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Whitten T, Tzoumakis S, Green MJ, Dean K. Global Prevalence of Childhood Exposure to Physical Violence within Domestic and Family Relationships in the General Population: A Systematic Review and Proportional Meta-Analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse 2024; 25:1411-1430. [PMID: 37300288 PMCID: PMC10913340 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231179133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to identify and prevent childhood exposure to physical violence within domestic and family relationships must be underpinned by reliable prevalence estimates to ensure the appropriate allocation of resources and benchmarks for assessing intervention efficacy. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the global prevalence of childhood exposure to physical domestic and family violence separately as a victim or witness. Searches were conducted in Criminal Justice Abstracts, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, PsychInfo, and Google Scholar. Studies were included if they were peer-reviewed, published in English, had a representative sample, unweighted estimates, and were published between January 2010 and December 2022. One-hundred-and-sixteen studies comprising 56 independent samples were retained. Proportional meta-analysis was conducted to calculate the pooled prevalence for each exposure. Pooled prevalence estimates were also stratified by region and sex. The global pooled prevalence of childhood exposure to physical domestic and family violence as a victim or witness was 17.3% and 16.5%, respectively. Prevalence estimates were highest in West Asia and Africa (victim = 42.8%; witness = 38.3%) and lowest for the Developed Asia Pacific region (victim = 3.7%; witness = 5.4%). Males were 25% more likely than females to be the victim of physical domestic and family violence during childhood, while both were equally likely to have witnessed it. These findings suggest that childhood exposure to domestic and family violence is relatively common, affecting around one-in-six people by 18 years of age globally. Regional variations in prevalence estimates may reflect underlying economic conditions, cultural norms, and service availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Whitten
- Center for Law and Justice, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
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Tzoumakis S, Whitten T, Laurens KR, Dean K, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Levels of Involvement with Child Protection Services Associated with Early Adolescent Police Contact as a Victim and Person of Interest. J Interpers Violence 2024:8862605231223468. [PMID: 38254307 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231223468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between childhood maltreatment and subsequent offending/victimization is well established. However, the magnitude of this relationship for different levels of child protection services (CPS) involvement is poorly understood, due to measurement issues, lack of longitudinal data, and reliance on reports of substantiated maltreatment, which can underestimate the impact of maltreatment. This study examined associations between CPS involvement during childhood (ages 0 to <11 years) and police services contact (as a victim and/or a person of interest) for criminal incidents in early adolescence (11 to ~14 years), differentiated according to levels of CPS involvement (i.e., no risk of significant harm [non-ROSH], unsubstantiated ROSH, substantiated ROSH, and out-of-home care; each examined relative to no CPS contact). Data for 71,465 children were drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study, an intergenerational, longitudinal investigation that uses administrative records from CPS and police alongside other health, justice, and education data. Multinomial regression analyses were conducted to determine associations between increasing levels of CPS involvement and police contact as a victim only, a person of interest only, and as both victim and person of interest while accounting for covariates (i.e., child's sex, Aboriginal, and/or Torres Strait Islander background, socioeconomic status, maternal age at child's birth, and parental offending history). Children exposed to any of the four levels of CPS involvement had higher odds of police contact, relative to children with no CPS involvement. Odds ratios were higher for contact with police as both a victim and a person of interest, compared to police contact as a victim or a person of interest only. These findings highlight that children with even unsubstantiated CPS reports (i.e., non-ROSH and unsubstantiated ROSH reports) are at heightened risk of police contact compared to children who are unknown to CPS, underlining the need to support all families in contact with CPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Law and Justice, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Whitten T, Cale J, Brewer R, Logos K, Holt TJ, Goldsmith A. Exploring the Role of Self-Control Across Distinct Patterns of Cyber-Deviance in Emerging Adolescence. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2024:306624X231220011. [PMID: 38178553 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x231220011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A disproportionally large number of adolescents engage in cyber-deviance. However, it is unclear if distinct patterns of adolescent cyber-deviance are evident, and if so, whether and to what extent low self-control is associated with different patterns of cyber-deviance. The current study addressed this research gap by examining the relationship between self-control and distinct latent classes of adolescent cyber-deviance net of potential confounders among a cross-sectional sample of 1793 South Australian adolescents. Four latent classes were identified, each characterized by varying probabilities of involvement in six types of cyber-deviance that were measured. The versatile class (n = 413) had the lowest average level of self-control, followed by the harmful content users (n = 439) and digital piracy (n = 356) classes, with the abstainer class (n = 585) characterized by the highest self-control. Analysis of covariance indicated that the abstainer group had significantly higher self-control than other classes of cyber-deviance. Although the versatile class had noticeably lower average self-control scores than the harmful content users and digital piracy groups, this difference was not significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. Collectively, these findings suggest that self-control appears to distinguish between those who do and do not engage in cyber-deviance but may not distinguish between distinct patterns of cyber-deviance net of other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Whitten
- Center for Law and Justice, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jesse Cale
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Russell Brewer
- School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Katie Logos
- School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Thomas J Holt
- School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew Goldsmith
- Centre for Crime Policy and Research, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Adelaide
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O’Hare K, Watkeys O, Dean K, Tzoumakis S, Whitten T, Harris F, Laurens KR, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Self-harm and suicidal ideation among young people is more often recorded by child protection than health services in an Australian population cohort. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2023; 57:1527-1537. [PMID: 37282347 PMCID: PMC10666519 DOI: 10.1177/00048674231179652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated patterns of service contact for self-harm and suicidal ideation recorded by a range of human service agencies - including health, police and child protection - with specific focus on overlap and sequences of contacts, age of first contact and demographic and intergenerational characteristics associated with different service responses to self-harm. METHODS Participants were 91,597 adolescents for whom multi-agency linked data were available in a longitudinal study of a population cohort in New South Wales, Australia. Self-harm and suicide-related incidents from birth to 18 years of age were derived from emergency department, inpatient hospital admission, mental health ambulatory, child protection and police administrative records. Descriptive statistics and binomial logistic regression were used to examine patterns of service contacts. RESULTS Child protection services recorded the largest proportion of youth with reported self-harm and suicidal ideation, in which the age of first contact for self-harm was younger relative to other incidents of self-harm recorded by other agencies. Nearly 40% of youth with a health service contact for self-harm also had contact with child protection and/or police services for self-harm. Girls were more likely to access health services for self-harm than boys, but not child protection or police services. CONCLUSION Suicide prevention is not solely the responsibility of health services; police and child protection services also respond to a significant proportion of self-harm and suicide-related incidents. High rates of overlap among different services responding to self-harm suggest the need for cross-agency strategies to prevent suicide in young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie O’Hare
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Oliver Watkeys
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Center for Law and Justice, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Whitten T, Cale J, Nathan S, Hayen A, Williams M, Shanahan M, Ferry M. Duration of stay and rate of subsequent criminal conviction and hospitalisation for substance use among young people admitted to a short-term residential program. Drug Alcohol Rev 2023; 42:1450-1460. [PMID: 37042736 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the association between program duration and rate of criminal conviction and hospitalisation for substance use up to 15 years later among young people admitted to a short-term residential program for drug and alcohol use. METHODS Data were derived from linked administrative records of all clients referred to a modified therapeutic community for young people from January 2001 to December 2016 in New South Wales, Australia (n = 3059). Cox proportional hazards regression analyses examined the rate of conviction (separately for any offence, violent offence, non-violent offence and administrative offence) and hospitalisation for substance use, up to 15 years post-program among young people who attended treatment for 1-29 days, 30-59 days, 60-89 days and 90-120 days. RESULTS Thirty days or more in treatment was independently associated with a lower rate of conviction for any offence and a non-violent offence, as well as hospitalisation for substance use, while 60 days or more was associated with a lower rate of conviction for a violent and administrative offence, relative to those who spent 1-29 days in the program. Additional months in the program were also associated with reduced rates of conviction and hospitalisation, although 90-120 days appeared to confer no additional benefits than 60-89 days. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS At least 60 days may be the minimum duration needed for short-term, therapeutic community programs to reduce the risk of conviction across all crime types and hospitalisation for substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Whitten
- Center for Law and Justice, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jesse Cale
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Sally Nathan
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Hayen
- School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Megan Williams
- School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marian Shanahan
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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O'Hare K, Watkeys O, Whitten T, Dean K, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Cumulative environmental risk in early life is associated with mental disorders in childhood. Psychol Med 2023; 53:4762-4771. [PMID: 35866367 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722001702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No single environmental factor is a necessary or sufficient cause of mental disorder; multifactorial and transdiagnostic approaches are needed to understand the impact of the environment on the development of mental disorders across the life course. METHOD Using linked multi-agency administrative data for 71 932 children from the New South Wales Child Developmental Study, using logistic regression, we examined associations between 16 environmental risk factors in early life (prenatal period to <6 years of age) and later diagnoses of mental disorder recorded in health service data (from age 6 to 13 years), both individually and summed as an environmental risk score (ERS). RESULTS The ERS was associated with all types of mental disorder diagnoses in a dose-response fashion, such that 2.8% of children with no exposure to any of the environmental factors (ERS = 0), compared to 18.3% of children with an ERS of 8 or more indicating exposure to 8 or more environmental factors (ERS ⩾ 8), had been diagnosed with any type of mental disorder up to age 13-14 years. Thirteen of the 16 environmental factors measured (including prenatal factors, neighbourhood characteristics and more proximal experiences of trauma or neglect) were positively associated with at least one category of mental disorder. CONCLUSION Exposure to cumulative environmental risk factors in early life is associated with an increased likelihood of presenting to health services in childhood for any kind of mental disorder. In many instances, these factors are preventable or capable of mitigation by appropriate public policy settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie O'Hare
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Oliver Watkeys
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
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O’Hare K, Watkeys O, Whitten T, Dean K, Laurens KR, Tzoumakis S, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Cumulative Environmental Risk in Early Life: Associations With Schizotypy in Childhood. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:244-254. [PMID: 36302227 PMCID: PMC10016419 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Psychotic disorders are associated with a growing number of recognized environmental exposures. Cumulative exposure to multiple environmental risk factors in childhood may contribute to the development of different patterns of schizotypy evident in early life. Hypotheses were that distinct profiles of schizotypy would have differential associations with a cumulative score of environmental risk factors. STUDY DESIGN We prospectively examined the relationship between 19 environmental exposures (which had demonstrated replicated associations with psychosis) measured from the prenatal period through to age 11 years, and 3 profiles of schizotypy in children (mean age = 11.9 years, n = 20 599) that have been established in population data from the New South Wales-Child Development Study. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between membership in each of 3 schizotypy profiles (true schizotypy, introverted schizotypy, and affective schizotypy) and exposure to a range of 19 environmental risk factors for psychosis (both individually and summed as a cumulative environmental risk score [ERS]), relative to children showing no risk. RESULTS Almost all environmental factors were associated with at least 1 schizotypy profile. The cumulative ERS was most strongly associated with the true schizotypy profile (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.52-1.70), followed by the affective (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.28-1.38), and introverted (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.28-1.37) schizotypy profiles. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with the cumulative risk hypothesis, results indicate that an increased number of risk exposures is associated with an increased likelihood of membership in the 3 schizotypy profiles identified in middle childhood, relative to children with no schizotypy profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie O’Hare
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Oliver Watkeys
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
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Athanassiou U, Green MJ, Tzoumakis S, Whitten T, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ, Dean K. Relationships between parental mental illness and/or offending and offspring contact with the police in childhood: Findings from a longitudinal record-linkage study. Crim Behav Ment Health 2023; 33:72-84. [PMID: 36683139 PMCID: PMC10947495 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental offending and mental illness are associated with an increased risk of criminal behaviour in offspring during adolescence and adulthood, but the impact of such problems on younger children, including children's experiences of victimisation, is less well known. AIM To investigate the associations between parental offending and mental illness recorded prior to their offspring's age of 5 years and their offspring's contact with police as a 'person of interest', 'victim' or 'witness' between ages 5 and 13 years. METHODS Our sample consisted of 72,771 children and their parents drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study, an Australian longitudinal population-based record linkage study. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between parental factors and offspring's police contact. Separate models examined the relationships between maternal or paternal offending and mental illness, as well as the combination among either or both parents, as the independent variables, and their child's police contact as the dependent variable. RESULTS Parental offending and mental illness were each individually associated with indices of police contact among offspring. Stronger associations were observed when both offending and mental illness were present together (in either parent, or when one parent had both exposures). Stronger associations were evident for mothers with both factors across all offspring police contact types, relative to fathers with both factors, in fully adjusted models; that is, children of mothers with both factors were over four times as likely to have contact with police as a 'person of interest' (OR = 4.29; 95% CI = 3.75-4.92) and over three times as likely to have contact as a victim (OR = 3.35; 95% CI = 3.01-3.74) or witness (OR = 3.58; 95% CI = 3.03-4.24), than children whose mothers had no history of offending or mental illness. CONCLUSIONS Children with a parental history of offending and mental illness in early life are at an increased likelihood of early police contact as young as 5-13 years of age; it is vital that this is taken as a signal to help them and their affected families according to need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Athanassiou
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Melissa J. Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology and Criminal JusticeGriffith UniversitySouthportQLDAustralia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- Center for Law and JusticeCharles Sturt UniversityPort MacquarieNSWAustralia
| | - Kristin R. Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- School of Psychology and CounsellingQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Vaughan J. Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNSWAustralia
- Department of PsychiatryMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental HealthSchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health NetworkMatravilleNSWAustralia
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Malvaso CG, Cale J, Whitten T, Day A, Singh S, Hackett L, Delfabbro PH, Ross S. Associations Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Trauma Among Young People Who Offend: A Systematic Literature Review. Trauma Violence Abuse 2022; 23:1677-1694. [PMID: 33960233 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211013132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review synthesized current knowledge about the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among young people known to have offended and examined evidence of associations between ACEs, trauma symptoms, and offending behavior. A systematic search of English-language, peer-reviewed studies published from the year 2000 onwards was conducted. A final pool of 124 studies that reported quantitative data were included in the review. The Cambridge Quality Checklist for the assessment of studies on offending was used to assess methodological quality of included studies. Pooled data indicated that almost 87% of justice-involved young people across 13 countries experienced at least one traumatic event. The odds of experiencing at least one ACE were over 12 times greater for justice-involved young people compared with nonjustice-involved young people. Prevalence of individual ACEs ranged from 12.2% for childhood sexual abuse to 80.4% for parental separation among justice-involved young people. Those who reported both a higher number and multiple types of ACEs were more likely to be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress symptoms. However, when considering only high-quality studies, there was minimal evidence to suggest that a higher incidence of ACEs predicted trauma symptoms or that trauma symptoms mediated the association between ACEs and offending behavior. Further research is needed to elucidate factors that differentiate young people exposed to ACEs who go on to offend from those who do not. This research is essential to understanding whether ACEs and trauma are drivers of offending behavior and for informing prevention and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia G Malvaso
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jesse Cale
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Day
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara Singh
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louisa Hackett
- Department of Human Services, Youth Justice Directorate, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Stuart Ross
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Whitten T, Green MJ, Tzoumakis S, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ, Dean K. Early developmental vulnerabilities following exposure to domestic violence and abuse: Findings from an Australian population cohort record linkage study. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 153:223-228. [PMID: 35841818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Early life exposure to Domestic Violence and Abuse (DVA) is associated with poor psychosocial and cognitive development in childhood. However, most prior research uses mother-reported involvement in DVA as a proxy indicator of child exposure; studies using direct measures of child exposure to DVA are scarce, especially among representative population-based samples. We address this gap by using longitudinal, population-based data from an Australian record linkage study of children to examine the associations between early life exposure to DVA and early childhood developmental vulnerability. Exposure to DVA was measured using police contact records for children involved in a DVA incident either as a victim or witness. Developmental vulnerability at school entry was measured using the Australian Early Development Census, providing indices of five broad domains of function and person-centred classes of developmental risk (referred to as 'mild generalized risk', 'misconduct risk', and 'pervasive risk', each compared to a group showing 'no risk'). Children exposed to DVA showed significantly greater odds of developmental vulnerability on all five domains and were more likely to be members of the three developmental risk classes. Girls who were victims of DVA (OR = 1.65) had significantly poorer developmental outcomes than boys who were victims (OR = 1.26) within the domain of communication skills and general knowledge (d = 0.29 [SE = 0.16], p = .04). No other sex differences were found. These preliminary findings hold important implications for policy regarding the early intervention and implementation of support services for young children exposed to DVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Botany Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Napier Building, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Botany Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, 139 Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Parkland Drive, Southport, QLD, 4125, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Botany Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Botany Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Botany Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, 139 Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Level 3 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Botany Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, 5005, Australia
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O'Hare K, Watkeys O, Whitten T, Dean K, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Parental and community risk factors for childhood self-harm thoughts and behaviours. J Affect Disord 2022; 310:279-283. [PMID: 35569604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood self-harm is rare but increasing in frequency. Little is known about risk factors specifically for self-harm in preteen children. METHODS We examined self-harm thoughts and behaviours in children aged 3-14 years in association with parental and community-level risk factors, using a large general population-based record linkage sample (n = 74,479). RESULTS Parental factors were strongly associated with childhood self-harm, with over three-quarters of children with self-harm having a parent with a history of mental disorder and/or criminal offending. Community-level factors (socioeconomic deprivation, remote or regional location, and neighbourhood crime rate) were not associated with childhood self-harm after adjustment for confounding factors. LIMITATIONS Measures of self-harm thoughts and behaviours derived from administrative data likely underestimate the prevalence of self-harm in the population. CONCLUSIONS Intergenerational transmission of risk factors is likely an important contributor to childhood self-harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie O'Hare
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Oliver Watkeys
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
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Green MJ, Watkeys OJ, Kariuki M, Hindmarsh G, Whitten T, Dean K, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ. Forecasting childhood adversities from conditions of birth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2022; 36:230-242. [PMID: 35107846 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childbirth presents an optimal time for identifying high-risk families to commence intervention that could avert various childhood health and social adversities. OBJECTIVE We sought to establish the minimum set of exposures required to accurately predict a range of adverse childhood outcomes up to the age of 13 years, from a set of 14 individual and familial risk exposures evident at the time of birth. METHODS Participants were 72,059 Australian children and their parents drawn from a multi-register population cohort study (data spanning 1994-2018). Risk exposures included male sex, young mother (aged ≤21 years), no (or late first; >16 weeks) antenatal visit, maternal smoking during pregnancy, small for gestational age, preterm birth, pregnancy complications (any of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes or pre-eclampsia), >2 previous pregnancies of ≥20 weeks, socio-economic disadvantage, prenatal child protection notification, and maternal or paternal mental disorder or criminal offending history. Individual outcomes included early childhood developmental vulnerability (age 5 years), sustained educational underachievement (age 8 and 10 years), mental disorder diagnoses, substantiated childhood maltreatment, and contact with the police as a victim or person-of-interest up to age 13-14 years. RESULTS Risk exposures at birth predicted individual childhood outcomes with fair to excellent accuracy: the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves ranged between 0.60 (95% CI 0.58, 0.62) for childhood mental disorder and 0.83 (95% CI 0.82, 0.85) for substantiated child maltreatment. The presence of five or more exposures characterised 12-25% of children with one or more adverse outcomes and showed high predictive certainty for models predicting multiple outcomes, which were apparent in 9% of the population. CONCLUSIONS Up to a quarter of the neonatal population at risk of multiple adverse outcomes can be detected at birth, with implications for population health screening. However, cautious implementation of these models is warranted, given their relatively low positive predictive values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Oliver J Watkeys
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maina Kariuki
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Hindmarsh
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Justice Health & Forensic Mental Network, Matraville, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Whitten T, Cale J, Nathan S, Bista S, Ferry M, Williams M, Rawstorne P, Hayen A. Hospitalisation following therapeutic community drug and alcohol treatment for young people with and without a history of criminal conviction. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 231:109280. [PMID: 35030508 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examines the association between treatment in a therapeutic community for adolescents with drug and alcohol problems on hospitalisation outcomes up to 15 years later for all clients, and separately for those with and without a history of criminal conviction. METHOD A quasi-experimental design was used to examine the linked administrative health and criminal justice records for all adolescents admitted to the Program for Adolescent Life Management (PALM) from January 2001 to December 2016 (n = 3059) in Sydney, Australia. ICD-10AM codes were used to designate hospitalisation outcomes as either physical injury, mental health problems, substance use disorders, or organic illness. The treatment and comparison groups were matched on factors associated with program retention, resulting in a final sample of 1266 clients. We examined the rate of hospitalisation up to 15 years posttreatment for all clients and stratified by prior conviction status using Cox regression analyses. RESULTS The treatment group had significantly lower rates of hospitalisation for a physical injury (HR = 0.77 [95% CI = 0.61-0.98]), mental health problem (HR = 0.62 [95% CI = 0.47-0.81]), substance use disorder (HR = 0.59 [95% CI = 0.47-0.75]), and organic illness (HR = 0.71 [95% CI = 0.55-0.92]). There was a significant interaction between treatment and prior criminal conviction status on rate of hospitalisation for physical injury, suggesting that the effect of treatment on physical injury was significantly greater for clients with a prior criminal conviction. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents who engage in a therapeutic community treatment program may have a long-lasting reduction in the risk of subsequent hospitalisation. This also appears to apply to those with a history of criminal conviction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Whitten
- School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Jesse Cale
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sally Nathan
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarita Bista
- School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Ferry
- Ted Noffs Foundation, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Megan Williams
- School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick Rawstorne
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Hayen
- School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Laurens KR, Dean K, Whitten T, Tzoumakis S, Harris F, Waddy N, Prendergast T, Taiwo M, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Early childhood predictors of elementary school suspension: An Australian record linkage study. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Green MJ, Watkeys OJ, Whitten T, Thomas C, Kariuki M, Dean K, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ. Increased incidence of childhood mental disorders following exposure to early life infection. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:376-382. [PMID: 34390804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life exposure to infectious diseases confers risk for adult psychiatric disorders but relatively few human population studies have examined associations with childhood mental disorder. Here we examined the effects of exposure to maternal infection during pregnancy, and child infectious diseases in early childhood (birth to age 4 years), in relation to first mental disorder diagnosis (age 5-13 years). The study sample comprised 71,841 children represented in a population cohort of children in New South Wales, Australia, followed from birth to early adolescence via linkage of administrative registers. Childhood exposure to infectious disease was determined during the prenatal period (i.e., maternal infection during gestation), and in early childhood (between birth and age 4 years) using the NSW Ministry of Health Admitted Patients data collection. Days to first diagnosis with a mental disorder was determined from recorded diagnoses between age 5-13 years in the NSW Ministry of Health's Admitted Patients, Emergency Department and Mental Health Ambulatory data collections. While crude hazard ratios for both prenatal infection and childhood infection exposures indicated significantly earlier diagnosis with mental disorders associated with both of these risk factors, only childhood infection exposure was associated with higher adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for any diagnoses (aHR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.11-1.32), externalising disorders (aHR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.18-1.79) and developmental disorders (aHR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.49-2.22) when the effects of maternal and early childhood (age < 5 years) mental disorders were taken into account. Exposure to infectious diseases during early childhood, but not prenatal infection exposure, appears to be associated with earlier diagnosis of mental disorders in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Oliver J Watkeys
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Catherine Thomas
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maina Kariuki
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Psychology and Counselling, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Green MJ, Piotrowska PJ, Tzoumakis S, Whitten T, Laurens KR, Butler M, Katz I, Harris F, Carr VJ. Profiles of Resilience from Early to Middle Childhood among Children Known to Child Protection Services. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2021:1-13. [PMID: 34554857 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2021.1969652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The processes facilitating resilience are likely to be influenced by individual, familial and contextual factors that are dynamic across the life-course. These factors have been less studied in relation to resilience profiles evident in the developmental period between early to middle childhood, relative to later periods of adolescence or adulthood. METHOD This study examined factors associated with resilience in a cohort of 4,716 children known to child protection services by age 13 years, in the Australian State of New South Wales. Latent profile and transition analyses were used to identify multi-dimensional profiles of resilience as evident in social, emotional and cognitive functioning when assessed in early childhood (time 1 [T1], age 5-6 years) and middle childhood (time 2 [T2], age 10-11 years). Logistic regression models were used to investigate factors associated with two types of resilience identified: a transition profile of stress-resistance (i.e., represented by a typically developing profile at both T1 and T2) delineated in the largest subgroup (54%) of children, and a smaller subgroup (13%) with a profile of emergent resilience (i.e., typically developing at T2 following a vulnerable profile at T1). RESULTS Factors associated with resilience profiles included being female, and personality characteristics of openness and extraversion; other factors associated with stress-resistance, specifically, included higher socioeconomic status, non-Indigenous background, higher perceived port at home and at school, and not having a parent with a history of criminal offending. CONCLUSIONS Resilience processes appear to involve a complex interplay between individual, family, and community characteristics requiring interagency support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales.,Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA)
| | | | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University.,School of Law, Society and Criminology, University of New South Wales (UNSW, Sydney)
| | - Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales.,School of Social Science, University of Adelaide
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
| | | | - Ilan Katz
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales
| | | | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales.,Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA).,Department of Psychiatry, Monash University
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Dean K, Whitten T, Tzoumakis S, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Incidence of Early Police Contact Among Children With Emerging Mental Health Problems in Australia. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2112057. [PMID: 34156455 PMCID: PMC8220465 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In adulthood and adolescence, mental health vulnerability is known to be associated with risk of criminal justice system contact as both a perpetrator and survivor of crime, but whether this association is apparent early in child development is unknown. Prevention of poor outcomes, including repeated contact with the criminal justice system, relies on the identification of vulnerability early in life and at the start of such contact. OBJECTIVE To ascertain whether children with emotional or behavioral problems and general developmental vulnerabilities are at an increased risk of subsequent contact with police as a person of interest, a survivor of crime, or a witness. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study used routinely collected data from the New South Wales Child Development Study in Australia. The cohort was composed of children who entered full-time schooling in New South Wales in 2009, had complete data for the emotional maturity domain of the Australian Early Development Census, and had no police contact before January 1, 2009. The children in the cohort were followed up until the age of 13 years. Data were analyzed from October 17, 2019, to May 13, 2020. EXPOSURES Emotional or behavioral problems and developmental risk profiles derived from the teacher-rated Australian Early Development Census. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Incidence rates of police contact (as a person of interest, survivor of crime, or witness) were derived from the New South Wales Police Force Computerised Operational Policing System. RESULTS A total of 79 801 children (40 584 boys [50.9%]; 2009 mean [SD] age, 5.2 [0.37] years) were included. Children with teacher-identified emotional or behavioral problems at school entry had an incidence rate of police contact (for any reason) that was twice that of children without such problems (unadjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.14; 95% CI, 1.94-2.37). Contact with police as a survivor of crime was most commonly recorded (7350 [9.2%]), but the strength of the association was greatest between emotional or behavioral problems and police contact as a person of interest (unadjusted HR, 4.75; 95% CI, 3.64-6.19). Incidence of police contact as a person of interest was high for children with a pervasive developmental risk profile (unadjusted HR, 13.80; 95% CI, 9.79-19.45). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found an association of emerging emotional or behavioral problems and developmental vulnerabilities with increased risk of police contact for any reason among young children, suggesting that this well-known association in adults and adolescents can be identified at an earlier developmental stage. These findings support primary and secondary interventions to prevent police contact early in life and to target the earliest contacts with the criminal justice and educational systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Network, Matraville, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kristin R. Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vaughan J. Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Whitten T, Dean K, Li R, Laurens KR, Harris F, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Earlier Contact with Child Protection Services Among Children of Parents With Criminal Convictions and Mental Disorders. Child Maltreat 2021; 26:63-73. [PMID: 32618202 DOI: 10.1177/1077559520935204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Parental history of offending and/or mental illness are risk factors for child maltreatment. However, limited research has directly contrasted the role of maternal versus paternal criminal offending or mental health problems in contributing to earlier contact with the child protection system. In this study we examined the relative contributions of these risk factors in relation to the time to the offspring's first report to child protection services, or first placement in out of home care (OOHC), using administrative records for a population sample of 71,661 children. Prior paternal offending had a greater independent effect on time to the offspring's first contact with child protection services (HR = 2.27 [95% CI = 2.14-2.40]) than maternal offending (HR = 1.75 [95% CI = 1.63 -1.87]) or maternal mental disorder diagnosis (HR = 1.66 [95% CI = 1.57 -1.77]). By contrast, prior maternal offending (HR = 2.58 [95% CI = 2.26-2.95]) and mental disorder diagnosis (HR = 2.33 [95% CI = 2.05-2.63]) had a greater effect on earlier placement in OOHC, relative to prior paternal offending (HR = 1.59 [95% CI = 1.35 -1.88]) and mental disorder diagnosis (HR = 1.06 [95% CI = 0.94 -1.19]). These findings demonstrate the potential benefits of coordinated government responses across multiple agencies to identify vulnerable children and families who might benefit from early interventions or support services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, 7800University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, 7800University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Li
- School of Psychiatry, 7800University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, 7800University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, 7800University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, 7800University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, 2541Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, 7800University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Piotrowska PJ, Whitten T, Tzoumakis S, Laurens KR, Katz I, Carr VJ, Harris F, Green MJ. Transitions between socio-emotional and cognitive vulnerability profiles from early to middle childhood: a population study using multi-agency administrative records. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:1659-1670. [PMID: 32020304 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult psychosocial difficulties, including psychiatric disorders, are often preceded by childhood psychosocial vulnerabilities, presenting critical windows of opportunity for preventative intervention. The present study aimed to identify longitudinal patterns (representing transitions between profiles) of childhood socio-emotional and cognitive vulnerability in the general population from early to middle childhood, in relation to key risk factors (e.g. parental mental illness and offending). Data were drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study, which combines intergenerational multi-agency administrative records with cross-sectional assessments using data linkage methods. We analysed data from childhood assessments of socio-emotional and cognitive functioning at two time points (ages 5-6 and 10-11 years) that were linked with administrative data from government departments of health, child protection, and education for 19,087 children and their parents. Latent profile analyses were used to identify socio-emotional and cognitive profiles at each time point, and latent transition analyses were used to determine the probability and potential moderators of transition between profiles at each age. Three developmental profiles were identified in early childhood, reflecting typically developing, emotionally vulnerable, and cognitively vulnerable children, respectively; two profiles were identified in middle childhood, reflecting typically developing and vulnerable children. Child's sex, child protection services contact, parental mental illness, and parental offending influenced children's transitions between different vulnerability profiles, with the strongest effects for parental mental illness and child protection contact. Early detection of vulnerable children and factors promoting resilience are important steps in directing future health and social policy, and service planning for vulnerable children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ilan Katz
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Melissa J Green
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia. .,University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Whitten T, Laurens KR, Tzoumakis S, Kaggodaarachchi S, Green MJ, Harris F, Carr VJ, Dean K. The influence of parental offending on the continuity and discontinuity of children's internalizing and externalizing difficulties from early to middle childhood. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2019; 54:965-975. [PMID: 30756149 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although parental criminal offending is a recognized risk factor for conduct problems among offspring, its impact on the continuity and discontinuity of children's behavioural and emotional difficulties during the early development is less well known. We used data from a large, population-based record-linkage project to examine the relationship between parental offending and the continuity and discontinuity of children's conduct, attentional, and emotional difficulties from early to middle childhood while also considering the role of timing of the parental offending exposure. METHOD Data for 19,208 children and their parents were drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study. Multinomial regression analyses tested associations between mother's and father's history and timing of any and violent offending, and patterns of continuity or discontinuity in offspring emotional, conduct, and attentional difficulties between ages 5 and 11 years. RESULTS Maternal and paternal offending each conferred a significantly increased risk of all the patterns of developmental difficulties, including those limited to age 5 only (remitting problems), to age 11 only (incident problems), and to difficulties present at both ages 5 and 11 years (persisting problems). Greatest odds were observed for persisting conduct problems. Paternal offending that continued through early and middle childhood had the greatest association with child difficulties, while the timing of maternal offending had a less prominent effect on child developmental difficulties. CONCLUSION Parental offending is a strong risk factor for early and pervasive behavioural and emotional problems in offspring, and may be a key indicator of high risk for later antisocial behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
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21
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Whitten T, Green MJ, Laurens KR, Tzoumakis S, Harrs F, Carr V, Dean K. Parental offending and children's emergency department presentations in New South Wales, Australia. J Epidemiol Community Health 2019; 73:832-838. [PMID: 31152075 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2019-212392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Children whose parents have a history of criminal offending may be at risk of higher rates of emergency department (ED) presentation, along with other adverse health outcomes. We used data from a large, population-based record linkage project to examine the association between maternal and paternal criminal offending and the incidence of ED presentations among child offspring. METHODS Data for 72 772 children with linked parental records were drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study. Information on parental criminal offending (spanning 1994-2016) and child ED presentations (spanning 2005-2016; approximately ages 2-12 years) was obtained from linked administrative records. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between parental offending and the incidence of children's ED presentations for any reason and for physical injury, while accounting for important covariates. RESULTS Child rates of ED presentation, particularly for physical injury, were higher among those with parental history of criminal offending, after adjusting for covariates. The magnitude of the association was higher for paternal criminal offending (ED presentation for any reason: HR=1.44 (95% CI 1.41 to 1.48); physical injury: HR=1.70 (95% CI 1.65 to 1.75)) than maternal criminal offending (any reason: HR=0.99 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.03); physical injury: HR=1.05 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.10)). CONCLUSION Children of parents, particularly of fathers, with a history of criminal offending have an increased incidence of ED presentation, including for potentially avoidable physical injury. These findings require replication and further research to understand the mechanisms underlying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Social Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Felicity Harrs
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vaughan Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia .,Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Whitten T, Stevens R, Ructtinger L, Tzoumakis S, Green MJ, Laurens KR, Holbrook A, Carr VJ. Connection to the Natural Environment and Well-Being in Middle Childhood. Ecopsychology 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/eco.2018.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert Stevens
- New South Wales Department of Education, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristin R. Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Allyson Holbrook
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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23
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Green MJ, Harris F, Laurens KR, Kariuki M, Tzoumakis S, Dean K, Islam F, Rossen L, Whitten T, Smith M, Holbrook A, Bore M, Brinkman S, Chilvers M, Sprague T, Stevens R, Carr VJ. Cohort Profile: The New South Wales Child Development Study (NSW-CDS)—Wave 2 (child age 13 years). Int J Epidemiol 2018; 47:1396-1397k. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Felicity Harris
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maina Kariuki
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| | - Fakhrul Islam
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Larissa Rossen
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tyson Whitten
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maxwell Smith
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Allyson Holbrook
- School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Miles Bore
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Sally Brinkman
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Australia Institute for Social Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Marilyn Chilvers
- NSW Department of Family and Community Services, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Whitten T, Bender JB, Smith K, Leano F, Scheftel J. Reptile-associated salmonellosis in Minnesota, 1996-2011. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:199-208. [PMID: 24909385 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reptile-associated salmonellosis (RAS) occurs when Salmonella is transmitted from a reptile to a human. This study describes the epidemiology of RAS in Minnesota during 1996-2011. All Minnesotans with confirmed Salmonella infections are reported to the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). Case patients are interviewed about illness characteristics and risk factors, including foods eaten, drinking and recreational water exposures, contact with ill people, and animal contact. Willing RAS case patients can submit stool from the reptile for culture. Serotype and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtype of Salmonella isolates from reptiles and case patients are compared. Of 8389 sporadic (not associated with an outbreak) non-typhoidal salmonellosis case patients in Minnesotans during 1996-2011, 290 (3.5%) reported reptile exposure. The median age of case patients with reptile exposure was 11 years, 31% were under the age of 5 years and 67% were under the age of 20 years; 50% were female. The median illness duration was 8 days; 23% required hospitalization. The most commonly reported reptile exposures were lizard (47%), snake (20%), turtle (19%) and a combination of reptile types (14%). Eighty-four per cent of isolates from case patients who reported reptile exposure were Salmonella enterica subspecies I. The three most common serotypes were Typhimurium (15%), Enteritidis (7%) and subspecies IV serotypes (7%). Of 60 reptiles testing positive for Salmonella, 36 (60%) yielded the same Salmonella serotype as the human isolate. Twenty-six of 27 reptile isolates that were subtyped by PFGE were indistinguishable from the human isolate. Of these, 88% were subspecies I; the most common serotypes were Enteritidis (12%), Typhimurium (8%), and Bareilly (8%). RAS accounts for approximately 3.5% of salmonellosis cases in Minnesota, primarily affecting children. The majority of isolates from case patients and reptiles belonged to Salmonella subspecies I, suggesting that reptiles are a source of human infection with serotypes not traditionally considered to be reptile-associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Whitten
- Acute Disease Investigation and Control (ADIC), Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Frankland W, Kitchener JN, Whitten T, Hulme P. The delivery of the roof of Terminal 5. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Management, Procurement and Law 2007. [DOI: 10.1680/mpal.2007.160.3.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The 176 m free-spanning dramatic roof structure of Heathrow's Terminal 5 main terminal building will undoubtedly become one of London's iconic buildings. This paper describes the various processes that the roof team used to ensure compliance and system integrity in order to guarantee that the 17 000 t structure could be built safely while negotiating one of the project's critical paths. The paper describes the engineering issues and how collaborative working contributed to achieving one of BAA's most successful sub-projects. The focus of the paper concentrates on the structure and describes how the design criteria set the fundamental requirements for the construction operations while the design of both permanent and temporary works was developed together. It details the rigorous review and approval processes and describes why risk assessment and compliance audit were crucial. The importance of the team structure and how this operated in conjunction with the lifting protocol to guarantee the success of critical operations is emphasised. It covers the development of the engineering procedure and how this was used to develop the hold points to control key stages. A full description of the construction engineering studies is provided to highlight the complexity and extent of preparation undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T. Whitten
- Rowen Structures Ltd, Watson Steel Structures Ltd Bolton, UK
| | - P. Hulme
- Watson Steel Structures Ltd Bolton, UK
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Haimoff EH, Chivers DJ, Gittins SP, Whitten T. A phylogeny of gibbons (Hylobates spp.) based on morphological and behavioural characters. Folia Primatol (Basel) 1982; 39:213-37. [PMID: 7166287 DOI: 10.1159/000156079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A new estimate of the phylogenetic relationships among the nine gibbon taxa is presented, based on a compatibility analysis of 55 morphological and behavioural characters. The phylogeny presented here differs somewhat from those of other studies, but there appears to be a basic consensus that: the siamang and concolor gibbons represent the earliest forms to speciate; the agile, lar, moloch, Müller's, and pileated gibbons represent the lates forms to speciate; with the Kloss and hoolock gibbons representing intermediate forms. Although the hypotheses regarding the evolutionary direction of these characters remain subjective due to the lack of gibbons in the fossil record, the method used is totally objective in its approach and is repeatable when further data become available.
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