1
|
Tzoumakis S, Whitten T, Laurens KR, Dean K, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Levels of Involvement with Child Protection Services Associated with Early Adolescent Police Contact as a Victim and Person of Interest. J Interpers Violence 2024:8862605231223468. [PMID: 38254307 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231223468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between childhood maltreatment and subsequent offending/victimization is well established. However, the magnitude of this relationship for different levels of child protection services (CPS) involvement is poorly understood, due to measurement issues, lack of longitudinal data, and reliance on reports of substantiated maltreatment, which can underestimate the impact of maltreatment. This study examined associations between CPS involvement during childhood (ages 0 to <11 years) and police services contact (as a victim and/or a person of interest) for criminal incidents in early adolescence (11 to ~14 years), differentiated according to levels of CPS involvement (i.e., no risk of significant harm [non-ROSH], unsubstantiated ROSH, substantiated ROSH, and out-of-home care; each examined relative to no CPS contact). Data for 71,465 children were drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study, an intergenerational, longitudinal investigation that uses administrative records from CPS and police alongside other health, justice, and education data. Multinomial regression analyses were conducted to determine associations between increasing levels of CPS involvement and police contact as a victim only, a person of interest only, and as both victim and person of interest while accounting for covariates (i.e., child's sex, Aboriginal, and/or Torres Strait Islander background, socioeconomic status, maternal age at child's birth, and parental offending history). Children exposed to any of the four levels of CPS involvement had higher odds of police contact, relative to children with no CPS involvement. Odds ratios were higher for contact with police as both a victim and a person of interest, compared to police contact as a victim or a person of interest only. These findings highlight that children with even unsubstantiated CPS reports (i.e., non-ROSH and unsubstantiated ROSH reports) are at heightened risk of police contact compared to children who are unknown to CPS, underlining the need to support all families in contact with CPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Law and Justice, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bradley M, Dean K, Lim S, Laurens KR, Harris F, Tzoumakis S, O'Hare K, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Early life exposure to air pollution and psychotic-like experiences, emotional symptoms, and conduct problems in middle childhood. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024; 59:87-98. [PMID: 37470830 PMCID: PMC10799785 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02533-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution has been linked to a variety of childhood mental health problems, but results are inconsistent across studies and the effect of exposure timing is unclear. We examined the associations between air pollution exposure at two time-points in early development and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs), and emotional and conduct symptoms, assessed in middle childhood (mean age 11.5 years). METHODS Participants were 19,932 children selected from the NSW Child Development Study (NSW-CDS) with available linked multi-agency data from birth, and self-reported psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and psychopathology at age 11-12 years (middle childhood). We used binomial logistic regression to examine associations between exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) at two time-points (birth and middle childhood) and middle childhood PLEs, and emotional and conduct symptoms, with consideration of socioeconomic status and other potential confounding factors in adjusted models. RESULTS In fully adjusted models, NO2 exposure in middle childhood was associated with concurrent PLEs (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.02-1.20). Similar associations with PLEs were found for middle childhood exposure to PM2.5 (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.01-1.09). Neither NO2 nor PM2.5 exposure was associated with emotional symptoms or conduct problems in this study. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the need for a better understanding of potential mechanisms of action of NO2 in the brain during childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bradley
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samsung Lim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Biosecurity Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirstie O'Hare
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
O’Hare K, Watkeys O, Dean K, Laurens KR, Tzoumakis S, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Childhood Schizotypy and Adolescent Mental Disorder. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:69-77. [PMID: 37665656 PMCID: PMC10754169 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Schizotypy provides a framework for understanding the developmental nature of psychotic disorders and a means of identifying "at-risk" individuals early in the lifespan. However, there is a lack of prospective longitudinal research examining the relationship between schizotypy in childhood and later psychotic and other mental disorders. We hypothesized that distinct profiles of schizotypy in childhood would be differentially associated with psychotic and other mental disorders emerging later in adolescence. STUDY DESIGN In a large population cohort of Australian young people (n = 26 837), we prospectively examined the relationship between person-centered profiles of schizotypy identified in middle childhood (age ~11 years) and adolescent diagnoses (age ~13-18 years) across 7 types of mental disorders using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Membership in any of 3 childhood schizotypy profiles (true schizotypy, affective schizotypy, or introverted schizotypy) was associated with an increased likelihood of being diagnosed with any type of mental disorder in adolescence; effects were strongest for the true schizotypy group (aOR = 3.07, 95% CI = 2.64, 3.57), followed by the introverted (aOR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.75, 2.15) and affective (aOR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.13, 1.47) schizotypy groups. Six of the 7 types of mental disorders measured (including psychotic disorders) were associated with at least 1 schizotypy group. CONCLUSIONS Schizotypy in middle childhood is an important correlate of mental disorders in adolescence; however, it does not appear to be specifically associated with psychotic disorders in this age group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie O’Hare
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Oliver Watkeys
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
O’Hare K, Watkeys O, Dean K, Tzoumakis S, Whitten T, Harris F, Laurens KR, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Self-harm and suicidal ideation among young people is more often recorded by child protection than health services in an Australian population cohort. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2023; 57:1527-1537. [PMID: 37282347 PMCID: PMC10666519 DOI: 10.1177/00048674231179652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated patterns of service contact for self-harm and suicidal ideation recorded by a range of human service agencies - including health, police and child protection - with specific focus on overlap and sequences of contacts, age of first contact and demographic and intergenerational characteristics associated with different service responses to self-harm. METHODS Participants were 91,597 adolescents for whom multi-agency linked data were available in a longitudinal study of a population cohort in New South Wales, Australia. Self-harm and suicide-related incidents from birth to 18 years of age were derived from emergency department, inpatient hospital admission, mental health ambulatory, child protection and police administrative records. Descriptive statistics and binomial logistic regression were used to examine patterns of service contacts. RESULTS Child protection services recorded the largest proportion of youth with reported self-harm and suicidal ideation, in which the age of first contact for self-harm was younger relative to other incidents of self-harm recorded by other agencies. Nearly 40% of youth with a health service contact for self-harm also had contact with child protection and/or police services for self-harm. Girls were more likely to access health services for self-harm than boys, but not child protection or police services. CONCLUSION Suicide prevention is not solely the responsibility of health services; police and child protection services also respond to a significant proportion of self-harm and suicide-related incidents. High rates of overlap among different services responding to self-harm suggest the need for cross-agency strategies to prevent suicide in young people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie O’Hare
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Oliver Watkeys
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Center for Law and Justice, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
O'Hare K, Laurens KR, Watkeys O, Tzoumakis S, Dean K, Harris F, Linscott RJ, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Parental mental disorders and offspring schizotypy in middle childhood: an intergenerational record linkage study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:1637-1648. [PMID: 36912995 PMCID: PMC10562332 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate relationships between distinct schizotypy risk profiles in childhood and the full spectrum of parental mental disorders. METHODS Participants were 22,137 children drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study, for whom profiles of risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in middle childhood (age ~ 11 years) were derived in a previous study. A series of multinomial logistic regression analyses examined the likelihood of child membership in one of three schizotypy profiles (true schizotypy, introverted schizotypy, and affective schizotypy) relative to the children showing no risk, according to maternal and paternal diagnoses of seven types of mental disorders. RESULTS All types of parental mental disorders were associated with membership in all childhood schizotypy profiles. Children in the true schizotypy group were more than twice as likely as children in the no risk group to have a parent with any type of mental disorder (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.27, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 2.01-2.56); those in the affective (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.42-1.67) and introverted schizotypy profiles (OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.29-1.51) were also more likely to have been exposed to any parental mental disorder, relative to children showing no risk. CONCLUSION Childhood schizotypy risk profiles appear not to be related specifically to familial liability for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders; this is consistent with a model where liability for psychopathology is largely general rather than specific to particular diagnostic categories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie O'Hare
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Oliver Watkeys
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Mount Gravatt, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Level 1, AGSM Building, Botany Street, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Watkeys OJ, O'Hare K, Dean K, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Cumulative comorbidity between neurodevelopmental, internalising, and externalising disorders in childhood: a network approach. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023:10.1007/s00787-023-02312-7. [PMID: 37815628 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Cumulative comorbidity of mental disorders is common, but the extent and patterns of comorbid psychopathology in childhood are not well established. The current study aimed to elucidate the emergent patterns of cumulative mental disorder comorbidity in children using network analysis of diagnoses recorded between birth and age 12 years. Participants were 90,269 children (mean age 12.7 years; 51.8% male) within the New South Wales Child Development Study (NSW-CDS)-a longitudinal record-linkage cohort study of Australian children born in NSW between 2002 and 2005. Binary indicators for eight types of mental disorder were derived from administrative health records. Patterns of conditional association between mental disorders were assessed utilising network analysis. Of 90,269 children, 2268 (2.5%) had at least one mental disorder by age 12 years; of the 2268 children who had at least one mental disorder by age 12 years, 461 (20.3%) were diagnosed with two or more different disorders out of the eight disorder types included in analyses. All disorders were either directly or indirectly interconnected, with childhood affective and emotional disorders and developmental disorders being most central to the network overall. Mental disorder nodes aggregated weakly (modularity = 0.185) into two communities, representative of internalising and externalising disorders, and neurodevelopmental and sleep disorders. Considerable sex differences in the structure of the mental disorder comorbidity networks were also observed. Developmental and childhood affective and emotional disorders appear to be key to mental disorder comorbidity in childhood, potentially reflecting that these disorders share symptoms in common with many other disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Watkeys
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Level 1, AGSM Building, Kensington Campus, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kirstie O'Hare
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Level 1, AGSM Building, Kensington Campus, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Level 1, AGSM Building, Kensington Campus, Sydney, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Network, Matraville, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Level 1, AGSM Building, Kensington Campus, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Level 1, AGSM Building, Kensington Campus, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Level 1, AGSM Building, Kensington Campus, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Level 1, AGSM Building, Kensington Campus, Sydney, Australia.
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
O'Hare K, Watkeys O, Whitten T, Dean K, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Cumulative environmental risk in early life is associated with mental disorders in childhood. Psychol Med 2023; 53:4762-4771. [PMID: 35866367 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722001702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No single environmental factor is a necessary or sufficient cause of mental disorder; multifactorial and transdiagnostic approaches are needed to understand the impact of the environment on the development of mental disorders across the life course. METHOD Using linked multi-agency administrative data for 71 932 children from the New South Wales Child Developmental Study, using logistic regression, we examined associations between 16 environmental risk factors in early life (prenatal period to <6 years of age) and later diagnoses of mental disorder recorded in health service data (from age 6 to 13 years), both individually and summed as an environmental risk score (ERS). RESULTS The ERS was associated with all types of mental disorder diagnoses in a dose-response fashion, such that 2.8% of children with no exposure to any of the environmental factors (ERS = 0), compared to 18.3% of children with an ERS of 8 or more indicating exposure to 8 or more environmental factors (ERS ⩾ 8), had been diagnosed with any type of mental disorder up to age 13-14 years. Thirteen of the 16 environmental factors measured (including prenatal factors, neighbourhood characteristics and more proximal experiences of trauma or neglect) were positively associated with at least one category of mental disorder. CONCLUSION Exposure to cumulative environmental risk factors in early life is associated with an increased likelihood of presenting to health services in childhood for any kind of mental disorder. In many instances, these factors are preventable or capable of mitigation by appropriate public policy settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie O'Hare
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Oliver Watkeys
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
O'Hare K, Watkeys O, Harris F, Dean K, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Self-harm and suicidal ideation in children and adolescents in contact with child protection services. Med J Aust 2023; 218:526-527. [PMID: 36970987 PMCID: PMC10952315 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kimberlie Dean
- The University of New South WalesSydneyNSW
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health NetworkSydneyNSW
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- The University of New South WalesSydneyNSW
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNSW
- Monash UniversityMelbourneVIC
| | - Melissa J Green
- The University of New South WalesSydneyNSW
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNSW
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Harris F, Dean K, Watkeys OJ, Laurens KR, Tzoumakis S, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Conditions of Birth and Early Childhood Developmental Risk for Mental Disorders. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023:10.1007/s10578-023-01549-2. [PMID: 37270433 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-023-01549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Distinct classes of children in the general population are at increased odds of later mental illness and other adverse outcomes according to patterns of early childhood developmental vulnerability. If certain risk factors known at the time of birth are reliably associated with membership in early childhood risk classes, then preventative interventions could be initiated in the earliest years of life. Associations between 14 factors known at the time of birth and membership in early childhood risk classes were examined in 66,464 children. Risk class membership was associated with maternal mental illness, parental criminal charges and being male; distinct patterns of association were shown for some conditions, for example, prenatal child protection notification was uniquely associated with misconduct risk'. These findings suggest that risk factors known at the time of birth could assist in very early detection of children who may benefit from early intervention in the first 2000 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health & Forensic Mental Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Oliver J Watkeys
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
O'Hare K, Tzoumakis S, Watkeys O, Katz I, Laurens KR, Butler M, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Out-of-home care characteristics associated with childhood educational underachievement, mental disorder, and police contacts in an Australian population sample. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 139:106120. [PMID: 36863202 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children in out-of-home care (OOHC) are generally at increased risk of health and social adversities compared to their peers. However, the experiences of children in OOHC are not uniform and their associated health and social indices may vary in relation to characteristics of OOHC placements and child protection contact. OBJECTIVE To examine associations between a range of characteristics of OOHC placements and child protection contact (e.g., number, type, and age of placement) with educational underachievement, mental disorder, and police contact (as a victim, witness, or person of interest) in childhood. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were Australian children drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study cohort who had been placed in OOHC at least once between the ages of 0-13 years (n = 2082). METHODS Logistic regression was used to examine prospective associations of OOHC placement and child protection contact characteristics (type of carer, placement instability, duration and frequency of maltreatment, and amount of time in care) with educational underachievement, mental disorder diagnosis and any type of police contact. RESULTS Placements with foster carers, greater placement instability, longer and more frequent exposure to maltreatment, and longer time spent in care were each associated with greater likelihood of consequences in all domains of functioning. CONCLUSIONS Children with certain placement characteristics are at higher risk of adverse consequences and should be prioritised for support services. The magnitude of relationships was not uniform across different health and social indices, highlighting the need for holistic, multiagency approaches to support children placed in care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie O'Hare
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Oliver Watkeys
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ilan Katz
- Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Merran Butler
- New South Wales Department of Communities and Justice, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
O’Hare K, Watkeys O, Whitten T, Dean K, Laurens KR, Tzoumakis S, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Cumulative Environmental Risk in Early Life: Associations With Schizotypy in Childhood. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:244-254. [PMID: 36302227 PMCID: PMC10016419 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Psychotic disorders are associated with a growing number of recognized environmental exposures. Cumulative exposure to multiple environmental risk factors in childhood may contribute to the development of different patterns of schizotypy evident in early life. Hypotheses were that distinct profiles of schizotypy would have differential associations with a cumulative score of environmental risk factors. STUDY DESIGN We prospectively examined the relationship between 19 environmental exposures (which had demonstrated replicated associations with psychosis) measured from the prenatal period through to age 11 years, and 3 profiles of schizotypy in children (mean age = 11.9 years, n = 20 599) that have been established in population data from the New South Wales-Child Development Study. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between membership in each of 3 schizotypy profiles (true schizotypy, introverted schizotypy, and affective schizotypy) and exposure to a range of 19 environmental risk factors for psychosis (both individually and summed as a cumulative environmental risk score [ERS]), relative to children showing no risk. RESULTS Almost all environmental factors were associated with at least 1 schizotypy profile. The cumulative ERS was most strongly associated with the true schizotypy profile (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.52-1.70), followed by the affective (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.28-1.38), and introverted (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.28-1.37) schizotypy profiles. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with the cumulative risk hypothesis, results indicate that an increased number of risk exposures is associated with an increased likelihood of membership in the 3 schizotypy profiles identified in middle childhood, relative to children with no schizotypy profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie O’Hare
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Oliver Watkeys
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
O'Hare K, Watkeys O, Badcock JC, Laurens KR, Tzoumakis S, Dean K, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Pathways from developmental vulnerabilities in early childhood to schizotypy in middle childhood. Br J Clin Psychol 2023; 62:228-242. [PMID: 36458518 PMCID: PMC10946562 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Childhood disturbances in social, emotional, language, motor and cognitive functioning, and schizotypy have each been implicated as precursors of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. We investigated whether relationships between early childhood developmental vulnerabilities and childhood schizotypy are mediated by educational underachievement in middle childhood. METHODS Participants were members of a large Australian (n = 19,216) population cohort followed longitudinally. Path analyses were used to model relationships between developmental vulnerabilities at age ~5 years, educational underachievement from ages ~8 to 10 years and three distinct profiles of schizotypy at age ~11 years (true, introverted and affective schizotypy). RESULTS Early childhood developmental vulnerabilities on five broad domains (related to physical, emotional, social, cognitive and communication development) were associated with schizotypy profiles in middle childhood. Educational underachievement in middle childhood was associated with all schizotypy profiles, but most strongly with the true schizotypy profile (OR = 3.92, 95% CI = 3.12, 4.91). The relationships between schizotypy profiles and early childhood developmental vulnerabilities in 'language and cognitive skills (school-based)' and 'communication skills and general knowledge' domains were fully mediated by educational underachievement in middle childhood, and the relationships with early childhood 'physical health and well-being' and 'emotional maturity' domains were partially mediated. CONCLUSION Developmental continuity from early childhood developmental vulnerabilities to schizotypy in middle childhood is mediated by educational underachievement in middle childhood. While some domains of early developmental functioning showed differential relationships with distinct schizotypy profiles, these findings support a developmental pathway to schizotypy in which cognitive vulnerability operates from early childhood through to middle childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie O'Hare
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Oliver Watkeys
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Johanna C. Badcock
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Kristin R. Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- School of Psychology and CounsellingQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- School of Criminology and Criminal JusticeGriffith UniversitySouthportQldAustralia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health NetworkSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Vaughan J. Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNSWAustralia
- Department of PsychiatryMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Melissa J. Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNSWAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Athanassiou U, Green MJ, Tzoumakis S, Whitten T, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ, Dean K. Relationships between parental mental illness and/or offending and offspring contact with the police in childhood: Findings from a longitudinal record-linkage study. Crim Behav Ment Health 2023; 33:72-84. [PMID: 36683139 PMCID: PMC10947495 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental offending and mental illness are associated with an increased risk of criminal behaviour in offspring during adolescence and adulthood, but the impact of such problems on younger children, including children's experiences of victimisation, is less well known. AIM To investigate the associations between parental offending and mental illness recorded prior to their offspring's age of 5 years and their offspring's contact with police as a 'person of interest', 'victim' or 'witness' between ages 5 and 13 years. METHODS Our sample consisted of 72,771 children and their parents drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study, an Australian longitudinal population-based record linkage study. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between parental factors and offspring's police contact. Separate models examined the relationships between maternal or paternal offending and mental illness, as well as the combination among either or both parents, as the independent variables, and their child's police contact as the dependent variable. RESULTS Parental offending and mental illness were each individually associated with indices of police contact among offspring. Stronger associations were observed when both offending and mental illness were present together (in either parent, or when one parent had both exposures). Stronger associations were evident for mothers with both factors across all offspring police contact types, relative to fathers with both factors, in fully adjusted models; that is, children of mothers with both factors were over four times as likely to have contact with police as a 'person of interest' (OR = 4.29; 95% CI = 3.75-4.92) and over three times as likely to have contact as a victim (OR = 3.35; 95% CI = 3.01-3.74) or witness (OR = 3.58; 95% CI = 3.03-4.24), than children whose mothers had no history of offending or mental illness. CONCLUSIONS Children with a parental history of offending and mental illness in early life are at an increased likelihood of early police contact as young as 5-13 years of age; it is vital that this is taken as a signal to help them and their affected families according to need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Athanassiou
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Melissa J. Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology and Criminal JusticeGriffith UniversitySouthportQLDAustralia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- Center for Law and JusticeCharles Sturt UniversityPort MacquarieNSWAustralia
| | - Kristin R. Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- School of Psychology and CounsellingQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Vaughan J. Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNSWAustralia
- Department of PsychiatryMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health NetworkMatravilleNSWAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
O'Hare K, Hussain A, Laurens KR, Hindmarsh G, Carr VJ, Tzoumakis S, Harris F, Green MJ. Self-reported mental health of children known to child protection services: an Australian population-based record linkage study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:101-112. [PMID: 34247296 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Maltreated children are vulnerable to adverse mental health outcomes. Information about how children's mental health needs vary according to different levels of child protection contact (potentially culminating in out-of-home care [OOHC]) is valuable for the effective provision of services. This study aimed to examine associations between different levels of contact with child protection services before the age of 10 years and self-reported mental health difficulties at age 11 years. Participants (n = 26,960) were drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study, a multiagency, multigenerational, longitudinal record linkage study that combines administrative records with cross-sectional survey data. We examined associations between four levels of child protection response (non-threshold reports, unsubstantiated reports, substantiated reports, OOHC; each relative to no report) and six domains of self-reported mental health difficulties (including internalising and externalising symptoms, and psychotic-like experiences). All levels of contact with child protection services were associated with increased odds of mental health difficulties in all domains. Children who had been placed in OOHC and children with substantiated reports had the highest odds of reporting clinical levels of mental health difficulties; 48.1% of children with an OOHC placement and 45.6% of those with substantiated child protection reports showed clinical levels of mental health difficulties in at least one domain. Children with child protection reports that were unsubstantiated, or determined not to meet the threshold for risk-of-significant harm, were also at increased risk of mental health difficulties in middle childhood. These findings underscore the importance of early detection and intervention for all children at risk of maltreatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie O'Hare
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Aniqa Hussain
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Hindmarsh
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. .,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Harris F, Dean K, Laurens KR, Tzoumakis S, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Regional mapping of early childhood risk for mental disorders in an Australian population sample. Early Interv Psychiatry 2022; 16:1269-1277. [PMID: 35393743 PMCID: PMC10946838 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM Population-level profiles of risk for later childhood mental disorders have been identified in patterns of early developmental vulnerabilities using Australian Early Developmental Census. We sought to demonstrate the geographical distribution of these early childhood risk profiles for mental illness, to inform policy decisions for place-sensitive provision of health and allied services. METHODS Using geographic information system techniques, we mapped the regional percentage of children at highest risk for mental disorders across the state of New South Wales (NSW), according to Local Government Areas, for 82 891 children in the NSW Child Development Study. RESULTS A high proportion (>10%) of children at risk of later mental disorders were located in regional and socioeconomically disadvantaged areas, with a few metropolitan regions showing similarly high proportions of the population at risk. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the potential to identify place-sensitive needs for early intervention and prevention programs for emerging mental health problems in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Justice Health & Forensic Mental NetworkMatravilleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kristin Robyn Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Psychology and CounsellingQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology and Criminal JusticeGriffith UniversitySouthportQueenslandAustralia
| | - Vaughan James Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of PsychiatryMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Melissa Jayne Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Harris F, McCune A, Murphy S, Smadbeck J, Ali M, Penheiter A, Karagouga G, Sadeghian D, Cucinella G, Mariani A, Vasmatzis G. Personalized Liquid Biopsy May Predict Relapse in Aggressive Endometrial Cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqac126.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction/Objective
High-grade endometrial cancer (EC) recurs in 50% of patients following surgery and first-line chemotherapy. There are no established blood-based biomarkers with sufficient specificity and sensitivity to monitor EC patients for residual disease and recurrence. The ability to detect and monitor EC currently relies on serial imaging based approaches. Liquid biopsies via blood-based tests for cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) are becoming increasingly popular, but none have been FDA approved for EC and current approaches have not been validated in patients with uncommon tumor mutations. We hypothesized that personalized testing panels based on tumor-specific chromosomal rearrangements would allow ctDNA to be monitored and that ctDNA presence correlates with other clinical indicators of recurrence.
Methods/Case Report
Twelve patients with FIGO Stage I-IV and biopsy confirmed high-grade EC were prospectively enrolled and underwent primary tumor resection. DNA was isolated from tumor tissue and sequenced on Illumina NGS platforms [San Diego, CA]. BIMA algorithm and SVAtools identified junctions of somatic chromosomal rearrangements and 4-5 junctions were chosen per patient, based primarily on copy number/amplification level. Blood was collected before surgery, and longitudinally between 1 and 7 timepoints. Total cell-free DNA (cfDNA) was extracted from platelet poor plasma with the Qiagen CNA kit [Germany]. Personalized ctDNA qPCR Taqman [IDT, Coralville, Iowa] probe assays were developed with pooled pre-amplification to maximize sensitivity for the multiple junctions and normalized to input.
Results (if a Case Study enter NA)
ctDNA was detected in 9/12 and 5/12 cases pre- and post-surgery, respectively. The detection or absence of measurable ctDNA following surgery showed high correlation with cancer recurrence as detected by CT or MRI scans.
Conclusion
The detection of ctDNA in high-grade EC using personalized junction panels shows promise for a blood-based assay that may help physicians better monitor and treat patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Harris
- Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , United States
| | - A McCune
- Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , United States
| | - S Murphy
- Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , United States
| | - J Smadbeck
- Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , United States
| | - M Ali
- Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , United States
| | - A Penheiter
- Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , United States
| | - G Karagouga
- Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , United States
| | - D Sadeghian
- Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , United States
| | - G Cucinella
- Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , United States
| | - A Mariani
- Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , United States
| | - G Vasmatzis
- Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Whitten T, Green MJ, Tzoumakis S, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ, Dean K. Early developmental vulnerabilities following exposure to domestic violence and abuse: Findings from an Australian population cohort record linkage study. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 153:223-228. [PMID: 35841818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Early life exposure to Domestic Violence and Abuse (DVA) is associated with poor psychosocial and cognitive development in childhood. However, most prior research uses mother-reported involvement in DVA as a proxy indicator of child exposure; studies using direct measures of child exposure to DVA are scarce, especially among representative population-based samples. We address this gap by using longitudinal, population-based data from an Australian record linkage study of children to examine the associations between early life exposure to DVA and early childhood developmental vulnerability. Exposure to DVA was measured using police contact records for children involved in a DVA incident either as a victim or witness. Developmental vulnerability at school entry was measured using the Australian Early Development Census, providing indices of five broad domains of function and person-centred classes of developmental risk (referred to as 'mild generalized risk', 'misconduct risk', and 'pervasive risk', each compared to a group showing 'no risk'). Children exposed to DVA showed significantly greater odds of developmental vulnerability on all five domains and were more likely to be members of the three developmental risk classes. Girls who were victims of DVA (OR = 1.65) had significantly poorer developmental outcomes than boys who were victims (OR = 1.26) within the domain of communication skills and general knowledge (d = 0.29 [SE = 0.16], p = .04). No other sex differences were found. These preliminary findings hold important implications for policy regarding the early intervention and implementation of support services for young children exposed to DVA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Botany Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Napier Building, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Botany Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, 139 Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Parkland Drive, Southport, QLD, 4125, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Botany Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Botany Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Botany Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, 139 Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Level 3 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Botany Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mansfield A, Reddy Mallareddy J, Yang L, Lin WH, Feathers R, Ayers-Ringler J, Tolosa E, Kizhake S, Kubica S, Boghean L, Alvarez S, Naldrett M, Singh S, Rana S, Zahid M, Smadbeck J, Johnson S, Harris F, Sotiriou S, Karagouga G, McCune A, Schaefer-Klein J, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Roden A, Kosari F, Cheville J, Vasmatzis G, Anastasiadis P, Borad M, Natarajan A. P2.14-03 Restored Ubiquitination and Degradation of Exon 14 Skipped MET with Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras. J Thorac Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2022.07.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
19
|
Watkeys OJ, O'Hare K, Dean K, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Early childhood developmental vulnerability associated with parental mental disorder comorbidity. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2022:48674221116806. [PMID: 35999694 DOI: 10.1177/00048674221116806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parental mental health has a profound influence on the mental health and well-being of their offspring. With comorbid mental disorders generally the rule rather than the exception, increased knowledge of the impact of parental mental disorder comorbidity on early child development may facilitate improved targeting and delivery of early intervention for vulnerable offspring. METHODS Participants were 66,154 children and their parents in the New South Wales Child Development Study - a prospective, longitudinal, record-linkage study of a population cohort of children born in NSW between 2002 and 2004. Early childhood developmental vulnerability was assessed at age ~5 years using the Australian Early Development Census, and information on parental mental disorders was obtained from administrative health records. Binomial and multinomial logistic regression were used to assess the relationship between parental mental disorders and early childhood developmental vulnerability on emotional and behavioural domains, as well as membership of latent developmental risk classes reflecting particular classes of vulnerability. RESULTS Multiple diagnoses of mental disorders in mothers and fathers were associated with an increased likelihood of early childhood emotional and behavioural developmental vulnerability in offspring, relative to parents without mental disorder. The likelihood of offspring vulnerability increased with the number of parental comorbidities, particularly maternal comorbidities. CONCLUSION Early childhood developmental vulnerability was strongly associated with parental mental ill-health, with the strength of associations increasing in line with a greater number of mental disorder diagnoses among mothers and fathers. New and expectant parents diagnosed with multiple mental disorders should be prioritised for intervention, including attention to the developmental well-being of their offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Watkeys
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirstie O'Hare
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Justice Health & Forensic Mental Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
O'Hare K, Watkeys O, Whitten T, Dean K, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Parental and community risk factors for childhood self-harm thoughts and behaviours. J Affect Disord 2022; 310:279-283. [PMID: 35569604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood self-harm is rare but increasing in frequency. Little is known about risk factors specifically for self-harm in preteen children. METHODS We examined self-harm thoughts and behaviours in children aged 3-14 years in association with parental and community-level risk factors, using a large general population-based record linkage sample (n = 74,479). RESULTS Parental factors were strongly associated with childhood self-harm, with over three-quarters of children with self-harm having a parent with a history of mental disorder and/or criminal offending. Community-level factors (socioeconomic deprivation, remote or regional location, and neighbourhood crime rate) were not associated with childhood self-harm after adjustment for confounding factors. LIMITATIONS Measures of self-harm thoughts and behaviours derived from administrative data likely underestimate the prevalence of self-harm in the population. CONCLUSIONS Intergenerational transmission of risk factors is likely an important contributor to childhood self-harm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie O'Hare
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Oliver Watkeys
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Green MJ, O'Hare K, Laurens KR, Tzoumakis S, Dean K, Badcock JC, Harris F, Linscott RJ, Carr VJ. Developmental profiles of schizotypy in the general population: A record linkage study of Australian children aged 11-12 years. Br J Clin Psychol 2022; 61:836-858. [PMID: 35229307 PMCID: PMC9541481 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The detection of young people at high risk for psychotic disorders has been somewhat narrowly focused on overt symptom‐based markers that reflect mild reality distortion (e.g., psychotic‐like experiences), or prodromal syndromes that are proximal to psychosis onset. The concept of schizotypy represents a broader framework for investigating risk for schizophrenia (and other disorders) in childhood, before the onset of prodromal or overt symptoms. We sought to detect profiles of risk for psychosis (schizotypy) in a general population sample of 22,137 Australian children aged 11–12 years, and to determine early life risk factors associated with these profiles from data available in linked records (registers). Methods Fifty‐nine self‐reported items were used as indicators of schizotypy across six broad domains; z‐scores for each domain were subjected to latent profile analyses (LPA). A series of multinomial logistic regressions was used to examine the association between resulting profile (class) membership and several childhood and parental risk factors, and the proportion of children with mental disorders among each schizotypy profile was examined. Results The LPA revealed three person‐centred profiles referred to as True Schizotypy (n = 1,323; 6.0%), Introverted Schizotypy (n = 4,473; 20.2%), and Affective Schizotypy (n = 4,261; 19.2%), as well as a group of children showing no risk (n = 12,080; 54.6%). Prior exposure to perinatal and familial adversities including childhood maltreatment, as well as poor early childhood development and academic functioning, was variously associated with all risk groups. There was a higher proportion of childhood mental disorder diagnoses among children in the True Schizotypy group, relative to other profiles. Conclusion Subtle differences in the pattern of exposures and antecedents among schizophrenia liability profiles in childhood may reflect distinct pathogenic pathways to psychotic or other mental illness. Practitioner points Children aged 11–12 years report characteristics of schizotypy which can be classified into three distinct profiles that may represent different pathological processes towards later mental ill‐health. Early life exposure to perinatal and familial adversities including childhood maltreatment, early childhood developmental vulnerability, and poor academic functioning predict membership in all three childhood schizotypy profiles. Latent liability for schizophrenia (and potentially other mental disorders) may be represented by different profiles of functioning observable in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirstie O'Hare
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.,Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johanna C Badcock
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Green MJ, Watkeys OJ, Kariuki M, Hindmarsh G, Whitten T, Dean K, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ. Forecasting childhood adversities from conditions of birth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2022; 36:230-242. [PMID: 35107846 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childbirth presents an optimal time for identifying high-risk families to commence intervention that could avert various childhood health and social adversities. OBJECTIVE We sought to establish the minimum set of exposures required to accurately predict a range of adverse childhood outcomes up to the age of 13 years, from a set of 14 individual and familial risk exposures evident at the time of birth. METHODS Participants were 72,059 Australian children and their parents drawn from a multi-register population cohort study (data spanning 1994-2018). Risk exposures included male sex, young mother (aged ≤21 years), no (or late first; >16 weeks) antenatal visit, maternal smoking during pregnancy, small for gestational age, preterm birth, pregnancy complications (any of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes or pre-eclampsia), >2 previous pregnancies of ≥20 weeks, socio-economic disadvantage, prenatal child protection notification, and maternal or paternal mental disorder or criminal offending history. Individual outcomes included early childhood developmental vulnerability (age 5 years), sustained educational underachievement (age 8 and 10 years), mental disorder diagnoses, substantiated childhood maltreatment, and contact with the police as a victim or person-of-interest up to age 13-14 years. RESULTS Risk exposures at birth predicted individual childhood outcomes with fair to excellent accuracy: the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves ranged between 0.60 (95% CI 0.58, 0.62) for childhood mental disorder and 0.83 (95% CI 0.82, 0.85) for substantiated child maltreatment. The presence of five or more exposures characterised 12-25% of children with one or more adverse outcomes and showed high predictive certainty for models predicting multiple outcomes, which were apparent in 9% of the population. CONCLUSIONS Up to a quarter of the neonatal population at risk of multiple adverse outcomes can be detected at birth, with implications for population health screening. However, cautious implementation of these models is warranted, given their relatively low positive predictive values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Oliver J Watkeys
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maina Kariuki
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Hindmarsh
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Justice Health & Forensic Mental Network, Matraville, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Laurens KR, Dean K, Whitten T, Tzoumakis S, Harris F, Waddy N, Prendergast T, Taiwo M, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Early childhood predictors of elementary school suspension: An Australian record linkage study. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
24
|
Green MJ, Watkeys OJ, Whitten T, Thomas C, Kariuki M, Dean K, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ. Increased incidence of childhood mental disorders following exposure to early life infection. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:376-382. [PMID: 34390804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life exposure to infectious diseases confers risk for adult psychiatric disorders but relatively few human population studies have examined associations with childhood mental disorder. Here we examined the effects of exposure to maternal infection during pregnancy, and child infectious diseases in early childhood (birth to age 4 years), in relation to first mental disorder diagnosis (age 5-13 years). The study sample comprised 71,841 children represented in a population cohort of children in New South Wales, Australia, followed from birth to early adolescence via linkage of administrative registers. Childhood exposure to infectious disease was determined during the prenatal period (i.e., maternal infection during gestation), and in early childhood (between birth and age 4 years) using the NSW Ministry of Health Admitted Patients data collection. Days to first diagnosis with a mental disorder was determined from recorded diagnoses between age 5-13 years in the NSW Ministry of Health's Admitted Patients, Emergency Department and Mental Health Ambulatory data collections. While crude hazard ratios for both prenatal infection and childhood infection exposures indicated significantly earlier diagnosis with mental disorders associated with both of these risk factors, only childhood infection exposure was associated with higher adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for any diagnoses (aHR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.11-1.32), externalising disorders (aHR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.18-1.79) and developmental disorders (aHR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.49-2.22) when the effects of maternal and early childhood (age < 5 years) mental disorders were taken into account. Exposure to infectious diseases during early childhood, but not prenatal infection exposure, appears to be associated with earlier diagnosis of mental disorders in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Oliver J Watkeys
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Catherine Thomas
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maina Kariuki
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lips M, Anderson E, Nakamura T, Harris F, Schneider G, Zic J, Sanders C, Owen J, Hondros J, de Ruvo A. Reflections on low-dose radiation, the misconceptions, reality and moving forward. J Radiol Prot 2021; 41:S306-S316. [PMID: 34343979 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac1a5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Low dose radiation has been widely accepted by the radiation protection community as presenting a very low risk to human health, if any. Over-conservatism in optimisation principles and regulations have resulted in a disproportionate fear of radiation amongst the general public and government authorities alike, overlooking the great benefits nuclear science and techniques have brought to society as a whole. As such, the World Nuclear Association advocates for a recontextualisation of the radiation hazards with regards to low dose radiation, and a greater awareness as to the absence of any discernible effects associated with it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lips
- Kernkraftwerk Gösgen-Däniken, Postfach CH-4658 Däniken, Switzerland
| | - E Anderson
- Radiation Safety & Control Services, Seabrook, NH, United States of America
| | | | | | - G Schneider
- Namibian Uranium Institute, Swakopmund, Namibia
| | - J Zic
- Mc Master University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - C Sanders
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, United States of America
| | - J Owen
- BHP-Olympic Dam, Adelaide, Australia
| | - J Hondros
- World Nuclear Association, London, United Kingdom
| | - A de Ruvo
- World Nuclear Association, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Green MJ, Piotrowska PJ, Tzoumakis S, Whitten T, Laurens KR, Butler M, Katz I, Harris F, Carr VJ. Profiles of Resilience from Early to Middle Childhood among Children Known to Child Protection Services. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2021:1-13. [PMID: 34554857 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2021.1969652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The processes facilitating resilience are likely to be influenced by individual, familial and contextual factors that are dynamic across the life-course. These factors have been less studied in relation to resilience profiles evident in the developmental period between early to middle childhood, relative to later periods of adolescence or adulthood. METHOD This study examined factors associated with resilience in a cohort of 4,716 children known to child protection services by age 13 years, in the Australian State of New South Wales. Latent profile and transition analyses were used to identify multi-dimensional profiles of resilience as evident in social, emotional and cognitive functioning when assessed in early childhood (time 1 [T1], age 5-6 years) and middle childhood (time 2 [T2], age 10-11 years). Logistic regression models were used to investigate factors associated with two types of resilience identified: a transition profile of stress-resistance (i.e., represented by a typically developing profile at both T1 and T2) delineated in the largest subgroup (54%) of children, and a smaller subgroup (13%) with a profile of emergent resilience (i.e., typically developing at T2 following a vulnerable profile at T1). RESULTS Factors associated with resilience profiles included being female, and personality characteristics of openness and extraversion; other factors associated with stress-resistance, specifically, included higher socioeconomic status, non-Indigenous background, higher perceived port at home and at school, and not having a parent with a history of criminal offending. CONCLUSIONS Resilience processes appear to involve a complex interplay between individual, family, and community characteristics requiring interagency support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales.,Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)
| | | | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University.,School of Law, Society and Criminology, University of New South Wales (UNSW, Sydney)
| | - Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales.,School of Social Science, University of Adelaide
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
| | | | - Ilan Katz
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales
| | | | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales.,Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA).,Department of Psychiatry, Monash University
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kluczkovski A, Lait R, Martins CA, Reynolds C, Smith P, Woffenden Z, Lynch J, Frankowska A, Harris F, Johnson D, Halford JCG, Cook J, Tereza da Silva J, Schmidt Rivera X, Huppert JL, Lord M, Mclaughlin J, Bridle S. Learning in lockdown: Using the COVID-19 crisis to teach children about food and climate change. NUTR BULL 2021; 46:206-215. [PMID: 33821147 PMCID: PMC8014588 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Food systems are significant sources of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE). Since emission intensity varies greatly between different foods, changing food choices towards those with lower GHGE could make an important contribution to mitigating climate change. Public engagement events offer an opportunity to communicate these multifaceted issues and raise awareness about the climate change impact of food choices. An interdisciplinary team of researchers was preparing food and climate change educational activities for summer 2020. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown disrupted these plans. In this paper, we report on shifting these events online over the month of June 2020. We discuss what we did and the reception to our online programme. We then reflect on and highlight issues that arose. These relate to: (1) the power dynamics of children, diet and climate change; (2) mental health, diet and COVID-19; (3) engaging the wider science, agriculture and food communities; (4) the benefits of being unfunded and the homemade nature of this programme; (5) the food system, STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics) and diversity; and (6) how our work fits into our ongoing journey of food and climate change education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Lait
- The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | | | - C. Reynolds
- Centre for Food PolicyCity, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - P. Smith
- University of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | | | | | - F. Harris
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary HealthLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - D. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | | | - J. Cook
- The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Department of Environment and GeographyThe University of YorkYorkUK
| | | | - X. Schmidt Rivera
- Equitable Development and Resilience Research Group (EDR), Centre for Sustainable Energy use in Food chains (CSEF), College of Engineering, Design and Physical SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
| | | | - M. Lord
- Ogden Trust Regional RepManchesterUK
| | | | - S. Bridle
- The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dean K, Whitten T, Tzoumakis S, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Incidence of Early Police Contact Among Children With Emerging Mental Health Problems in Australia. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2112057. [PMID: 34156455 PMCID: PMC8220465 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In adulthood and adolescence, mental health vulnerability is known to be associated with risk of criminal justice system contact as both a perpetrator and survivor of crime, but whether this association is apparent early in child development is unknown. Prevention of poor outcomes, including repeated contact with the criminal justice system, relies on the identification of vulnerability early in life and at the start of such contact. OBJECTIVE To ascertain whether children with emotional or behavioral problems and general developmental vulnerabilities are at an increased risk of subsequent contact with police as a person of interest, a survivor of crime, or a witness. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study used routinely collected data from the New South Wales Child Development Study in Australia. The cohort was composed of children who entered full-time schooling in New South Wales in 2009, had complete data for the emotional maturity domain of the Australian Early Development Census, and had no police contact before January 1, 2009. The children in the cohort were followed up until the age of 13 years. Data were analyzed from October 17, 2019, to May 13, 2020. EXPOSURES Emotional or behavioral problems and developmental risk profiles derived from the teacher-rated Australian Early Development Census. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Incidence rates of police contact (as a person of interest, survivor of crime, or witness) were derived from the New South Wales Police Force Computerised Operational Policing System. RESULTS A total of 79 801 children (40 584 boys [50.9%]; 2009 mean [SD] age, 5.2 [0.37] years) were included. Children with teacher-identified emotional or behavioral problems at school entry had an incidence rate of police contact (for any reason) that was twice that of children without such problems (unadjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.14; 95% CI, 1.94-2.37). Contact with police as a survivor of crime was most commonly recorded (7350 [9.2%]), but the strength of the association was greatest between emotional or behavioral problems and police contact as a person of interest (unadjusted HR, 4.75; 95% CI, 3.64-6.19). Incidence of police contact as a person of interest was high for children with a pervasive developmental risk profile (unadjusted HR, 13.80; 95% CI, 9.79-19.45). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found an association of emerging emotional or behavioral problems and developmental vulnerabilities with increased risk of police contact for any reason among young children, suggesting that this well-known association in adults and adolescents can be identified at an earlier developmental stage. These findings support primary and secondary interventions to prevent police contact early in life and to target the earliest contacts with the criminal justice and educational systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Network, Matraville, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kristin R. Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vaughan J. Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Whitten T, Dean K, Li R, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Earlier Contact with Child Protection Services Among Children of Parents With Criminal Convictions and Mental Disorders. Child Maltreat 2021; 26:63-73. [PMID: 32618202 DOI: 10.1177/1077559520935204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Parental history of offending and/or mental illness are risk factors for child maltreatment. However, limited research has directly contrasted the role of maternal versus paternal criminal offending or mental health problems in contributing to earlier contact with the child protection system. In this study we examined the relative contributions of these risk factors in relation to the time to the offspring's first report to child protection services, or first placement in out of home care (OOHC), using administrative records for a population sample of 71,661 children. Prior paternal offending had a greater independent effect on time to the offspring's first contact with child protection services (HR = 2.27 [95% CI = 2.14-2.40]) than maternal offending (HR = 1.75 [95% CI = 1.63 -1.87]) or maternal mental disorder diagnosis (HR = 1.66 [95% CI = 1.57 -1.77]). By contrast, prior maternal offending (HR = 2.58 [95% CI = 2.26-2.95]) and mental disorder diagnosis (HR = 2.33 [95% CI = 2.05-2.63]) had a greater effect on earlier placement in OOHC, relative to prior paternal offending (HR = 1.59 [95% CI = 1.35 -1.88]) and mental disorder diagnosis (HR = 1.06 [95% CI = 0.94 -1.19]). These findings demonstrate the potential benefits of coordinated government responses across multiple agencies to identify vulnerable children and families who might benefit from early interventions or support services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, 7800University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, 7800University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Li
- School of Psychiatry, 7800University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, 7800University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, 7800University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, 7800University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, 2541Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, 7800University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Piotrowska PJ, Whitten T, Tzoumakis S, Laurens KR, Katz I, Carr VJ, Harris F, Green MJ. Transitions between socio-emotional and cognitive vulnerability profiles from early to middle childhood: a population study using multi-agency administrative records. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:1659-1670. [PMID: 32020304 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult psychosocial difficulties, including psychiatric disorders, are often preceded by childhood psychosocial vulnerabilities, presenting critical windows of opportunity for preventative intervention. The present study aimed to identify longitudinal patterns (representing transitions between profiles) of childhood socio-emotional and cognitive vulnerability in the general population from early to middle childhood, in relation to key risk factors (e.g. parental mental illness and offending). Data were drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study, which combines intergenerational multi-agency administrative records with cross-sectional assessments using data linkage methods. We analysed data from childhood assessments of socio-emotional and cognitive functioning at two time points (ages 5-6 and 10-11 years) that were linked with administrative data from government departments of health, child protection, and education for 19,087 children and their parents. Latent profile analyses were used to identify socio-emotional and cognitive profiles at each time point, and latent transition analyses were used to determine the probability and potential moderators of transition between profiles at each age. Three developmental profiles were identified in early childhood, reflecting typically developing, emotionally vulnerable, and cognitively vulnerable children, respectively; two profiles were identified in middle childhood, reflecting typically developing and vulnerable children. Child's sex, child protection services contact, parental mental illness, and parental offending influenced children's transitions between different vulnerability profiles, with the strongest effects for parental mental illness and child protection contact. Early detection of vulnerable children and factors promoting resilience are important steps in directing future health and social policy, and service planning for vulnerable children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ilan Katz
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Melissa J Green
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia. .,University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Laurens KR, Green MJ, Dean K, Tzoumakis S, Harris F, Islam F, Kariuki M, Essery CM, Schofield JM, Carr VJ. Chronic Physical Health Conditions, Mental Health, and Sources of Support in a Longitudinal Australian Child Population Cohort. J Pediatr Psychol 2020; 44:1083-1096. [PMID: 31241146 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined associations between chronic physical health conditions (identified from hospital records) that are subject to school health care plans, and children's emotional, behavioral, and social functioning during early (∼5 years of age) and middle childhood (∼11 years). METHODS Participants were 21,304 Australian children from a representative longitudinal population cohort derived by multi-agency record linkage. Hospital presentations (admitted patients and emergency department) identified children with asthma (n = 1,573), allergies and anaphylaxis (n = 738), type 1 diabetes (n = 59), epilepsy (n = 87), and any of these conditions (n = 2,275), relative to 19,029 children without these presentations. Logistic regression analyses determined associations between these exposures and (i) emotional, behavioral, social, and overall vulnerabilities reported by teachers (early childhood) and children (middle childhood), and (ii) self-reported lack of sources of support (middle childhood). RESULTS Prevalence of any condition in hospital records was 7.5% by early childhood, and 10.7% by middle childhood. Relative to peers without these presentations, small increases in risk of overall problems, and selected emotional, behavioral, and social problems, were apparent for children with any condition, and asthma specifically, in early and middle childhood. Large and pervasive effects were apparent for epilepsy, limited small effects in middle childhood only for allergies and anaphylaxis, and no increases in risk associated with type 1 diabetes examined in middle childhood. No condition was associated with increased risk of lacking supports. CONCLUSIONS Children with hospital records of chronic conditions, particularly epilepsy and asthma, might benefit from school-based care plans that integrate their physical and mental health support needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fakhrul Islam
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maina Kariuki
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire M Essery
- New South Wales Department of Education, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Laurens KR, Islam F, Kariuki M, Harris F, Chilvers M, Butler M, Schofield J, Essery C, Brinkman SA, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Reading and numeracy attainment of children reported to child protection services: A population record linkage study controlling for other adversities. Child Abuse Negl 2020; 101:104326. [PMID: 32014797 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maltreated children are at risk of poor educational outcomes, but also experience greater individual, family, and neighbourhood adversities that may obscure an understanding of relationships between child protection involvement and educational attainment. OBJECTIVE To examine associations between child protection involvement and 3rd- and 5th-grade reading and numeracy attainment, while controlling multiple other adversities. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were 56,860 Australian children and their parents from the New South Wales Child Development Study with linked multi-agency records. METHODS Multinomial logistic regressions examined associations between level of child protection involvement (Out-Of-Home Care [OOHC] placement; substantiated Risk Of Significant Harm [ROSH]; unsubstantiated ROSH; non-ROSH; and no child protection report) and standardised tests of 3rd- and 5th-grade reading and numeracy. Fully adjusted models controlled demographic, pregnancy, birth, and parental factors, and early (kindergarten) developmental vulnerabilities on literacy and numeracy, and other developmental domains (social, emotional, physical, communication). RESULTS All children with child protection reports were more likely to attain below average, and less likely to attain above average, 3rd- and 5th-grade reading and numeracy, including children with reports below the ROSH threshold. Children with substantiated ROSH reports who were not removed into care demonstrated the worst educational attainment, with some evidence of protective effects for children in OOHC. CONCLUSIONS A cross-agency response to supporting educational attainment for all children reported to child protection services is required, including targeted services for children in OOHC or with substantiated ROSH reports, and referral of vulnerable families (unsubstantiated and non-ROSH cases) to secondary service organisations (intermediate intervention).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychology and Counselling, and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Fahkrul Islam
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maina Kariuki
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Merran Butler
- NSW Department of Family and Community Services, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Sally A Brinkman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bore M, Laurens KR, Hobbs MJ, Green MJ, Tzoumakis S, Harris F, Carr VJ. Item Response Theory Analysis of the Big Five Questionnaire for Children-Short Form (BFC-SF): A Self-Report Measure of Personality in Children Aged 11-12 Years. J Pers Disord 2020; 34:40-63. [PMID: 30355019 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2018_32_380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prior investigations indicate that the five core personality dimensions (the "Big Five") are measurable by middle childhood. The aim of this research was to examine the psychometric properties of a short-form self-report measure of the Big Five personality dimensions in children that would be suitable for administration online in large population-based studies. Twenty-five questionnaire items in English, derived from the 65-item Big Five Questionnaire for Children in Italian (Barbaranelli, Caprara, Rabasca, & Pastorelli, 2003), were completed online by 27,415 Australian children in Year 6 (mean age 11.92 years). An item response theory approach evaluated the psychometric properties and resolved a 20-item short-form questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the Big Five structure. Construct validity was demonstrated via correlations between Big Five scores and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire subscales (Goodman, 2001). The 20 items provide a brief, reliable, and valid child self-report measure of the Big Five personality dimensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miles Bore
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney
| | | | | | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Neil AL, Islam F, Kariuki M, Laurens KR, Katz I, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Costs for physical and mental health hospitalizations in the first 13 years of life among children engaged with Child Protection Services. Child Abuse Negl 2020; 99:104280. [PMID: 31783310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal data on health costs associated with physical and mental conditions are not available for children reported to child protection services. OBJECTIVE To estimate the costs of hospitalization for physical and mental health conditions by child protection status, including out-of-home-care (OOHC) placement, from birth until 13-years, and to assess the excess costs associated with child protection contact over this period. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Australian population cohort of 79,285 children in a multi-agency linkage study. METHODS Costs of hospitalization were estimated from birth (if available) using Round 17, National Hospital Cost Data Collection (2012-13; deflated to 2015-16 AUD). Records of the state child protection authority determined contact status. Data were reported separately for children in OOHC. Hospital separations were classified as mental disorder-related if the primary diagnosis was recorded in ICD-10 Chapter V (F00-F99). RESULTS Hospital separations were more common in children with child protection contact. Physical health care costs per child decreased with age for all children, but were significantly higher for children with contact. Mental health costs per child were always significantly higher for children with contact, with marked increases at 3 ≤ 4 years and 8 ≤ 9 years. Point estimates of annual costs per child were always highest for children with an OOHC placement. The net present value of the excess costs was $3,224 per child until 13- years, discounted at 5 %. CONCLUSIONS Children in contact with child protection services show higher rates and costs for physical and mental health hospitalizations in each of their first 13 years of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Neil
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
| | - Fakhrul Islam
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maina Kariuki
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Psychology and Counselling, and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ilan Katz
- Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chacko Y, Poon K, Keegan W, Sarvesh N, Tesar P, Wall D, Harris F, Roper D, Chao C, Hudaverdi M, Smith I, Incani A. 860 Outcomes of First 500 Cases of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation at a High-Volume Australian Private Hospital. Heart Lung Circ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
36
|
Green MJ, Hindmarsh G, Kariuki M, Laurens KR, Neil AL, Katz I, Chilvers M, Harris F, Carr VJ. Mental disorders in children known to child protection services during early childhood. Med J Aust 2019; 212:22-28. [DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Green
- University of New South Wales Sydney NSW
- Neuroscience Research Australia Sydney NSW
| | | | | | - Kristin R. Laurens
- University of New South Wales Sydney NSW
- Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD
| | - Amanda L Neil
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania Hobart TAS
| | - Ilan Katz
- Social Policy Research Centre University of New South Wales Sydney NSW
| | | | | | - Vaughan J Carr
- University of New South Wales Sydney NSW
- Neuroscience Research Australia Sydney NSW
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Whitten T, Laurens KR, Tzoumakis S, Kaggodaarachchi S, Green MJ, Harris F, Carr VJ, Dean K. The influence of parental offending on the continuity and discontinuity of children's internalizing and externalizing difficulties from early to middle childhood. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2019; 54:965-975. [PMID: 30756149 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although parental criminal offending is a recognized risk factor for conduct problems among offspring, its impact on the continuity and discontinuity of children's behavioural and emotional difficulties during the early development is less well known. We used data from a large, population-based record-linkage project to examine the relationship between parental offending and the continuity and discontinuity of children's conduct, attentional, and emotional difficulties from early to middle childhood while also considering the role of timing of the parental offending exposure. METHOD Data for 19,208 children and their parents were drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study. Multinomial regression analyses tested associations between mother's and father's history and timing of any and violent offending, and patterns of continuity or discontinuity in offspring emotional, conduct, and attentional difficulties between ages 5 and 11 years. RESULTS Maternal and paternal offending each conferred a significantly increased risk of all the patterns of developmental difficulties, including those limited to age 5 only (remitting problems), to age 11 only (incident problems), and to difficulties present at both ages 5 and 11 years (persisting problems). Greatest odds were observed for persisting conduct problems. Paternal offending that continued through early and middle childhood had the greatest association with child difficulties, while the timing of maternal offending had a less prominent effect on child developmental difficulties. CONCLUSION Parental offending is a strong risk factor for early and pervasive behavioural and emotional problems in offspring, and may be a key indicator of high risk for later antisocial behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Laurens KR, Tzoumakis S, Dean K, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Population profiles of child‐reported psychotic‐like experiences and their differential association with other psychopathologies. Br J Clin Psychol 2019; 59:22-38. [PMID: 31328800 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R. Laurens
- School of Psychology and Counselling, and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Social Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network Matraville New South Wales Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Vaughan J. Carr
- School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Social Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Department of Psychiatry Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Melissa J. Green
- School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia Sydney New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rossen L, Tzoumakis S, Kariuki M, Laurens KR, Butler M, Chilvers M, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Timing of the first report and highest level of child protection response in association with early developmental vulnerabilities in an Australian population cohort. Child Abuse Negl 2019; 93:1-12. [PMID: 31026680 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment is associated with early childhood developmental vulnerabilities. However, the extent to which higher levels of child protection responses confer benefit to developmental competencies, and the impact of earlier timing of first reports in relation to early childhood vulnerability remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We examined associations between early developmental vulnerabilities and (1) the highest level of child protection response (where OOHC was deemed the highest response among other types of reports/responses), and (2) the developmental timing of the first child protection report. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants included 67,027 children from the New South Wales Child Development Study, of whom 10,944 were reported to child protection services up to age 5 years. METHODS A series of Multinomial Logistic Regressions were conducted to examine focal associations. RESULTS Children with substantiated maltreatment reports showed the strongest odds of vulnerability on three or more developmental domains (adjusted OR = 4.90; 95% CI = 4.13-5.80); children placed in OOHC showed slightly better physical, cognitive and communication competencies (adjusted ORs from 1.83 to 2.65) than those with substantiated reports that did not result in OOHC placements (adjusted OR from 2.77 to 3.67), when each group was compared to children with no child protection reports. Children with first maltreatment reports occurring in the first 18 months of life showed the strongest likelihood of developmental vulnerabilities on three or more developmental domains (adjusted OR = 3.56; 95% CI = 3.15-4.01) relative to children with no child protection reports. CONCLUSION Earlier reports of maltreatment may signal the need for targeted remediation of early developmental competencies to mitigate early developmental difficulties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Rossen
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maina Kariuki
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Merran Butler
- NSW Department of Family and Community Services, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Green MJ, Kariuki M, Chilvers M, Butler M, Katz I, Burke S, Tzoumakis S, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ. Inter-agency indicators of out-of-home-care placement by age 13-14 years: A population record linkage study. Child Abuse Negl 2019; 93:91-102. [PMID: 31075574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-agency administrative data can improve cost-effective triage systems for child protection and other human service delivery. OBJECTIVE To determine the minimum set of cross-agency indicators that could accurately classify placement in out-of-home-care (OOHC) before age 13-14 years. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were 72,079 Australian children (mean age = 13.16 years; SD = 0.37; 51.4% male) and their parents, for whom linked administrative records spanning the years 1994-2016 were available for analysis within the 'New South Wales Child Development Study'. METHODS First, a series of logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between cross-agency (health, justice, education) risk indicators and membership of the sub-cohort of 1239 children who had an OOHC placement prior to age 13-14 years, relative to (1) the sub-cohort of 55,473 children who had no previous contact with child protection services, and (2) the sub-cohort of 15,367 children who had been reported to child protection services but had no record of OOHC placement. We then explored the classification characteristics associated with a smaller combination of risk factors, and the utility of specific familial risk factors, for classifying membership of the OOHC subgroup. RESULTS A combination of six risk indicators evident before OOHC placement can classify children placed in OOHC with approximately 95% accuracy, and the presence of at least four of these risk indicators provides excellent specificity (99.6%). CONCLUSIONS A combination of risk factors observable in administrative datasets held by multiple government agencies may be used to target support services to prevent entry into OOHC for children from vulnerable families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Maina Kariuki
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Merran Butler
- NSW Department of Family and Community Services, NSW, Australia
| | - Ilan Katz
- Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sharon Burke
- NSW Department of Family and Community Services, NSW, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Aleksandrowicz L, Green R, Joy EJM, Harris F, Hillier J, Vetter SH, Smith P, Kulkarni B, Dangour AD, Haines A. Environmental impacts of dietary shifts in India: A modelling study using nationally-representative data. Environ Int 2019; 126:207-215. [PMID: 30802638 PMCID: PMC6437131 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Food production is a major driver of environmental change, and unhealthy diets are the leading cause of global disease burden. In high-income countries (HICs), modelling studies suggest that adoption of healthy diets could improve population health and reduce environmental footprints associated with food production. We assessed whether such benefits from dietary change could occur in India, where under-nutrition and overweight and obesity are simultaneously prevalent. We calculated the potential changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, blue and green water footprints (WFs), and land use (LU), that would result from shifting current national food consumption patterns in India to healthy diets (meeting dietary guidelines) and to "affluent diets" (those consumed by the wealthiest quartile of households, which may represent future purchasing power and nutritional trajectories). Dietary data were derived from the 2011-12 nationally-representative household expenditure survey, and we assessed dietary scenarios nationally and across six Indian sub-regions, by rural or urban location, and for those consuming above or below recommended dietary energy intakes. We modelled the changes in consumption of 34 food groups necessary to meet Indian dietary guidelines, as well as an affluent diet representative of those in the highest wealth quartile. These changes were combined with food-specific data on GHG emissions, calculated using the Cool Farm Tool, and WF and LU adapted from the Water Footprint Network and Food and Agriculture Organization, respectively. Shifting to healthy guidelines nationally required a minor increase in dietary energy (3%), with larger increases in fruit (18%) and vegetable (72%) intake, though baseline proportion of dietary energy from fat and protein was adequate and did not change significantly. Meeting healthy guidelines slightly increased environmental footprints by about 3-5% across GHG emissions, blue and green WFs, and LU. However, these national averages masked substantial variation within sub-populations. For example, shifting to healthy diets among those with dietary energy intake below recommended guidelines would result in increases of 28% in GHG emissions, 18 and 34% in blue and green WFs, respectively, and 41% in LU. Decreased environmental impacts were seen among those who currently consume above recommended dietary energy (-6 to -16% across footprints). Adoption of affluent diets by the whole population would result in increases of 19-36% across the environmental indicators. Specific food groups contributing to these shifts varied by scenario. Environmental impacts also varied markedly between six major Indian sub-regions. In India, where undernutrition is prevalent, widespread adoption of healthy diets may lead to small increases in the environmental footprints of the food system relative to the status quo, although much larger increases would occur if there was widespread adoption of diets currently consumed by the wealthiest quartile of the population. To achieve lower diet-related disease burdens and reduced environmental footprints of the food system, greater efficiency of food production and reductions in food waste are likely to be required alongside promotion of healthy diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Aleksandrowicz
- Dept. of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK; Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture & Health, UK.
| | - R Green
- Dept. of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK; Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture & Health, UK
| | - E J M Joy
- Dept. of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK; Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture & Health, UK
| | - F Harris
- Dept. of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - J Hillier
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - S H Vetter
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - P Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - B Kulkarni
- Clinical Division, National Institute of Nutrition, India
| | - A D Dangour
- Dept. of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK; Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture & Health, UK
| | - A Haines
- Dept. of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK; Dept. of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pescott OL, Walker KJ, Harris F, New H, Cheffings CM, Newton N, Jitlal M, Redhead J, Smart SM, Roy DB. The design, launch and assessment of a new volunteer-based plant monitoring scheme for the United Kingdom. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215891. [PMID: 31026278 PMCID: PMC6485706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Volunteer-based plant monitoring in the UK has focused mainly on distribution mapping; there has been less emphasis on the collection of data on plant communities and habitats. Abundance data provide different insights into ecological pattern and allow for more powerful inference when considering environmental change. Abundance monitoring for other groups of organisms is well-established in the UK, e.g. for birds and butterflies, and conservation agencies have long desired comparable schemes for plants. We describe a new citizen science scheme for the UK (the ‘National Plant Monitoring Scheme’; NPMS), with the primary aim of monitoring the abundance of plants at small scales. Scheme development emphasised volunteer flexibility through scheme co-creation and feedback, whilst retaining a rigorous approach to design. Sampling frameworks, target habitats and species, field methods and power are all described. We also evaluate several outcomes of the scheme design process, including: (i) landscape-context bias in the first two years of the scheme; (ii) the ability of different sets of indicator species to capture the main ecological gradients of UK vegetation; and, (iii) species richness bias in returns relative to a professional survey. Survey rates have been promising (over 60% of squares released have been surveyed), although upland squares are under-represented. Ecological gradients present in an ordination of an independent, unbiased, national survey were well-represented by NPMS indicator species, although further filtering to an entry-level set of easily identifiable species degraded signal in an ordination axis representing succession and disturbance. Comparison with another professional survey indicated that different biases might be present at different levels of participation within the scheme. Understanding the strengths and limitations of the NPMS will guide development, increase trust in outputs, and direct efforts for maintaining volunteer interest, as well as providing a set of ideas for other countries to experiment with.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver L Pescott
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Walker
- Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Harrogate, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hayley New
- Plantlife, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Niki Newton
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Jitlal
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - John Redhead
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Simon M Smart
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, United Kingdom
| | - David B Roy
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Green MJ, Tzoumakis S, Laurens KR, Dean K, Kariuki M, Harris F, Brinkman SA, Carr VJ. Early developmental risk for subsequent childhood mental disorders in an Australian population cohort. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2019; 53:304-315. [PMID: 30501395 DOI: 10.1177/0004867418814943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined associations between developmental vulnerability profiles determined at the age of 5 years and subsequent childhood mental illness between ages 6 and 13 years in an Australian population cohort. METHODS Intergenerational records from New South Wales (NSW) Government Departments of Health and Child Protection spanning pre-birth to 13 years of age were linked with the 2009 Australian Early Development Census records for 86,668 children. Mental illness indices for children were extracted from health records between 2009 and 2016 (child's age of 6-13 years). Associations between mental disorder diagnoses and membership of early childhood risk groups, including those with established 'special needs' (3777, 4.3%) at school entry, or putative risk classes delineated via latent class analysis of Australian Early Development Census subdomains - referred to as 'pervasive risk' ( N = 3479; 4.0%), 'misconduct risk' ( N = 5773; 6.7%) or 'mild generalised risk' ( N = 9542; 11%) - were estimated using multinomial logistic regression, relative to children showing 'no risk' ( N = 64,097; 74%). Poisson regression models estimated the relative risk of a greater number of days recorded with mental health service contacts among children in each Australian Early Development Census risk group. Adjusted models included child's sex, socioeconomic disadvantage, child protection contacts and parental mental illness as covariates. RESULTS The crude odds of any mental disorder among children aged 6-13 years was increased approximately threefold in children showing pervasive risk or misconduct risk profiles at the age of 5 years, and approximately sevenfold in children with special needs, relative to children showing no risk; patterns of association largely remained after adjusting for covariates. Children with special needs and the misconduct risk class used mental health services over a greater number of days than the no risk class. CONCLUSION Patterns of early childhood developmental vulnerability are associated with subsequent onset of mental disorders and have the potential to inform interventions to mitigate the risk for mental disorders in later childhood and adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Green
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,2 Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- 3 School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,4 School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,5 Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Maina Kariuki
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sally A Brinkman
- 6 Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,7 School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,2 Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,8 Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chacko Y, Poon K, Keegan W, Natani S, Tesar P, Wall D, Harris F, Roper D, Chao C, Hudaverdi M, Smith I, Incani A. Outcomes of First 300 Cases of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation at a High-volume Australian Private Hospital. Heart Lung Circ 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2019.06.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
45
|
Tzoumakis S, Carr VJ, Dean K, Laurens KR, Kariuki M, Harris F, Green MJ. Prenatal maternal smoking, maternal offending, and offspring behavioural and cognitive outcomes in early childhood. Crim Behav Ment Health 2018; 28:397-408. [PMID: 30256470 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking during pregnancy and parental offending are both linked to adverse offspring outcomes. Few studies have examined how these exposures together influence diverse offspring outcomes in early childhood. AIMS To examine associations between quantity of prenatal maternal smoking and frequency of maternal offending and offspring behavioural and cognitive outcomes at age 5 years. METHODS Over 66,000 Australian children (mean age 5.6 years) were drawn from an intergenerational data linkage study. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressions were conducted for the two key exposures (maternal prenatal smoking and mother having at least two criminal convictions) and offspring behavioural and cognitive vulnerabilities. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were also estimated for each outcome for the two exposures. RESULTS Prenatal smoking and maternal offending were, separately and together, associated with most of the developmental vulnerabilities examined, even after adjusting for other familial and prenatal risk factors. PAFs for prenatal smoking ranged from 5.3% to 15.8%, and PAFs for maternal offending ranged from 3.4% to 11.8% across the offspring outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Maternal smoking during pregnancy and maternal offending were uniquely associated with a range of offspring vulnerabilities, but mothers who smoked during pregnancy tended to experience multiple problems that should also be considered as indicators of child vulnerabilities. While early behavioural difficulties were evident in these children, it was striking that they were also likely to have cognitive vulnerabilities. Early intervention to support cognitive development in these children may minimise their risk of academic underachievement, long-term disadvantage, and even offending.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maina Kariuki
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Green MJ, Harris F, Laurens KR, Kariuki M, Tzoumakis S, Dean K, Islam F, Rossen L, Whitten T, Smith M, Holbrook A, Bore M, Brinkman S, Chilvers M, Sprague T, Stevens R, Carr VJ. Cohort Profile: The New South Wales Child Development Study (NSW-CDS)—Wave 2 (child age 13 years). Int J Epidemiol 2018; 47:1396-1397k. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maina Kariuki
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Fakhrul Islam
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Larissa Rossen
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maxwell Smith
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Allyson Holbrook
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Miles Bore
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Sally Brinkman
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Australia Institute for Social Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Marilyn Chilvers
- NSW Department of Family and Community Services, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Green MJ, Kariuki M, Dean K, Laurens KR, Tzoumakis S, Harris F, Carr VJ. Childhood developmental vulnerabilities associated with early life exposure to infectious and noninfectious diseases and maternal mental illness. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2018; 59:801-810. [PMID: 29278269 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal exposure to infectious and noninfectious diseases may influence early childhood developmental functioning, on the path to later mental illness. Here, we investigated the effects of in utero exposure to maternal infection and noninfectious diseases during pregnancy on offspring developmental vulnerabilities at age 5 years, in the context of estimated effects for early childhood exposures to infectious and noninfectious diseases and maternal mental illness. METHODS We used population data for 66,045 children from an intergenerational record linkage study (the New South Wales Child Development Study), for whom a cross-sectional assessment of five developmental competencies (physical, social, emotional, cognitive, and communication) was obtained at school entry, using the Australian Early Development Census (AEDC). Child and maternal exposures to infectious or noninfectious diseases were determined from the NSW Ministry of Health Admitted Patients Data Collection (APDC) and maternal mental illness exposure was derived from both APDC and Mental Health Ambulatory Data collections. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to examine unadjusted and adjusted associations between these physical and mental health exposures and child developmental vulnerabilities at age 5 years. RESULTS Among the physical disease exposures, maternal infectious diseases during pregnancy and early childhood infection conferred the largest associations with developmental vulnerabilities at age 5 years; maternal noninfectious illness during pregnancy also retained small but significant associations with developmental vulnerabilities even when adjusted for other physical and mental illness exposures and covariates known to be associated with early childhood development (e.g., child's sex, socioeconomic disadvantage, young maternal age, prenatal smoking). Among all exposures examined, maternal mental illness first diagnosed prior to childbirth conferred the greatest odds of developmental vulnerability at age 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to infectious or noninfectious diseases appear to influence early childhood physical, social, emotional and cognitive developmental vulnerabilities that may represent intermediate phenotypes for subsequent mental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maina Kariuki
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dix KL, Green MJ, Tzoumakis S, Dean K, Harris F, Carr VJ, Laurens KR. The Survey of School Promotion of Emotional and Social Health (SSPESH): A Brief Measure of the Implementation of Whole-School Mental Health Promotion. School Mental Health 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-018-9280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
49
|
Green MJ, Tzoumakis S, Laurens KR, Dean K, Kariuki M, Harris F, O'Reilly N, Chilvers M, Brinkman SA, Carr VJ. Latent profiles of early developmental vulnerabilities in a New South Wales child population at age 5 years. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2018; 52:530-541. [PMID: 29108437 DOI: 10.1177/0004867417740208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Detecting the early emergence of childhood risk for adult mental disorders may lead to interventions for reducing subsequent burden of these disorders. We set out to determine classes of children who may be at risk for later mental disorder on the basis of early patterns of development in a population cohort, and associated exposures gleaned from linked administrative records obtained within the New South Wales Child Development Study. METHODS Intergenerational records from government departments of health, education, justice and child protection were linked with the Australian Early Development Census for a state population cohort of 67,353 children approximately 5 years of age. We used binary data from 16 subdomains of the Australian Early Development Census to determine classes of children with shared patterns of Australian Early Development Census-defined vulnerability using latent class analysis. Covariates, which included demographic features (sex, socioeconomic status) and exposure to child maltreatment, parental mental illness, parental criminal offending and perinatal adversities (i.e. birth complications, smoking during pregnancy, low birth weight), were examined hierarchically within latent class analysis models. RESULTS Four classes were identified, reflecting putative risk states for mental disorders: (1) disrespectful and aggressive/hyperactive behaviour, labelled 'misconduct risk' ( N = 4368; 6.5%); (2) 'pervasive risk' ( N = 2668; 4.0%); (3) 'mild generalised risk' ( N = 7822; 11.6%); and (4) 'no risk' ( N = 52,495; 77.9%). The odds of membership in putative risk groups (relative to the no risk group) were greater among children from backgrounds of child maltreatment, parental history of mental illness, parental history of criminal offending, socioeconomic disadvantage and perinatal adversities, with distinguishable patterns of association for some covariates. CONCLUSION Patterns of early childhood developmental vulnerabilities may provide useful indicators for particular mental disorder outcomes in later life, although their predictive utility in this respect remains to be established in longitudinal follow-up of the cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Green
- 1 UNSW Research Unit for Schizophrenia Epidemiology, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,2 Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- 2 Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia.,3 School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- 1 UNSW Research Unit for Schizophrenia Epidemiology, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,2 Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia.,4 School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- 1 UNSW Research Unit for Schizophrenia Epidemiology, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,2 Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia.,5 Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Maina Kariuki
- 1 UNSW Research Unit for Schizophrenia Epidemiology, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,2 Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- 1 UNSW Research Unit for Schizophrenia Epidemiology, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,2 Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole O'Reilly
- 1 UNSW Research Unit for Schizophrenia Epidemiology, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Marilyn Chilvers
- 6 NSW Department of Family and Community Services, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sally A Brinkman
- 7 Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,8 School of Population Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- 1 UNSW Research Unit for Schizophrenia Epidemiology, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,2 Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia.,9 Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bowzyk Al-Naeeb A, Murray M, Horan G, Harris F, Kortmann RD, Nicholson J, Ajithkumar T. Current Management of Intracranial Germ Cell Tumours. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2018; 30:204-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|