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Umumararungu T, Nyandwi JB, Katandula J, Twizeyimana E, Claude Tomani J, Gahamanyi N, Ishimwe N, Olawode EO, Habarurema G, Mpenda M, Uyisenga JP, Saeed SI. Current status of the small molecule anti-HIV drugs in the pipeline or recently approved. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 111:117860. [PMID: 39094527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the causative agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) with high morbidity and mortality rates. Treatment of AIDS/HIV is being complicated by increasing resistance to currently used antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, mainly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to drug misuse, poor drug supply and poor treatment monitoring. However, progress has been made in the development of new ARV drugs, targeting different HIV components (Fig. 1). This review aims at presenting and discussing the progress made towards the discovery of new ARVs that are at different stages of clinical trials as of July 2024. For each compound, the mechanism of action, target biomolecule, genes associated with resistance, efficacy and safety, class, and phase of clinical trial are discussed. These compounds include analogues of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) - islatravir and censavudine; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) - Rilpivirine, elsulfavirine and doravirine; integrase inhibitors namely cabotegravir and dolutegravir and chemokine coreceptors 5 and 2 (CC5/CCR2) antagonists for example cenicriviroc. Also, fostemsavir is being developed as an attachment inhibitor while lenacapavir, VH4004280 and VH4011499 are capsid inhibitors. Others are maturation inhibitors such as GSK-254, GSK3532795, GSK3739937, GSK2838232, and other compounds labelled as miscellaneous (do not belong to the classical groups of anti-HIV drugs or to the newer classes) such as obefazimod and BIT225. There is a considerable progress in the development of new anti-HIV drugs and the effort will continue since HIV infections has no cure or vaccine till now. Efforts are needed to reduce the toxicity of available drugs or discover new drugs with new classes which can delay the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théoneste Umumararungu
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda.
| | - Jean Baptiste Nyandwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda; East African Community Regional Centre of Excellence for Vaccines, Immunization and Health Supply Chain Management, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Jonathan Katandula
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Eric Twizeyimana
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Jean Claude Tomani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Noël Gahamanyi
- Department of Biology, School of Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Nestor Ishimwe
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Oladayo Olawode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, 18301 N Miami Ave #1, Miami, FL 33169, USA
| | - Gratien Habarurema
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Matabishi Mpenda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Jeanne Primitive Uyisenga
- Department of Biology, School of Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Shamsaldeen Ibrahim Saeed
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, P.O. Box: 155, Nyala, Sudan; Nanotechnology in Veterinary Medicine (NanoVet) Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Malaysia Kelantan, Kelantan 16100, Pengkalan Chepa, Malaysia
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Makhwitine JP, Kumalo HM, Ndlovu SI, Mkhwanazi NP. Epigenetic Induction of Secondary Metabolites Production in Endophytic Fungi Penicillium chrysogenum and GC-MS Analysis of Crude Metabolites with Anti-HIV-1 Activity. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1404. [PMID: 37374906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous burden of human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Sub-Saharan Africa, coupled with the inability of antiretroviral agents to eradicate HIV-1 from viral reservoirs, the potential risks of drug resistance development, and the development of adverse effects, emphasizes the need to develop a new class of HIV-1 inhibitors. Here, we cultivated four endophytic fungal isolates from a medicinal plant, Albizia adianthifolia with the addition of small epigenetic modifiers, sodium butyrate, and valproic acid, to induce the expression of biosynthetic gene clusters encoding active secondary metabolites with probable anti-HIV activities. We identified a non-toxic crude extract of the endophytic fungus Penicillium chrysogenum treated with sodium butyrate to possess significantly greater anti-HIV activity than the untreated extracts. Penicillium chrysogenum P03MB2 showed anti-HIV activity with an IC50 of 0.6024 µg/mL compared to untreated fungal crude extract (IC50 5.053 µg/mL) when treated with sodium butyrate. The profile of secondary metabolite compounds from the bioactive, partially purified extracts were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and more bioactive compounds were detected in treated P. chrysogenum P03MB2 fractions than in untreated fractions. Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro (13.64%), cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl (8.18%), cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl (7.23%), cyclopentasiloxane, decamethyl (6.36%), quinoline, 1,2-dihydro-2,24-trimethyl (5.45%), propanenitrile (4.55%), deca-6,9-diene (4.55%), dibutyl phthalate (4.55%), and silane[1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)oxy]dimethyl (2.73%) were the most abundant compounds. These results indicate that treatment of endophytic fungi with small epigenetic modifiers enhances the secretion of secondary metabolites with stronger anti-HIV-1 properties, acknowledging the feasibility of epigenetic modification as an innovative approach for the discovery of cryptic fungal metabolites which can be developed into therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Makhwitine
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Hezekiel M Kumalo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sizwe I Ndlovu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Nompumelelo P Mkhwanazi
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Urvashi, Senthil Kumar JB, Das P, Tandon V. Development of Azaindole-Based Frameworks as Potential Antiviral Agents and Their Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6454-6495. [PMID: 35477274 PMCID: PMC9063994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The azaindole (AI) framework continues to play a significant role in the design of new antiviral agents. Modulating the position and isosteric replacement of the nitrogen atom of AI analogs notably influences the intrinsic physicochemical properties of lead compounds. The intra- and intermolecular interactions of AI derivatives with host receptors or viral proteins can also be fine tuned by carefully placing the nitrogen atom in the heterocyclic core. This wide-ranging perspective article focuses on AIs that have considerable utility in drug discovery programs against RNA viruses. The inhibition of influenza A, human immunodeficiency, respiratory syncytial, neurotropic alpha, dengue, ebola, and hepatitis C viruses by AI analogs is extensively reviewed to assess their plausible future potential in antiviral drug discovery. The binding interaction of AIs with the target protein is examined to derive a structural basis for designing new antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Special Centre for
Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110
067, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - J. B. Senthil Kumar
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Special Centre for
Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110
067, India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute
of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Special Centre for
Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110
067, India
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Popović-Djordjević J, Quispe C, Giordo R, Kostić A, Katanić Stanković JS, Tsouh Fokou PV, Carbone K, Martorell M, Kumar M, Pintus G, Sharifi-Rad J, Docea AO, Calina D. Natural products and synthetic analogues against HIV: A perspective to develop new potential anti-HIV drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 233:114217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kumar S, Gupta S, Rani V, Sharma P. Pyrazole Containing Anti-HIV Agents: An Update. Med Chem 2022; 18:831-846. [PMID: 34994333 DOI: 10.2174/1573406418666220106163846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrazole scaffolds have gained importance in drug discovery and development for various pharmacological activities like antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, etc. Additionally, the pyrazole moiety has shown potent anti-HIV activity as a core heterocycle or substituted heterocycles derivatives (mono, di, tri, tetra, and fused pyrazole derivatives). To assist the development of further potential anti-HIV agents containing pyrazole nucleus, here we have summarized pyrazole containing anti-HIV compounds that have been reported by researchers all over the world for the last two decades. OBJECTIVE The present review concentrates on an assortment of pyrazole containing compounds, particularly for potential therapeutic activity against HIV. METHODS Google Scholar, Pubmed, and SciFinder were searched databases with ''pyrazol'' keywords. Further, the year of publication and keywords ''Anti-HIV'' filter was applied to obtain relevant reported literature for anti-HIV agents containing pyrazole as a core or substituted derivatives. RESULTS This review article has shown the comprehensive compilation of 220 compounds containing pyrazole nucleus and possessing anti-HIV activity by sorting approximately 40 research articles from 2001 to date. 1-(4-Benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-fluoro-7-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione (13), 3-(3-(2-(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoacetyl)-4-fluoro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-7-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (31), 3-(3-(2-(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-oxoacetyl)-4-fluoro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-7-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (88), 3-cyanophenoxypyrazole derivative (130), and 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-methyl-5-((4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-3-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]isoxazole (178) were the most potent mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-substituted, and fused pyrazole derivatives, respectively, which have shown potent anti-HIV activity among all the described derivatives as compared with standard anti-HIV drugs. CONCLUSION This review article provides an overview of the potential therapeutic activity of pyrazole derivatives against HIV that will be helpful for designing pyrazole containing compounds for anti-HIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Punjab Biotechnology Incubator, Mohali, Punjab - 160 059, India
- Regional Advance Water Testing Laboratory, Mohali, Punjab - 160 059, India
| | - Shiv Gupta
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab - 144 411, India
| | - Varsha Rani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Syngene International Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore - 560 099, India
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Ismail MMF, Ayoup MS. Review on fluorinated nucleoside/non-nucleoside FDA-approved antiviral drugs. RSC Adv 2022; 12:31032-31045. [PMID: 36348998 PMCID: PMC9620415 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05370e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
FDA-approved antiviral agents represent an important class that has attracted attention in recent years to combat current and future threats of viral pandemics. Fluorine ameliorates the electronic, lipophilic and steric problems of drugs. Additionally, fluorine can prolong drug activity and improve metabolic stability, thereby, modifying their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic character. Herein, we summarized the fluorinated FDA-approved antiviral agents, dealing with biological aspects, mechanisms of action, and synthetic pathways. FDA-approved antiviral agents represent an important class that has attracted attention in recent years to combat current and future threats of viral pandemics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda M. F. Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Salah Ayoup
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P. O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
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Reactivation of Hepatitis B After Ibalizumab Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus. ACG Case Rep J 2021; 8:e00594. [PMID: 34549064 PMCID: PMC8443835 DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000000594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the decreasing morbidity associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a large percentage of persons with HIV have at least 1 drug resistance mutation. Ibalizumab, a recently approved drug, targets multidrug-resistant HIV. We present a case of reactivation of hepatitis B after initiation of ibalizumab therapy.
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Yadav S, Pandey V, Kumar Tiwari R, Ojha RP, Dubey KD. Does Antibody Stabilize the Ligand Binding in GP120 of HIV-1 Envelope Protein? Evidence from MD Simulation. Molecules 2021; 26:E239. [PMID: 33466381 PMCID: PMC7796314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4-mimetic HIV-1 entry inhibitors are small sized molecules which imitate similar conformational flexibility, in gp120, to the CD4 receptor. However, the mechanism of the conformational flexibility instigated by these small sized inhibitors is little known. Likewise, the effect of the antibody on the function of these inhibitors is also less studied. In this study, we present a thorough inspection of the mechanism of the conformational flexibility induced by a CD4-mimetic inhibitor, NBD-557, using Molecular Dynamics Simulations and free energy calculations. Our result shows the functional importance of Asn425 in substrate induced conformational dynamics in gp120. The MD simulations of Asn425Gly mutant provide a less dynamic gp120 in the presence of NBD-557 without incapacitating the binding enthalpy of NBD-557. The MD simulations of complexes with the antibody clearly show the enhanced affinity of NBD-557 due to the presence of the antibody, which is in good agreement with experimental Isothermal Titration Calorimetry results (Biochemistry2006, 45, 10973-10980).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Yadav
- Center of Informatics and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India;
| | - Vishnudatt Pandey
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Uttar Pradesh 273009, India; (V.P.); (R.K.T.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Uttar Pradesh 273009, India; (V.P.); (R.K.T.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Rajendra Prasad Ojha
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Uttar Pradesh 273009, India; (V.P.); (R.K.T.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Center of Informatics and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India;
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Rawat P, Hon S, Teodorof-Diedrich C, Spector SA. Trehalose Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Primary Human Macrophages and CD4 + T Lymphocytes through Two Distinct Mechanisms. J Virol 2020; 94:e00237-20. [PMID: 32554696 PMCID: PMC7431788 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00237-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved recycling pathway that promotes cell survival during periods of stress. We previously reported that induction of autophagy through the inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) inhibits HIV replication in human macrophages and CD4+ T lymphocytes (T cells). However, the inhibition of MTOR has modulatory effects beyond autophagy that might affect viral replication. Here, we examined the effect on HIV replication of trehalose, a nontoxic, nonreducing disaccharide that induces autophagy through an MTOR-independent mechanism. Treatment of HIV-infected macrophages and T cells with trehalose inhibited infection in a dose-dependent manner. Uninfected and HIV-infected macrophages and T cells treated with trehalose exhibited increased markers of autophagy, including LC3B lipidation with further accumulation following bafilomycin A1 treatment, and increased levels of LAMP1, LAMP2, and RAB7 proteins required for lysosomal biogenesis and fusion. Moreover, the inhibition of HIV by trehalose was significantly reduced by knockdown of ATG5 Additionally, trehalose downregulated the expression of C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) in T cells and CD4 in both T cells and macrophages, which reduced HIV entry in these cells. Our data demonstrate that the naturally occurring sugar trehalose at doses safely achieved in humans inhibits HIV through two mechanisms: (i) decreased entry through the downregulation of CCR5 in T cells and decreased CD4 expression in both T cells and macrophages and (ii) degradation of intracellular HIV through the induction of MTOR-independent autophagy. These findings demonstrate that cellular mechanisms can be modulated to inhibit HIV entry and intracellular replication using a naturally occurring, nontoxic sugar.IMPORTANCE Induction of autophagy through inhibition of MTOR has been shown to inhibit HIV replication. However, inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) has cellular effects that may alter HIV infection through other mechanisms. Here, we examined the HIV-inhibitory effects of the MTOR-independent inducer of autophagy, trehalose. Of note, we identified that in addition to the inhibition of the intracellular replication of HIV by autophagy, trehalose decreased viral entry in human primary macrophages and CD4+ T cells through the downregulation of C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) in T cells and CD4 in both T cells and macrophages. Thus, we showed that trehalose uniquely inhibits HIV replication through inhibition of viral entry and intracellular degradation in the two most important target cells for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Rawat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Simson Hon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Carmen Teodorof-Diedrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
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Small molecules block the interaction between porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and CD163 receptor and the infection of pig cells. Virol J 2020; 17:116. [PMID: 32727587 PMCID: PMC7392821 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically devastating diseases affecting the pork industry globally. PRRS is caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV). Currently there are no effective treatments against this swine disease. Methods Through artificial intelligence molecular screening, we obtained a set of small molecule compounds predicted to target the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain 5 (SRCR5) of CD163, which is a cell surface receptor specific for PRRSV infection. These compounds were screened using a cell-based bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay, and the function of positive hit was further evaluated and validated by PRRSV-infection assay using porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Results Using the BiFC assay, we identified one compound with previously unverified function, 4-Fluoro-2-methyl-N-[3-(3-morpholin-4-ylsulfonylanilino)quinoxalin-2-yl]benzenesulfonamide (designated here as B7), that significantly inhibits the interaction between the PRRSV glycoprotein (GP2a or GP4) and the CD163-SRCR5 domain. We further demonstrated that compound B7 inhibits PRRSV infection of PAMs, the primary target of PRRSV in a dose-dependent manner. B7 significantly inhibited the infection caused by both type I and type II PRRSV strains. Further comparison and functional evaluation of chemical compounds structurally related to B7 revealed that the 3-(morpholinosulfonyl)aniline moiety of B7 or the 3-(piperidinylsulfonyl)aniline moiety in a B7 analogue is important for the inhibitory function against PRRSV infection. Conclusions Our study identified a novel strategy to potentially prevent PRRSV infection in pigs by blocking the PRRSV-CD163 interaction with small molecules.
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Packard BZ, Wrightson JA, Komoriya A. An Oligonucleotide Delivery Platform to Enable Assessment of Intracellular Transcripts in Live Cells by Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2020; 97:945-954. [PMID: 32588516 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of mRNA transcripts in live cells has been limited by inefficient delivery vehicles for oligonucleotides. Using a delivery platform which utilizes fluorophores capable of forming intramolecular H-type excitonic dimers, we show that antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) can be delivered across the plasma membrane directly into the cytosol without receptor mediation. With HIV infection of CD4+ lymphocytes as a model system, we quantitate the level of viral infection present in live single cells with flow cytometry by measuring the hybridization of ASOs to viral sequences; we then compare this measurement with a standard HIV analysis, that is, binding of an antibody against the HIV cell surface protein gp120. The nucleic acids delivery platform described herein also enables inhibition of HIV infection by addition of ASO constructs targeting sequences in the virus' highly conserved 5'-untranslated region. Our analysis quantitates the level of inhibition by comparing both the MFI values and the mean fluorescence intensity as calculated by integration under each curve. Thus, a means for measuring intracellular transcripts at the live single cell level and the potential for delivery of a new class of antiviral agents is described. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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12
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Burns AL, Dans MG, Balbin JM, de Koning-Ward TF, Gilson PR, Beeson JG, Boyle MJ, Wilson DW. Targeting malaria parasite invasion of red blood cells as an antimalarial strategy. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:223-238. [PMID: 30753425 PMCID: PMC6524681 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium spp. parasites that cause malaria disease remain a significant global-health burden. With the spread of parasites resistant to artemisinin combination therapies in Southeast Asia, there is a growing need to develop new antimalarials with novel targets. Invasion of the red blood cell by Plasmodium merozoites is essential for parasite survival and proliferation, thus representing an attractive target for therapeutic development. Red blood cell invasion requires a co-ordinated series of protein/protein interactions, protease cleavage events, intracellular signals, organelle release and engagement of an actin-myosin motor, which provide many potential targets for drug development. As these steps occur in the bloodstream, they are directly susceptible and exposed to drugs. A number of invasion inhibitors against a diverse range of parasite proteins involved in these different processes of invasion have been identified, with several showing potential to be optimised for improved drug-like properties. In this review, we discuss red blood cell invasion as a drug target and highlight a number of approaches for developing antimalarials with invasion inhibitory activity to use in future combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Burns
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005
| | - Madeline G Dans
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004.,Deakin University, School of Medicine, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia 3216
| | - Juan M Balbin
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005
| | | | - Paul R Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004.,Central Clinical School and Department of Microbiology, Monash University 3004.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia 3052
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia 4006
| | - Danny W Wilson
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005.,Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
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Huang YM, Alharbi NS, Sun B, Shantharam CS, Rakesh KP, Qin HL. Synthetic routes and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of anti-HIV agents: A key review. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111566. [PMID: 31401538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide increase of AIDS, an epidemic infection in constant development has an essential and still requires potent antiretroviral chemotherapeutic agents for reducing the integer of deaths caused by HIV. Thus, there is an urgent need for new anti-HIV drug candidates with increased strength, new targets, superior pharmacokinetic properties, and compact side effects. From this viewpoint, we first review present strategies of anti-HIV drug innovation and the synthesis of heterocyclic or natural compound as anti-HIV agents for facilitating the development of more influential and successful anti-HIV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Njud S Alharbi
- Biotechnology Research Group, Deportment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| | - C S Shantharam
- Department of Chemistry, Pooja Bhagavath Memorial Mahajana Education Centre, Mysuru, 570016, Karnataka, India
| | - K P Rakesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
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14
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Wang X, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Ratterree MS, Veazey RS, Xu H. Chemokine receptor CCR5 correlates with functional CD8 + T cells in SIV-infected macaques and the potential effects of maraviroc on T-cell activation. FASEB J 2019; 33:8905-8912. [PMID: 31034775 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802703r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) plays an essential role in HIV pathogenesis as the major coreceptor on CD4+ T cells used by HIV, yet the function of CCR5 on CD8 T cells is not well understood. Furthermore, the immunologic effects of the CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc (MVC), despite approval for clinical use, have not yet been well evaluated for their potential effects on cytotoxic T-cell responses. In this study, we characterized the development and function of CCR5+CD8+ T cells in rhesus macaques with or without Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. We also investigated the effects of the CCR5 antagonist MVC on functional CCR5+CD8+ T-cell responses in vitro. The data show that CCR5+CD8+ T cells have an effector memory phenotype and increase with age in systemic and mucosal lymphoid tissues as a heterogeneous population of polyfunctional CD8 T cells. In addition, CCR5 is highly expressed on SIV gag-specific (CM9+) CD8+ T cells in SIV-infected macaques, yet CCR5+CD8+ T cells are significantly reduced in mucosal lymphoid tissues with disease progression. Furthermore, in vitro MVC treatment reduced activation and cytokine secretion of CD8+ T cells via a CCR5-independent pathway. These findings suggest that surface CCR5 protein plays an important role in differentiation and activation of CD8+ T cells. Although MVC may be helpful in reducing chronic inflammation and activation, it may also inhibit virus-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Thus optimal use of CCR5 antagonists either alone or in combination with other drugs should be defined by further investigation.-Wang, X., Russell-Lodrigue, K. E., Ratterree, M. S., Veazey, R. S., Xu, H. Chemokine receptor CCR5 correlates with functional CD8+ T cells in SIV-infected macaques and the potential effects of maraviroc on T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kasi E Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marion S Ratterree
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
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15
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Gomes B, Gonçalves S, Disalvo A, Hollmann A, Santos NC. Effect of 25-hydroxycholesterol in viral membrane fusion: Insights on HIV inhibition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1171-1178. [PMID: 29408450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it was demonstrated that 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), an oxidized cholesterol derivative, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) entry into its target cells. However, the mechanisms involved in this action have not yet been established. The aim of this work was to study the effects of 25HC in biomembrane model systems and at the level of HIV fusion peptide (HIV-FP). Integration of different biophysical approaches was made in the context of HIV fusion process, to clarify the changes at membrane level due to the presence of 25HC that result in the suppressing of viral infection. Lipid vesicles mimicking mammalian and HIV membranes were used on spectroscopy assays and lipid monolayers in surface pressure studies. Peptide-induced lipid mixing assays were performed by Förster resonance energy transfer to calculate fusion efficiency. Liposome fusion is reduced by 50% in the presence of 25HC, comparatively to cholesterol. HIV-FP conformation was assessed by infrared assays and it relies on sterol nature. Anisotropy, surface pressure and dipole potential assays indicate that the conversion of cholesterol in 25HC leads to a loss of the cholesterol modulating effect on the membrane. With different biophysical techniques, we show that 25HC affects the membrane fusion process through the modification of lipid membrane properties, and by direct alterations on HIV-FP structure. The present data support a broad antiviral activity for 25HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sónia Gonçalves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anibal Disalvo
- Laboratory of Biointerfaces and Biomimetic Systems, CITSE, University of Santiago del Estero, -CONICET, 4200 Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - Axel Hollmann
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Biointerfaces and Biomimetic Systems, CITSE, University of Santiago del Estero, -CONICET, 4200 Santiago del Estero, Argentina; Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Basic and Applied Microbiology, University of Quilmes, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | - Nuno C Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.
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16
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Abstract
The persistence of West Nile virus (WNV) infections throughout the USA since its inception in 1999 and its continuous spread throughout the globe calls for an urgent need of effective treatments and prevention measures. Although the licensing of several WNV vaccines for veterinary use provides a proof of concept, similar efforts on the development of an effective vaccine for humans remain still unsuccessful. Increased understanding of biology and pathogenesis of WNV together with recent technological advancements have raised hope that an effective WNV vaccine may be available in the near future. In addition, rapid progress in the structural and functional characterization of WNV and other flaviviral proteins have provided a solid base for the design and development of several classes of inhibitors as potential WNV therapeutics. Moreover, the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies demonstrate an excellent efficacy against WNV in animal models and represent a promising class of WNV therapeutics. However, there are some challenges as to the design and development of a safe and efficient WNV vaccine or therapeutic. In this chapter, we discuss the current approaches, progress, and challenges toward the development of WNV vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and antiviral drugs.
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17
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Iacob SA, Iacob DG. Ibalizumab Targeting CD4 Receptors, An Emerging Molecule in HIV Therapy. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2323. [PMID: 29230203 PMCID: PMC5711820 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV infection is responsible for the most devastating global pandemic of the last century. More than 39 million people have died of HIV/AIDS since 1981. The development of the antiretroviral (ARV) treatment begins with the discovery of zidovudine a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. This breakthrough was followed by other ARV drug classes and representatives. Presently, HIV treatment employs 27 ARV representatives belonging to five different classes. Despite the proven benefits of ARV treatment and its long-term control of the HIV infection, there is an increasing concern about the numerous adverse effects and resistance to current ARV drugs. Therefore, the new HIV treatment strategies focus on the development of new ARV agents with a high genetic barrier to resistance and low toxicity. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) belong to a new drug class with encouraging results in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disorders and most recently against HIV infection. The advantages of using MAbs for HIV treatment are related to their antiviral effect, lack of toxicity, good resistance profile, additional synergy with other ARV drug classes and ability to restore CD4 T-cell responses. The current article is a short summary of ibalizumab, an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody that interferes with HIV viral entry. Current studies on ibalizumab have underlined its antiviral potential, minimal adverse effects, and lack of crossed resistance with other ARV agents thus supporting its further therapeutic use in multidrug resistant HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona A Iacob
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana G Iacob
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof.dr. Matei Bals", Bucharest, Romania
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18
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Fox RJ, Tripp JC, Schultz MJ, Payack JF, Fanfair DD, Mudryk BM, Murugesan S, Chen CPH, La Cruz TE, Ivy SE, Broxer S, Cullen R, Erdemir D, Geng P, Xu Z, Fritz A, Doubleday WW, Conlon DA. Preparation of the HIV Attachment Inhibitor BMS-663068. Part 1. Evolution of Enabling Strategies. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Fox
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Tripp
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - Mitchell J. Schultz
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - Joseph F. Payack
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - Dayne D. Fanfair
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - Boguslaw M. Mudryk
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - Saravanababu Murugesan
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - Chung-Pin H. Chen
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - Thomas E. La Cruz
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - Sabrina E. Ivy
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - Sévrine Broxer
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - Ryan Cullen
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - Deniz Erdemir
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - Peng Geng
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - Zhongmin Xu
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - Alan Fritz
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - Wendel W. Doubleday
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
| | - David A. Conlon
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903-0191, United States
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19
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Abstract
Various viral diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, influenza, and hepatitis, have emerged as leading causes of human death worldwide. Scientific endeavor since invention of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of pox virus in 1967 resulted in better understanding of virus replication and development of various novel therapeutic strategies. Despite considerable advancement in every facet of drug discovery process, development of commercially viable, safe, and effective drugs for these viruses still remains a big challenge. Decades of intense research yielded a handful of natural and synthetic therapeutic options. But emergence of new viruses and drug-resistant viral strains had made new drug development process a never-ending battle. Small-molecule fungal metabolites due to their vast diversity, stereochemical complexity, and preapproved biocompatibility always remain an attractive source for new drug discovery. Though, exploration of therapeutic importance of fungal metabolites has started early with discovery of penicillin, recent prediction asserted that only a small percentage (5-10%) of fungal species have been identified and much less have been scientifically investigated. Therefore, exploration of new fungal metabolites, their bioassay, and subsequent mechanistic study bears huge importance in new drug discovery endeavors. Though no fungal metabolites so far approved for antiviral treatment, many of these exhibited high potential against various viral diseases. This review comprehensively discussed about antiviral activities of fungal metabolites of diverse origin against some important viral diseases. This also highlighted the mechanistic details of inhibition of viral replication along with structure-activity relationship of some common and important classes of fungal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit G Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
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20
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Nováková L, Pavlík J, Chrenková L, Martinec O, Červený L. Current antiviral drugs and their analysis in biological materials - Part II: Antivirals against hepatitis and HIV viruses. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:378-399. [PMID: 29031512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review is a Part II of the series aiming to provide comprehensive overview of currently used antiviral drugs and to show modern approaches to their analysis. While in the Part I antivirals against herpes viruses and antivirals against respiratory viruses were addressed, this part concerns antivirals against hepatitis viruses (B and C) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many novel antivirals against hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV have been introduced into the clinical practice over the last decade. The recent broadening portfolio of these groups of antivirals is reflected in increasing number of developed analytical methods required to meet the needs of clinical terrain. Part II summarizes the mechanisms of action of antivirals against hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV, and HIV, their use in clinical practice, and analytical methods for individual classes. It also provides expert opinion on state of art in the field of bioanalysis of these drugs. Analytical methods reflect novelty of these chemical structures and use by far the most current approaches, such as simple and high-throughput sample preparation and fast separation, often by means of UHPLC-MS/MS. Proper method validation based on requirements of bioanalytical guidelines is an inherent part of the developed methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Pavlík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Chrenková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Martinec
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Červený
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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21
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Structure-activity relationship studies on a Trp dendrimer with dual activities against HIV and enterovirus A71. Modifications on the amino acid. Antiviral Res 2016; 139:32-40. [PMID: 28017762 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have recently described a new class of dendrimers with tryptophan (Trp) on the surface that show dual antiviral activities against HIV and EV71 enterovirus. The prototype compound of this family is a pentaerythritol derivative with 12 Trps on the periphery. Here we complete the structure-activity relationship studies of this family to identify key features that might be significant for the antiviral activity. With this aim, novel dendrimers containing different amino acids (aromatic and non-aromatic), tryptamine (a "decarboxylated" analogue of Trp) and N-methyl Trp on the periphery have been prepared. Dendrimer with N-Methyl Trp was the most active against HIV-1 and HIV-2 while dendrimer with tyrosine was endowed with the most potent antiviral activity against EV71. This tyrosine dendrimer proved to inhibit a large panel of EV71 clinical isolates (belonging to different clusters) in the low nanomolar/high picomolar range. In addition, a new synthetic procedure (convergent approach) has been developed for the synthesis of the prototype and some other dendrimers. This convergent approach proved more efficient (higher yields, easier purification) than the divergent approach previously reported.
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22
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Dalal B, Shankarkumar A, Ghosh K. Individualization of antiretroviral therapy--pharmacogenomic aspect. Indian J Med Res 2016; 142:663-74. [PMID: 26831415 PMCID: PMC4774063 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.174549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy with three drug regimens for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection significantly suppresses the viral replication. However, this therapeutic impact is restricted by adverse drug events and response in terms of short and long term efficacy. There are multiple factors involved in different responses to antiretrovirals (ARVs) such as age, body weight, disease status, diet and heredity. Pharmacogenomics deals with individual genetic make-up and its role in drug efficacy and toxicity. In depth genetic research has provided evidence to predict the risk of developing certain toxicities for which personalized screening and surveillance protocols may be developed to prevent side effects. Here we describe the use of pharmacogenomics for optimal use of HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aruna Shankarkumar
- Department of Transfusion Transmitted Disease, National Institute of Immunohaematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
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23
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Laird Smith M, Murrell B, Eren K, Ignacio C, Landais E, Weaver S, Phung P, Ludka C, Hepler L, Caballero G, Pollner T, Guo Y, Richman D, Poignard P, Paxinos EE, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Smith DM. Rapid Sequencing of Complete env Genes from Primary HIV-1 Samples. Virus Evol 2016; 2:vew018. [PMID: 29492273 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vew018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to study rapidly evolving viral populations has been constrained by the read length of next-generation sequencing approaches and the sampling depth of single-genome amplification methods. Here, we develop and characterize a method using Pacific Biosciences' Single Molecule, Real-Time (SMRT®) sequencing technology to sequence multiple, intact full-length human immunodeficiency virus-1 env genes amplified from viral RNA populations circulating in blood, and provide computational tools for analyzing and visualizing these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Laird Smith
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Ben Murrell
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Kemal Eren
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Caroline Ignacio
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Elise Landais
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Steven Weaver
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Pham Phung
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Colleen Ludka
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Lance Hepler
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Gemma Caballero
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Tristan Pollner
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Yan Guo
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Douglas Richman
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Pascal Poignard
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Ellen E Paxinos
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Sergei L Kosakovsky Pond
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Davey M Smith
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,The International Aids Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.,LabCorp, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
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24
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Matei E, Basu R, Furey W, Shi J, Calnan C, Aiken C, Gronenborn AM. Structure and Glycan Binding of a New Cyanovirin-N Homolog. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18967-76. [PMID: 27402833 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.740415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 is heavily glycosylated and bears numerous high mannose sugars. These sugars can serve as targets for HIV-inactivating compounds, such as antibodies and lectins, which bind to the glycans and interfere with viral entry into the target cell. We determined the 1.6 Å x-ray structure of Cyt-CVNH, a recently identified lectin from the cyanobacterium Cyanothece(7424), and elucidated its glycan specificity by NMR. The Cyt-CVNH structure and glycan recognition profile are similar to those of other CVNH proteins, with each domain specifically binding to Manα(1-2)Manα units on the D1 and D3 arms of high mannose glycans. However, in contrast to CV-N, no cross-linking and precipitation of the cross-linked species in solution was observed upon Man-9 binding, allowing, for the first time, investigation of the interaction of Man-9 with a member of the CVNH family by NMR. HIV assays showed that Cyt-CVNH is able to inhibit HIV-1 with ∼4-fold higher potency than CV-N(P51G), a stabilized version of wild type CV-N. Therefore, Cyt-CVNH may qualify as a valuable lectin for potential microbicidal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Matei
- From the Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Rohan Basu
- From the Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, the Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - William Furey
- the Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, Biocrystallography Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240
| | - Jiong Shi
- the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, and
| | - Conor Calnan
- From the Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, the Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Christopher Aiken
- the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, and
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- From the Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260,
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25
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Abstract
Since the first antiviral drug, idoxuridine, was approved in 1963, 90 antiviral drugs categorized into 13 functional groups have been formally approved for the treatment of the following 9 human infectious diseases: (i) HIV infections (protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues), (ii) hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections (lamivudine, interferons, nucleoside analogues, and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues), (iii) hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections (ribavirin, interferons, NS3/4A protease inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors, and NS5B polymerase inhibitors), (iv) herpesvirus infections (5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine analogues, entry inhibitors, nucleoside analogues, pyrophosphate analogues, and acyclic guanosine analogues), (v) influenza virus infections (ribavirin, matrix 2 protein inhibitors, RNA polymerase inhibitors, and neuraminidase inhibitors), (vi) human cytomegalovirus infections (acyclic guanosine analogues, acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues, pyrophosphate analogues, and oligonucleotides), (vii) varicella-zoster virus infections (acyclic guanosine analogues, nucleoside analogues, 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine analogues, and antibodies), (viii) respiratory syncytial virus infections (ribavirin and antibodies), and (ix) external anogenital warts caused by human papillomavirus infections (imiquimod, sinecatechins, and podofilox). Here, we present for the first time a comprehensive overview of antiviral drugs approved over the past 50 years, shedding light on the development of effective antiviral treatments against current and emerging infectious diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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26
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Woodham AW, Skeate JG, Sanna AM, Taylor JR, Da Silva DM, Cannon PM, Kast WM. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Immune Cell Receptors, Coreceptors, and Cofactors: Implications for Prevention and Treatment. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2016; 30:291-306. [PMID: 27410493 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2016.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, extensive research on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has highlighted its capability to exploit a variety of strategies to enter and infect immune cells. Although CD4(+) T cells are well known as the major HIV target, with infection occurring through the canonical combination of the cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) receptor and either the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) or C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) coreceptors, HIV has also been found to enter other important immune cell types such as macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, B cells, and granulocytes. Interestingly, the expression of distinct cellular cofactors partially regulates the rate in which HIV infects each distinct cell type. Furthermore, HIV can benefit from the acquisition of new proteins incorporated into its envelope during budding events. While several publications have investigated details of how HIV manipulates particular cell types or subtypes, an up-to-date comprehensive review on HIV tropism for different immune cells is lacking. Therefore, this review is meant to focus on the different receptors, coreceptors, and cofactors that HIV exploits to enter particular immune cells. Additionally, prophylactic approaches that have targeted particular molecules associated with HIV entry and infection of different immune cells will be discussed. Unveiling the underlying cellular receptors and cofactors that lead to HIV preference for specific immune cell populations is crucial in identifying novel preventative/therapeutic targets for comprehensive strategies to eliminate viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Woodham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph G. Skeate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adriana M. Sanna
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julia R. Taylor
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Diane M. Da Silva
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paula M. Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - W. Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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27
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Fattahi F, Ward PA. Anti-inflammatory interventions-what has worked, not worked, and what may work in the future. Transl Res 2016; 167:1-6. [PMID: 26323016 PMCID: PMC5062739 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our Introductory Commentary relates to many topics that are linked to inflammatory responses and how these responses are regulated in order to promote healing of damaged tissues and bring about effective clearance of infectious agents. In non-infectious situations, cells and tissues release products (danger associated molecular patterns) that can trigger damaging inflammatory responses. These products must be effectively dealt with in order to avoid serious tissue injury. We provide a perspective about many decades of research into the inflammatory response and describe strategies that have achieved success in restraining inflammatory responses, as well as many approaches that have not been clinically effective. With development of new technologies such as advanced genomic analysis, highly sensitive and sophisticated mass spectrometry and related approaches, as well as the ability to employ mutagenesis induction, we are beginning to define highly sophisticated molecular pathways that previously were opaque. This progress may well have clinical relevance, and we may be on the edge of a scientific revolution in the broad area of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Fattahi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Peter A Ward
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Mich.
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28
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Tryptophan dendrimers that inhibit HIV replication, prevent virus entry and bind to the HIV envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 106:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Abstract
ABSTRACT HIV resistance against currently approved entry inhibitors, the chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) antagonist maraviroc and the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (T-20), manifests in a complex manner that is distinct from the resistance patterns against other classes of antiretroviral drugs. Several attachment and fusion inhibitors are currently under various stages of development. Whereas CCR5 co-receptor antagonists have been widely studied until now, because patients who lack CCR5 are healthy and protected to some extent from HIV-infection, CXCR4-antagonist development has been slower, due to limited antiviral activity and potential toxicity given that CXCR4 may have essential cellular functions. Novel fusion inhibitor development is focusing on orally available small-molecule inhibitors that might replace T-20, which needs to be administered by subcutaneous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Kramer
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark A Wainberg
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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30
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Synergistic combinations of the CCR5 inhibitor VCH-286 with other classes of HIV-1 inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:7565-9. [PMID: 25267674 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03630-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we evaluated the in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity of the experimental CCR5 inhibitor VCH-286 as a single agent or in combination with various classes of HIV-1 inhibitors. Although VCH-286 used alone had highly inhibitory activity, paired combinations with different drug classes led to synergistic or additive interactions. However, combinations with other CCR5 inhibitors led to effects ranging from synergy to antagonism. We suggest that caution should be exercised when combining CCR5 inhibitors in vivo.
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31
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Liu T, Huang B, Zhan P, De Clercq E, Liu X. Discovery of small molecular inhibitors targeting HIV-1 gp120-CD4 interaction drived from BMS-378806. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:481-90. [PMID: 25203778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 entry into host cells is a complex, multi-factors involved, and multi-step process. Especially, the attachment of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the host cell receptor CD4 is the first key step during entry process, representing a promising antiviral therapeutic target. Among the HIV-1 attachment inhibitors blocking the interaction between gp120 and CD4 cells, BMS-378806 and NBD-556 are two representative small molecular chemical entities. Particularly, BMS-378806 and its derivatives are newly identified class of orally bioavailable HIV-1 inhibitors that interfere gp120-CD4 interaction. In this review, we focused on describing the structure-activity relationships (SARs), structural modifications, in vitro or even in vivo pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of BMS-378806 and its analogues as HIV-1 gp120 attachment inhibitors. In addition, the brief SARs, structural modifications of NBD-556 and its derivatives targeting the "Phe-43 cavity" as CD4 mimics were also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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32
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Targeting host factors to treat West Nile and dengue viral infections. Viruses 2014; 6:683-708. [PMID: 24517970 PMCID: PMC3939478 DOI: 10.3390/v6020683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile (WNV) and Dengue (DENV) viruses are major arboviral human pathogens belonging to the genus Flavivirus. At the current time, there are no approved prophylactics (e.g., vaccines) or specific therapeutics available to prevent or treat human infections by these pathogens. Due to their minimal genome, these viruses require many host molecules for their replication and this offers a therapeutic avenue wherein host factors can be exploited as treatment targets. Since several host factors appear to be shared by many flaviviruses the strategy may result in pan-flaviviral inhibitors and may also attenuate the rapid emergence of drug resistant mutant viruses. The scope of this strategy is greatly enhanced by the recent en masse identification of host factors impacting on WNV and DENV infection. Excellent proof-of-principle experimental demonstrations for host-targeted control of infection and infection-induced pathogenesis have been reported for both WNV and DENV. These include exploiting not only those host factors supporting infection, but also targeting host processes contributing to pathogenesis and innate immune responses. While these early studies validated the host-targeting approach, extensive future investigations spanning a range of aspects are needed for a successful deployment in humans.
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33
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Bennett MS, Akkina R. Gene therapy strategies for HIV/AIDS: preclinical modeling in humanized mice. Viruses 2013; 5:3119-41. [PMID: 24351796 PMCID: PMC3967164 DOI: 10.3390/v5123119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of an effective vaccine and lack of a complete cure, gene therapy approaches to control HIV infection offer feasible alternatives. Due to the chronic nature of infection, a wide window of opportunity exists to gene modify the HIV susceptible cells that continuously arise from the bone marrow source. To evaluate promising gene therapy approaches that employ various anti-HIV therapeutic molecules, an ideal animal model is necessary to generate important efficacy and preclinical data. In this regard, the humanized mouse models that harbor human hematopoietic cells susceptible to HIV infection provide a suitable in vivo system. This review summarizes the currently used humanized mouse models and different anti-HIV molecules utilized for conferring HIV resistance. Humanized mouse models are compared for their utility in this context and provide perspectives for new directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1619 Campus delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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34
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Arylsulfone-based HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:2141-56. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) represent one of the most significant classes of drugs for the treatment of AIDS/HIV infection. Over the past two decades several potent arylsulfone-based HIV-1 NNRTIs and related analogs have been developed. This review provides an essential overview of the structure–activity relationships of the arylsulfone-based HIV-1 NNRTIs. Furthermore, structural information useful for the design and development of new sulfur containing NNRTIs with enhanced antiretroviral activity against HIV-1 wild type and clinically relevant drug resistant HIV-1 mutant strains will be discussed.
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35
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Functional characterization of human genes from exon expression and RNA interference results. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 910:33-53. [PMID: 22821591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-965-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Complex biological systems comprise a large number of interacting molecules. The identification and detailed characterization of the functions of the involved genes and proteins are crucial for modeling and understanding such systems. To interrogate the various cellular processes, high-throughput techniques such as the Affymetrix Exon Array or RNA interference (RNAi) screens are powerful experimental approaches for functional genomics. However, they typically yield long gene lists that require computational methods to further analyze and functionally annotate the experimental results and to gain more insight into important molecular interactions. Here, we focus on bioinformatics software tools for the functional interpretation of exon expression data to discover alternative splicing events and their impact on gene and protein architecture, molecular networks, and pathways. We additionally demonstrate how to explore large lists of candidate genes as they also result from RNAi screens. In particular, our exemplary application studies show how to analyze the function of human genes that play a major role in human stem cells or viral infections.
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36
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Activity of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor BMS-626529, the active component of the prodrug BMS-663068, against CD4-independent viruses and HIV-1 envelopes resistant to other entry inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4172-80. [PMID: 23774428 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00513-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BMS-626529 is a novel small-molecule HIV-1 attachment inhibitor active against both CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic viruses. BMS-626529 functions by preventing gp120 from binding to CD4. A prodrug of this compound, BMS-663068, is currently in clinical development. As a theoretical resistance pathway to BMS-663068 could be the development of a CD4-independent phenotype, we examined the activity of BMS-626529 against CD4-independent viruses and investigated whether resistance to BMS-626529 could be associated with a CD4-independent phenotype. Finally, we evaluated whether cross-resistance exists between BMS-626529 and other HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Two laboratory-derived envelopes with a CD4-independent phenotype (one CXCR4 tropic and one CCR5 tropic), five envelopes from clinical isolates with preexisting BMS-626529 resistance, and several site-specific mutant BMS-626529-resistant envelopes were examined for their dependence on CD4 for infectivity or susceptibility to BMS-626529. Viruses resistant to other entry inhibitors (enfuvirtide, maraviroc, and ibalizumab) were also examined for susceptibility to BMS-626529. Both CD4-independent laboratory isolates retained sensitivity to BMS-626529 in CD4(-) cells, while HIV-1 envelopes from viruses resistant to BMS-626529 exhibited no evidence of a CD4-independent phenotype. BMS-626529 also exhibited inhibitory activity against ibalizumab- and enfuvirtide-resistant envelopes. While there appeared to be some association between maraviroc resistance and reduced susceptibility to BMS-626529, an absolute correlation cannot be presumed, since some CCR5-tropic maraviroc-resistant envelopes remained sensitive to BMS-626529. Clinical use of the prodrug BMS-663068 is unlikely to promote resistance via generation of CD4-independent virus. No cross-resistance between BMS-626529 and other HIV entry inhibitors was observed, which could allow for sequential or concurrent use with different classes of entry inhibitors.
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37
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Habersetzer F, Leboeuf C, Doffoël M, Zeisel MB, Baumert TF. Synthetic anti-lipopolysaccharide peptides and hepatitis C virus infection. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:853-62. [PMID: 23634817 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.794218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although antiviral therapy has been markedly improved by the licensing of direct-acting antivirals, safety, resistance, high costs and difficult-to-treat patients remain important challenges. AREAS COVERED This article focuses and comments on the recent development of synthetic anti-lipopolysaccharide peptides (SALPs) which bind to highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan/heparan sulfate (HS) on cell surface. HS serves as a primary docking site for several viruses to their respective host cells before the viruses interact with their cell surface receptor(s). In vitro studies have shown that SALPs inhibit entry of HCV without cell toxicity. EXPERT OPINION SALPs prevent viral infection in cell culture model systems. Treatment studies of established HCV infection in cell culture models as well as proof-of-concept and safety studies in animal models are needed to evaluate their potential for drug development. The mechanism of action of SALPs as entry inhibitors suggests a potential application for HCV-infected patients to prevent reinfection of the liver graft in liver transplantation. Potential limitations may include high doses to obtain an antiviral effect and a target which is widely expressed and has a key function in cell physiology.
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38
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Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters cells through a series of molecular interactions between the HIV envelope protein and cellular receptors, thus providing many opportunities to block infection. Entry inhibitors are currently being used in the clinic, and many more are under development. Unfortunately, as is the case for other classes of antiretroviral drugs that target later steps in the viral life cycle, HIV can become resistant to entry inhibitors. In contrast to inhibitors that block viral enzymes in intracellular compartments, entry inhibitors interfere with the function of the highly variable envelope glycoprotein as it continuously adapts to changing immune pressure and available target cells in the extracellular environment. Consequently, pathways and mechanisms of resistance for entry inhibitors are varied and often involve mutations across the envelope gene. This review provides a broad overview of entry inhibitor resistance mechanisms that inform our understanding of HIV entry and the design of new inhibitors and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J De Feo
- Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Li L, Shi X, Lu Q, Zhang S, Wang X, Jiang X, Liu Y, Wang G, Zhu W, Lei R, Wu H. Role of human CD4 D1D2 domain in HIV-1 infection. Immunol Invest 2012; 42:106-21. [PMID: 23252862 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.736115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies and appropriate immunogens are critical for preexposure prophylaxis and therapeutic HIV vaccines. In this study, we aimed to explore effective antibodies against the genetically diverse HIV-1 strains by investigating the roles of human CD4 D1D2 domain and nonvariable immugens. The human CD4 D1D2 domain and the chimeric protein of mouse D1 domain/human D2 domain were expressed in Sf9 insect cells and purified by gel-filtration chromatography. The human CD4 D1D2 domain potently inhibited the infection of 77.8% HIV-1 pseudoviruses, including the clades AE, B' and BC, with less than 20 μg/mL of IC(50). pcDNA3.1-mhD1D2m and pcDNA3.1-mhD2m plasmids were used for the production of mouse anti-human CD4 polyclonal antibodies. The neutralizing activities of the polyclonal antibodies were determined by using pseudotyped HIV-1 viruses. The antibodies induced by plasmids containing human CD4 D1D2 domain were able to potently inhibit all pseudotyped HIV-1 strains. The antibodies from mhD1D2m-immunized mice also showed strong binding capacity to CD4 expressed on the surface of TZM-bl cells. The potent and broad inhibitory activity of antibodies against the human CD4 D1D2 domain may be used to develop effective passive immunization agent to control the spread of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Envelope virus replication begins with receptor binding, followed by fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane. The binding and fusion steps are usually mediated by envelope proteins. The ability of envelope proteins of a particular virus to bind and fuse with target cells defines the host range of the virus, known as 'viral tropism'. The mechanism(s) of fusion by the viral envelope is largely categorized as either pH-dependent or pH-independent. By redirecting the binding specificities of envelope proteins to desired target molecules while maintaining fusion activity, it is possible to redirect the tropisms of virus and viral vectors, enabling specific killing and/or transduction of desired cells in vivo. Recently, a lipid, phosphatidylserine, was also shown to mediate binding of virus, which affects the tropisms of viruses and viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Morizono
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Nettles RE, Schurmann D, Zhu L, Stonier M, Huang SP, Chang I, Chien C, Krystal M, Wind-Rotolo M, Ray N, Hanna GJ, Bertz R, Grasela D. Pharmacodynamics, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of BMS-663068, an Oral HIV-1 Attachment Inhibitor in HIV-1-Infected Subjects. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1002-11. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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42
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Virological and molecular characterization of a simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) encoding the envelope and reverse transcriptase genes from HIV-1. Virology 2012; 432:173-83. [PMID: 22769870 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simian-human immunodeficiency virus encoding both reverse transcriptase (RT) and envelope genes of HIV-1 (RT Env SHIV) is important for evaluating biomedical prevention modalities for HIV/AIDS. We describe virological characterization of a clade B RT Env SHIV following infection of macaques via multiple routes. In vivo passage of the RT Env SHIV through Indian rhesus macaque enhanced infectivity. Expanded virus had minimal envelope heterogeneity and was inhibited by NNRTIs and CCR5 antagonists. Infection of macaques with RT Env SHIV via mucosal or intravenous routes resulted in stable infection accompanied by peak plasma viremia of approximately 5×10(6) copies/ml that was controlled beyond set point. Molecular homogeneity of the virus was maintained following in vivo passage. Inhibition of RT Env SHIV by RT and entry inhibitors and ease of in vivo transmission make it a useful model for testing the efficacy of combinations of entry and RT inhibitors in nonhuman primates.
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Allegretti M, Cesta MC, Garin A, Proudfoot AE. Current status of chemokine receptor inhibitors in development. Immunol Lett 2012; 145:68-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Usuga X. Efectos adversos del tratamiento antirretroviral en niños infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. INFECTIO 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0123-9392(12)70066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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45
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An T, Ouyang W, Pan W, Guo D, Li J, Li L, Chen G, Yang J, Wu S, Tien P. Amino acid derivatives of the (−) enantiomer of gossypol are effective fusion inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antiviral Res 2012; 94:276-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Espirito-Santo M, Santos-Costa Q, Calado M, Dorr P, Azevedo-Pereira JM. Susceptibility of HIV type 2 primary isolates to CCR5 and CXCR4 monoclonal antibodies, ligands, and small molecule inhibitors. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:478-85. [PMID: 21902586 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry into susceptible cells involves the interaction between viral envelope glycoproteins with CD4 and a chemokine receptor (coreceptor), namely CCR5 and CXCR4. This interaction has been studied to enable the discovery of a new class of antiretroviral drugs that targets the envelope glycoprotein-coreceptor interaction. However, very few data exist regarding HIV-2 susceptibility to these coreceptor inhibitors. With this work we aimed to identify this susceptibility in order to assess the potential use of these molecules to treat HIV-2-infected patients and to further understand the molecular basis of HIV-2 envelope glycoprotein interactions with CCR5 and CXCR4. We found that CCR5-using HIV-2 isolates are readily inhibited by maraviroc, TAK-779, and PF-227153, while monoclonal antibody 2D7 shows only residual or no inhibitory effects. The anti-HIV-2 activity of CXCR4-targeted molecules reveals that SDF-1α/CXCL12 inhibited all HIV-2 tested except one, while mAb 12G5 inhibited the replication of only two isolates, showing residual inhibitory effects with all the other CXCR4-using viruses. A major conclusion from our results is that infection by HIV-2 primary isolates is readily blocked in vitro by maraviroc, at concentrations similar to those required for HIV-1. The susceptibility to maraviroc was independent of CD4(+) T cell counts or clinical stage of the patient from which the virus was obtained. These findings indicate that maraviroc could constitute a reliable therapeutic alternative for HIV-2-infected patients, as long as they are infected with CCR5-using variants, and this may have direct implications for the clinical management of HIV-2-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Espirito-Santo
- Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Unidade de Retrovírus e Infecções Associadas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisbon, Portugal
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In vitro antiviral characteristics of HIV-1 attachment inhibitor BMS-626529, the active component of the prodrug BMS-663068. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3498-507. [PMID: 22547625 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00426-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BMS-663068 is the phosphonooxymethyl prodrug of BMS-626529, a novel small-molecule attachment inhibitor that targets HIV-1 gp120 and prevents its binding to CD4(+) T cells. The activity of BMS-626529 is virus dependent, due to heterogeneity within gp120. In order to better understand the anti-HIV-1 spectrum of BMS-626529 against HIV-1, in vitro activities against a wide variety of laboratory strains and clinical isolates were determined. BMS-626529 had half-maximal effective concentration (EC(50)) values of <10 nM against the vast majority of viral isolates; however, susceptibility varied by >6 log(10), with half-maximal effective concentration values in the low pM range against the most susceptible viruses. The in vitro antiviral activity of BMS-626529 was generally not associated with either tropism or subtype, with few exceptions. Measurement of the binding affinity of BMS-626529 for purified gp120 suggests that a contributory factor to its inhibitory potency may be a relatively long dissociative half-life. Finally, in two-drug combination studies, BMS-626529 demonstrated additive or synergistic interactions with antiretroviral drugs of different mechanistic classes. These results suggest that BMS-626529 should be active against the majority of HIV-1 viruses and support the continued clinical development of the compound.
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Maeda K, Das D, Nakata H, Mitsuya H. CCR5 inhibitors: emergence, success, and challenges. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2012; 17:135-45. [PMID: 22533737 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2012.673584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The discovery of CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) as a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptor opened a new avenue to exploit CCR5 as a potential target for the intervention of HIV-1's cellular entry. AREAS COVERED Various small-molecule CCR5 inhibitors were identified in the last decade; however, maraviroc (MVC) is the only CCR5 inhibitor currently used in the clinic. Concerns and challenges that exist for wider clinical use of CCR5 inhibitors are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although MVC-containing regimens have been recommended for treatment-naïve patients, MVC appears to have been used as one of drugs for salvage therapy rather than for treating drug-naïve patients. This is apparently due to MVC's twice-daily dosing schedule. Another significant disadvantage is that a costly tropism assay must be performed prior to MVC treatment. The access to inexpensive, sensitive, and rapid tropism tests should be made easily available. Only a few novel CCR5 inhibitors are presently in the pipeline. Development of potent and metabolically-stable novel CCR5 inhibitors allowing once-daily dosing regimens is needed. Development of CXCR4 inhibitors should greatly improve the treatment options available to patients infected with X4- and/or dual-tropic HIV-1 strains in combination with a CCR5 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Maeda
- National Cancer Institute, Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Bethesda 20892, MD, USA.
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Wu X, Robotham JM, Lee E, Dalton S, Kneteman NM, Gilbert DM, Tang H. Productive hepatitis C virus infection of stem cell-derived hepatocytes reveals a critical transition to viral permissiveness during differentiation. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002617. [PMID: 22496645 PMCID: PMC3320597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes isolated from patient biopsies represent the most physiologically relevant cell culture model for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but these primary cells are not readily accessible, display individual variability, and are largely refractory to genetic manipulation. Hepatocyte-like cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells provide an attractive alternative as they not only overcome these shortcomings but can also provide an unlimited source of noncancer cells for both research and cell therapy. Despite its promise, the permissiveness to HCV infection of differentiated human hepatocyte-like cells (DHHs) has not been explored. Here we report a novel infection model based on DHHs derived from human embryonic (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). DHHs generated in chemically defined media under feeder-free conditions were subjected to infection by both HCV derived in cell culture (HCVcc) and patient-derived virus (HCVser). Pluripotent stem cells and definitive endoderm were not permissive for HCV infection whereas hepatic progenitor cells were persistently infected and secreted infectious particles into culture medium. Permissiveness to infection was correlated with induction of the liver-specific microRNA-122 and modulation of cellular factors that affect HCV replication. RNA interference directed toward essential cellular cofactors in stem cells resulted in HCV-resistant hepatocyte-like cells after differentiation. The ability to infect cultured cells directly with HCV patient serum, to study defined stages of viral permissiveness, and to produce genetically modified cells with desired phenotypes all have broad significance for host-pathogen interactions and cell therapy. Physiologically relevant cell-culture models for infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are scarce, and infection by viruses derived from patient serum has been inefficient. Differentiated human hepatocyte-like cells derived from pluripotent stem cells demonstrate hepatic functions but have not been explored for HCV infection studies. Here we report a novel infection model based on these hepatocyte-like cells. Stem cells and definitive endoderm successfully resisted HCV infection, whereas hepatic progenitor cells derived from the stem cells were productively infected by both human- and cell-culture-derived HCV. We determined the point of transition from resistance to susceptibility and, by comparative gene profiling, identified the host factors that were correlated with susceptibility. Genetic modification of human embryonic stem cells, coupled with hepatic differentiation, generated hepatocyte-like cells that were resistant to HCV infection. Our study establishes a new noncancerous and renewable cell-culture system for HCV infection, permits direct infection of cells by patient sera in vitro, identifies a defined transition to HCV susceptibility during hepatocyte differentiation, and demonstrates the feasibility of generating virus-resistant human hepatocyte-like cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfang Wu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Robotham
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Emily Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stephen Dalton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Norman M. Kneteman
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David M. Gilbert
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been an important breakthrough in the treatment of HIV-1 infection and has also a powerful tool to upset the equilibrium of viral production and HIV-1 pathogenesis. Despite the advent of potent combinations of this therapy, the long-lived HIV-1 reservoirs like cells from monocyte-macrophage lineage and resting memory CD4+ T cells which are established early during primary infection constitute a major obstacle to virus eradication. Further HAART interruption leads to immediate rebound viremia from latent reservoirs. This paper focuses on the essentials of the molecular mechanisms for the establishment of HIV-1 latency with special concern to present and future possible treatment strategies to completely purge and target viral persistence in the reservoirs.
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