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Yang YT. The Crumbley Convictions: Parental Accountability and Policy Implications for Preventing Gun Violence. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2024; 30:625-627. [PMID: 38950427 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000002018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Tony Yang
- Center for Health Policy and Media Engagement, George Washington University School of Nursing, and Department of Health Policy and Management, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia
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Donnelly KA, Goyal MK. The Epidemiology of Violence Exposure in Children. Pediatr Clin North Am 2023; 70:1057-1068. [PMID: 37865430 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to violence remains a significant issue for children in the United States. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated many of these exposures. Violence unequally impacts children of color and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth. Pediatricians can and must continue to advocate and intervene to decrease pediatric violence exposure and its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Donnelly
- Children's National Hospital, The George Washington University, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Monika K Goyal
- Children's National Hospital, The George Washington University, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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Parks SE, DeSisto CL, Kortsmit K, Bombard JM, Shapiro-Mendoza CK. Risk Factors for Suffocation and Unexplained Causes of Infant Deaths. Pediatrics 2023; 151:e2022057771. [PMID: 36464994 PMCID: PMC9942004 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-057771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies have improved our understanding of the risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome, but separate examination of risk for sleep-related suffocation and unexplained infant deaths has been limited. We examined the association between unsafe infant sleep practices and sudden infant deaths (sleep-related suffocation and unexplained causes including sudden infant death syndrome). METHODS We conducted a population-based case-control study using 2016 to 2017 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data. Controls were liveborn infants from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System; cases were from the Sudden Unexpected Infant Death Case Registry. We calculated risk factor prevalence among cases and controls and crude and adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS We included 112 sleep-related suffocation cases with 448 age-matched controls and 300 unexplained infant death cases with 1200 age-matched controls. Adjusted odds for sleep-related suffocation ranged from 18.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.8-51.3) among infants not sharing a room with their mother or caregiver to 1.9 (95% CI: 0.9-4.1) among infants with nonsupine sleep positioning. Adjusted odds for unexplained death ranged from 7.6 (95% CI: 4.7-12.2) among infants not sharing a room with their mother or caregiver to 1.6 (95% CI: 1.1-2.4) among nonsupine positioned infants. COCLUSIONS We confirmed previously identified risk factors for unexplained infant death and independently estimated risk factors for sleep-related suffocation. Significance of associations for suffocation followed similar patterns but was of larger magnitude. This information can be used to improve messaging about safe infant sleep.
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O'Hare K, Watkeys O, Whitten T, Dean K, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Parental and community risk factors for childhood self-harm thoughts and behaviours. J Affect Disord 2022; 310:279-283. [PMID: 35569604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood self-harm is rare but increasing in frequency. Little is known about risk factors specifically for self-harm in preteen children. METHODS We examined self-harm thoughts and behaviours in children aged 3-14 years in association with parental and community-level risk factors, using a large general population-based record linkage sample (n = 74,479). RESULTS Parental factors were strongly associated with childhood self-harm, with over three-quarters of children with self-harm having a parent with a history of mental disorder and/or criminal offending. Community-level factors (socioeconomic deprivation, remote or regional location, and neighbourhood crime rate) were not associated with childhood self-harm after adjustment for confounding factors. LIMITATIONS Measures of self-harm thoughts and behaviours derived from administrative data likely underestimate the prevalence of self-harm in the population. CONCLUSIONS Intergenerational transmission of risk factors is likely an important contributor to childhood self-harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie O'Hare
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Oliver Watkeys
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
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Massazza A, de Almeida JF, Quinlan-Davidson M, da Silva RT, Devakumar D, Peres MFT, Lewis G, Kiss L. Local understandings of PTSD and complex PTSD among health professionals working with adolescents in violent neighbourhoods of São Paulo city, Brazil. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:196. [PMID: 35303808 PMCID: PMC8932201 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents in low-resource urban settings in Brazil are often exposed to high levels of trauma that can result in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, preliminary evidence indicates that PTSD tends to be under-reported in Brazilian health services, despite the high prevalence of trauma. Additionally, little is known about the perceived applicability among clinicians of the new ICD-11 diagnosis of complex PTSD (CPTSD), despite its potential relevance for contexts of chronic trauma. The current study investigated local understandings of PTSD and CPTSD among health professionals working with adolescents in violent neighbourhoods of São Paulo city. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 58 health professionals working at both the primary care and specialized mental health levels in two areas of São Paulo city with high levels of community violence. RESULTS Most participants knew about PTSD, but most did not know about CPTSD. There were mixed views concerning the commonality of PTSD among adolescents exposed to community violence. Many participants reported having no experience working with patients with the PTSD diagnosis. According to some, community violence was normalized by adolescents and health professionals, and did not result in PTSD. Others highlighted how they did not use psychiatric diagnoses in their practice, had critical perspectives towards psychiatric diagnoses and/or PTSD, or simply knew little about PTSD. Furthermore, many highlighted how the chronic nature of multiple traumas experienced by adolescents often resulted in complex clinical presentations characterised by many symptoms beyond PTSD. The diagnosis of CPTSD was considered appropriate to the context by many participants as it captured the complex traumatic histories and symptom presentations of adolescents exposed to community violence in Brazil. CONCLUSIONS These findings have important implications for the assessment and treatment of mental health among adolescents exposed to community violence in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Massazza
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Pl, London, WC1H 9SH, UK.
| | | | | | - Renata Teixeira da Silva
- São Paulo Municipal Health Department- Medical Residency Program in Psychiatry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ligia Kiss
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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Li CX, Matthay EC, Rowe C, Bradshaw PT, Ahern J. Conducting density-sampled case-control studies using survey data with complex sampling designs: A simulation study. Ann Epidemiol 2022; 65:109-115. [PMID: 34216780 PMCID: PMC8962511 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Population-based surveys are possible sources from which to draw representative control data for case-control studies. However, these surveys involve complex sampling that could lead to biased estimates of measures of association if not properly accounted for in analyses. Approaches to incorporating complex-sampled controls in density-sampled case-control designs have not been examined. METHODS We used a simulation study to evaluate the performance of different approaches to estimating incidence density ratios (IDR) from case-control studies with controls drawn from complex survey data using risk-set sampling. In simulated population data, we applied four survey sampling approaches, with varying survey sizes, and assessed the performance of four analysis methods for incorporating survey-based controls. RESULTS Estimates of the IDR were unbiased for methods that conducted risk-set sampling with probability of selection proportional to survey weights. Estimates of the IDR were biased when sampling weights were not incorporated, or only included in regression modeling. The unbiased analysis methods performed comparably and produced estimates with variance comparable to biased methods. Variance increased and confidence interval coverage decreased as survey size decreased. CONCLUSIONS Unbiased estimates are obtainable in risk-set sampled case-control studies using controls drawn from complex survey data when weights are properly incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine X. Li
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ellicott C. Matthay
- Center for Health and Community, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Christopher Rowe
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Patrick T. Bradshaw
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Jennifer Ahern
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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Matthay EC, Farkas K, Goin DE, Rudolph KE, Pear VA, Ahern J. Associations of firearm dealer openings with firearm self-harm deaths and injuries: A differences-in-differences analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248130. [PMID: 33735181 PMCID: PMC7971548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Firearm dealer density is correlated with firearm interpersonal violence, but no quasi-experimental studies have assessed whether changes in dealer density lead to changes in firearm self-harm injuries and deaths. We assessed whether openings of firearm dealers are associated with short-term changes in local firearm self-harm injury rates. METHODS We identified 718 openings of firearm dealers in California using licensing data, 2014-2016. We defined exposure regions based on aggregations of zip codes defined by proximity to firearm dealer openings and matched each opening to four control regions on time and determinants of firearm injury. We applied a differences-in-differences approach to compare rates of firearm self-harm, in the month before and after each opening, in places with and without openings. RESULTS Firearm dealer openings were not associated with acute, local changes in firearm self-harm relative to places without openings (ratio of rate ratio: 0.90 [95% CI:0.68-1.19]). Results were robust to numerous sensitivity and secondary analyses. CONCLUSION We found no associations of firearm dealer openings with acute, localized firearm self-harm deaths and injuries. Our focus on acute, local effects; broad availability of dealers and firearms; durability of firearms; or strong confounding-control may explain these null findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellicott C. Matthay
- Center for Health and Community, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kriszta Farkas
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Dana E. Goin
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kara E. Rudolph
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Veronica A. Pear
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Ahern
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Matthay EC, Farkas K, Ahern J. Racial and ethnic differences in associations of community violence with self-harm: a population-based case-control study. Ann Epidemiol 2019; 34:71-74. [PMID: 31072682 PMCID: PMC6548584 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellicott C Matthay
- Center for Health and Community, University of California, San Francisco.
| | - Kriszta Farkas
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Jennifer Ahern
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
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Matthay EC, Rudolph KE, Goin DE, Farkas K, Skeem J, Ahern J. Within-community Variation in Violence and Risk of Self-harm in California: A Population-based Case-crossover Study. Epidemiology 2019; 30:e5-e7. [PMID: 30720589 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellicott C Matthay
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley, CA, Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley, CA Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
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The Authors Respond. Epidemiology 2018; 29:695-696. [DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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