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Dash PK, Gorantla S, Poluektova L, Hasan M, Waight E, Zhang C, Markovic M, Edagwa B, Machhi J, Olson KE, Wang X, Mosley RL, Kevadiya B, Gendelman HE. Humanized Mice for Infectious and Neurodegenerative disorders. Retrovirology 2021; 18:13. [PMID: 34090462 PMCID: PMC8179712 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice model human disease and as such are used commonly for research studies of infectious, degenerative and cancer disorders. Recent models also reflect hematopoiesis, natural immunity, neurobiology, and molecular pathways that influence disease pathobiology. A spectrum of immunodeficient mouse strains permit long-lived human progenitor cell engraftments. The presence of both innate and adaptive immunity enables high levels of human hematolymphoid reconstitution with cell susceptibility to a broad range of microbial infections. These mice also facilitate investigations of human pathobiology, natural disease processes and therapeutic efficacy in a broad spectrum of human disorders. However, a bridge between humans and mice requires a complete understanding of pathogen dose, co-morbidities, disease progression, environment, and genetics which can be mirrored in these mice. These must be considered for understanding of microbial susceptibility, prevention, and disease progression. With known common limitations for access to human tissues, evaluation of metabolic and physiological changes and limitations in large animal numbers, studies in mice prove important in planning human clinical trials. To these ends, this review serves to outline how humanized mice can be used in viral and pharmacologic research emphasizing both current and future studies of viral and neurodegenerative diseases. In all, humanized mouse provides cost-effective, high throughput studies of infection or degeneration in natural pathogen host cells, and the ability to test transmission and eradication of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta K Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Larisa Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Emiko Waight
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Milica Markovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Benson Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Bhavesh Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Ferreira IATM, Porterfield JZ, Gupta RK, Mlcochova P. Cell Cycle Regulation in Macrophages and Susceptibility to HIV-1. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080839. [PMID: 32751972 PMCID: PMC7472357 DOI: 10.3390/v12080839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the first line of defence against invading pathogens. They play a crucial role in immunity but also in regeneration and homeostasis. Their remarkable plasticity in their phenotypes and function provides them with the ability to quickly respond to environmental changes and infection. Recent work shows that macrophages undergo cell cycle transition from a G0/terminally differentiated state to a G1 state. This G0-to-G1 transition presents a window of opportunity for HIV-1 infection. Macrophages are an important target for HIV-1 but express high levels of the deoxynucleotide-triphosphate hydrolase SAMHD1, which restricts viral DNA synthesis by decreasing levels of dNTPs. While the G0 state is non-permissive to HIV-1 infection, a G1 state is very permissive to HIV-1 infection. This is because macrophages in a G1 state switch off the antiviral restriction factor SAMHD1 by phosphorylation, thereby allowing productive HIV-1 infection. Here, we explore the macrophage cell cycle and the interplay between its regulation and permissivity to HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella A. T. M. Ferreira
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB20AW, UK; (I.A.T.M.F.); (R.K.G.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | - J. Zachary Porterfield
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Ravindra K. Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB20AW, UK; (I.A.T.M.F.); (R.K.G.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Petra Mlcochova
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB20AW, UK; (I.A.T.M.F.); (R.K.G.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
- Correspondence:
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Elimination of Latently HIV-infected Cells from Antiretroviral Therapy-suppressed Subjects by Engineered Immune-mobilizing T-cell Receptors. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1913-1925. [PMID: 27401039 PMCID: PMC5154472 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a latent state in long-lived CD4+ T-cells is a major barrier to eradication. Latency-reversing agents that induce direct or immune-mediated cell death upon reactivation of HIV are a possible solution. However, clearance of reactivated cells may require immunotherapeutic agents that are fine-tuned to detect viral antigens when expressed at low levels. We tested the antiviral efficacy of immune-mobilizing monoclonal T-cell receptors against viruses (ImmTAVs), bispecific molecules that redirect CD8+ T-cells to kill HIV-infected CD4+ T-cells. T-cell receptors specific for an immunodominant Gag epitope, SL9, and its escape variants were engineered to achieve supraphysiological affinity and fused to a humanised CD3-specific single chain antibody fragment. Ex vivo polyclonal CD8+ T-cells were efficiently redirected by immune-mobilising monoclonal T-cell receptors against viruses to eliminate CD4+ T-cells from human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201-positive antiretroviral therapy-treated patients after reactivation of inducible HIV in vitro. The efficiency of infected cell elimination correlated with HIV Gag expression. Immune-mobilising monoclonal T-cell receptors against viruses have potential as a therapy to facilitate clearance of reactivated HIV reservoir cells.
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Baker CAR, Swainson L, Lin DL, Wong S, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Lifson JD, Tarantal AF, McCune JM. Exposure to SIV in utero results in reduced viral loads and altered responsiveness to postnatal challenge. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:300ra125. [PMID: 26268312 PMCID: PMC5100009 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac5547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HIV disease progression appears to be driven by increased immune activation. Given observations that fetal exposure to infectious pathogens in utero can result in reduced immune responses, or tolerance, to those pathogens postnatally, we hypothesized that fetal exposure to HIV may render the fetus tolerant to the virus, thus reducing damage caused by immune activation during infection later in life. To test this hypothesis, fetal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were injected with the attenuated virus SIVmac1A11 in utero and challenged with pathogenic SIVmac239 1 year after birth. SIVmac1A11-injected animals had significantly reduced plasma RNA viral loads (P < 0.02) up to 35 weeks after infection. Generalized estimating equations analysis was performed to identify immunologic and clinical measurements associated with plasma RNA viral load. A positive association with plasma RNA viral load was observed with the proportion of CD8(+) T cells expressing the transcription factor, FoxP3, and the proportion of CD4(+) T cells producing the lymphoproliferative cytokine, IL-2. In contrast, an inverse relationship was found with the frequencies of circulating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells displaying intermediate expression of the proliferation marker, Ki-67. Animals exposed to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in utero appeared to have enhanced SIV-specific immune responses, a lower proportion of CD8(+) T cells expressing the exhaustion marker PD-1, and more circulating TH17 cells than controls. Although the development of tolerance was not demonstrated, these data suggest that rhesus monkeys exposed to SIVmac1A11 in utero had distinct immune responses associated with the control of viral replication after postnatal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris A R Baker
- Graduate Group in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Louise Swainson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Din L Lin
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Samson Wong
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alice F Tarantal
- Center for Fetal Monkey Gene Transfer for Heart, Lung, and Blood Diseases, California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joseph M McCune
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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CD4:CD8 ratio as a frontier marker for clinical outcome, immune dysfunction and viral reservoir size in virologically suppressed HIV-positive patients. J Int AIDS Soc 2015; 18:20052. [PMID: 26130226 PMCID: PMC4486418 DOI: 10.7448/ias.18.1.20052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Absolute CD4 T cell count and plasma viral load have been established as predictors of HIV disease progression, and CD4 T cell count is used as an indicator for initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Following long-term therapy, patients generally present with significant CD4 T cell recovery contrasting with persistently elevated CD8 T cell counts, which leads to a partial restoration of CD4:CD8 ratio. This review focuses on the relevance of the CD4:CD8 ratio on clinical outcomes, immune dysfunction and HIV reservoir size in long-term treated patients. Method We conducted a comprehensive literature review of publications in English language using major electronic databases. Our search was focused on factors contributing to CD4:CD8 T cell ratio and clinical outcome in adult HIV-positive patients in the context of treated infection. Discussion Low CD4:CD8 ratio has been linked to ageing and acts as a predictor of mortality in the general population. This ratio may represent the combined effects of inflammation and immunological changes called “inflammaging.” Although the mechanisms underlying partial correction of the CD4:CD8 ratio and persistently elevated CD8 T cell count in long-term treated patients remain poorly understood, it has been recently indicated that patients with optimal CD4 T cell recovery and low CD4:CD8 ratio still harbour increased immune activation, an immune senescent phenotype and have a higher risk of non-AIDS morbidity and mortality. This review reconsiders CD4:CD8 ratio in the light of advances in the understanding of immune dysfunction and examines its pathophysiological features and implications on clinical outcome and HIV reservoir size in long-term treated HIV-positive adults. Conclusion The CD4:CD8 ratio can contribute to the immunological evaluation of treated patients in a long-term follow-up and may be applied for monitoring both immune dysfunction and viral reservoir size in immune-based clinical trials.
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Tang CC, Isitman G, Bruneau J, Tremblay C, Bernard NF, Kent SJ, Parsons MS. Phenotypical and functional profiles of natural killer cells exhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-mediated CD16 cleavage after anti-HIV antibody-dependent activation. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:275-85. [PMID: 25644502 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been linked to protection from HIV infection and slower progression towards AIDS. However, antibody-dependent activation of NK cells results in phenotypical alterations similar to those observed on NK cells from individuals with progressive HIV infection. Activation of NK cells induces matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated cleavage of cell surface CD16. In the present study we assessed the phenotype and functional profile of NK cells exhibiting post-activation MMP-mediated CD16 cleavage. We found that NK cells achieving the highest levels of activation during stimulation exhibit the most profound decreases in CD16 expression. Further, we observed that educated KIR3DL1(+) NK cells from human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-Bw4-carrying donors exhibit larger decreases in CD16 expression post-activation than the KIR3DL1(-) NK cell subset containing cells educated via other inhibitory receptor/ligand combinations and non-educated NK cells. Lastly, we assessed the ex-vivo expression of CD16 on educated KIR3DL1(+) NK cells and the KIR3DL1(-) NK cell subset from HLA-Bw4-carrying HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected donors. Suggestive of in-vivo activation of KIR3DL1(+) NK cells during HIV infection, CD16 expression was higher on KIR3DL1(+) than KIR3DL1(-) NK cells in uninfected donors but similar on both subsets in HIV-infected donors. These results are discussed in the context of how they may assist with understanding HIV disease progression and the design of immunotherapies that utilize antibody-dependent NK cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - G Isitman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Bruneau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - N F Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Autran B, Hamimi C, Katlama C. One Step Closer to HIV Eradication? CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-014-0017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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HIV-1 latency: an update of molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Viruses 2014; 6:1715-58. [PMID: 24736215 PMCID: PMC4014718 DOI: 10.3390/v6041715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The major obstacle towards HIV-1 eradication is the life-long persistence of the virus in reservoirs of latently infected cells. In these cells the proviral DNA is integrated in the host’s genome but it does not actively replicate, becoming invisible to the host immune system and unaffected by existing antiviral drugs. Rebound of viremia and recovery of systemic infection that follows interruption of therapy, necessitates life-long treatments with problems of compliance, toxicity, and untenable costs, especially in developing countries where the infection hits worst. Extensive research efforts have led to the proposal and preliminary testing of several anti-latency compounds, however, overall, eradication strategies have had, so far, limited clinical success while posing several risks for patients. This review will briefly summarize the more recent advances in the elucidation of mechanisms that regulates the establishment/maintenance of latency and therapeutic strategies currently under evaluation in order to eradicate HIV persistence.
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Abstract
Immune-based therapy (IBT) interventions have found a window of opportunity within some limitations of the otherwise successful combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Two major paradigms drove immunotherapeutic research to combat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. First, IBTs were proposed either to help restore CD4(+) T-cell counts in cases of therapeutic failures with cytokines, interleukin-2 (IL-2) or IL-7, or to better control HIV and disease progression during treatment interruptions with anti-HIV therapeutic candidate vaccines. The most widely used candidates were HIV-recombinant live vector-based alone or combined with other vaccine compounds and dendritic cell (DC) therapies. A more recent and current paradigm aims at achieving HIV cure by combining IBT with cART using either cytokines to reactivate virus production in latently infected cells and/or therapeutic immunization to boost HIV-specific immunity in a 'shock and kill' strategy. This review summarizes the rationale, hopes, and mechanisms of successes and failures of these cytokine-based and vaccine-based immune interventions. Results from these first series of IBTs have been so far somewhat disappointing in terms of clinical relevance, but have provided lessons that are discussed in light of the future combined strategies to be developed toward an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guislaine Carcelain
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S945, Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Paris, France
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Immunopathogenesis of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in nonhuman primates. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2013; 8:273-9. [PMID: 23615117 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e328361cf5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Soon after the discovery of HIV-infected humans, rhesus macaques in a colony at the New England Primate Research Center showed similar signs of a progressive immune suppression. The discovery of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-associated disease opened the door to study an AIDS-like illness in nonhuman primates (NHP). Even after 3 decades, this animal model remains an invaluable tool to provide a greater insight into HIV immunopathogenesis. In this review, recent progress in deciphering pathways of immunopathogenesis in SIV-infected NHP is discussed. RECENT FINDINGS The immense diversity of mutations in SIV stocks prepared at different laboratories has recently been realized. The massive expansion of the enteric virome is a key finding in SIV-induced immunopathogenesis. Defining the function of host restriction factors, like the recently discovered SAMHD1, helps to evaluate the impact of the innate immune responses on virus replication. Utilization of pyrosequencing and defining molecular mechanisms of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I restriction helps to understand how the virus evades CD8 T-cell responses. The definition of MHC class I molecules in different NHP species provides new animal models to study SIV immunopathogenesis. T follicular helper cells have gained major interest in characterizing humoral immune responses in SIV infection and AIDS vaccine strategies. The ability of natural hosts to remain disease-free despite ongoing replication of SIV is continuing to puzzle the field. SUMMARY The HIV research field continues to realize the immense complexity of the host virus interaction. NHP present an invaluable tool to make progress towards an effective AIDS vaccine.
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