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Papp M, Gruca P, Litwa E, Lason M, Newman-Tancredi A, Depoortère R. The 5-HT1A receptor biased agonists, NLX-204 and NLX-101, like ketamine, elicit rapid-acting antidepressant activity in the rat chronic mild stress model via cortical mechanisms. J Psychopharmacol 2024:2698811241254832. [PMID: 38825869 DOI: 10.1177/02698811241254832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The highly selective 5-HT1A serotonin receptor "biased" agonists NLX-101 and NLX-204 display, like ketamine, potent and efficacious rapid-acting antidepressant (RAAD) activity in the rat chronic mild stress (CMS) model with systemic (i.p.) administration. They rapidly (within 1 day) reverse anhedonia (i.e., CMS-induced sucrose consumption deficit), attenuate working memory deficit (novel object recognition: NOR), and decrease anxiety behavior in the elevated-plus maze (EPM). AIMS Here, we sought to explore the contribution of prefrontal cortex (PFC) 5-HT1A receptor activation in the RAAD activity of NLX compounds. RESULTS/OUTCOMES In male Wistar rats, unilateral PFC microinjections of NLX-204 and NLX-101 (16 µg), like ketamine (10 µg), reproduced the effects of their systemic administration: they reversed CMS-induced sucrose consumption deficit, attenuated anxiety (EPM), and reduced working memory deficits (NOR). In addition, unilateral PFC microinjections of the selective 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY-100,635 (2 µg), attenuated the beneficial effects of systemic NLX-204 and NLX-101 (0.16 mg/kg i.p.) in the sucrose intake and NOR models, indicating that these compounds exert their RAAD activity specifically through activation of PFC 5-HT1A receptors. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data indicate that 5-HT1A receptor biased agonists share with ketamine a common neuroanatomical site for RAAD activity, which can be obtained not only by targeting glutamatergic/NMDA neurotransmission (ketamine's primary mechanism of action) but also by activating 5-HT1A receptors, as is the case for the NLX compounds. The present observations also reinforce the notion that biased agonism at 5-HT1A receptors constitutes a promising strategy to achieve RAAD effects, with additional benefits against cognitive deficits and anxiety in depressed patients, without ketamine's troublesome side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Papp
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Litwa
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lason
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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Grinchii D, Janáková Csatlósová K, Viñas-Noguera M, Dekhtiarenko R, Paliokha R, Lacinová Ľ, Dremencov E, Dubovický M. Effects of pre-gestational exposure to the stressors and perinatal bupropion administration on the firing activity of serotonergic neurons and anxiety-like behavior in rats. Behav Brain Res 2024; 459:114796. [PMID: 38048911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure by women to stressors before pregnancy increases their risk of contracting prenatal depression, a condition which typically may require antidepressant treatment. And even though such perinatal antidepressant treatment is generally considered to be safe. For the mother, its effects on the development and functioning of the offspring`s brain remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of pregestational chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and perinatal bupropion on the anxiety behavior and firing activity of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonin (5-HT) neurons. Female rats underwent CUS for three weeks before mating. Bupropion was administered to them from gestation day ten until their offspring were weaned. Behavioral (elevated plus maze or EPM test) and neurophysiological (single-unit in vivo electrophysiology) assessments were performed on offspring who reached the age of 48-56 days. We found that maternal CUS and perinatal bupropion, as separate factors on their own, did not change offspring behavior. There was, however, an interaction between their effects on the number of entries to the open arms and time spent in the intersection: maternal CUS tended to decrease these values, and perinatal bupropion tended to diminish CUS effect. Maternal CUS increased the firing activity of 5-HT neurons in males, but not females. Perinatal bupropion did not alter the firing activity of 5-HT neurons but tended to potentiate the maternal CUS-induced increase in 5-HT neuronal firing activity. The CUS-induced increase in firing activity of 5-HT neurons might be a compensatory mechanism that diminishes the negative effects of maternal stress. Perinatal bupropion does not alter the offspring`s anxiety and firing activity of 5-HT, but it does intervene in the effects of maternal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Grinchii
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Kristína Janáková Csatlósová
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mireia Viñas-Noguera
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Roman Dekhtiarenko
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ruslan Paliokha
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľubica Lacinová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eliyahu Dremencov
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Dubovický
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Kim KJ, Hwang J, Lee KW, Kim J, Han Y, Namgung U. Neuron-Microglia Interaction is Involved in Anti-inflammatory Response by Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Prefrontal Cortex of Rats Injected with Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04054-2. [PMID: 38383920 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Injection of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) into experimental animals induces neuroimmunological responses and thus has been used for the study of neurological disorders such as anxiety, depression, and chronic fatigue. Here, we investigated the effects of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on poly(I:C)-induced neuroinflammation and associated behavioral consequences in rats. The microglia in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) displayed the activated form of morphology in poly(I:C)-injected rats and changed to a normal shape after acute VNS (aVNS). Production of phospho-NF-κB, phospho-IκB, IL-1β, and cleaved caspase 3 was elevated by poly(I:C) and downregulated by aVNS. In contrast, phospho-Akt levels were decreased by poly(I:C) and increased by aVNS. Neuronal production of fractalkine (CX3CL1) in the PFC was markedly reduced by poly(I:C), but recovered by aVNS. Fractalkine interaction with its receptor CX3CR1 was highly elevated by VNS. We further demonstrated that the pharmacological blockade of CX3CR1 activity counteracted the production of IL-1β, phospho-Akt, and cleaved form of caspase 3 that was modulated by VNS, suggesting the anti-inflammatory effects of fractalkine-CX3CR1 signaling as a mediator of neuron-microglia interaction. Behavioral assessments of pain and temperature sensations by von Frey and hot/cold plate tests showed significant improvement by chronic VNS (cVNS) and forced swimming and marble burying tests revealed that the depressive-like behaviors caused by poly(I:C) injection were rescued by cVNS. We also found that the recognition memory which was impaired by poly(I:C) administration was improved by cVNS. This study suggests that VNS may play a role in regulating neuroinflammation and somatosensory and cognitive functions in poly(I:C)-injected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Joong Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak‑ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea
| | - Jinyeon Hwang
- Department of Korean Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak‑ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea
| | - Kang-Woo Lee
- Department of Korean Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak‑ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak‑ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea
| | - Yunha Han
- Department of Korean Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak‑ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea
| | - Uk Namgung
- Department of Korean Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak‑ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea.
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Papp M, Gruca P, Lason M, Litwa E, Newman-Tancredi A, Depoortère R. The 5-HT 1A receptor biased agonists, NLX-204 and NLX-101, display ketamine-like RAAD and anti-TRD activities in rat CMS models. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2419-2433. [PMID: 37310446 PMCID: PMC10593613 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES NLX-101 and NLX-204 are highly selective serotonin 5-HT1A 'biased' agonists, displaying potent and efficacious antidepressant-like activity upon acute administration in models such as the forced swim test. METHODS we compared the effects of repeated administration of NLX-101, NLX-204 and ketamine in the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression, considered to have high translational potential, on sucrose consumption (anhedonia measure), novel object recognition (NOR; working memory measure) and elevated plus maze (EPM; anxiety measure) in male Wistar and Wistar-Kyoto rats (the latter being resistant to classical antidepressants). RESULTS in Wistar rats, NLX-204 and NLX-101 (0.08-0.16 mg/kg i.p.), like ketamine (10 mg/kg i.p.) dose-dependently reversed CMS-induced sucrose intake deficit from treatment Day 1, with nearly full reversal observed at the higher dose at Days 8 and 15. These effects persisted for 3 weeks following treatment cessation. In the NOR test, both doses of NLX-101/NLX-204, and ketamine, rescued the deficit in discrimination index caused by CMS on Days 3 and 17; all three compounds increased time spent in open arms (EPM) but only NLX-204 achieved statistical significance on Days 2 and 16. In Wistar-Kyoto rats, all 3 compounds were also active in the sucrose test and, to a lesser extent, in the NOR and EPM. In non-stressed rats (both strains), the three compounds produced no significant effects in all tests. CONCLUSIONS these observations further strengthen the hypothesis that biased agonism at 5-HT1A receptors constitutes a promising strategy to achieve rapid-acting/sustained antidepressant effects combined with activity against TRD, in addition to providing beneficial effects against memory deficit and anxiety in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Papp
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lason
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Litwa
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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Chronic oral ketamine prevents anhedonia and alters neuronal activation in the lateral habenula and nucleus accumbens in rats under chronic unpredictable mild stress. Neuropharmacology 2023; 228:109468. [PMID: 36813161 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Acute injections of ketamine lead to rapid but transient antidepressant effects. Chronic oral treatment at low doses, a promising non-invasive alternative, may prolong this therapeutic effect. Here, we examine the antidepressant effects of chronic oral ketamine in rats under chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and reveal their neuronal correlates. Male Wistar rats were divided into control, ketamine, CUMS, and CUMS-ketamine groups. The CUMS protocol was applied to the latter two groups for 9 weeks, and ketamine (0.013 mg/ml) was provided ad libitum to the ketamine and CUMS-ketamine groups for 5 weeks. The sucrose consumption test, forced swim test, open field test, elevated plus maze, and Morris water maze were respectively used to assess anhedonia, behavioral despair, general locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior and spatial reference memory. CUMS caused a reduction of sucrose consumption and impaired spatial memory, accompanied by increased neuronal activation in the lateral habenula (LHb) and paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT). Oral ketamine prevented behavioral despair and CUMS-induced anhedonia. Reward-triggered c-Fos immunoreactivity was decreased in the LHb and increased in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) in the CUMS-ketamine group compared to the CUMS group. Ketamine did not produce a differential effect in the OFT, EPM and MWM. These results show that chronic oral ketamine at low doses prevents anhedonia without impairing spatial reference memory. The observed neuronal activation changes in the LHb and NAcSh may be involved in the preventive effects of ketamine on anhedonia. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Ketamine and its Metabolites".
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Abstract
This article describes a chronic mild stress (CMS) model for predicting antidepressant response and investigating mechanisms of antidepressant action in rats. Following exposure to a variety of mild stressors for several weeks, the rats' behavior is modified in several ways that parallel symptoms of depression. Among these is a substantial reduction in consumption of a 1% sucrose solution, which models the cardinal symptom of major depression, anhedonia. Our standard procedure employs a battery of behavioral tests, comprising weekly assessment of sucrose intake and, at the end of treatment, the elevated plus-maze and novel object recognition tests to assess the anxiogenic and dyscognitive effects of CMS. Chronic administration of antidepressant drugs reverses the decreased sucrose intake and other behavioral changes in these subjects. Also effective are second-generation antipsychotics. The CMS model can be employed in discovery programs to identify anti-anhedonic drugs (e.g., antidepressants and antipsychotics) that act more quickly than existing agents. While most antidepressants require 3 to 5 weeks to normalize behavior, some treatments provide a faster onset of action. For example, the CMS-induced deficits can be reversed by acute or sub-chronic application of treatments that act rapidly in depressed patients, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), ketamine, and scopolamine, as well as several compounds that have yet to be tested in humans but have fast-onset antidepressant-like effects in animals, such as the 5-HT-1A biased agonists NLX-101 and GLYX-13. Application of the CMS model in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats causes similar behavioral changes to those seen in Wistars, but these are not reversed by antidepressant treatment. However, WKY rats respond to DBS and ketamine, which are effective in patients who are antidepressant non-responders, establishing CMS in WKY rats as a model of treatment-resistant depression. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Induction of chronic mild stress in rats as a model of depression and treatment-resistant depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Papp
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paul Willner
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Zanos P, Brown KA, Georgiou P, Yuan P, Zarate CA, Thompson SM, Gould TD. NMDA Receptor Activation-Dependent Antidepressant-Relevant Behavioral and Synaptic Actions of Ketamine. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1038-1050. [PMID: 36596696 PMCID: PMC9908316 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1316-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a well-characterized NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, although the relevance of this pharmacology to its rapid (within hours of administration) antidepressant actions, which depend on mechanisms convergent with strengthening of excitatory synapses, is unclear. Activation of synaptic NMDARs is necessary for the induction of canonical long-term potentiation (LTP) leading to a sustained expression of increased synaptic strength. We tested the hypothesis that induction of rapid antidepressant effects requires NMDAR activation, by using behavioral pharmacology, western blot quantification of hippocampal synaptoneurosomal protein levels, and ex vivo hippocampal slice electrophysiology in male mice. We found that ketamine exerts an inverted U-shaped dose-response in antidepressant-sensitive behavioral tests, suggesting that an excessive NMDAR inhibition can prevent ketamine's antidepressant effects. Ketamine's actions to induce antidepressant-like behavioral effects, up-regulation of hippocampal AMPAR subunits GluA1 and GluA2, as well as metaplasticity measured ex vivo using electrically-stimulated LTP, were abolished by pretreatment with other non-antidepressant NMDAR antagonists, including MK-801 and CPP. Similarly, the antidepressant-like actions of other putative rapid-acting antidepressant drugs (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (ketamine metabolite), MRK-016 (GABAAα5 negative allosteric modulator), and LY341495 (mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist) were blocked by NMDAR inhibition. Ketamine acted synergistically with an NMDAR positive allosteric modulator to exert antidepressant-like behavioral effects and activation of the NMDAR subunit GluN2A was necessary and sufficient for such relevant effects. We conclude rapid-acting antidepressant compounds share a common downstream NMDAR-activation dependent effector mechanism, despite variation in initial pharmacological targets. Promoting NMDAR signaling or other approaches that enhance NMDAR-dependent LTP-like synaptic potentiation may be an effective antidepressant strategy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The anesthetic and antidepressant drug ketamine is well-characterized as an NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist; though, the relevance and full impact of this pharmacology to its antidepressant actions is unclear. We found that NMDAR activation, which occurs downstream of their initial actions, is necessary for the beneficial effects of ketamine and several other putative antidepressant compounds. As such, promoting NMDAR signaling, or other approaches that enhance NMDAR-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP)-like synaptic potentiation in vivo may be an effective antidepressant strategy directly, or acting synergistically with other drug or interventional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Zanos
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Kyle A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Polymnia Georgiou
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Department of Biology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Peixiong Yuan
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Scott M Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Todd D Gould
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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The effect of ketamine on anhedonia: improvements in dimensions of anticipatory, consummatory, and motivation-related reward deficits. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:2011-2039. [PMID: 35292831 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Anhedonia is a common, persistent, and disabling condition. However, available therapeutics primarily focus on the reduction of depressive and negative symptoms rather than amelioration of deficits in positive affect. As such, extant drug treatments remain largely ineffective in treating symptoms of anhedonia. Ketamine is a rapid-acting and novel therapeutic treatment for treatment-resistant depression, which has also been demonstrated to attenuate symptoms of anhedonia. However, the literature on the anti-anhedonic effects of ketamine is limited-especially within independent dimensions of this symptom domain. Herein, this review examined the impact of ketamine treatment on anhedonia and its dimensions on anticipatory, consummatory, and motivation-related reward deficits. Overall, the findings have shown a trend towards symptom reduction and/or improvements in anhedonia and their respective subdomains, in both human and preclinical studies, as well as its potential to provide additional benefit in reducing suicidality and improving quality-of-life. Although further research is required in understanding the long-term efficacy and mechanism, ketamine may provide an effective and rapid-acting therapeutic in an otherwise unmet domain.
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Lewis V, Rodrigue B, Arsenault E, Zhang M, Taghavi-Abkuh FF, Silva WCC, Myers M, Matta-Camacho E, Aguilar-Valles A. Translational control by ketamine and its implications for comorbid cognitive deficits in depressive disorders. J Neurochem 2022. [PMID: 35680556 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine has shown antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) resistant to first-line treatments and approved for use in this patient population. Ketamine induces several forms of synaptic plasticity, which are proposed to underlie its antidepressant effects. However, the molecular mechanism of action directly responsible for ketamine's antidepressant effects remains under active investigation. It was recently demonstrated that the effectors of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling pathway, namely, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding proteins 1 and 2 (4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2), are central in mediating ketamine-induced synaptic plasticity and behavioural antidepressant-like effect. 4E-BPs are a family of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) translation repressors inactivated by mTORC1. We observed that their expression in inhibitory interneurons mediates ketamine's effects in the forced swim and novelty suppressed feeding tests and the long-lasting inhibition of GABAergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus. In addition, another effector pathway that regulates translation elongation downstream of mTORC1, the eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K), has been implicated in ketamine's behavioural effects. We will discuss how ketamine's rapid antidepressant effect depends on the activation of neuronal mRNA translation through 4E-BP1/2 and eEF2K. Furthermore, given that these pathways also regulate cognitive functions, we will discuss the evidence of ketamine's effect on cognitive function in MDD. Overall, the data accrued from pre-clinical research have implicated the mRNA translation pathways in treating mood symptoms of MDD. However, it is yet unclear whether the pro-cognitive potential of subanesthetic ketamine in rodents also engages these pathways and whether such an effect is consistently observed in the treatment-resistant MDD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vern Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandon Rodrigue
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Arsenault
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Molly Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Mysa Myers
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edna Matta-Camacho
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Peptide LCGA-17 Attenuates Behavioral and Neurochemical Deficits in Rodent Models of PTSD and Depression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040462. [PMID: 35455459 PMCID: PMC9029485 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously described the LCGA-17 peptide as a novel anxiolytic and antidepressant candidate that acts through the α2δ VGCC (voltage-gated calcium channel) subunit with putative synergism with GABA-A receptors. The current study tested the potential efficacy of acute and chronic intranasal (i.n.) LCGA-17 (0.05 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg) in rats on predator odor-induced conditioned place aversion (POCPA), a model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) that produce a range of behavioral and physiological changes that parallel symptoms of depression in humans. CUS and LCGA-17 treatment effects were tested in the sucrose preference (SPT) social interaction (SI), female urine sniffing (FUST), novelty-suppressed feeding (NSFT), and forced swim (FST) tests. Analysis of the catecholamines content in brain structures after CUS was carried out using HPLC. The efficacy of i.n. LCGA-17 was also assessed using the Elevated plus-maze (EPM) and FST. Acute LCGA-17 administration showed anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in EPM and FST, similar to diazepam and ketamine, respectively. In the POCPA study, LCGA-17 significantly reduced place aversion, with efficacy greater than doxazosin. After CUS, chronic LCGA-17 administration reversed stress-induced alterations in numerous behavioral tests (SI, FUST, SPT, and FST), producing significant anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. Finally, LCGA-17 restored the norepinephrine levels in the hippocampus following stress. Together, these results support the further development of the LCGA-17 peptide as a rapid-acting anxiolytic and antidepressant.
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Rafało-Ulińska A, Brański P, Pałucha-Poniewiera A. Combined Administration of (R)-Ketamine and the mGlu2/3 Receptor Antagonist LY341495 Induces Rapid and Sustained Effects in the CUMS Model of Depression via a TrkB/BDNF-Dependent Mechanism. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020125. [PMID: 35215237 PMCID: PMC8879988 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is an effective, rapid-acting antidepressant drug (RAAD), but it induces side effects. To overcome these challenges, attempts have been made to use safer enantiomer ((R)-ketamine) or mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists, which induce ketamine-like effects and enhance its action. Here, we propose combining these two strategies to investigate the antidepressant-like effects of low doses of two ketamine enantiomers in combination with a low dose of the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist LY341495. Rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects were assessed in C57BL/6J mice using the tail suspension test (TST) and the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model of depression in stress-naïve mice. ELISA was used to measure BDNF levels. In the TST, low doses of both (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine were potentiated by a subeffective dose of LY341495. However, in the CUMS model, only (R)-ketamine was able to induce long-lasting anti-apathetic and anti-anhedonic effects when coadministered with low-dose LY341495. The mechanism of this drug combination was dependent on BDNF and AMPA receptor activity. ELISA results suggest that the hippocampus might be the site of this action. MGlu2/3 receptor antagonists, in combination with (R)-ketamine, may serve as potential RAADs, with a high efficiency and low risk of side effects.
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Riggs LM, An X, Pereira EFR, Gould TD. (R,S)-ketamine and (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine differentially affect memory as a function of dosing frequency. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:583. [PMID: 34772915 PMCID: PMC8590048 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A single subanesthetic infusion of ketamine can rapidly alleviate symptoms of treatment-resistant major depression. Since repeated administration is required to sustain symptom remission, it is important to characterize the potential untoward effects of prolonged ketamine exposure. While studies suggest that ketamine can alter cognitive function, it is unclear to what extent these effects are modulated by the frequency or chronicity of treatment. To test this, male and female adolescent (postnatal day [PD] 35) and adult (PD 60) BALB/c mice were treated for four consecutive weeks, either daily or thrice-weekly, with (R,S)-ketamine (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) or its biologically active metabolite, (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK; 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). Following drug cessation, memory performance was assessed in three operationally distinct tasks: (1) novel object recognition to assess explicit memory, (2) Y-maze to assess working memory, and (3) passive avoidance to assess implicit memory. While drug exposure did not influence working memory performance, thrice-weekly ketamine and daily (2R,6R)-HNK led to explicit memory impairment in novel object recognition independent of sex or age of exposure. Daily (2R,6R)-HNK impaired implicit memory in the passive-avoidance task whereas thrice-weekly (2R,6R)-HNK tended to improve it. These differential effects on explicit and implicit memory possibly reflect the unique mechanisms by which ketamine and (2R,6R)-HNK alter the functional integrity of neural circuits that subserve these distinct cognitive domains, a topic of clinical and mechanistic relevance to their antidepressant actions. Our findings also provide additional support for the importance of dosing frequency in establishing the cognitive effects of repeated ketamine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lace M Riggs
- Program in Neuroscience and Training Program in Integrative Membrane Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xiaoxian An
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Edna F R Pereira
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Todd D Gould
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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The Selective NMDA Receptor GluN2B Subunit Antagonist CP-101,606 with Antidepressant Properties Modulates Cytochrome P450 Expression in the Liver. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101643. [PMID: 34683936 PMCID: PMC8539289 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research indicates that selective NMDA receptor GluN2B subunit antagonists may become useful for the treatment of major depressive disorders. We aimed to examine in parallel the effect of the selective NMDA receptor GluN2B subunit antagonist CP-101,606 on the pituitary/serum hormone levels and on the regulation of cytochrome P450 in rat liver. CP-101,606 (20 mg/kg ip. for 5 days) decreased the activity of CYP1A, CYP2A, CYP2B, CYP2C11 and CYP3A, but not that of CYP2C6. The alterations in enzymatic activity were accompanied by changes in the CYP protein and mRNA levels. In parallel, a decrease in the pituitary growth hormone-releasing hormone, and in serum growth hormone and corticosterone (but not T3 and T4) concentration was observed. After a 3-week administration period of CP-101,606 less changes were found. A decrease in the CYP3A enzyme activity and protein level was still maintained, though no change in the mRNA level was found. A slight decrease in the serum concentration of corticosterone was also maintained, while GH level returned to the control value. The obtained results imply engagement of the glutamatergic system in the neuroendocrine regulation of cytochrome P450 and potential involvement of drugs acting on NMDA receptors in metabolic drug–drug interactions.
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Newman-Tancredi A, Depoortère RY, Kleven MS, Kołaczkowski M, Zimmer L. Translating biased agonists from molecules to medications: Serotonin 5-HT 1A receptor functional selectivity for CNS disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 229:107937. [PMID: 34174274 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biased agonism (or "functional selectivity") at G-protein-coupled receptors has attracted rapidly increasing interest as a means to improve discovery of more efficacious and safer pharmacotherapeutics. However, most studies are limited to in vitro tests of cellular signaling and few biased agonists have progressed to in vivo testing. As concerns 5-HT1A receptors, which exert a major control of serotonergic signaling in diverse CNS regions, study of biased agonism has previously been limited by the poor target selectivity and/or partial agonism of classically available ligands. However, a new generation of highly selective, efficacious and druggable agonists has advanced the study of biased agonism at this receptor and created new therapeutic opportunities. These novel agonists show differential properties for G-protein signaling, cellular signaling (particularly pERK), electrophysiological effects, neurotransmitter release, neuroimaging by PET and pharmacoMRI, and behavioral tests of mood, motor activity and side effects. Overall, NLX-101 (a.k.a. F15599) exhibits preferential activation of cortical and brain stem 5-HT1A receptors, whereas NLX-112 (a.k.a. befiradol or F13640) shows prominent activation of 5-HT1A autoreceptors in Raphe nuclei and in regions associated with motor control. Accordingly, NLX-101 is potently active in rodent models of depression and respiratory control, whereas NLX-112 shows promising activity in models of Parkinson's disease across several species - rat, marmoset and macaque. Moreover, NLX-112 has also been labeled with 18F to produce the first agonist PET radiopharmaceutical (known as [18F]-F13640) for investigation of the active state of 5-HT1A receptors in rodent, primate and human. The structure-functional activity relationships of biased agonists have been investigated by receptor modeling and novel compounds have been identified which exhibit increased affinity at 5-HT1A receptors and new profiles of cellular signaling bias, notably for β-arrestin recruitment versus pERK. Taken together, the data suggest that 5-HT1A receptor biased agonists constitute potentially superior pharmacological agents for treatment of CNS disorders involving serotonergic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luc Zimmer
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS-INSERM, France
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15
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Papp M, Cubala WJ, Swiecicki L, Newman-Tancredi A, Willner P. Perspectives for therapy of treatment-resistant depression. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:4181-4200. [PMID: 34128229 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A high proportion of depressed patients fail to respond to antidepressant drug treatment. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a major challenge for the psychopharmacology of mood disorders. Only in the past decade have novel treatments, including deep brain stimulation (DBS) and ketamine, been discovered that provide rapid and sometimes prolonged relief to a high proportion of TRD sufferers. In this review, we consider the current status of TRD from four perspectives: the challenge of developing an appropriate regulatory framework for novel rapidly acting antidepressants; the efficacy of non-pharmacological somatic therapies; the development of an animal model of TRD and its use to understand the neural basis of antidepressant non-response; and the potential for rapid antidepressant action from targets (such as 5-HT1A receptors) beyond the glutamate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Papp
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiesław Jerzy Cubala
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lukasz Swiecicki
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Paul Willner
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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16
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Ebeid MA, Habib MZ, Mohamed AM, Faramawy YE, Saad SST, El-Kharashi OA, El Magdoub HM, Abd-Alkhalek HA, Aboul-Fotouh S, Abdel-Tawab AM. Cognitive effects of the GSK-3 inhibitor "lithium" in LPS/chronic mild stress rat model of depression: Hippocampal and cortical neuroinflammation and tauopathy. Neurotoxicology 2021; 83:77-88. [PMID: 33417987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-dose repeated lipopolysaccharide pre-challenge followed by chronic mild stress (LPS/CMS) protocol has been introduced as a rodent model of depression combining the roles of immune activation and chronic psychological stress. However, the impact of this paradigm on cognitive functioning has not been investigated hitherto. METHODS This study evaluated LPS/CMS-induced cognitive effects and the role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activation with subsequent neuroinflammation and pathological tau deposition in the pathogenesis of these effects using lithium (Li) as a tool for GSK-3 inhibition. RESULTS LPS pre-challenge reduced CMS-induced neuroinflammation, depressive-like behavior and cognitive inflexibility. It also improved spatial learning but increased GSK-3β expression and exaggerated hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Li ameliorated CMS and LPS/CMS-induced depressive and cognitive deficits, reduced GSK-3β over-expression and tau hyperphosphorylation, impeded neuroinflammation and enhanced neuronal survival. CONCLUSION This study draws attention to LPS/CMS-triggered cognitive changes and highlights how prior low-dose immune challenge could develop an adaptive capacity to buffer inflammatory damage and maintain the cognitive abilities necessary to withstand threats. This work also underscores the favorable effect of Li (as a GSK-3β inhibitor) in impeding exaggerated tauopathy and neuroinflammation, rescuing neuronal survival and preserving cognitive functions. Yet, further in-depth studies utilizing different low-dose LPS challenge schedules are needed to elucidate the complex interactions between immune activation and chronic stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai A Ebeid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z Habib
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasser El Faramawy
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherin S T Saad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omnyah A El-Kharashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hekmat M El Magdoub
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hadwa A Abd-Alkhalek
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sawsan Aboul-Fotouh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abdel-Tawab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Vecchia DD, Kanazawa LKS, Wendler E, Hocayen PDAS, Vital MABF, Takahashi RN, Da Cunha C, Miyoshi E, Andreatini R. Ketamine reversed short-term memory impairment and depressive-like behavior in animal model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Bull 2021; 168:63-73. [PMID: 33359641 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The most common features of Parkinson's disease (PD) are motor impairments, but many patients also present depression and memory impairment. Ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, has been shown to be effective in patients with treatment-resistant major depression. Thus, the present study evaluated the action of ketamine on memory impairment and depressive-like behavior in an animal model of PD. Male Wistar rats received a bilateral infusion of 6 μg/side 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Short-term memory was evaluated by the social recognition test, and depressive-like behaviors were evaluated by the sucrose preference and forced swimming tests (FST). Drug treatments included vehicle (i.p., once a week); ketamine (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg, i.p., once a week); and imipramine (20 mg/kg, i.p., daily). The treatments were administered 21 days after the SNc lesion and lasted for 28 days. The SNc lesion impaired short-term social memory, and all ketamine doses reversed the memory impairment and anhedonia (reduction of sucrose preference) induced by 6-OHDA. In the FST, 6-OHDA increased immobility, and all doses of ketamine and imipramine reversed this effect. The anti-immobility effect of ketamine was associated with an increase in swimming but not in climbing, suggesting a serotonergic effect. Ketamine and imipramine did not reverse the 6-OHDA-induced reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry in the SNc. In conclusion, ketamine reversed depressive-like behaviors and short-term memory impairment in rats with SNc bilateral lesions, indicating a promising profile for its use in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Dalla Vecchia
- Department of Pharmacology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Uniandrade, Centro Universitário Campos de Andrade, Santa Quiteria, 80310-310, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz Kae Sales Kanazawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Etiéli Wendler
- Department of Pharmacology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Uniandrade, Centro Universitário Campos de Andrade, Santa Quiteria, 80310-310, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Palloma de Almeida Soares Hocayen
- Department of Pharmacology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Barbato Frazão Vital
- Department of Pharmacology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Naoto Takahashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, 88049-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Claudio Da Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Edmar Miyoshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Avenida General Carlos Cavalcanti 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberto Andreatini
- Department of Pharmacology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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18
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Kaniakova M, Korabecny J, Holubova K, Kleteckova L, Chvojkova M, Hakenova K, Prchal L, Novak M, Dolezal R, Hepnarova V, Svobodova B, Kucera T, Lichnerova K, Krausova B, Horak M, Vales K, Soukup O. 7-phenoxytacrine is a dually acting drug with neuroprotective efficacy in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114460. [PMID: 33571502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartaterecepro receptor (NMDARs) are a subclass of glutamate receptors, which play an essential role in excitatory neurotransmission, but their excessive overactivation by glutamate leads to excitotoxicity. NMDARs are hence a valid pharmacological target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders; however, novel drugs targeting NMDARs are often associated with specific psychotic side effects and abuse potential. Motivated by currently available treatment against neurodegenerative diseases involving the inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and NMDARs, administered also in combination, we developed a dually-acting compound 7-phenoxytacrine (7-PhO-THA) and evaluated its neuropsychopharmacological and drug-like properties for potential therapeutic use. Indeed, we have confirmed the dual potency of 7-PhO-THA, i.e. potent and balanced inhibition of both AChE and NMDARs. We discovered that it selectively inhibits the GluN1/GluN2B subtype of NMDARs via an ifenprodil-binding site, in addition to its voltage-dependent inhibitory effect at both GluN1/GluN2A and GluN1/GluN2B subtypes of NMDARs. Furthermore, whereas NMDA-induced lesion of the dorsal hippocampus confirmed potent anti-excitotoxic and neuroprotective efficacy, behavioral observations showed also a cholinergic component manifesting mainly in decreased hyperlocomotion. From the point of view of behavioral side effects, 7-PhO-THA managed to avoid these, notably those analogous to symptoms of schizophrenia. Thus, CNS availability and the overall behavioral profile are promising for subsequent investigation of therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kaniakova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Holubova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kleteckova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Chvojkova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Hakenova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Novak
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Svobodova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Lichnerova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Krausova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Horak
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Vales
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Depoortère R, Auclair AL, Newman-Tancredi A. NLX-101, a highly selective 5-HT 1A receptor biased agonist, mediates antidepressant-like activity in rats via prefrontal cortex 5-HT 1A receptors. Behav Brain Res 2020; 401:113082. [PMID: 33358917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
NLX-101 (also known as F15599) exhibits nanomolar affinity, exceptional selectivity and biased agonist activation of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors. Given systemically, it displays antidepressant-like activity in the rat forced swim test (FST), and preferentially activates 5-HT1A post-synaptic heteroreceptors in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a brain region involved in the control of mood. Here, we assessed the ability of NLX-101 to produce antidepressant-like activity in the FST following in-situ PFC unilateral microinjection. (+)8-OH-DPAT and F13714, two 5-HT1A receptor agonists that do not display cortical biased agonism, were tested as comparators. NLX-101 decreased time spent in immobility in a bi-modal manner, with a first MED of 0.25 μg (immobility reduced from 160 to 80 s) but immobility returned to control levels at the next dose (1 μg). At higher doses, immobility decreased monotonically, with a second MED of 16 μg and a maximal effect (36 s) at 32 μg. (+)8-OH-DPAT and F13714 also diminished immobility but, unlike NLX-101, they did so in a unimodal manner, with MEDs of 1 and 4 μg, and maximal responses of 31 and 4 s, for (+)8-OH-DPAT and F13714, respectively. The effects of (+)8-OH-DPAT (16 μg) and of both active doses of NLX-101 (0.25 and 16 μg) were prevented by the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100,635 (0.63 mg/kg s.c.). In conclusion, activation of 5-HT1A receptors in the PFC by NLX-101 produces robust antidepressant-like effects in the rat FST, with a distinctive bimodal dose-response pattern. These data suggest that NLX-101 may target specific 5-HT1A receptor subpopulations in PFC, likely located on GABAergic and/or glutamatergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Depoortère
- Neurolixis SAS, 2 Rue Georges Charpak, 81100, Castres, France.
| | - A L Auclair
- Pierre Fabre Laboratories, CEPC, Bel Air De Campans, 81100, Castres, France
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Changes in symptoms of anhedonia in adults with major depressive or bipolar disorder receiving IV ketamine: Results from the Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:570-575. [PMID: 32871688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anhedonia is a trans-diagnostic, multidimensional phenotype that mediates patient outcomes and suicidality. Convergent evidence suggests that ketamine may be effective in targeting measures of anhedonia in adults with treatment resistant depression (TRD). METHODS This retrospective, post-hoc analysis included 203 (x̄ = 45 ± 14.6 years of age) patients receiving four infusions of intravenous (IV) ketamine at a community-based clinic. The primary outcome measure was change in anhedonia severity, as measured by the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS). Secondary measures sought to determine if improvement on the SHAPS mediated the effect of repeated IV ketamine infusions on symptoms of depression and suicidal ideations, as measured by the Quick Inventory for Depression Symptomatology-Self Report 16-Item (QIDS-SR16) and anxiety, as measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, primary diagnosis, concomitant medication, body mass index, and baseline depression severity, there was a statistically significant reduction in symptoms of anhedonia with IV ketamine treatment (F (2, 235.6) = 31.6, p < 0.001). Improvements in depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and anxiety symptoms with repeated-dose IV ketamine were significantly partially mediated by reduction in anhedonic severity. Moreover, the combination of number of infusions received and change in anhedonic severity accounted for 26% of the variance in depressive score improvements. LIMITATIONS This is a post-hoc analysis of retrospective data and lacks a control group. CONCLUSION Ketamine was effective in improving measures of anhedonia in this large, well-characterized community-based sample of adults with TRD. Improvements in anhedonia also partially mediated the significant improvement in depressive symptoms, suicidality, and anxiety.
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21
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Crisanti C, Enrico P, Fiorentini A, Delvecchio G, Brambilla P. Neurocognitive impact of ketamine treatment in major depressive disorder: A review on human and animal studies. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:1109-1118. [PMID: 32777649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most recent evidence support a rapid and sustained antidepressant effect of subanesthetic dose of intravenous ketamine in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, clinical and animal studies investigating the effects of intravenous ketamine on specific functional domains disrupted by depression reported conflicting results. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of the recent findings exploring the cognitive effects of ketamine in depression. METHODS After a bibliographic search on PubMed, Medline and PsycInfo, we retrieved 11 original studies meeting our research criteria, 7 in humans with MDD or Treatment Resistant Disorder and 4 using rats models for depression. RESULTS Overall the results showed that a) ketamine reduced activation and normalized connectivity measures of several brain regions related to depressive behaviors and reversed deficits in cognitive flexibility and coping response strategy in rats with depressive features, and b) ketamine leads to a no significant impairment on neurocognitive functions in most of the studies, with only three studies observing improvements in speed of processing, verbal learning, sustained attention and response control, verbal and working memory. LIMITATIONS The methodological heterogeneity, in terms of neuropsychological tests used and cognitive domain explored, of the studies included. CONCLUSIONS Most of the studies included showed no significant cognitive impairments in MDD patients after ketamine treatment. Furthermore, the results of the fMRI studies considered suggest that ketamine may have a normalizing effect on brain functions during attentional and emotional processing in MDD patients. However, further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary evidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Crisanti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Enrico
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Fiorentini
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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22
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Yu T, Li Y, Hu Q, Wang F, Yuan S, Li C, Li J, Cui J, Shen H. Ketamine contributes to the alteration of Ca 2+ transient evoked by behavioral tests in the prelimbic area of mPFC: A study on chronic CORT-induced depressive mice. Neurosci Lett 2020; 735:135220. [PMID: 32615246 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have showed that ketamine is a rapid and efficient antidepressant, but the mechanism of its antidepressant effect is not fully clear. It is still lack of the research investigating the relation between depressive-like behaviors and neuronal activities in specific brain area after administration of ketamine in vivo. Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) involved in the pathogenesis of depression. As a result of effective assessments after behavioral test, most studies lack of direct evidence of the relation between efficacy and the activity of specific brain area. Therefore, we used fiber photometry to explore the alteration of Ca2+ transient in the prelimbic (PrL) area of mPFC during behavioral tests in freely moving mice. Our results showed that the chronic corticosterone (CORT) protocol induced depressive-like behaviors. Administration of ketamine reversed these effects. The activation of Ca2+ transients was associated with some behaviors during behavioral tests. Struggling, rearing and exploring evoked strong Ca2+ transients, but moving and grooming did not. The Ca2+ transients amplitude reductions of struggling, rearing and exploring induced by CORT were reversed by ketamine. The results indicated that ketamine ameliorated depressive-like behaviors via mediating neural activation in PrL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Yu
- Tianjing Medical University Second Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Hu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyang Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Anethesia, Tianjin Hospital of ITCWN Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Juping Li
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jialin Cui
- Tianjin Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Aleksandrova LR, Wang YT, Phillips AG. Ketamine and its metabolite, (2R,6R)-HNK, restore hippocampal LTP and long-term spatial memory in the Wistar-Kyoto rat model of depression. Mol Brain 2020; 13:92. [PMID: 32546197 PMCID: PMC7296711 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implicates dysregulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the pathophysiology of depression. However, the effects of ketamine on synaptic plasticity and their contribution to its mechanism of action as an antidepressant, are still unclear. We investigated ketamine’s effects on in vivo dorsal hippocampal (dHPC) synaptic plasticity and their role in mediating aspects of antidepressant activity in the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) model of depression. dHPC long-term potentiation (LTP) was significantly impaired in WKY rats compared to Wistar controls. Importantly, a single low dose (5 mg/kg, ip) of ketamine or its metabolite, (2R,6R)-HNK, rescued the LTP deficit in WKY rats at 3.5 h but not 30 min following injection, with residual effects at 24 h, indicating a delayed, sustained facilitatory effect on dHPC synaptic plasticity. Consistent with the observed dHPC LTP deficit, WKY rats exhibited impaired hippocampal-dependent long-term spatial memory as measured by the novel object location recognition test (NOLRT), which was effectively restored by pre-treatment with both ketamine or (2R,6R)-HNK. In contrast, in WKYs, which display abnormal stress coping, ketamine, but not (2R,6R)-HNK, had rapid and sustained effects in the forced swim test (FST), a commonly used preclinical screen for antidepressant-like activity. The differential effects of (2R,6R)-HNK observed here reveal a dissociation between drug effects on FST immobility and dHPC synaptic plasticity. Therefore, in the WKY rat model, restoring dHPC LTP was not correlated with ketamine’s effects in FST, but importantly, may have contributed to the reversal of hippocampal-dependent cognitive deficits, which are critical features of clinical depression. Our findings support the theory that ketamine may reverse the stress-induced loss of connectivity in key neural circuits by engaging synaptic plasticity processes to “reset the system”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily R Aleksandrova
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Anthony G Phillips
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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24
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Silote GP, de Oliveira SFS, Ribeiro DE, Machado MS, Andreatini R, Joca SRL, Beijamini V. Ketamine effects on anxiety and fear-related behaviors: Current literature evidence and new findings. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 100:109878. [PMID: 31982463 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, presents a rapid and sustained antidepressant effect in clinical and preclinical studies. Regarding ketamine effects on anxiety, there is a widespread discordance among pre-clinical studies. To address this issue, the present study reviewed the literature (electronic database MEDLINE) to summarize the profile of ketamine effects in animal tests of anxiety/fear. We found that ketamine anxiety/fear-related effects may depend on the anxiety paradigm, schedule of ketamine administration and tested species. Moreover, there was no report of ketamine effects in animal tests of fear related to panic disorder (PD). Based on that finding, we evaluated if treatment with ketamine and another NMDA antagonist, MK-801, would induce acute and sustained (24 hours later) anxiolytic and/or panicolytic-like effects in animals exposed to the elevated T-maze (ETM). The ETM evaluates, in the same animal, conflict-evoked and fear behaviors, which are related, respectively, to generalized anxiety disorder and PD. Male Wistar rats were systemically treated with racemic ketamine (10, 30 and 80 mg/kg) or MK-801 (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg) and tested in the ETM in the same day or 24 hours after their administration. Ketamine did not affect the behavioral tasks performed in the ETM acutely or 24 h later. MK-801 impaired inhibitory avoidance in the ETM only at 45 min post-injection, suggesting a rapid but not sustained anxiolytic-like effect. Altogether our results suggest that ketamine might have mixed effects in anxiety tests while it does not affect panic-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela P Silote
- Biochemistry and Pharmacology Graduate Program, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit (TNU), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sabrina F S de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Deidiane E Ribeiro
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mayara S Machado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Roberto Andreatini
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sâmia R L Joca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Vanessa Beijamini
- Biochemistry and Pharmacology Graduate Program, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil; Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.
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25
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Repeated ketamine administration induces recognition memory impairment together with morphological changes in neurons from ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, and hippocampus. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 31:633-640. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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A Review of Nonanesthetic Uses of Ketamine. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2020; 2020:5798285. [PMID: 32308676 PMCID: PMC7152956 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5798285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, a nonselective NMDA receptor antagonist, is used widely in medicine as an anesthetic agent. However, ketamine's mechanisms of action lead to widespread physiological effects, some of which are now coming to the forefront of research for the treatment of diverse medical disorders. This paper aims at reviewing recent data on key nonanesthetic uses of ketamine in the current literature. MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Google Scholar databases were queried to find articles related to ketamine in the treatment of depression, pain syndromes including acute pain, chronic pain, and headache, neurologic applications including neuroprotection and seizures, and alcohol and substance use disorders. It can be concluded that ketamine has a potential role in the treatment of all of these conditions. However, research in this area is still in its early stages, and larger studies are required to evaluate ketamine's efficacy for nonanesthetic purposes in the general population.
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27
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Functional lateralization in the prefrontal cortex of dopaminergic modulation of memory consolidation. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 30:514-520. [PMID: 31033526 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of functional lateralization within the rat brain. Here, we have examined the lateralization of dopamine (DA) function in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) in relation to memory consolidation in the novel object recognition test (NOR). Male Wistar rats received single bilateral or unilateral injections into prelimbic-PFC of agonists (SKF81297; 0.2 µg, quinpirole; 1 µg, SB277,011; 0.5 µg) and antagonists (SCH23390; 3 µg, L-741,626; 1 µg, 7-OH-DPAT; 3 µg) at DA D1, D2, or D3 receptors, immediately following the exposure trial in the NOR, and were tested either 1 or 24 h later for discrimination between a novel and a familiar object. As previously reported, bilateral injection of a D1 antagonist (SCH23390, 3 µg/side), a D2 antagonist (L-741,626, 1 µg/side) or a D3 agonist (7-OH-DPAT, 3 µg/side) impaired NOR at 1 h, while a D1 agonist (SKF81297, 0.2 µg/side), a D2 agonist (quinpirole, 1 µg/side) or a D3 antagonist (SB277,011, 0.5 µg/side) improved NOR at 24 h. The same effects were seen with left-sided unilateral injections. No effects were seen with right-sided unilateral injections. Endogenous DA release in the prelimbic-PFC promotes memory consolidation in the NOR, but only on the left side of the brain.
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28
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Gass N, Becker R, Reinwald J, Cosa-Linan A, Sack M, Weber-Fahr W, Vollmayr B, Sartorius A. The influence of ketamine's repeated treatment on brain topology does not suggest an antidepressant efficacy. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:56. [PMID: 32066682 PMCID: PMC7026038 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As ketamine is increasingly used as an effective antidepressant with rapid action, sustaining its short-lived efficacy over a longer period of time using a schedule of repeated injections appears as an option. An open question is whether repeated and single administrations would affect convergent neurocircuits. We used a combination of one of the most robust animal models of depression with high-field neuroimaging to perform a whole-brain delineation of functional mechanisms underlying ketamine's effects. Rats from two genetic strains, depressive-like and resilient, received seven treatments of 10 mg/kg S-ketamine (N = 14 depressive-like, N = 11 resilient) or placebo (N = 12 depressive-like, N = 10 resilient) and underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Using graph theoretical models of brain networks, we compared effects of repeated ketamine with those of single administration from a separate dataset of our previous study. Compared to single treatment, repeated ketamine evoked strain-specific brain network randomization, resembling characteristics of the depressive-like strain and patients. Several affected regions belonged to the auditory, visual, and motor circuitry, hinting at possible cumulative side effects. Finally, when compared to saline, repeated ketamine affected only a few local topological properties and had no effects on global properties. In combination with the lack of clear differences compared to placebo, our findings point toward an inefficacy of ketamine's long-term administration on brain topology, making questionable the postulated effect of repeated administration and being consistent with the recently reported absence of repeated ketamine's antidepressant efficacy in several placebo-controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gass
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Robert Becker
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jonathan Reinwald
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alejandro Cosa-Linan
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Research Group In Silico Pharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus Sack
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weber-Fahr
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Vollmayr
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Sartorius
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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29
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Validation of chronic mild stress in the Wistar-Kyoto rat as an animal model of treatment-resistant depression. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 30:239-250. [PMID: 30204592 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A recent review proposed four criteria for an animal model of treatment-resistant depression (TRD): a phenotypic resemblance to a risk factor for depression; enhanced response to stress; nonresponse to antidepressant drugs and response to treatments effective in TRD, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the prefrontal cortex or ketamine. Chronic mild stress (CMS) provides a valid model of depression; the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat is considered to be nonresponsive to antidepressant drugs. Here, we applied CMS to WKY rats. WKY and Wistar rats were exposed to CMS, then treated with saline, imipramine, citalopram or venlafaxine. After 5 weeks of CMS and 3 weeks of drug treatment, all WKY groups were implanted unilaterally with DBS electrodes in the prefrontal cortex, and examined in sucrose intake, elevated plus maze (EPM; decreased entries and time in the open arms) and novel object recognition (decreased exploration) tests, following 2×2 h of DBS. CMS decreased sucrose intake, open arm entries on the EPM, and object recognition. Relative to Wistars, WKY rats showed evidence of increased emotionality in the EPM and novel object recognition tests, and a greater impact of CMS on body weight gain and open arm entries. Wistars responded to drug treatment with an increase in sucrose intake but WKY were nonresponsive to drug treatment on all three behavioural tests. With one exception, DBS reversed the anhedonic, anxiogenic and dyscognitive effects of CMS in all groups of WKY rats. In a further experiment, subacute ketamine (10 mg/kg) also normalized behaviour on all three tests. We conclude that WKY rats subjected to CMS meet all four criteria for a valid model of TRD, and provide a basis for studying the mechanism of action of DBS.
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30
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Géa LP, Colombo R, Rosa EDD, Antqueviezc B, Aguiar ÉZD, Hizo GH, Schmidt GB, Oliveira LFD, Stein DJ, Rosa AR. Anhedonic-like behavior correlates with IFNγ serum levels in a two-hit model of depression. Behav Brain Res 2019; 373:112076. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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31
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Depoortère R, Papp M, Gruca P, Lason-Tyburkiewicz M, Niemczyk M, Varney MA, Newman-Tancredi A. Cortical 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor biased agonist, NLX-101, displays rapid-acting antidepressant-like properties in the rat chronic mild stress model. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:1456-1466. [PMID: 31290370 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119860666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NLX-101 (also known as F15599) is a highly selective and efficacious 'biased' agonist at cortical 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) heteroreceptors. In rodents, it possesses marked antidepressant-like activity, potently and completely abolishing immobility in the forced swim test (FST) with extended duration of action. METHODS We investigated the antidepressant-like activity of NLX-101 using the rat chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression, considered to have a higher translational potential than the FST, as it possesses construct, face and predictive validity. The effects of CMS and repeated NLX-101 treatment were tested using sucrose consumption (a measure of anhedonia), novel object recognition (NOR; a measure of working memory) and elevated plus maze (EPM; a measure of anxiety) tests. RESULTS NLX-101 reversed the CMS-induced decrease of sucrose intake on day 1 of testing, with full reversal observed at the dose of 0.16 mg/kg and a less pronounced but still significant effect at 0.04 mg/kg, both given twice a day intraperitoneally. The effects of NLX-101 were maintained over the 2 week treatment period and persisted for four weeks following cessation of treatment. In the NOR test, both doses of NLX-101 rescued the deficit in discrimination index caused by CMS, without any effect on locomotor activity. However, NLX-101 had no effect on the reduction of open-arms entries produced by CMS in the EPM model. In control, non-stressed rats, NLX-101 produced non-significant effects in all three models. CONCLUSIONS NLX-101 displayed efficacious activity in the CMS test, with more rapid (1 day) antidepressant-like effects than pharmacological compounds tested previously under the same experimental conditions. These observations suggest that biased agonist targeting of cortical 5-HT1A receptors constitutes a promising strategy to achieve rapid-acting and sustained antidepressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariusz Papp
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Monika Niemczyk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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32
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Hao Y, Ge H, Sun M, Gao Y. Selecting an Appropriate Animal Model of Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194827. [PMID: 31569393 PMCID: PMC6801385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression has become one of the most severe psychiatric disorders and endangers the health of living beings all over the world. In order to explore the molecular mechanism that underlies depression, different kinds of animal models of depression are used in laboratory experiments. However, a credible and reasonable animal model that is capable of imitating the pathologic mechanism of depression in mankind has yet to be found, resulting in a barrier to further investigation of depression. Nevertheless, it is possible to explain the pathologic mechanism of depression to a great extent by a rational modeling method and behavioral testing. This review aims to provide a reference for researchers by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of some common animal depression models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhen Hao
- Joint Program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Huixiang Ge
- Department of Physiology, The Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Mengyun Sun
- Department of Physiology, The Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Physiology, The Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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33
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Smalheiser NR. Ketamine: A Neglected Therapy for Alzheimer Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:186. [PMID: 31396078 PMCID: PMC6667975 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Smalheiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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34
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Tornese P, Sala N, Bonini D, Bonifacino T, La Via L, Milanese M, Treccani G, Seguini M, Ieraci A, Mingardi J, Nyengaard JR, Calza S, Bonanno G, Wegener G, Barbon A, Popoli M, Musazzi L. Chronic mild stress induces anhedonic behavior and changes in glutamate release, BDNF trafficking and dendrite morphology only in stress vulnerable rats. The rapid restorative action of ketamine. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 10:100160. [PMID: 31193464 PMCID: PMC6535630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a debilitating mental disease, characterized by persistent low mood and anhedonia. Stress represents a major environmental risk factor for depression; the complex interaction of stress with genetic factors results in different individual vulnerability or resilience to the disorder. Dysfunctions of the glutamate system have a primary role in depression. Clinical neuroimaging studies have consistently reported alterations in volume and connectivity of cortico-limbic areas, where glutamate neurons and synapses predominate. This is confirmed by preclinical studies in rodents, showing that repeated stress induces morphological and functional maladaptive changes in the same brain regions altered in humans. Confirming the key role of glutamatergic transmission in depression, compelling evidence has shown that the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, ketamine, induces, at sub-anesthetic dose, rapid and sustained antidepressant response in both humans and rodents. We show here that the Chronic Mild Stress model of depression induces, only in stress-vulnerable rats, depressed-like anhedonic behavior, together with impairment of glutamate/GABA presynaptic release, BDNF mRNA trafficking in dendrites and dendritic morphology in hippocampus. Moreover, we show that a single administration of ketamine restores, in 24 h, normal behavior and most of the cellular/molecular maladaptive changes in vulnerable rats. Interestingly, ketamine treatment did not restore BDNF mRNA levels reduced by chronic stress but rescued dendritic trafficking of BDNF mRNA. The present results are consistent with a mechanism of ketamine involving rapid restoration of synaptic homeostasis, through re-equilibration of glutamate/GABA release and dendritic BDNF for synaptic translation and reversal of synaptic and circuitry impairment. Chronic mild stress (CMS) induces anhedonic behavior and maladaptive changes in the hippocampus (HPC) of vulnerable rats. CMS reduces basal and evoked release of glutamate in the HPC of vulnerable rats. SCMS reduces evoked release of GABA in the HPC of vulnerable rats. CMS reduces expression of BDNF mRNA and trafficking along dendrites in the HPC of vulnerable rats. CMS reduces length of apical dendrites in CA3 pyramidal neurons of vulnerable rats. Ketamine injection (10 mg/kg) restores in 24h anhedonic behavior and most maladaptive changes, except BDNF expression. The present results suggest that the antidepressant mechanism of ketamine involves restoration of synaptic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tornese
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Nathalie Sala
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Bonini
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16148, Genova, Italy
| | - Luca La Via
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16148, Genova, Italy
| | - Giulia Treccani
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8240, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Mara Seguini
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ieraci
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Mingardi
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stefano Calza
- Unit of Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, 16148, Genova, Italy
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8240, Risskov, Denmark.,Pharmaceutical Research Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, 2520, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Alessandro Barbon
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Musazzi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Antoniuk S, Bijata M, Ponimaskin E, Wlodarczyk J. Chronic unpredictable mild stress for modeling depression in rodents: Meta-analysis of model reliability. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 99:101-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Wright KN, Hagarty DP, Strong CE, Schoepfer KJ, Kabbaj M. Sex-Dependent Ketamine Addiction-Like Behavior Profile Following Exposure to Chronic Mild Stress. CHRONIC STRESS 2019; 3. [PMID: 31187076 PMCID: PMC6559751 DOI: 10.1177/2470547019832613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects and shows great promise as a novel
treatment for depression, but its limitations including its abuse potential
are poorly understood. Given that the prevalence of depression is twice as
high in women as in men and that depression and substance use disorders are
highly comorbid, we hypothesized that a sex-specific responsivity to
behavioral assays that characterize addiction-like behavior may arise in
rats with prior exposure to chronic stress and therapeutically relevant
ketamine. Methods Male and female rats that underwent chronic mild stress were treated with
four 1.47 mg/kg intravenous ketamine infusions once every fourth day and
underwent operant self-administration of 0.5 mg/kg/infusion ketamine.
Measures of anhedonia (or lack of pleasure, a signature feature of
depression), anxiety-induced neophagia, motivation to obtain ketamine, and
craving were assessed using the sucrose intake test, novelty-suppressed
feeding test, progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement, and incubation of
craving following abstinence, respectively. Finally, dendritic spine density
in the nucleus accumbens core was measured. Results Ketamine infusions reduced anxiety-induced neophagia in both male rats and
female rats but had no effect on measures of anhedonia. Female rats with
prior exposure to chronic mild stress had greater motivation to obtain
ketamine compared to nonstressed female rats, an effect not observed in male
rats. Additionally, female rats who received antidepressant ketamine
infusions had a higher threshold for displaying ketamine addiction-like
behavior than saline-treated female rats as well as increased thin spine
density in the nucleus accumbens core. These effects were not observed in
male rats. Conclusion This study shows that repeated low-dose ketamine does not increase abuse
potential of subsequent ketamine. It also highlights an important
female-specific effect of stress to increase ketamine addiction-like
behavior, which requires further investigation for clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Devin P Hagarty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Caroline E Strong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Kristin J Schoepfer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Mohamed Kabbaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Chronic brain stimulation rewarding experience ameliorates depression-induced cognitive deficits and restores aberrant plasticity in the prefrontal cortex. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:752-766. [PMID: 30765272 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial disease which often coexists with cognitive deficits. Depression-induced cognitive deficits are known to be associated with aberrant reward processing, neurochemical and structural alterations. Recent studies have shown that chronic electrical stimulation of brain reward areas induces a robust antidepressant effect. However, the effects of repeated electrical self-stimulation of lateral hypothalamus - medial forebrain bundle (LH-MFB) on depression-induced cognitive deficits and associated neurochemical and structural alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are unknown. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of chronic rewarding self-stimulation of LH-MFB in neonatal clomipramine (CLI) model of depression. During adulthood, neonatal CLI and saline administered rats were implanted with bilateral electrodes stereotaxically in the LH-MFB and trained to receive intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) for 14 days. The rats were tested for depressive-like behaviors, learning and memory followed by estimation of PFC volumes, levels of monoamines and its metabolites in the PFC. RESULTS We found that chronic ICSS of LH-MFB reverses CLI-induced behavioral despair and anhedonia. Interestingly, self-stimulation normalizes the impaired novel object and location recognition memory in CLI rats. The amelioration of learning impairments in CLI rats was associated with the reversal of volume loss and restoration of monoamine metabolism in the PFC. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that repeated intracranial self-stimulation of LH-MFB ameliorates CLI-induced learning deficits, reverses altered monoamine metabolism and the atrophy of PFC. Our results support the hypothesis that chronic brain stimulation rewarding experience might be evolved as a potential treatment strategy for reversal of learning deficits in depression and associated disorders.
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Kadriu B, Musazzi L, Henter ID, Graves M, Popoli M, Zarate CA. Glutamatergic Neurotransmission: Pathway to Developing Novel Rapid-Acting Antidepressant Treatments. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 22:119-135. [PMID: 30445512 PMCID: PMC6368372 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder remains elusive due to the severity, complexity, and heterogeneity of the disorder. While the traditional monoaminergic hypothesis has largely fallen short in its ability to provide a complete picture of major depressive disorder, emerging preclinical and clinical findings suggest that dysfunctional glutamatergic neurotransmission may underlie the pathophysiology of both major depressive disorder and bipolar depression. In particular, recent studies showing that a single intravenous infusion of the glutamatergic modulator ketamine elicits fast-acting, robust, and relatively sustained antidepressant, antisuicidal, and antianhedonic effects in individuals with treatment-resistant depression have prompted tremendous interest in understanding the mechanisms responsible for ketamine's clinical efficacy. These results, coupled with new evidence of the mechanistic processes underlying ketamine's effects, have led to inventive ways of investigating, repurposing, and expanding research into novel glutamate-based therapeutic targets with superior antidepressant effects but devoid of dissociative side effects. Ketamine's targets include noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor inhibition, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid throughput potentiation coupled with downstream signaling changes, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor targets localized on gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic interneurons. Here, we review ketamine and other potentially novel glutamate-based treatments for treatment-resistant depression, including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, glycine binding site ligands, metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators, and other glutamatergic modulators. Both the putative mechanisms of action of these agents and clinically relevant studies are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashkim Kadriu
- Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD,Correspondence: Bashkim Kadriu, MD, Building 10, CRC Room 7-5545, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 ()
| | - Laura Musazzi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics – Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ioline D Henter
- Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Morgan Graves
- Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Maurizio Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics – Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
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Dubovsky SL. What Is New about New Antidepressants? PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2018; 87:129-139. [PMID: 29788008 DOI: 10.1159/000488945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Dubovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
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40
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Papp M, Gruca P, Lason M, Tota-Glowczyk K, Niemczyk M, Litwa E, Willner P. Rapid antidepressant effects of deep brain stimulation of the pre-frontal cortex in an animal model of treatment-resistant depression. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:1133-1140. [PMID: 30182787 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118791737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant proportion of depressed patients fail to respond to treatment with antidepressant drugs. Such patients might nonetheless respond to deep brain stimulation of the prefrontal cortex. Deep brain stimulation has also been shown to normalize behaviour in the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression. However, these studies have involved animals that are in general treatment responsive. Thus, this is not the ideal situation in which to investigate how deep brain stimulation is effective where antidepressant drugs are not. AIMS Here, we studied the behavioural effects of deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant animals. METHODS Wistar rats were exposed to chronic mild stress and concurrent treatment with saline or one of three antidepressant drugs, imipramine, citalopram and venlafaxine. Individuals were selected from the CMS-exposed drug-treated groups that had failed to increase their sucrose intake by week 5 of drug treatment. All animals were then implanted with deep brain stimulation electrodes in the ventro-medial prefrontal cortex, and tested for sucrose intake and in the elevated plus maze and novel object recognition test, following 2 × 2 h of deep brain stimulation. RESULTS The selected drug-treated animals were found to be antidepressant-resistant in all three tests. With a single exception (sucrose intake in imipramine-treated animals), deep brain stimulation reversed the anhedonic, anxiogenic and dyscognitive effects of CMS in all four conditions, with no significant differences between saline- and drug-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a proof of principle that deep brain stimulation of the prefrontal cortex can be effective in a rat model of resistance to chronic antidepressant treatment, replicating the clinical effect of deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Papp
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Gruca
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lason
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Monika Niemczyk
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Litwa
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paul Willner
- 2 Department of Psychology, Swansea University, UK
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Ketamine and pharmacological imaging: use of functional magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate mechanisms of action. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 28:610-622. [PMID: 29049083 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine has been used as a pharmacological model for schizophrenia as subanesthetic infusions have been shown to produce temporary schizophrenia-like symptoms in healthy humans. More recently, ketamine has emerged as a potential treatment for multiple psychiatric disorders, including treatment-resistant depression and suicidal ideation. However, the mechanisms underlying both the psychotomimetic and the therapeutic effects of ketamine remain poorly understood. This review provides an overview of what is known of the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of ketamine and details what functional MRI studies have yielded at a systems level focused on brain circuitry. Multiple analytic approaches show that ketamine exerts robust and consistent effects at the whole-brain level. These effects are highly conserved across human and nonhuman primates, validating the use of nonhuman primate models for further investigations with ketamine. Regional analysis of brain functional connectivity suggests that the therapeutic potential of ketamine may be derived from a strengthening of executive control circuitry, making it an intriguing candidate for the treatment of drug abuse. There are still important questions about the mechanism of action and the therapeutic potential of ketamine that can be addressed using appropriate functional neuroimaging techniques.
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Popik P, Hołuj M, Kos T, Nowak G, Librowski T, Sałat K. Comparison of the Psychopharmacological Effects of Tiletamine and Ketamine in Rodents. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:544-554. [PMID: 28577066 PMCID: PMC5602060 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine (KET) produces rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in patients. Tiletamine (TIL; 2-ethylamino-2-thiophen-2-yl-cyclohexan-1-one) is another uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, used in a medical (veterinary) setting as an anesthetic tranquilizer. Here, we compared the behavioral actions of KET and TIL in a variety of tests, focusing on antidepressant-like and dissociative-like effects in mice and rats. The minimum effective doses of KET and TIL were 10 mg/kg to reduce mouse forced swim test immobility and 15 mg/kg to reduce marble-burying behavior. However, at similar doses, both compounds diminished locomotor activity and disturbed learning processes in the mouse passive avoidance test and the rat novel object recognition test. KET and TIL also reduced social behavior and accompanying 50-kHz “happy” ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in rats. TIL (5–15 mg/kg) displayed additional anxiolytic-like effects in the four-plate test. Neither KET nor TIL affected pain response in the hot plate test. Examination of the “side effects” revealed that only at the highest doses investigated did both compounds produce motor deficits in the rotarod test in mice. While KET produced behavioral effects at doses comparable between species, in the rats, TIL was ~10 times more potent than in the mice. In summary, antidepressant-like properties of both KET and TIL are similar, as are their adverse effect liabilities. We suggest that TIL could be an alternative to KET as an antidepressant with an additional anxiolytic-like profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Popik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Michałowskiego Street, 31-126, Kraków, Poland. .,Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Hołuj
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kos
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Librowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Sałat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
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Willner P. The chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression: History, evaluation and usage. Neurobiol Stress 2017; 6:78-93. [PMID: 28229111 PMCID: PMC5314424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Now 30 years old, the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression has been used in >1300 published studies, with a year-on-year increase rising to >200 papers in 2015. Data from a survey of users show that while a variety of names are in use (chronic mild/unpredictable/varied stress), these describe essentially the same procedure. This paper provides an update on the validity and reliability of the CMS model, and reviews recent data on the neurobiological basis of CMS effects and the mechanisms of antidepressant action: the volume of this research may be unique in providing a comprehensive account of antidepressant action within a single model. Also discussed is the use of CMS in drug discovery, with particular reference to hippocampal and extra-hippocampal targets. The high translational potential of the CMS model means that the neurobiological mechanisms described may be of particular relevance to human depression and mechanisms of clinical antidepressant action.
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44
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Wilkinson ST, Wright D, Fasula MK, Fenton L, Griepp M, Ostroff RB, Sanacora G. Cognitive Behavior Therapy May Sustain Antidepressant Effects of Intravenous Ketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2017; 86:162-167. [PMID: 28490030 PMCID: PMC5516265 DOI: 10.1159/000457960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ketamine has shown rapid though short-lived antidepressant effects. The possibility of concerning neurobiological changes following repeated exposure to the drug motivates the development of strategies that obviate or minimize the need for longer-term treatment with ketamine. In this open-label trial, we investigated whether cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can sustain or extend ketamine's antidepressant effects. METHODS Patients who were pursuing ketamine infusion therapy for treatment-resistant depression were invited to participate in the study. If enrolled, the subjects initiated a 12-session, 10-week course of CBT concurrently with a short 4-treatment, 2-week course of intravenous ketamine (0.5 mg/kg infused over 40 min) provided under a standardized clinical protocol. RESULTS Sixteen participants initiated the protocol, with 8 (50%) attaining a response to the ketamine and 7 (43.8%) achieving remission during the first 2 weeks of protocol. Among ketamine responders, the relapse rate at the end of the CBT course (8 weeks following the last ketamine exposure) was 25% (2/8). On longer-term follow-up, 5 of 8 subjects eventually relapsed, the median time to relapse being 12 weeks following ketamine exposure. Among ketamine remitters, 3 of 7 retained remission until at least 4 weeks following the last ketamine exposure, with 2 retaining remission through 8 weeks following ketamine exposure. Ketamine nonresponders did not appear to benefit from CBT. CONCLUSIONS CBT may sustain the antidepressant effects of ketamine in treatment-resistant depression. Well-powered randomized controlled trials are warranted to further investigate this treatment combination as a way to sustain ketamine's antidepressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T. Wilkinson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - DaShaun Wright
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Madonna K. Fasula
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Lisa Fenton
- Veterans Affairs Hospital, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Matthew Griepp
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Robert B. Ostroff
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Gerard Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519
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Papp M, Gruca P, Lason-Tyburkiewicz M, Litwa E, Niemczyk M, Tota-Glowczyk K, Willner P. Dopaminergic mechanisms in memory consolidation and antidepressant reversal of a chronic mild stress-induced cognitive impairment`. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2571-2585. [PMID: 28567697 PMCID: PMC5548836 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in depression can be modelled using the novel object recognition (NOR) test, performance in which is impaired by chronic mild stress (CMS). We aimed to examine the involvement of mesocorticolimbic DA terminal regions, and to establish the substrate for CMS-induced impairment of NOR and its reversal by chronic antidepressant treatment. In experiments 1 and 2, we examined the effect of infusions into medial PFC, dorsal hippocampus (HPC), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell of D1 and D2 antagonists and D3 agonist, which were predicted to impair NOR with a short (1 h) delay, and of D1 and D2 agonists and D3 antagonist, which were predicted to facilitate NOR with a long (24 h) delay. Using optimal doses identified in experiment 2, in experiments 3 and 4, we examined effects on drug-stimulated NOR of CMS and chronic treatment with venlafaxine (VFX) or risperidone (RSP). We found a wide involvement of DA systems in memory for NOR: D1 receptors in PFC, HPC, and NAc; D3 receptors in PFC and HPC; and D2 receptors in PFC. CMS impaired D2- and D3-mediated effects in PFC and HPC; antidepressants rescued those effects in PFC but not HPC. The involvement of DA in NOR is multifaceted, but the effects of CMS and antidepressants are more discrete, involving D2 and D3 receptors in PFC specifically. While raising many difficult questions, these results suggest that the D2 and D3 receptors in the medial PFC may be an important substrate for cognitive deficits in depression and their remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Papp
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Litwa
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Niemczyk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tota-Glowczyk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paul Willner
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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