 healthy controls, and 10 cases of sepsis infection caused by other pathogens. Our results showed consistently upregulated expression of interleukins (IL) interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-17 alpha (IL-17A), IL-23A, and IL-24, interferons (IFN) interferon alpha 1 (IFNA1) and interferon beta 1 (IFNB1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily 4 (TNFSF4), transforming growth factor (TGF) superfamily, bone morphogenetic proteins 3 and 6 (BMP3 and BMP6), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1), and other growth factors, including macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), C-fos-induced growth factor (FIGF), and platelet-derived growth factor alpha (PDGFA) polypeptide, in melioidosis patients compared to their expression in other sepsis cases, irrespective of comorbidities, duration of fever/clinical symptoms, and antibiotic treatment. Our findings indicate a dominant Th2- and Th17-type-cytokine response, suggesting that their dysregulation at initial stages of infection may play an important role in disease pathogenesis. IL-1A, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1B), and IL-8 were significantly downregulated in septicemic melioidosis patients compared to their expression in other sepsis cases. These differentially expressed genes may serve as biomarkers for melioidosis diagnosis and targets for therapeutic intervention and may help us understand immune response mechanisms. IMPORTANCE Melioidosis is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by a soil-associated Gram-negative bacterium, B. pseudomallei. Melioidosis is endemic in Southeast Asia and northern Australia; however, the global distribution of B. pseudomallei and the disease burden of melioidosisis are still poorly understood. Melioidosis is difficult to treat, as B. pseudomallei is intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics and requires a long course of antibiotic treatment. The mortality rates remain high in areas of endemicity, with reoccurrence being common. Therefore, it is imperative to diagnose the disease at an early stage and provide vital clinical care to reduce the mortality rate. With limitations in treatment and lack of a vaccine, it is crucial to study the immune response mechanisms to this infection to get a better understanding of disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the gene expression levels of important cytokines to establish useful correlations for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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24
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Peters AL, van Hezel ME, Klanderman RB, Tuip-de Boer AM, Wiersinga WJ, van der Spek AH, van Bruggen R, de Korte D, Juffermans NP, Vlaar APJ. Transfusion of 35-day-stored red blood cells does not alter lipopolysaccharide tolerance during human endotoxemia. Transfusion 2017; 57:1359-1368. [PMID: 28375559 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM) encompasses immunosuppressive and proinflammatory effects induced by red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. Changes that occur during storage in the RBC product have been hypothesized to underlie TRIM, mediated by tolerance of toll-like receptors (TLR). We investigated whether transfusion of 35-day-stored autologous RBCs alters cytokine production in response to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipotheic acid (LTA), in a clinically relevant model of endotoxemia. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Eighteen volunteers received 2 ng/kg LPS intravenously, followed by normal saline or 2- or 35-day-stored autologous RBC transfusion. Before LPS, before transfusion, and 6 hours after transfusion blood was collected to measure cytokine gene expression. Whole blood was used for ex vivo stimulation with LPS and LTA, after which cytokine levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In vivo LPS induced a biphasic response in cytokine mRNA with peak values 2 hours after LPS infusion. Storage time of RBC transfusion did not influence cytokine mRNA levels. In vivo infusion of LPS resulted in tolerance for ex vivo stimulation with LPS and LTA. However, transfusion of either fresh or stored RBCs did not further affect the capacity to produce cytokines after ex vivo stimulation. CONCLUSION In a clinically relevant model of human endotoxemia, autologous transfusion of 35-day-stored RBCs does not influence cytokine mRNA levels nor does it change the capacity of white blood cells in whole blood to produce cytokines after ex vivo stimulation with LPS or LTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Peters
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maike E van Hezel
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert B Klanderman
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anita M Tuip-de Boer
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne H van der Spek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robin van Bruggen
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk de Korte
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Product and Process Development, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole P Juffermans
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander P J Vlaar
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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25
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Fensterheim BA, Guo Y, Sherwood ER, Bohannon JK. The Cytokine Response to Lipopolysaccharide Does Not Predict the Host Response to Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3264-3273. [PMID: 28275139 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of the LPS-elicited cytokine response is commonly used to assess immune function in critically ill patients. A suppressed response, known as endotoxin tolerance, is associated with worse outcomes, yet endotoxin tolerance-inducing TLR4 ligands are known to protect animals from infection. Thus, it remains unknown whether the magnitude of the LPS-elicited cytokine response provides an accurate assessment of antimicrobial immunity. To address this, the ability of diverse TLR ligands to modify the LPS-elicited cytokine response and resistance to infection were assessed. Priming of mice with LPS, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), or poly(I:C) significantly reduced plasma LPS-elicited proinflammatory cytokines, reflecting endotoxin tolerance, whereas CpG-ODN-primed mice showed augmented cytokine production. In contrast, LPS, MPLA, and CpG-ODN, but not poly(I:C), improved the host response to a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Mice primed with protective TLR ligands, including CpG-ODN, showed reduced plasma cytokines during P. aeruginosa infection. The protection imparted by TLR ligands persisted for up to 15 d yet was independent of the adaptive immune system. In bone marrow-derived macrophages, protective TLR ligands induced a persistent metabolic phenotype characterized by elevated glycolysis and oxidative metabolism as well as augmented size, granularity, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst. Sustained augmentation of glycolysis in TLR-primed cells was dependent, in part, on hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α and was essential for increased phagocytosis. In conclusion, the magnitude of LPS-elicited cytokine production is not indicative of antimicrobial immunity after exposure to TLR ligands. Additionally, protective TLR ligands induce sustained augmentation of phagocyte metabolism and antimicrobial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Fensterheim
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235; and
| | - Yin Guo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235; and
| | - Edward R Sherwood
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235; and.,Anesthesiology Research Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Julia K Bohannon
- Anesthesiology Research Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212
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27
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Wiewel MA, Harmon MB, van Vught LA, Scicluna BP, Hoogendijk AJ, Horn J, Zwinderman AH, Cremer OL, Bonten MJ, Schultz MJ, van der Poll T, Juffermans NP, Wiersinga WJ. Risk factors, host response and outcome of hypothermic sepsis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2016; 20:328. [PMID: 27737683 PMCID: PMC5064908 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Hypothermia is associated with adverse outcome in patients with sepsis. The objective of this study was to characterize the host immune response in patients with hypothermic sepsis in order to determine if an excessive anti-inflammatory response could explain immunosuppression and adverse outcome. Markers of endothelial activation and integrity were also measured to explore potential alternative mechanisms of hypothermia. Finally we studied risk factors for hypothermia in an attempt to find new clues to the etiology of hypothermia in sepsis. Methods Consecutive patients diagnosed with sepsis within 24 hours after admission to ICUs in two tertiary hospitals in the Netherlands were included in the study (n = 525). Hypothermia was defined as body temperature below 36 °C in the first 24 h of ICU admission. Results Hypothermia was identified in 186 patients and was independently associated with mortality. Levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were not different between groups. Hypothermia was also not associated with an altered response to ex vivo stimulation with lipopolysaccharide in a subset of 15 patients. Risk factors for hypothermia included low body mass index, hypertension and chronic cardiovascular insufficiency. Levels of the endothelial activation marker fractalkine were increased during the first 4 days of ICU stay. Conclusions Hypothermia during sepsis is independently associated with mortality, which cannot be attributed to alterations in the host immune responses that were measured in this study. Given that risk factors for hypothermic sepsis are mainly cardiovascular and that the endothelial activation marker fractalkine increased in hypothermia, these findings may suggest that vascular dysfunction plays a role in hypothermic sepsis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1510-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse A Wiewel
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew B Harmon
- Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lonneke A van Vught
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brendon P Scicluna
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arie J Hoogendijk
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Horn
- Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Clinical Epidemiology Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf L Cremer
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J Bonten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus J Schultz
- Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole P Juffermans
- Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jin P, Bo L, Liu Y, Lu W, Lin S, Bian J, Deng X. Activator protein 1 promotes the transcriptional activation of IRAK-M. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:1212-1219. [PMID: 27562721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase M (IRAK-M) is a well-known negative regulator for Toll-like receptor signaling, which can regulate immune homeostasis and tolerance in a number of pathological settings. However, the mechanism for IRAK-M regulation at transcriptional level remains largely unknown. In this study, a 1.4kb upstream sequence starting from the major IRAK-M transcriptional start site was cloned into luciferase reporter vector pGL3-basic to construct the full-length IRAK-M promoter. Luciferase reporter plasmids harboring the full-length and the deletion mutants of IRAK-M were transfected into 293T and A549 cells, and their relative luciferase activity was measured. The results demonstrated that activator protein 1(AP-1) cis-element plays a crucial role in IRAK-M constitutive gene transcription. Silencing of c-Fos and/or c-Jun expression suppressed the IRAK-M promoter activity as well as its mRNA and protein expressions. As a specific inhibitor for AP-1 activation, SP600125 also significantly suppressed the basal transcriptional activity of IRAK-M, the binding activity of c-Fos/c-Jun with IRAK-M promoter, and IRAK-M protein expression. Taken together, the result of this study highlights the importance of AP-1 in IRAK-M transcription, which offers more information on the role of IRAK-M in infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lulong Bo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Wenbin Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shengwei Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinjun Bian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; College of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210006, China.
| | - Xiaoming Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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The impact of HIV infection on blood leukocyte responsiveness to bacterial stimulation in asymptomatic patients and patients with bloodstream infection. J Int AIDS Soc 2016; 19:20759. [PMID: 27189532 PMCID: PMC4870384 DOI: 10.7448/ias.19.1.20759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction HIV-induced changes in cytokine responses to bacteria may influence susceptibility to bacterial infections and the consequent inflammatory response. Methods We examined the impact of HIV on whole blood responsiveness to bacterial stimulation in asymptomatic subjects and patients with bacterial bloodstream infection (BSI). Whole blood was stimulated ex vivo with two bacterial Toll-like receptor agonists (lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid) and two pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typhoidal Salmonella), which are relevant in HIV-positive patients. Production of interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 was used as a read-out. Results In asymptomatic subjects, HIV infection was associated with reduced interferon-γ, release after stimulation and priming of the pro-inflammatory cytokine response to non-typhoidal Salmonella. In patients with BSI, we found no such priming effect, nor was there evidence for more profound sepsis-induced immunosuppression in BSI patients with HIV co-infection. Conclusions These results suggest a complex effect of HIV on leukocyte responses to bacteria. However, in patients with sepsis, leukocyte responses were equally blunted in patients with and without HIV infection.
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30
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Aschenbroich SA, Lafontaine ER, Hogan RJ. Melioidosis and glanders modulation of the innate immune system: barriers to current and future vaccine approaches. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1163-81. [PMID: 27010618 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1170598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are pathogenic bacteria causing fatal infections in animals and humans. Both organisms are classified as Tier 1 Select Agents owing to their highly fatal nature, potential/prior use as bioweapons, severity of disease via respiratory exposure, intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, and lack of a current vaccine. Disease manifestations range from acute septicemia to chronic infection, wherein the facultative intracellular lifestyle of these organisms promotes persistence within a broad range of hosts. This ability to thrive intracellularly is thought to be related to exploitation of host immune response signaling pathways. There are currently considerable gaps in our understanding of the molecular strategies employed by these pathogens to modulate these pathways and evade intracellular killing. A better understanding of the specific molecular basis for dysregulation of host immune responses by these organisms will provide a stronger platform to identify novel vaccine targets and develop effective countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Aschenbroich
- a Department of Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA.,c Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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31
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Galactomannan Downregulates the Inflammation Responses in Human Macrophages via NFκB2/p100. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:942517. [PMID: 26441484 PMCID: PMC4579314 DOI: 10.1155/2015/942517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that galactomannan, a polysaccharide consisting of a mannose backbone with galactose side groups present on the cell wall of several fungi, induces a reprogramming of the inflammatory response in human macrophages through dectin-1 receptor. The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 2 (NFκB2)/p100 was overexpressed after galactomannan challenge. Knocking down NFκB2/p100 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) indicated that NFκB2/p100 expression is a crucial factor in the progression of the galactomannan-induced refractoriness. The data presented in this study could be used as a modulator of inflammatory response in clinical situations where refractory state is required.
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32
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Cubillos-Zapata C, Hernández-Jiménez E, Toledano V, Esteban-Burgos L, Fernández-Ruíz I, Gómez-Piña V, Del Fresno C, Siliceo M, Prieto-Chinchiña P, Pérez de Diego R, Boscá L, Fresno M, Arnalich F, López-Collazo E. NFκB2/p100 is a key factor for endotoxin tolerance in human monocytes: a demonstration using primary human monocytes from patients with sepsis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:4195-202. [PMID: 25225662 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxin tolerance (ET) is a state of reduced responsiveness to endotoxin stimulation after a primary bacterial insult. This phenomenon has been described in several pathologies, including sepsis, in which an endotoxin challenge results in reduced cytokine production. In this study, we show that the NFκ L chain enhancer of activated B cells 2 (NFκB2)/p100 was overexpressed and accumulated in a well-established in vitro human monocyte model of ET. The p100 accumulation in these cells inversely correlated with the inflammatory response after LPS stimulation. Knocking down NFκB2/p100 using small interfering RNA in human monocytes further indicated that p100 expression is a crucial factor in the progression of ET. The monocytes derived from patients with sepsis had high levels of p100, and a downregulation of NFκB2/p100 in these septic monocytes reversed their ET status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cubillos-Zapata
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Hernández-Jiménez
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Toledano
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Esteban-Burgos
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Fernández-Ruíz
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Gómez-Piña
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Fresno
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Siliceo
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Prieto-Chinchiña
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Pérez de Diego
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Diseases, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Arnalich
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo López-Collazo
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain; Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
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Tan Q, Majewska-Szczepanik M, Zhang X, Szczepanik M, Zhou Z, Wong FS, Wen L. IRAK-M deficiency promotes the development of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes 2014; 63:2761-75. [PMID: 24696448 PMCID: PMC4113073 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by progressive destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells. Both T-cell-mediated adaptive responses as well as innate immune processes are involved in pathogenesis. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase M (IRAK-M) can effectively inhibit the MyD88 downstream signals in Toll-like receptor pathways, while lack of IRAK-M is known to be associated with autoimmunity. Our study showed that IRAK-M-deficient (IRAK-M(-/-)) nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice displayed early onset and rapid progression of T1DM with impaired glucose tolerance, more severe insulitis, and increased serum anti-insulin autoantibodies. Mechanistic studies showed that the enhanced activation and antigen-presenting function of IRAK-M(-/-) antigen-presenting cells from IRAK-M(-/-) mice were responsible for the rapid progression of disease. Moreover, IRAK-M(-/-) dendritic cells induced enhanced activation of diabetogenic T cells in vitro and the rapid onset of T1DM in vivo in immunodeficient NOD mice when cotransferred with diabetogenic T cells. This study illustrates how the modulation of innate immune pathways through IRAK-M influences the development of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Tan
- Institution of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of ChinaSection of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Monika Majewska-Szczepanik
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CTDepartment of Medical Biology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Marian Szczepanik
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CTDepartment of Medical Biology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Institution of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - F Susan Wong
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Sulphonylurea usage in melioidosis is associated with severe disease and suppressed immune response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2795. [PMID: 24762472 PMCID: PMC3998927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melioidosis is a problem in the developing tropical regions of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia where the the Gram negative saprophytic bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei is endemic with the risk of fulminant septicaemia. While diabetes mellitus is a well-established risk factor for melioidiosis, little is known if specific hypoglycemic agents may differentially influence the susceptibility and clinical course of infection with B. pseudomallei (Bp). Methodology/Principal Findings In this cohort study, patients with pre-existing diabetes and melioidosis were retrospectively studied. Outcome measures: mortality, length of stay and development of complications (namely hypotension, intubation, renal failure and septicaemia) were studied in relation to prior diabetic treatment regimen. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from diabetic patients and healthy PBMC primed with metformin, glyburide and insulin were stimulated with purified Bp antigens in vitro. Immune response and specific immune pathway mediators were studied to relate to the clinical findings mechanistically. Of 74 subjects, 44 (57.9%) had sulphonylurea-containing diabetic regimens. Patient receiving sulphonylureas had more severe septic complications (47.7% versus 16.7% p = 0.006), in particular, hypotension requiring intropes (p = 0.005). There was also a trend towards increased mortality in sulphonylurea-users (15.9% versus 3.3% p = 0.08). In-vitro, glyburide suppressed inflammatory cytokine production in a dose-dependent manner. An effect of the drug was the induction of IL-1R-associated kinase-M at the level of mRNA transcription. Conclusion/Significance Sulphonylurea treatment results in suppression of host inflammatory response and may put patients at higher risk for adverse outcomes in melioidosis. Melioidosis is a problem in the developing tropical regions of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia where the Gram negative bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei can cause life-threatening infection. Diabetes mellitus is a recognised risk factor for melioidiosis; however little is known if commonly used anti-diabetic drugs may affect the clinical course of the disease. In this study, we found that patients who were receiving sulphonylureas for diabetic treatment had more severe septic complications requiring intensive care as well as increased risk of deaths. This may be attributable to the capacity of sulphonylureas in modulating the host immune response. We highlight caution in the prescription of this class of drug, which is popular due to its low cost and easy availability, especially in melioidosis-endemic tropical regions.
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López-Collazo E, del Fresno C. Pathophysiology of endotoxin tolerance: mechanisms and clinical consequences. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2013; 17:242. [PMID: 24229432 PMCID: PMC4059412 DOI: 10.1186/cc13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin tolerance was first described in a study that exposed animals to a sublethal dose of bacterial endotoxin. The animals subsequently survived a lethal injection of endotoxin. This refractory state is associated with the innate immune system and, in particular, with monocytes and macrophages, which act as the main participants. Several mechanisms are involved in the control of endotoxin tolerance; however, a full understanding of this phenomenon remains elusive. A number of recent reports indicate that clinical examples of endotoxin tolerance include not only sepsis but also diseases such as cystic fibrosis and acute coronary syndrome. In these pathologies, the risk of new infections correlates with a refractory state. This review integrates the molecular basis and clinical implications of endotoxin tolerance in various pathologies.
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36
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Immunopathogenesis of abdominal sepsis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2013; 399:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00423-013-1129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Rearte B, Maglioco A, Machuca D, Greco DM, Landoni VI, Rodriguez-Rodrigues N, Meiss R, Fernández GC, Isturiz MA. Dehydroepiandrosterone and metyrapone partially restore the adaptive humoral and cellular immune response in endotoxin immunosuppressed mice. Innate Immun 2013; 20:585-97. [PMID: 24048770 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913502243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior exposure to endotoxins renders the host temporarily refractory to subsequent endotoxin challenge (endotoxin tolerance). Clinically, this state has also been pointed out as the initial cause of the non-specific humoral and cellular immunosuppression described in these patients. We recently demonstrated the restoration of immune response with mifepristone (RU486), a receptor antagonist of glucocorticoids. Here we report the treatment with other modulators of glucocorticoids, i.e. dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a hormone with anti-glucocorticoid properties, or metyrapone (MET) an inhibitor of corticosterone synthesis. These drugs were able to partially, but significantly, restore the humoral immune response in immunosuppressed mice. A significant recovery of proliferative responsiveness was also observed when splenocytes were obtained from DHEA- or MET-treated immunosuppressed mice. In addition, these treatments restored the hypersensitivity response in immunosuppressed mice. Finally, although neither DHEA nor MET improved the reduced CD4 lymphocyte count in spleen from immunosuppressed mice, both treatments promoted spleen architecture reorganization, partially restoring the distinct cellular components and their localization in the spleen. The results from this study indicate that DHEA and MET could play an important role in the restoration of both adaptive humoral and cellular immune response in LPS-immunosuppressed mice, reinforcing the concept of a central involvement of endogenous glucocorticoids on this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Rearte
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de los Procesos Inflamatorios, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Maglioco
- Laboratorio de Oncología Experimental, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damián Machuca
- Laboratorio de Oncología Experimental, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daiana Martire Greco
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de los Procesos Inflamatorios, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica I Landoni
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de los Procesos Inflamatorios, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nahuel Rodriguez-Rodrigues
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de los Procesos Inflamatorios, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Meiss
- Instituto de Estudios Oncológicos (IEO) "Fundación Maissa", Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela C Fernández
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de los Procesos Inflamatorios, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín A Isturiz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de los Procesos Inflamatorios, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sterile-α- and armadillo motif-containing protein inhibits the TRIF-dependent downregulation of signal regulatory protein α to interfere with intracellular bacterial elimination in Burkholderia pseudomallei-infected mouse macrophages. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3463-71. [PMID: 23836818 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00519-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, evades macrophage killing by suppressing the TRIF-dependent pathway, leading to inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. We previously demonstrated that virulent wild-type B. pseudomallei inhibits the TRIF-dependent pathway by upregulating sterile-α- and armadillo motif-containing protein (SARM) and by inhibiting downregulation of signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα); both molecules are negative regulators of Toll-like receptor signaling. In contrast, the less virulent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mutant of B. pseudomallei is unable to exhibit these features and is susceptible to macrophage killing. However, the functional relationship of these two negative regulators in the evasion of macrophage defense has not been elucidated. We demonstrated here that SIRPα downregulation was observed after inhibition of SARM expression by small interfering RNA in wild-type-infected macrophages, indicating that SIRPα downregulation is regulated by SARM. Furthermore, this downregulation requires activation of the TRIF signaling pathway, as we observed abrogation of SIRPα downregulation as well as restricted bacterial growth in LPS mutant-infected TRIF-depleted macrophages. Although inhibition of SARM expression is correlated to SIRPα downregulation and iNOS upregulation in gamma interferon-activated wild-type-infected macrophages, these phenomena appear to bypass the TRIF-dependent pathway. Similar to live bacteria, the wild-type LPS is able to upregulate SARM and to prevent SIRPα downregulation, implying that the LPS of B. pseudomallei may play a crucial role in regulating the expression of these two negative regulators. Altogether, our findings show a previously unrecognized role of B. pseudomallei-induced SARM in inhibiting SIRPα downregulation-mediated iNOS upregulation, facilitating the ability of the bacterium to multiply in macrophages.
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Schweizer HP. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei: implications for treatment of melioidosis. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:1389-99. [PMID: 23231488 PMCID: PMC3568953 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiologic agent of melioidosis. This multifaceted disease is difficult to treat, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Treatment of B. pseudomallei infections is lengthy and necessitates an intensive phase (parenteral ceftazidime, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid or meropenem) and an eradication phase (oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). The main resistance mechanisms affecting these antibiotics include enzymatic inactivation, target deletion and efflux from the cell, and are mediated by chromosomally encoded genes. Overproduction and mutations in the class A PenA β-lactamase cause ceftazidime and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid resistance. Deletion of the penicillin binding protein 3 results in ceftazidime resistance. BpeEF-OprC efflux pump expression causes trimethoprim and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance. Although resistance is still relatively rare, therapeutic efficacies may be compromised by resistance emergence due to increased use of antibiotics in endemic regions. Novel agents and therapeutic strategies are being tested and, in some instances, show promise as anti-B. pseudomallei infectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert P Schweizer
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, IDRC at Foothills Campus, 0922 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Hoogerwerf JJ, van der Windt GJW, Blok DC, Hoogendijk AJ, De Vos AF, van 't Veer C, Florquin S, Kobayashi KS, Flavell RA, van der Poll T. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase M-deficient mice demonstrate an improved host defense during Gram-negative pneumonia. Mol Med 2012; 18:1067-75. [PMID: 22729155 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is a common cause of morbidity and mortality and the most frequent source of sepsis. Bacteria that try to invade normally sterile body sites are recognized by innate immune cells through pattern recognition receptors, among which toll-like receptors (TLRs) feature prominently. Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-associated kinase (IRAK)-M is a proximal inhibitor of TLR signaling expressed by epithelial cells and macrophages in the lung. To determine the role of IRAK-M in host defense against bacterial pneumonia, IRAK-M-deficient (IRAK-M(-/-)) and normal wild-type (WT) mice were infected intranasally with Klebsiella pneumoniae. IRAK-M mRNA was upregulated in lungs of WT mice with Klebsiella pneumonia, and the absence of IRAK-M resulted in a strongly improved host defense as reflected by reduced bacterial growth in the lungs, diminished dissemination to distant body sites, less peripheral tissue injury and better survival rates. Although IRAK-M(-/-) alveolar macrophages displayed enhanced responsiveness toward intact K. pneumoniae and Klebsiella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro, IRAK-M(-/-) mice did not show increased cytokine or chemokine levels in their lungs after infection in vivo. The extent of lung inflammation was increased in IRAK-M(-/-) mice shortly after K. pneumoniae infection, as determined by semiquantitative scoring of specific components of the inflammatory response in lung tissue slides. These data indicate that IRAK-M impairs host defense during pneumonia caused by a common gram-negative respiratory pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobien J Hoogerwerf
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Involvement of signal regulatory protein α, a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor signaling, in impairing the MyD88-independent pathway and intracellular killing of Burkholderia pseudomallei-infected mouse macrophages. Infect Immun 2012; 80:4223-31. [PMID: 22988019 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00718-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The facultative intracellular gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis and is known for its ability to evade the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated innate immune response. Previously it has been demonstrated that this bacterium was able to suppress the MyD88-independent pathway and can survive macrophage intracellular killing. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the suppression of this pathway are not fully understood. In the present study, we showed that both living and heat-killed B. pseudomallei bacteria restrict the TLR signaling response, particularly macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, by preventing downregulation of constitutively expressed signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) molecule, a known negative regulator of TLR signaling. In contrast, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mutant of B. pseudomallei, a less virulent strain, was able to downregulate SIRPα expression in mouse macrophages. However, depletion of constitutively expressed SIRPα was able to induce the gene expression downstream of TLR signaling pathways (particularly the MyD88-independent pathway), such as that of the iNOS gene, leading to enhanced macrophage intracellular killing of B. pseudomallei. Induction of gene expression was consistent with the enhanced degradation pattern of IκBα with SIRPα depletion. Additionally, the downregulation of SIRPα expression with upregulation of iNOS was observed when the macrophages were pretreated with gamma interferon (IFN-γ) prior to the infection, suggesting that the enhanced intracellular killing of bacteria by IFN-γ is associated with the decreased SIRPα expression. Altogether our findings demonstrate that B. pseudomallei evades macrophage intracellular killing by preventing the downregulation of SIRPα that results in the inhibition of gene expression downstream of the MyD88-independent pathway.
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Zhang Y, Yu S, Xiao J, Hou C, Li Z, Zhang Z, Zhai Q, Lehto M, Konttinen YT, Sheng P. Wear particles promote endotoxin tolerance in macrophages by inducing interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-M expression. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:733-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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van der Windt GJW, Blok DC, Hoogerwerf JJ, Lammers AJJ, de Vos AF, Van't Veer C, Florquin S, Kobayashi KS, Flavell RA, van der Poll T. Interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase m impairs host defense during pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1849-57. [PMID: 22492852 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common causative organism in community-acquired pneumonia. Pneumococci that try to invade the lower airways are recognized by innate immune cells through pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors 2, 4, and 9. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-M is a proximal inhibitor of Toll-like receptor signaling. METHODS To determine the role of IRAK-M in host defense during pneumococcal pneumonia, IRAK-M- deficient and wild-type mice were intranasally infected with S. pneumoniae. RESULTS IRAK-M-deficient mice demonstrated a reduced lethality after infection with S. pneumoniae via the airways. Whereas bacterial burdens were similar in IRAK-M-deficient and wild-type mice early (3 hours) after infection, from 24 hours onward the number of pneumococci recovered from lungs and distant body sites were 10-100-fold lower in the former mouse strain. The diminished bacterial growth and dissemination in IRAK-M-deficient mice were preceded by an increased early influx of neutrophils into lung tissue and elevated pulmonary levels of IL-1β and CXCL1. IRAK-M deficiency did not influence bacterial growth after intravenous administration of S. pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that IRAK-M impairs host defense during pneumococcal pneumonia at the primary site of infection at least in part by inhibiting the early immune response.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sepsis continues to be a leading cause of ICU death. This review summarizes current knowledge on sepsis pathogenesis and new therapeutical strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Although systemic inflammatory response syndrome predominates in early sepsis, the compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome causes immunosuppression associated with late mortality. Toll-like receptors (TLR), the inflammasomes and other pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) initiate the host response after recognition of invading pathogens and endogenous danger signals. The TLR-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines macrophage migration inhibitory factor and high-mobility-group-box-1 protein are promising treatment targets. Controversy on intensive insulin therapy, steroids, and activated protein C in sepsis has led to a re-evaluation of these immunomodulatory strategies. Interestingly, the anticoagulant protein C also exerts cytoprotective effects by neutralizing extracellular DNA. Endotoxin removal devices, TLR4-inhibitors, and restoration of sepsis-induced immunosuppression are other strategies being evaluated in sepsis patients. SUMMARY Sepsis can be seen as a PRR-mediated dysregulation of the immune system following pathogen invasion in which a careful balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses is vital. Detailed knowledge of host response pathways and new approaches in sepsis trial design, which take into account patient heterogeneity and the phase of the immunological response, represent major steps forward in sepsis research.
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Horton RE, Morrison NA, Beacham IR, Peak IR. Interaction of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis with human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:607-614. [PMID: 22301613 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.038588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease endemic in areas of South-East Asia and northern Australia, and is classed as a category B select agent by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Factors that determine whether host infection is achieved or if disease is chronic or acute are unknown but the type of host immune response that is mounted is important. B. pseudomallei can replicate within macrophages, causing them to multinucleate. In light of the common lineage of macrophages with dendritic cells (DCs), and the role played by DCs in orchestration of the immune response, we investigated the interactions of a variety of B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis strains with DCs. This study demonstrates that, in the majority of cases, infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells is dramatically decreased or cleared by 12 h post-infection, showing a lack of ability to replicate and survive within DCs. Additionally we have shown that B. pseudomallei activates DCs, as measured by cytokine secretion, and live bacteria are not required for activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Horton
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Nigel A Morrison
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Ifor R Beacham
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Ian R Peak
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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Morris M, Li L. Molecular Mechanisms and Pathological Consequences of Endotoxin Tolerance and Priming. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 60:13-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-011-0155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Zhang Y, Hou C, Yu S, Xiao J, Zhang Z, Zhai Q, Chen J, Li Z, Zhang X, Lehto M, Konttinen YT, Sheng P. IRAK-M in macrophages around septically and aseptically loosened hip implants. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 100:261-8. [PMID: 21987497 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The most common long-term complication of joint arthroplasty is loosening, which is mediated by chronic inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages stimulated by implant-derived debris and eventually bacterial components adherent to such debris. In this study, antiinflammatory interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-M (IRAK-M) was studied in macrophages in interface membranes in vivo using immunohistochemical staining and in titanium particle-stimulated macrophages in vitro using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results show that the interface membranes of septically and aseptically loosened prosthesis express more IRAK-M protein than control membranes from osteoarthritic patient and that IRAK-M mRNA-levels increase upon particle stimulation. These findings suggest that, the upregulation of IRAK-M in macrophages is involved in the local immunosuppression around implants, and may contribute to septic and aseptic implant loosening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchun Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Huangpu Joint Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 518000, China
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Xiong Y, Medvedev AE. Induction of endotoxin tolerance in vivo inhibits activation of IRAK4 and increases negative regulators IRAK-M, SHIP-1, and A20. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:1141-8. [PMID: 21934070 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0611273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TLRs mediate host defense against microbial pathogens by eliciting production of inflammatory mediators and activating expression of MHC, adhesion, and costimulatory molecules. Endotoxin tolerance limits excessive TLR-driven inflammation during sepsis and reprograms macrophage responses to LPS, decreasing expression of proinflammatory cytokines without inhibiting anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators. Molecular mechanisms of reprogramming of TLR4 signaling upon in vivo induction of endotoxin tolerance are incompletely understood. We used an in vivo model of endotoxin tolerance, whereby C57BL/6 mice were i.p.-inoculated with LPS or PBS, followed by in vitro challenge of peritoneal or splenic macrophages with LPS to examine activation of IRAK4 and expression of negative regulatory molecules. Administration of LPS in vivo-induced endotoxin tolerance in peritoneal and splenic macrophages, as evidenced by decreased degradation of IκBα, suppressed phosphorylation of p38 and reduced expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and KC mRNA upon in vitro LPS challenge. Macrophages from control and endotoxin-tolerant mice exhibited comparable TLR4 mRNA levels and similar expression of IL-1RA and IL-10 genes. Endotoxin tolerization in vivo blocked TLR4-driven IRAK4 phosphorylation and activation in macrophages, while increasing expression of IRAK-M, SHIP-1, A20 mRNA, and A20 protein. Thus, induction of endotoxin tolerance in vivo inhibits expression of proinflammatory mediators via impaired activation of IRAK4, p38, and NF-κB and increases expression of negative regulators of TLR4 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbao Xiong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Yang Q, Calvano SE, Lowry SF, Androulakis IP. A dual negative regulation model of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling for endotoxin preconditioning in human endotoxemia. Math Biosci 2011; 232:151-63. [PMID: 21624378 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We discuss a model illustrating how the outcome of repeated endotoxin administration experiments can emerge as a natural consequence of the tightly regulated signaling pathways and also highlight the importance of a dual negative feedback regulation including PI3K/Akt and IRAK-M (IRAK3). We identify the relative time scales of the onset and the magnitude of the stimulus as key determinants of outcome in repeated administration experiments. The results of our simulations involve potentiated response, tolerance, and protective tolerance. Moreover, the knockout of negative regulators shows that IRAK-M is a necessary and sufficient factor for generation of endotoxin tolerance (ET). The effects of the knockout of IRAK-M gene or administration of PI3K inhibitor do yield predictions that have been verified experimentally. Finally, the pretreatment with PI3K inhibitor reveals the interaction between these two negative regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Chemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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