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Rana A, Singh TU, Sharma M, Gari M, Kumar T, Parida S, Lingaraju MC, Kumar Mariappan A, Kumar A, Kumar D. Pravastatin attenuates isoprenaline induced cardiac fibrosis in a mouse model. Biotech Histochem 2023; 98:567-577. [PMID: 37814775 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2023.2260303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of pravastatin (PRAVA) on isoprenaline (ISP) induced cardiac fibrosis using four groups of mice: untreated control, PRAVA, ISP, ISP + PRAVA groups. ISP, 20 mg/kg, was administered subcutaneously daily for 14 days. PRAVA, 20 mg/kg, was administered orally daily for 14 days. Mice were sacrificed on day15 and heart and blood samples were collected to investigate cardiac injury markers. The mean body weight for the ISP group on day 15 was decreased significantly compared to day 0; PRAVA increased the mean body weight slightly on day 15 of treatment compared to day 0. The heart:body weight ratio was increased in the ISP group compared to the control group, but the ratio was returned to near control ratio in the PRAVA + ISP group. The serum creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) level was reduced significantly in the PRAVA + ISP group compared to the ISP group. Serum triglyceride level was decreased significantly in ISP + PRAVA group compared to the ISP group. PRAVA administration significantly reduced tissue collagen I and III levels in the ISP + PRAVA group compared to the ISP group. Lipid oxidation was decreased and reduced glutathione activity was increased in the PRAVA + ISP group compared to the ISP group. IL-6, α-SMA, CTGF, TGF-β and SMAD-3 gene expressions were decreased in the PRAVA + ISP group compared to the ISP group. We found fewer inflammatory cells and less fibrosis in heart tissue in the PRAVA + ISP group compared to the ISP group. PRAVA decreased ISP induced cardiac fibrosis by reducing oxidative stress, collagen deposition and inflammation, as well as by decreasing expression of TGF-β, SMAD-3 and CTGF genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Rana
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Thakur Uttam Singh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Meemansha Sharma
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Manju Gari
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Tarun Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Subhashree Parida
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Asok Kumar Mariappan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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Smart CD, Madhur MS. The immunology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1225-1247. [PMID: 37606086 PMCID: PMC10959189 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) now accounts for the majority of new heart failure diagnoses and continues to increase in prevalence in the United States. Importantly, HFpEF is a highly morbid, heterogeneous syndrome lacking effective therapies. Inflammation has emerged as a potential contributor to the pathogenesis of HFpEF. Many of the risk factors for HFpEF are also associated with chronic inflammation, such as obesity, hypertension, aging, and renal dysfunction. A large amount of preclinical evidence suggests that immune cells and their associated cytokines play important roles in mediating fibrosis, oxidative stress, metabolic derangements, and endothelial dysfunction, all potentially important processes in HFpEF. How inflammation contributes to HFpEF pathogenesis, however, remains poorly understood. Recently, a variety of preclinical models have emerged which may yield much needed insights into the causal relationships between risk factors and the development of HFpEF, including the role of specific immune cell subsets or inflammatory pathways. Here, we review evidence in animal models and humans implicating inflammation as a mediator of HFpEF and identify gaps in knowledge requiring further study. As the understanding between inflammation and HFpEF evolves, it is hoped that a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying immune cell activation in HFpEF can open up new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Duncan Smart
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics,
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, U.S.A
| | - Meena S. Madhur
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics,
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular
Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, U.S.A
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and
Inflammation, Nashville, TN, U.S.A
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3
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Rutledge C, Enriquez A, Redding K, Lopez M, Mullett S, Gelhaus SL, Jurczak M, Goetzman E, Kaufman BA. Liraglutide Protects Against Diastolic Dysfunction and Improves Ventricular Protein Translation. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023:10.1007/s10557-023-07482-9. [PMID: 37382868 PMCID: PMC10788853 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-023-07482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diastolic dysfunction is an increasingly common cardiac pathology linked to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Previous studies have implicated glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists as potential therapies for improving diastolic dysfunction. In this study, we investigate the physiologic and metabolic changes in a mouse model of angiotensin II (AngII)-mediated diastolic dysfunction with and without the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide (Lira). METHODS Mice were divided into sham, AngII, or AngII+Lira therapy for 4 weeks. Mice were monitored for cardiac function, weight change, and blood pressure at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment. After 4 weeks of treatment, tissue was collected for histology, protein analysis, targeted metabolomics, and protein synthesis assays. RESULTS AngII treatment causes diastolic dysfunction when compared to sham mice. Lira partially prevents this dysfunction. The improvement in function in Lira mice is associated with dramatic changes in amino acid accumulation in the heart. Lira mice also have improved markers of protein translation by Western blot and increased protein synthesis by puromycin assay, suggesting that increased protein turnover protects against fibrotic remodeling and diastolic dysfunction seen in the AngII cohort. Lira mice also lost lean muscle mass compared to the AngII cohort, raising concerns about peripheral muscle scavenging as a source of the increased amino acids in the heart. CONCLUSIONS Lira therapy protects against AngII-mediated diastolic dysfunction, at least in part by promoting amino acid uptake and protein turnover in the heart. Liraglutide therapy is associated with loss of mean muscle mass, and long-term studies are warranted to investigate sarcopenia and frailty with liraglutide therapy in the setting of diastolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Rutledge
- Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Angela Enriquez
- Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Redding
- Division of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mabel Lopez
- Division of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven Mullett
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy L Gelhaus
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eric Goetzman
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brett A Kaufman
- Division of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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4
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Vital KD, Cardoso BG, Lima IP, Campos AB, Teixeira BF, Pires LO, Dias BC, de Alcantara Candido P, Cardoso VN, Fernandes SOA. Therapeutic effects and the impact of statins in the prevention of ulcerative colitis in preclinical models: A systematic review. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 37:493-507. [PMID: 36514874 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the large intestines. Although great advances have been made in the management of the disease with the introduction of immunomodulators and biological agents, the treatment of UC is still a challenge. So far, there are no definitive therapies for this condition. Statins are potent inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, possess beneficial effects on primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease, and have high tolerability and safety. Furthermore, they may have potential roles in UC management due to their possible anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities. This systematic review aimed to gather information about the potential benefits of statins for managing UC, reducing inflammation and disease remission in animal models. A systematic search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Virtual Health Library. The data were summarized in tables and critically analyzed. After the database search, 21 relevant studies were identified as eligible for this review. Preclinical studies using several colitis-induction protocols and various statins have shown numerous beneficial effects of these drugs on reducing disease activity, inflammatory profile, oxidative stress, and general clinical parameters of animals with UC. These studies revealed the potential of statins against the pathogenesis of UC. However, there are still important gaps regarding the molecular mechanisms of action of statins, leading to some contradictory results. Thus, more research on the molecular level to determine the roles of statins in colitis should be carried out to elucidate their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia Duarte Vital
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Barbara Gatti Cardoso
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Iasmin Pinheiro Lima
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline Beatriz Campos
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Faria Teixeira
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Octávio Pires
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Coutinho Dias
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Alcantara Candido
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Simone Odília Antunes Fernandes
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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5
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Pozder Geb Gehlken C, Rogier van der Velde A, Meijers WC, Silljé HHW, Muntendam P, Dokter MM, van Gilst WH, Schols HA, de Boer RA. Pectins from various sources inhibit galectin-3-related cardiac fibrosis. Curr Res Transl Med 2021; 70:103321. [PMID: 34826684 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2021.103321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY A major challenge in cardiology remains in finding a therapy for cardiac fibrosis. Inhibition of galectin-3 with pectins attenuates fibrosis in animal models of heart failure. The purpose of this study is to identify pectins with the strongest galectin-3 inhibitory capacity. We evaluated the in vitro inhibitory capacity, identified potent pectins, and tested if this potency could be validated in a mouse model of myocardial fibrosis. METHODS Various pectin fractions were screened in vitro. Modified rhubarb pectin (EMRP) was identified as the most potent inhibitor of galectin-3 and compared to the well-known modified citrus pectin (MCP). Our findings were validated in a mouse model of myocardial fibrosis, which was induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion. RESULTS Ang II infusion was associated with a 4-5-fold increase in fibrosis signal in the tissue of the left ventricle, compared to the control group (0•22±0•10 to 1•08±0•53%; P < 0•001). After treatment with rhubarb pectin, fibrosis was reduced by 57% vs. Ang II alone while this reduction was 30% with the well-known MCP (P = NS, P < 0•05). Treatment was associated with a reduced cardiac inflammatory response and preserved cardiac function. CONCLUSION The galectin-3 inhibitor natural rhubarb pectin has a superior inhibitory capacity over established pectins, substantially attenuates cardiac fibrosis, and preserves cardiac function in vivo. Bioactive pectins are natural sources of galectin-3 inhibitors and may be helpful in the prevention of heart failure or other diseases characterized by fibrosis. FUNDING Dr. Meijers is supported by the Mandema-Stipendium of the Junior Scientific Masterclass 2020-10, University Medical Center Groningen and by the Netherlands Heart Foundation (Dekkerbeurs 2021)Dr. de Boer is supported by the Netherlands Heart Foundation (CVON SHE-PREDICTS-HF, grant 2017-21; CVON RED-CVD, grant 2017-11; CVON PREDICT2, grant 2018-30; and CVON DOUBLE DOSE, grant 2020B005), by a grant from the leDucq Foundation (Cure PhosphoLambaN induced Cardiomyopathy (Cure-PLaN), and by a grant from the European Research Council (ERC CoG 818715, SECRETE-HF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Pozder Geb Gehlken
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Rogier van der Velde
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter C Meijers
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Herman H W Silljé
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Martin M Dokter
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wiek H van Gilst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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6
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Fusco-Allison G, Li DK, Hunter B, Jackson D, Bannon PG, Lal S, O'Sullivan JF. Optimizing the discovery and assessment of therapeutic targets in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 8:3643-3655. [PMID: 34342166 PMCID: PMC8497375 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for models that faithfully replicate heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), now recognized as the most common form of heart failure in the world. In vitro approaches have several shortcomings, most notably the immature nature of stem cell‐derived human cardiomyocytes [induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)] and the relatively short lifespan of primary cardiomyocytes. Three‐dimensional ‘organoids’ incorporating mature iPSCs with other cell types such as endothelial cells and fibroblasts are a significant advance, but lack the complexity of true myocardium. Animal models can replicate many features of human HFpEF, and rodent models are the most common, and recent attempts to incorporate haemodynamic, metabolic, and ageing contributions are encouraging. Differences relating to species, physiology, heart rate, and heart size are major limitations for rodent models. Porcine models mitigate many of these shortcomings and approximate human physiology more closely, but cost and time considerations limit their potential for widespread use. Ex vivo analysis of failing hearts from animal models offer intriguing possibilities regarding cardiac substrate utilisation, but are ultimately subject to the same constrains as the animal models from which the hearts are obtained. Ex vivo approaches using human myocardial biopsies can uncover new insights into pathobiology leveraging myocardial energetics, substrate turnover, molecular changes, and systolic/diastolic function. In collaboration with a skilled cardiothoracic surgeon, left ventricular endomyocardial biopsies can be obtained at the time of valvular surgery in HFpEF patients. Critically, these tissues maintain their disease phenotype, preserving inter‐relationship of myocardial cells and extracellular matrix. This review highlights a novel approach, where ultra‐thin myocardial tissue slices from human HFpEF hearts can be used to assess changes in myocardial structure and function. We discuss current approaches to modelling HFpEF, describe in detail the novel tissue slice model, expand on exciting opportunities this model provides, and outline ways to improve this model further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Fusco-Allison
- Precision Cardiovascular Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Desmond K Li
- Precision Cardiovascular Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Benjamin Hunter
- Precision Cardiovascular Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dan Jackson
- Precision Cardiovascular Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul G Bannon
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sean Lal
- Precision Cardiovascular Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John F O'Sullivan
- Precision Cardiovascular Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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7
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Eguchi A, Coleman R, Gresham K, Gao E, Ibetti J, Chuprun JK, Koch WJ. GRK5 is a regulator of fibroblast activation and cardiac fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2012854118. [PMID: 33500351 PMCID: PMC7865138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012854118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological remodeling of the heart is a hallmark of chronic heart failure (HF) and these structural changes further perpetuate the disease. Cardiac fibroblasts are the critical cell type that is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of the heart. Stress conditions, such as a myocardial infarction (MI), can activate quiescent fibroblasts into synthetic and contractile myofibroblasts. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) is an important mediator of cardiovascular homeostasis through dampening of GPCR signaling, and is expressed in the heart and up-regulated in human HF. Of note, GRK5 has been demonstrated to translocate to the nucleus in cardiomyocytes in a calcium-calmodulin (Ca2+-CAM)-dependent manner, promoting hypertrophic gene transcription through activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Interestingly, NFAT is also involved in fibroblast activation. GRK5 is highly expressed and active in cardiac fibroblasts; however, its pathophysiological role in these crucial cardiac cells is unknown. We demonstrate using adult cardiac fibroblasts that genetic deletion of GRK5 inhibits angiotensin II (AngII)-mediated fibroblast activation. Fibroblast-specific deletion of GRK5 in mice led to decreased fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy after chronic AngII infusion or after ischemic injury compared to nontransgenic littermate controls (NLCs). Mechanistically, we show that nuclear translocation of GRK5 is involved in fibroblast activation. These data demonstrate that GRK5 is a regulator of fibroblast activation in vitro and cardiac fibrosis in vivo. This adds to previously published data which demonstrate the potential beneficial effects of GRK5 inhibition in the context of cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Eguchi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Ryan Coleman
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Kenneth Gresham
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Jessica Ibetti
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - J Kurt Chuprun
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140;
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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8
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Techorueangwiwat C, Kanitsoraphan C, Hansrivijit P. Therapeutic implications of statins in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a review of current literature. F1000Res 2021; 10:16. [PMID: 36873456 PMCID: PMC9982192 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28254.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are one of the standard treatments to prevent cardiovascular events such as coronary artery disease and heart failure (HF). However, data on the use of statins to improve clinical outcomes in patients with established HF remains controversial. We summarized available clinical studies which investigated the effects of statins on clinical outcomes in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Statins possess many pleiotropic effects in addition to lipid-lowering properties that positively affect the pathophysiology of HF. In HFrEF, data from two large randomized placebo-controlled trials did not show benefits of statins on mortality of patients with HFrEF. However, more recent prospective cohort studies and meta-analyses have shown decreased risk of mortality as well as cardiovascular hospitalization with statins treatment. In HFpEF, most prospective and retrospective cohort studies as well as meta analyses have consistently reported positive effects of statins, including reducing mortality and improving other clinical outcomes. Current evidence also suggests better outcomes with lipophilic statins in patients with HF. In summary, statins might be effective in improving survival and other clinical outcomes in patients with HF, especially for patients with HFpEF. Lipophilic statins might also be more beneficial for HF patients. Based on current evidence, statins did not cause harm and should be continued in HF patients who are already taking the medication. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to clarify the benefits of statins in HF patients.
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9
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Soga F, Tanaka H, Tatsumi K, Mochizuki Y, Sano H, Toki H, Matsumoto K, Shite J, Takaoka H, Doi T, Hirata KI. Impact of Dapagliflozin on the Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Diabetic Patients with Heart Failure Complicating Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Intern Med 2021; 60:2367-2374. [PMID: 34334588 PMCID: PMC8381170 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.6127-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Our aim was to investigate the impact of the sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor on the left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with chronic heart failure (HF) complicating cardiovascular risk factors. Methods We analyzed data from our previous prospective multicenter study, in which we investigated the effect of dapagliflozin on the LV diastolic function of T2DM patients with stable HF at five institutions in Japan. Patients who had been taking at least 1 antidiabetic drug other than SGLT2 inhibitors started treatment with dapagliflozin. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and six months after the administration of dapagliflozin. Cardiovascular risk factors other than T2DM were age, gender, hypertension, dyslipidemia, history of cardiovascular events and overweight. Results The LV diastolic function, defined as the ratio of the mitral inflow E to the mitral e' annular velocities (E/e'), significantly decreased from 9.3 to 8.5 by six months after the administration of dapagliflozin (p=0.020) as previously reported. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that dyslipidemia was the only independent determinant of improvement in the E/e' after the administration of dapagliflozin among cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, the relative change in the E/e' from baseline to six months after the administration of dapagliflozin for HF patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and dyslipidemia was significantly larger than that for HFpEF patients without dyslipidemia (-15.2% vs. 29.6%, p=0.014), but no such finding was observed in non-HFpEF patients. Conclusion SGLT2 inhibitors may exert a more beneficial effect on the LV diastolic function for T2DM patients with stable HF, especially those with complicating dyslipidemia, than existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Soga
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tanaka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tatsumi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Tatsumi Clinic, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Mochizuki
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sano
- Division of Cardiology, Aijinkai Takatsuki Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiromi Toki
- Division of Cardiology, Kobe Red Cross Hospital, Japan
| | - Kensuke Matsumoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Junya Shite
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Tomofumi Doi
- Division of Cardiology, Kobe Red Cross Hospital, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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10
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Kamiya M, Asai K, Maejima Y, Shirakabe A, Murai K, Noma S, Komiyama H, Sato N, Mizuno K, Shimizu W. β 3-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Prevents Diastolic Dysfunction in an Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiomyopathy Mouse Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 376:473-481. [PMID: 33318077 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
β3-Adrenergic receptor expression is enhanced in the failing heart, but its functional effects are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that a β3-agonist improves left ventricular (LV) performance in heart failure. We examined the chronic effects of a β3-agonist in the angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiomyopathy mouse model. C57BL/6J mice were treated with Ang II alone or Ang II + BRL 37344 (β3-agonist, BRL) for 4 weeks. Systolic blood pressure in conscious mice was significantly elevated in Ang II and Ang II + BRL mice compared with control mice. Heart rate was not different among the three groups. Systolic performance parameters that were measured by echocardiography and an LV catheter were similar among the groups. LV end-diastolic pressure and end-diastolic pressure-volume relationships were higher in Ang II mice compared with control mice. However, the increase in these parameters was prevented in Ang II + BRL mice, which suggested improvement in myocardial stiffness by BRL. Pathologic analysis showed that LV hypertrophy was induced in Ang II mice and failed to be prevented by BRL. However, increased collagen I/III synthesis, cardiac fibrosis, and lung congestion observed in Ang II mice were inhibited by BRL treatment. The cardioprotective benefits of BRL were associated with downregulation of transforming growth factor-β1 expression and phosphorylated-Smad2/3. Chronic infusion of a β3-agonist has a beneficial effect on LV diastolic function independent of blood pressure in the Ang II-induced cardiomyopathy mouse model. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Chronic infusion of a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist attenuates cardiac fibrosis and improves diastolic dysfunction independently of blood pressure in an angiotensin II-induced hypertensive mouse model. This drug might be an effective treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Kamiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., K.M., S.N., H.K., N.S., W.S.); Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba-Hokusou Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.A., A.S.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.M.); Mitsukoshi Health and Welfare Foundation, Tokyo, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Kuniya Asai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., K.M., S.N., H.K., N.S., W.S.); Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba-Hokusou Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.A., A.S.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.M.); Mitsukoshi Health and Welfare Foundation, Tokyo, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Yasuhiro Maejima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., K.M., S.N., H.K., N.S., W.S.); Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba-Hokusou Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.A., A.S.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.M.); Mitsukoshi Health and Welfare Foundation, Tokyo, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Akihiro Shirakabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., K.M., S.N., H.K., N.S., W.S.); Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba-Hokusou Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.A., A.S.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.M.); Mitsukoshi Health and Welfare Foundation, Tokyo, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Koji Murai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., K.M., S.N., H.K., N.S., W.S.); Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba-Hokusou Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.A., A.S.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.M.); Mitsukoshi Health and Welfare Foundation, Tokyo, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Satsuki Noma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., K.M., S.N., H.K., N.S., W.S.); Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba-Hokusou Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.A., A.S.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.M.); Mitsukoshi Health and Welfare Foundation, Tokyo, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Hidenori Komiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., K.M., S.N., H.K., N.S., W.S.); Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba-Hokusou Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.A., A.S.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.M.); Mitsukoshi Health and Welfare Foundation, Tokyo, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Naoki Sato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., K.M., S.N., H.K., N.S., W.S.); Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba-Hokusou Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.A., A.S.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.M.); Mitsukoshi Health and Welfare Foundation, Tokyo, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Kyoichi Mizuno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., K.M., S.N., H.K., N.S., W.S.); Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba-Hokusou Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.A., A.S.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.M.); Mitsukoshi Health and Welfare Foundation, Tokyo, Japan (K.M.)
| | - Wataru Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., K.M., S.N., H.K., N.S., W.S.); Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba-Hokusou Hospital, Chiba, Japan (K.A., A.S.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.M.); Mitsukoshi Health and Welfare Foundation, Tokyo, Japan (K.M.)
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11
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Cianflone E, Cappetta D, Mancuso T, Sabatino J, Marino F, Scalise M, Albanese M, Salatino A, Parrotta EI, Cuda G, De Angelis A, Berrino L, Rossi F, Nadal-Ginard B, Torella D, Urbanek K. Statins Stimulate New Myocyte Formation After Myocardial Infarction by Activating Growth and Differentiation of the Endogenous Cardiac Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217927. [PMID: 33114544 PMCID: PMC7663580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) exert pleiotropic effects on cardiac cell biology which are not yet fully understood. Here we tested whether statin treatment affects resident endogenous cardiac stem/progenitor cell (CSC) activation in vitro and in vivo after myocardial infarction (MI). Statins (Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin and Pravastatin) significantly increased CSC expansion in vitro as measured by both BrdU incorporation and cell growth curve. Additionally, statins increased CSC clonal expansion and cardiosphere formation. The effects of statins on CSC growth and differentiation depended on Akt phosphorylation. Twenty-eight days after myocardial infarction by permanent coronary ligation in rats, the number of endogenous CSCs in the infarct border zone was significantly increased by Rosuvastatin-treatment as compared to untreated controls. Additionally, commitment of the activated CSCs into the myogenic lineage (c-kitpos/Gata4pos CSCs) was increased by Rosuvastatin administration. Accordingly, Rosuvastatin fostered new cardiomyocyte formation after MI. Finally, Rosuvastatin treatment reversed the cardiomyogenic defects of CSCs in c-kit haploinsufficient mice, increasing new cardiomyocyte formation by endogenous CSCs in these mice after myocardial infarction. In summary, statins, by sustaining Akt activation, foster CSC growth and differentiation in vitro and in vivo. The activation and differentiation of the endogenous CSC pool and consequent new myocyte formation by statins improve myocardial remodeling after coronary occlusion in rodents. Similar effects might contribute to the beneficial effects of statins on human cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cianflone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (E.I.P.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Donato Cappetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (A.D.A.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Teresa Mancuso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Jolanda Sabatino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (E.I.P.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Fabiola Marino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Mariangela Scalise
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Michele Albanese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (E.I.P.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Alessandro Salatino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Elvira Immacolata Parrotta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (E.I.P.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Antonella De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (A.D.A.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Liberato Berrino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (A.D.A.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesco Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (A.D.A.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Bernardo Nadal-Ginard
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (E.I.P.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Daniele Torella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (K.U.)
| | - Konrad Urbanek
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (K.U.)
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12
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Administration of apo A-I (Milano) nanoparticles reverses pathological remodelling, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure in a murine model of HFpEF associated with hypertension. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8382. [PMID: 32433476 PMCID: PMC7239951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic interventions with proven efficacy in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) have been unsuccessful in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The modifiable risk factor with the greatest impact on the development of HFpEF is hypertension. The objectives of this study were to establish a murine model of HFpEF associated with hypertension and to evaluate the effect of apo A-IMilano nanoparticles (MDCO-216) on established HFpEF in this model. Subcutaneous infusion of angiotensin II in combination with 1% NaCl in the drinking water was started at the age of 12 weeks in male C57BL/6 N mice and continued for the entire duration of the experiment. Treatment with MDCO-216 partially reversed established cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, capillary rarefaction, and perivascular fibrosis in this model. Pressure-volume loop analysis was consistent with HFpEF in hypertension mice as evidenced by the preserved ejection fraction and a significant reduction of cardiac output (7.78 ± 0.56 ml/min versus 10.5 ± 0.7 ml/min; p < 0.01) and of the peak filling rate (p < 0.05). MDCO-216 completely reversed cardiac dysfunction and abolished heart failure as evidenced by the normal lung weight and normal biomarkers of heart failure. In conclusion, apo A-IMilano nanoparticles constitute an effective treatment for established hypertension-associated HFpEF.
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13
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Imran T, Wong A, Schneeweiss S, Desai RJ. Statin Lipophilicity and the Risk of Incident Heart Failure. Cardiology 2020; 145:375-383. [PMID: 32289796 DOI: 10.1159/000506003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the risk of incident heart failure (HF) between initiators of hydrophilic and lipophilic statins. METHODS Using claims data for commercial health insurance program enrollees in the USA (2005-2014), we identified new initiators of hydrophilic or lipophilic statins. Follow-up for the primary outcome of incident HF began after a lag period of 1 year after statin initiation. The outcome was defined as 1 inpatient or 2 outpatient diagnosis codes for HF and the use of loop diuretics. Propensity scores (PS) were used to account for confounding. Hazard ratios (HR) for incident HF were computed separately for low and high-intensity statin users, and then pooled to provide dose-adjusted effect estimates. RESULTS A total of 7,820,204 patients met all our inclusion criteria for statin initiation (hydrophilic and lipophilic statins). Mean age was 58 years, 40% had hypertension, and 23% had diabetes mellitus. After PS matching, there were 691,584 patients in the low-intensity statin group and 807,370 patients in the high-intensity statin group. After a median follow-up of 725 days (IQR 500-1,153),there were 8,389 cases of incident HF (incidence rate 4.5/1,000 person years, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.4-4.6). The unadjusted HR for the risk of HF was 0.77 (95% CI 0.76-0.79) and the pooled adjusted HR for incident HF after PS matching was 0.94 (95% CI 0.90-0.98) for hydrophilic versus lipophilic statins. The HR for incident HF was 1.06 (95% CI 1.00-1.12) for hydrophilic versus lipophilic statins for the low-intensity statin group and 0.82 (95% CI 0.78-0.87) for the high-intensity statin group. In subgroup analyses, a similar trend persisted for those younger and older than 65 years and when comparing rosuvastatin with atorvastatin. CONCLUSION In this observational cohort study, hydrophilic statins were associated with a modest risk reduction in incident HF as compared to lipophilic statins. Future research replicating these findings in different populations is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Imran
- Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adrian Wong
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sebastian Schneeweiss
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rishi J Desai
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,
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14
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Yao YS, Li TD, Zeng ZH. Mechanisms underlying direct actions of hyperlipidemia on myocardium: an updated review. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:23. [PMID: 32035485 PMCID: PMC7007679 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a common metabolic disorder and one of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Clinical studies have shown that hyperlipidemia increases the risk of non-ischemic heart failure, while decreasing serum lipids can reverse heart dysfunction. Apart from indirectly affecting the function of the heart by promoting the development of atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia also affects the systolic function and cardiac electrophysiological response of the heart directly, which may be related to gradual accumulation of cardiac lipids and consequent systemic oxidative stress, proinflammatory state and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the mechanism underlying direct effects of hyperlipidemia on the heart are not fully understood. In this review, we provide an updated summary of recent experimental and clinical studies that focus on elucidating the mechanisms of the action of hyperlipidemia on cardiac function, the relationship between heart failure and serum lipids, and protective effects of lipid-lowering drugs on the heart. The exciting progress in this field supports the prospect of guiding early protection of the heart to benefit the patients with chronic hyperlipidemia and familial hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Si Yao
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tu Di Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Huan Zeng
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 People’s Republic of China
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15
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Kräker K, O'Driscoll JM, Schütte T, Herse F, Patey O, Golic M, Geisberger S, Verlohren S, Birukov A, Heuser A, Müller DN, Thilaganathan B, Dechend R, Haase N. Statins Reverse Postpartum Cardiovascular Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Preeclampsia. Hypertension 2019; 75:202-210. [PMID: 31786987 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is associated with increased cardiovascular long-term risk; however, the underlying functional and structural mechanisms are unknown. We investigated maternal cardiac alterations after preeclampsia. Female rats harboring the human angiotensinogen gene [TGR(hAogen)L1623] develop a preeclamptic phenotype with hypertension and albuminuria during pregnancy when mated with male rats bearing the human renin gene [TGR(hRen)L10J] but behave physiologically normal before and after pregnancy. Furthermore, rats were treated with pravastatin. We tested the hypothesis that statins are a potential therapeutic intervention to reduce cardiovascular alterations due to simulated preeclamptic pregnancy. Although hypertension persists for only 8 days in pregnancy, former preeclampsia rats exhibit significant cardiac hypertrophy 28 days after pregnancy observed in both speckle tracking echocardiography and histological staining. In addition, fibrosis and capillary rarefaction was evident. Pravastatin treatment ameliorated the remodeling and improved cardiac output postpartum. Preeclamptic pregnancy induces irreversible structural changes of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, which can be moderated by pravastatin treatment. This pathological cardiac remodeling might be involved in increased cardiovascular risk in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Kräker
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center-a joint cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (K.K., T.S., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (K.K., T.S., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., A.H., D.N.M., N.H.)
| | - Jamie M O'Driscoll
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom (J.M.O., O.P., B.T.).,Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (J.M.O., O.P., B.T.).,Canterbury Christ Church University, School of Human and Life Sciences, Kent, United Kingdom (J.M.O.)
| | - Till Schütte
- Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (K.K., T.S., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (K.K., T.S., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Institute of Pharmacology (T.S.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Florian Herse
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center-a joint cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., A.H., D.N.M., N.H.)
| | - Olga Patey
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom (J.M.O., O.P., B.T.).,Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (J.M.O., O.P., B.T.)
| | - Michaela Golic
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center-a joint cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (K.K., T.S., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (K.K., T.S., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., A.H., D.N.M., N.H.)
| | - Sabrina Geisberger
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center-a joint cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (K.K., T.S., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (K.K., T.S., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., A.H., D.N.M., N.H.)
| | - Stefan Verlohren
- Institute of Obstetrics (S.V.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Anna Birukov
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center-a joint cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (K.K., T.S., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (K.K., T.S., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., A.H., D.N.M., N.H.)
| | - Arnd Heuser
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., A.H., D.N.M., N.H.)
| | - Dominik N Müller
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center-a joint cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (K.K., T.S., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (K.K., T.S., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., A.H., D.N.M., N.H.)
| | - Basky Thilaganathan
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom (J.M.O., O.P., B.T.).,Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (J.M.O., O.P., B.T.)
| | - Ralf Dechend
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center-a joint cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (K.K., T.S., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (K.K., T.S., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (R.D.)
| | - Nadine Haase
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center-a joint cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (K.K., T.S., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (K.K., T.S., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., D.N.M., R.D., N.H.).,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (K.K., F.H., M.G., S.G., A.B., A.H., D.N.M., N.H.)
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Belmadani S, Matrougui K. Broken heart: A matter of the endoplasmic reticulum stress bad management? World J Cardiol 2019; 11:159-170. [PMID: 31367278 PMCID: PMC6658386 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v11.i6.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. The induction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a result of a disruption in the ER homeostasis, was found to be highly associated with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart diseases and heart failure. This review will discuss the latest literature on the different aspects of the involvement of the ER stress in cardiovascular complications and the potential of targeting the ER stress pathways as a new therapeutic approach for cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad Belmadani
- Department of Physiological Science, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Khalid Matrougui
- Department of Physiological Science, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
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18
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Valero-Muñoz M, Backman W, Sam F. Murine Models of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: a "Fishing Expedition". JACC Basic Transl Sci 2017; 2:770-789. [PMID: 29333506 PMCID: PMC5764178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by signs and symptoms of HF in the presence of a normal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF). Despite accounting for up to 50% of all clinical presentations of HF, the mechanisms implicated in HFpEF are poorly understood, thus precluding effective therapy. The pathophysiological heterogeneity in the HFpEF phenotype also contributes to this disease and likely to the absence of evidence-based therapies. Limited access to human samples and imperfect animal models that completely recapitulate the human HFpEF phenotype have impeded our understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings that exist in this disease. Aging and comorbidities such as atrial fibrillation, hypertension, diabetes and obesity, pulmonary hypertension and renal dysfunction are highly associated with HFpEF. Yet, the relationship and contribution between them remains ill-defined. This review discusses some of the distinctive clinical features of HFpEF in association with these comorbidities and highlights the advantages and disadvantage of commonly used murine models, used to study the HFpEF phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Valero-Muñoz
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Warren Backman
- Evans Department of Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Flora Sam
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Evans Department of Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cardiovascular Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Lee KH, Park HW, Eun JN, Cho JG, Yoon NS, Kim MR, Ku YH, Park H, Lee SH, Kim JH, Kim MC, Kim WJ, Kim HK, Cho JY, Park KH, Sim DS, Yoon HJ, Kim KH, Hong YJ, Kim JH, Ahn Y, Jeong MH, Park JC. Masked inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes in sudden cardiac death patients accompanied by coronary vasospasm. Korean J Intern Med 2017; 32:836-846. [PMID: 28797161 PMCID: PMC5583445 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2015.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Coronary vasospasms are one of the important causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Provocation of coronary vasospasms can be useful, though some results may lead to false positives, with patients potentially experiencing recurrent SCD despite appropriate medical treatments. We hypothesized that it is not coronary vasospasms but inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes (IPAS) that underlie the development of SCD. METHODS We analyzed 74 consecutive patients (3.8%) who survived out-of-hospital cardiac arrest among 1,986 patients who had angiographically proven coronary vasospasms. Electrical abnormalities were evaluated in serial follow-up electrocardiograms (ECGs) during and after the index event for a 3.9 years median follow-up. Major clinical events were defined as the composite of death and recurrent SCD events. RESULTS Forty five patients (60.8%) displayed electrocardiographic abnormalities suggesting IPAS: Brugada type patterns in six (8.2%), arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia patterns in three (4.1%), long QT syndrome pattern in one (2.2%), and early repolarization in 38 (51.4%). Patients having major clinical events showed more frequent Brugada type patterns, early repolarization, and more diffuse multivessel coronary vasospasms. Brugada type pattern ECGs (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 4.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 15.99; p = 0.034), and early repolarization (HR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.09 to 8.10; p = 0.034) were ultimately associated with an increased risk of mortality. CONCLUSIONS Even though a number of aborted SCD survivors have coronary vasospasms, some also have IPAS, which has the potential to cause SCD. Therefore, meticulous evaluations and follow-ups for IPAS are required in those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hong Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Park
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
- Correspondence to Hyung Wook Park, M.D. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea Tel: +82-62-220-6572 Fax: +82-62-223-3105 E-mail:
| | - Jeong Nam Eun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong Gwan Cho
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Nam Sik Yoon
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Mi Ran Kim
- Department of Nursing, Chunnam Techno University, Gokseong, Korea
| | - Yo Han Ku
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyukjin Park
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong Han Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Min Chul Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyun Kuk Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae Yeong Cho
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Keun-Ho Park
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Doo Sun Sim
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoon
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kye Hun Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Joon Hong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Myung Ho Jeong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong Chun Park
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
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Choi YS, de Mattos ABM, Shao D, Li T, Nabben M, Kim M, Wang W, Tian R, Kolwicz SC. Preservation of myocardial fatty acid oxidation prevents diastolic dysfunction in mice subjected to angiotensin II infusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 100:64-71. [PMID: 27693463 PMCID: PMC5154855 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Diastolic dysfunction is a common feature in many heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction and has been associated with altered myocardial metabolism in hypertensive and diabetic patients. Therefore, metabolic interventions to improve diastolic function are warranted. In mice with a germline cardiac-specific deletion of acetyl CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2), systolic dysfunction induced by pressure-overload was prevented by maintaining cardiac fatty acid oxidation (FAO). However, it has not been evaluated whether this strategy would prevent the development of diastolic dysfunction in the adult heart. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that augmenting cardiac FAO is protective against angiotensin II (AngII)-induced diastolic dysfunction in an adult mouse heart. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated a mouse model to induce cardiac-specific deletion of ACC2 in adult mice. Tamoxifen treatment (20mg/kg/day for 5days) was sufficient to delete ACC2 protein and increase cardiac FAO by 50% in ACC2 flox/flox-MerCreMer+ mice (iKO). After 4weeks of AngII (1.1mg/kg/day), delivered by osmotic mini-pumps, iKO mice showed normalized E/E' and E'/A' ratios compared to AngII treated controls (CON). The prevention of diastolic dysfunction in iKO-AngII was accompanied by maintained FAO and reduced glycolysis and anaplerosis. Furthermore, iKO-AngII hearts had a~50% attenuation of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis compared to CON. In addition, maintenance of FAO in iKO hearts suppressed AngII-associated increases in oxidative stress and sustained mitochondrial respiratory complex activities. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that impaired FAO is a contributor to the development of diastolic dysfunction induced by AngII. Maintenance of FAO in this model leads to an attenuation of hypertrophy, reduces fibrosis, suppresses increases in oxidative stress, and maintains mitochondrial function. Therefore, targeting mitochondrial FAO is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Seon Choi
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ana Barbosa Marcondes de Mattos
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Dan Shao
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tao Li
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Miranda Nabben
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Maengjo Kim
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Wang Wang
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rong Tian
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Stephen C Kolwicz
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Andersson
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark (C.A.); and The Framingham Heart Study, and the Sections of Preventive Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, MA (R.S.V.).
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark (C.A.); and The Framingham Heart Study, and the Sections of Preventive Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, MA (R.S.V.)
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22
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Morimoto T, Katanasaka Y, Sunagawa Y, Hirano S, Miyazaki Y, Funamoto M, Hojo Y, Suzuki H, Morimoto E, Ueno M, Shimatsu A, Satoh-Asahara N, Yamakage H, Wada H, Hasegawa K. Effects of Statins on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Patients with Dyslipidemia and Diastolic Dysfunction (Stat-LVDF Study). Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:1404-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Shizuoka General Hospital
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Yasufumi Katanasaka
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Shizuoka General Hospital
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Yoichi Sunagawa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Shizuoka General Hospital
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Sae Hirano
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Masafumi Funamoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yuya Hojo
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Hidetoshi Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | - Morio Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Akira Shimatsu
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Noriko Satoh-Asahara
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Hajime Yamakage
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Hiromichi Wada
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Division of Translational Research, Kyoto Medical Center, National Hospital Organization
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Horgan S, Watson C, Glezeva N, Baugh J. Murine models of diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Card Fail 2014; 20:984-95. [PMID: 25225111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction leads to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, an increasingly prevalent condition largely driven by modern day lifestyle risk factors. As heart failure with preserved ejection fraction accounts for almost one-half of all patients with heart failure, appropriate nonhuman animal models are required to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome and to provide a platform for preclinical investigation of potential therapies. Hypertension, obesity, and diabetes are major risk factors for diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. This review focuses on murine models reflecting this disease continuum driven by the aforementioned common risk factors. We describe various models of diastolic dysfunction and highlight models of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction reported in the literature. Strengths and weaknesses of the different models are discussed to provide an aid to translational scientists when selecting an appropriate model. We also bring attention to the fact that heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is difficult to diagnose in animal models and that, therefore, there is a paucity of well described animal models of this increasingly important condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Horgan
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland; Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - C Watson
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Glezeva
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Baugh
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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24
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Drapala A, Sikora M, Ufnal M. Statins, the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and hypertension – a tale of another beneficial effect of statins. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 15:250-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320314531058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Drapala
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Sikora
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Optimisation of reference genes for gene-expression analysis in a rabbit model of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89331. [PMID: 24558494 PMCID: PMC3928441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is characterized by the disturbance of ventricle’s performance due to its abnormal relaxation or to its increased stiffness during the diastolic phase. The molecular mechanisms underlying LVDD remain unknown. We aimed to identify normalization genes for accurate gene-expression analysis of LVDD using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) in a new rabbit model of LVDD. Eighteen rabbits were fed with a normal diet (n = 7) or a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet supplemented with vitamin D2 (n = 11) for an average of 14.5 weeks. We validated the presence of LVDD in this model using echocardiography for diastolic function assessment. RT-PCR was performed using cDNA derived from left ventricle samples to measure the stability of 10 genes as candidate reference genes (Gapdh, Hprt1, Ppia, Sdha, Rpl5, Actb, Eef1e1, Ywhaz, Pgk1, and G6pd). Using geNorm analysis, we report that Sdha, Gapdh and Hprt1 genes had the highest stability (M <0.2). By contrast, Hprt1 and Rpl5 genes were found to represent the best combination for normalization when using the Normfinder algorithm (stability value of 0.042). Comparison of both normalization strategies highlighted an increase of natriuretic peptides (Bnp and Anp), monocytes chemotactic protein-1 (Mcp-1) and NADPH oxidase subunit (Nox-2) mRNA expressions in ventricle samples of the hypercholesterolemic rabbits compared to controls (P<0.05). This increase correlates with LVDD echocardiographic parameters and most importantly it molecularly validates the presence of the disease in our model. This is the first study emphasizing the selection of stable reference genes for RT-PCR normalization in a rabbit model of LVDD.
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Arita S, Arita N, Hikasa Y. Effect of pravastatin on echocardiographic circulation parameters in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:481-9. [PMID: 24317157 PMCID: PMC4064130 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pravastatin (PS) on
hemodynamic parameters in healthy dogs. Five beagle dogs were repeatedly used in each of
the 4 groups. One group was not medicated (control). Dogs in other groups received 0.5,
1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg PS orally q24hr, for 4 weeks. Physical examination, blood biochemical
tests, blood pressure measurements and Doppler echocardiography were performed before and
1, 2 and 4 weeks after PS administration in all dogs. PS significantly reduced the left
atrial-to-aortic diameter ratio (LA/Ao), early diastolic transmitral flow (E) wave,
E/early diastolic mitral annulus motion velocity (Em) ratio, left ventricular (LV)
fractional shortening, LV ejection fraction, mid systolic myocardial velocity gradient,
stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), right and left ventricular Tei indices and
elevated Em and early diastolic myocardial velocity gradient. Heart rate was not
significantly altered during PS administration, but mean blood pressure decreased
slightly. The hematological and blood biochemical values were within normal limits during
PS administration. These results revealed that PS administration increases LV expansion
capacity and decreases LV constriction and left atrial pressure. It has been suggested
that PS may be effective in improving heart failures with LV diastolic dysfunction or
elevated left atrial pressure in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Arita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Tsukamoto Y, Mano T, Sakata Y, Ohtani T, Takeda Y, Tamaki S, Omori Y, Ikeya Y, Saito Y, Ishii R, Higashimori M, Kaneko M, Miwa T, Yamamoto K, Komuro I. A novel heart failure mice model of hypertensive heart disease by angiotensin II infusion, nephrectomy, and salt loading. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1658-67. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00349.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the mouse heart failure (HF) model of hypertensive heart disease (HHD) is useful to investigate the pathophysiology and new therapeutic targets for HHD, the model using simple experimental procedures and stable phenotypes has not been established. This study aimed to develop a novel mouse HF model of HHD by combining salt loading and uninephrectomy with ANG II infusion. Eight-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were treated with ANG II infusion (AT), ANG II infusion and uninephrectomy (AN), ANG II infusion and salt loading (AS), or ANG II infusion, uninephrectomy, and salt loading (ANS). Systolic blood pressure was significantly elevated and left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy was found in AT, AN, AS, and ANS mice, and there were no significant differences in those parameters between the four groups. At 6 wk after the procedures, only ANS mice showed significant decreases in LV fractional shortening and increases in lung weight with a high incidence. This phenotype was reproducible, and there were few perioperative or early deaths in the experimental procedures. Severe LV fibrosis was found in ANS mice. Oxidative stress was enhanced and small GTPase Rac1 activity was upregulated in the hearts of ANS mice. After the addition of salt loading and uninephrectomy to the ANG II infusion mouse model, cardiac function was significantly impaired, and mice developed HF. This might be a novel and useful mouse HF model to study the transition from compensated LV hypertrophy to HF in HHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Tsukamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Genome Information Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Genome Information Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomohito Ohtani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Takeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tamaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Genome Information Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yosuke Omori
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Genome Information Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Ikeya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ishii
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; and
| | | | - Makoto Kaneko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; and
| | - Takeshi Miwa
- Genome Information Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Myocardial Rac1 exhibits partial involvement in thyroxin-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and its inhibition is not sufficient to improve cardiac dysfunction or contractile abnormalities in mouse papillary muscles. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 61:536-44. [PMID: 23429587 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31828d4b9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
: Development of cardiac hypertrophy after thyroxin (T4) treatment is well recognized. Recently, we observed that T4-induced cardiac hypertrophy is associated with increased cardiac Rac1 expression and activity. Whether this Rac1 increase has a role in inducing this cardiac phenotype is, however, still unknown. Here, we showed that T4 treatment (500 µg/kg/d) for 2 weeks resulted in increased myocardial Rac1 activity with subsequent hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction in vivo. Isolated right ventricular papillary muscles of T4-treated mice maintained their peak isometric active developed tension but exhibited significant decreases in their corresponding time to peak and in relaxation times. Positive inotropic responses to increasing pacing rate and β-adrenergic stimulation were also depressed in these muscles. Pravastatin (10 mg/kg/d), a Rac1 inhibitor, significantly decreased myocardial Rac1 activity, hypertension, and cardiomyocyte size in T4-treated mice but could not attenuate gross heart weight or functional cardiac changes in these mice. Our data showed that T4 could activate different signaling pathways with distinct cardiovascular outcomes. We also provide the first mechanistic evidence for the partial involvement of Rac1 activation in T4-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and reveal a putative role for Rac1 in the development of T4-induced hypertension.
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29
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Badri KR, Yue M, Carretero OA, Aramgam SL, Cao J, Sharkady S, Kim GH, Taylor GA, Byron KL, Schuger L. Blood pressure homeostasis is maintained by a P311-TGF-β axis. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4502-12. [PMID: 24091331 DOI: 10.1172/jci69884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
P311 is an 8-kDa intracellular protein that is highly conserved across species and is expressed in the nervous system as well as in vascular and visceral smooth muscle cells. P311-null (P311-/-) mice display learning and memory defects, but alterations in their vasculature have not been previously described. Here we report that P311-/- mice are markedly hypotensive with accompanying defects in vascular tone and VSMC contractility. Functional abnormalities in P311-/- mice resulted from decreased total and active levels of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 that arise as a specific consequence of decreased translation. Vascular hypofunctionality was fully rescued in vitro and in vivo by exogenous TGF-β1-TGF-β3. Conversely, P311-transgenic (P311(TG)) mice had elevated levels of TGF-β1-TGF-β3 and subsequent hypertension. Consistent with findings attained in mouse models, arteries recovered from hypertensive human patients displayed increased P311 expression. Thus, we identified P311 as the first protein known to modulate TGF-β translation and the first pan-regulator of TGF-β expression under steady-state conditions. Together, our findings point to P311 as a critical blood pressure regulator and establish a potential link between P311 expression and the development of hypertensive disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/pathology
- Aorta/physiopathology
- Aortography
- Blood Pressure
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Homeostasis
- Humans
- Hypotension/genetics
- Hypotension/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle Contraction
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Up-Regulation
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein
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30
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Tousoulis D, Oikonomou E, Siasos G, Stefanadis C. Statins in heart failure--With preserved and reduced ejection fraction. An update. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:79-91. [PMID: 24022031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors or statins beyond their lipid lowering properties and mevalonate inhibition exert also their actions through a multiplicity of mechanisms. In heart failure (HF) the inhibition of isoprenoid intermediates and small GTPases, which control cellular function such as cell shape, secretion and proliferation, is of clinical significance. Statins share also the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pathway and inactivate extracellular-signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation suppressing inflammatory cascade. By down-regulating Rho/Rho kinase signaling pathways, statins increase the stability of eNOS mRNA and induce activation of eNOS through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/eNOS pathway restoring endothelial function. Statins change also myocardial action potential plateau by modulation of Kv1.5 and Kv4.3 channel activity and inhibit sympathetic nerve activity suppressing arrhythmogenesis. Less documented evidence proposes also that statins have anti-hypertrophic effects - through p21ras/mitogen activated protein kinase pathway - which modulate synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases and procollagen 1 expression affecting interstitial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. Clinical studies have partly confirmed the experimental findings and despite current guidelines new evidence supports the notion that statins can be beneficial in some cases of HF. In subjects with diastolic HF, moderately impaired systolic function, low b-type natriuretic peptide levels, exacerbated inflammatory response and mild interstitial fibrosis evidence supports that statins can favorably affect the outcome. Under the lights of this evidence in this review article we discuss the current knowledge on the mechanisms of statins' actions and we link current experimental and clinical data to further understand the possible impact of statins' treatment on HF syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christodoulos Stefanadis
- 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece
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31
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Lee MS, Flammer AJ, Lerman A. The decline effect in cardiovascular medicine: is the effect of cardiovascular medicine and stent on cardiovascular events decline over the years? Korean Circ J 2013; 43:443-52. [PMID: 23964290 PMCID: PMC3744731 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2013.43.7.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The term decline effect is referred to a diminution of scientifically discovered effects over time. Reasons for the decline effect are multifaceted and include publication bias, selective reporting, outcomes reporting bias, regression to the mean, scientific paradigm shift, overshadowing and habituation, among others. Such effects can be found in cardiovascular medicines through medications (e.g., aspirin, antithrombotics, proton pump inhibitor, beta-blockers, statins, estrogen/progestin, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor etc.), as well as with interventional devices (e.g., angioplasty, percutaneous coronary intervention, stents). The scientific community should understand the various dimensions of the decline effects, and effective steps should be undertaken to prevent or recognize such decline effects in cardiovascular medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo-Sik Lee
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. ; Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
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32
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Elnakish MT, Hassona MDH, Alhaj MA, Moldovan L, Janssen PML, Khan M, Hassanain HH. Rac-induced left ventricular dilation in thyroxin-treated ZmRacD transgenic mice: role of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and myocardial fibrosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42500. [PMID: 22936985 PMCID: PMC3427332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathways inducing the critical transition from compensated hypertrophy to cardiac dilation and failure remain poorly understood. The goal of our study is to determine the role of Rac-induced signaling in this transition process. Our previous results showed that Thyroxin (T4) treatment resulted in increased myocardial Rac expression in wild-type mice and a higher level of expression in Zea maize RacD (ZmRacD) transgenic mice. Our current results showed that T4 treatment induced physiologic cardiac hypertrophy in wild-type mice, as demonstrated by echocardiography and histopathology analyses. This was associated with significant increases in myocardial Rac-GTP, superoxide and ERK1/2 activities. Conversely, echocardiography and histopathology analyses showed that T4 treatment induced dilated cardiomyopathy along with compensatory cardiac hypertrophy in ZmRacD mice. These were linked with further increases in myocardial Rac-GTP, superoxide and ERK1/2 activities. Additionally, there were significant increases in caspase-8 expression and caspase-3 activity. However, there was a significant decrease in p38-MAPK activity. Interestingly, inhibition of myocardial Rac-GTP activity and superoxide generation with pravastatin and carvedilol, respectively, attenuated all functional, structural, and molecular changes associated with the T4-induced cardiomyopathy in ZmRacD mice except the compensatory cardiac hypertrophy. Taken together, T4-induced ZmRacD is a novel mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy that shares many characteristics with the human disease phenotype. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show graded Rac-mediated O(2)·(-) results in cardiac phenotype shift in-vivo. Moreover, Rac-mediated O(2)·(-) generation, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and myocardial fibrosis seem to play a pivotal role in the transition from cardiac hypertrophy to cardiac dilation and failure. Targeting Rac signaling could represent valuable therapeutic strategy not only in saving the failing myocardium but also to prevent this transition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T. Elnakish
- Department of Anesthesiology, and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mohamed D. H. Hassona
- Department of Anesthesiology, and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mazin A. Alhaj
- Department of Anesthesiology, and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Leni Moldovan
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Paul M. L. Janssen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mahmood Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hamdy H. Hassanain
- Department of Anesthesiology, and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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33
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Effects of statins on cardiorenal syndrome. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:162545. [PMID: 22792467 PMCID: PMC3390040 DOI: 10.1155/2012/162545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease and renal disease have a close relationship that forms a vicious cycle as a cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). Oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular inflammation could be therapeutic targets when the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated by accumulation of conventional cardiovascular risk factors; however, a strategy for management of CRS has not been established yet. Statins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, have not only cholesterol-lowering effects but also pleiotropic effects on cardiovascular systems, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and improvement of nitric oxide bioavailability. Since recent studies have indicated that statins have beneficial effects on chronic kidney disease and heart failure as well as coronary artery disease in cholesterol-lowering-dependent/independent manners, treatment with statins might be a successful strategy for preventing deterioration of CRS.
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34
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Ishida K, Matsumoto T, Taguchi K, Kamata K, Kobayashi T. Pravastatin normalizes endothelium-derived contracting factor-mediated response via suppression of Rho-kinase signalling in mesenteric artery from aged type 2 diabetic rat. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 205:255-65. [PMID: 22212448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although pravastatin has known pleiotropic effects against adverse cardiovascular conditions, little is known about its effects on endothelium-derived contracting factor (EDCF)-mediated signalling. We aimed to determine the effects of pravastatin on the production of and responses to EDCF in superior mesenteric arteries isolated from rats at the chronic stage of type 2 diabetes. METHODS Contractions to acetylcholine (ACh) were examined in superior mesenteric artery rings from aged type 2 diabetic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats (56-60 weeks old), from control age-matched non-diabetic Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats and from pravastatin-treated (10 mg kg(-1) , p.o., daily for 4 weeks) OLETF rats. Mesenteric artery expressions of cyclo-oxygenases (COXs), microsomal-PGE synthases (mPGESs), RhoA and Rho-kinase proteins, and also the level of phosphorylated ezrin, radixin and moesin (PERM), a substrate for Rho-kinase, were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Arteries from OLETF rats exhibited (vs. LETO rats) (1) enhanced ACh-induced EDCF-mediated contractions, which were inhibited by the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632, (2) reductions in the ACh-stimulated release of both PGE(2) and superoxide and (3) increased COX-1 and PERM protein expressions. Mesenteric arteries from OLETF rats treated with pravastatin exhibited (vs. untreated OLETF) (1) reduced ACh-induced contraction, (2) suppressed ACh-induced PGE(2) production and superoxide generation and (3) reduced ACh-induced PERM protein expression. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that pravastatin exerts beneficial effects against abnormal EDCF signalling by suppressing Rho-kinase and promoting antioxidant activity in the mesenteric arteries of rats at the chronic stage of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ishida
- Department of Physiology and Morphology; Institute of Medicinal Chemistry; Hoshi University; Tokyo; Japan
| | - T. Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology and Morphology; Institute of Medicinal Chemistry; Hoshi University; Tokyo; Japan
| | - K. Taguchi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology; Institute of Medicinal Chemistry; Hoshi University; Tokyo; Japan
| | - K. Kamata
- Department of Physiology and Morphology; Institute of Medicinal Chemistry; Hoshi University; Tokyo; Japan
| | - T. Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology; Institute of Medicinal Chemistry; Hoshi University; Tokyo; Japan
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35
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Beck AL, Otto ME, D′Avila LB, Netto FM, Armendaris MK, Sposito AC. Diastolic function parameters are improved by the addition of simvastatin to enalapril-based treatment in hypertensive individuals. Atherosclerosis 2012; 222:444-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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36
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Lee KH, Jeong MH, Kim HM, Ahn Y, Kim JH, Chae SC, Kim YJ, Hur SH, Seong IW, Hong TJ, Choi DH, Cho MC, Kim CJ, Seung KB, Chung WS, Jang YS, Rha SW, Bae JH, Cho JG, Park SJ. Benefit of Early Statin Therapy in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Who Have Extremely Low Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58:1664-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Pan XD, Zeng ZH, Liang LY, Luo JD, Xiao AY, Lai Q, Wen YH, Lu DF, Wang W, He ZC, He WK. The Effects of Simvastatin on Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Left Ventricular Function in Patients with Essential Hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2011; 33:558-64. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2011.577486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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38
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Peng H, Yang XP, Carretero OA, Nakagawa P, D'Ambrosio M, Leung P, Xu J, Peterson EL, González GE, Harding P, Rhaleb NE. Angiotensin II-induced dilated cardiomyopathy in Balb/c but not C57BL/6J mice. Exp Physiol 2011; 96:756-64. [PMID: 21602297 PMCID: PMC3256574 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.057612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Balb/c mice, which are T-helper lymphocyte 2 (Th2) responders, are highly susceptible to infectious and non-infectious heart diseases, whereas C57BL/6 mice (Th1 responders) are not. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is not only a vasopressor but also a pro-inflammatory factor that leads to cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and dysfunction. We hypothesized that Ang II exacerbates cardiac damage in Balb/c but not in C57BL/6 mice even though both strains have a similar level of hypertension. Twelve-week-old male C57BL/6J and Balb/c mice received either vehicle or Ang II (1.4 mg kg(-1) day(-1), s.c. via osmotic minipump) for 8 weeks. At baseline, Balb/c mice exhibited the following: (1) a lower heart rate; (2) an enlarged left ventricular chamber; (3) a lower ejection fraction and shortening fraction; and (4) twice the left ventricular collagen deposition of age-matched C57BL/6J mice. Angiotensin II raised systolic blood pressure (to ∼150 mmHg) and induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in a similar manner in both strains. While C57BL/6J mice developed compensatory concentric hypertrophy and fibrosis in response to Ang II, Balb/c mice demonstrated severe left ventricular chamber dilatation, wall thinning and fibrosis, leading to congestive heart failure as evidenced by dramatically decreased ejection fraction and lung congestion (significant increase in lung weight), which are both characteristic of dilated cardiomyopathy. Our study suggests that the Th phenotype plays an active role in cardiac remodelling and function both in basal conditions and in hypertension. Angiotensin II-induced dilated cardiomyopathy in Balb/c mice is an ideal animal model for studying the impact of the adaptive immune system on cardiac remodelling and function and for testing strategies to prevent or treat hypertension-associated heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Peng
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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39
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Elnakish MT, Awad MM, Hassona MDH, Alhaj MA, Kulkarni A, Citro LA, Sayyid M, Abouelnaga ZA, El-Sayed O, Kuppusamy P, Moldovan L, Khan M, Hassanain HH. Cardiac remodeling caused by transgenic overexpression of a corn Rac gene. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H868-80. [PMID: 21622832 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00807.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rac1-GTPase activation plays a key role in the development and progression of cardiac remodeling. Therefore, we engineered a transgenic mouse model by overexpressing cDNA of a constitutively active form of Zea maize Rac gene (ZmRacD) specifically in the hearts of FVB/N mice. Echocardiography and MRI analyses showed cardiac hypertrophy in old transgenic mice, as evidenced by increased left ventricular (LV) mass and LV mass-to-body weight ratio, which are associated with relative ventricular chamber dilation and systolic dysfunction. LV hypertrophy in the hearts of old transgenic mice was further confirmed by an increased heart weight-to-body weight ratio and histopathology analysis. The cardiac remodeling in old transgenic mice was coupled with increased myocardial Rac-GTPase activity (372%) and ROS production (462%). There were also increases in α(1)-integrin (224%) and β(1)-integrin (240%) expression. This led to the activation of hypertrophic signaling pathways, e.g., ERK1/2 (295%) and JNK (223%). Pravastatin treatment led to inhibition of Rac-GTPase activity and integrin signaling. Interestingly, activation of ZmRacD expression with thyroxin led to cardiac dilation and systolic dysfunction in adult transgenic mice within 2 wk. In conclusion, this is the first study to show the conservation of Rho/Rac proteins between plant and animal kingdoms in vivo. Additionally, ZmRacD is a novel transgenic model that gradually develops a cardiac phenotype with aging. Furthermore, the shift from cardiac hypertrophy to dilated hearts via thyroxin treatment will provide us with an excellent system to study the temporal changes in cardiac signaling from adaptive to maladaptive hypertrophy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Elnakish
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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40
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Effects of fluvastatin on insulin resistance and cardiac morphology in hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 2010; 25:492-9. [PMID: 20827284 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2010.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Among hypertensive patients, cardiovascular disease morbidity is common, even in those who are adequately treated. New pharmacological strategies to mitigate the burden of arterial hypertension are needed. This 12-month, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study investigated the effect of statin (fluvastatin) treatment on ambulatory blood pressure (ABP), exercise blood pressure (EBP), myocardial structure, endothelial function and insulin resistance in 50 hypertensive patients. At baseline, the groups were comparable in terms of demographic characteristics, ABP, EBP, endothelial function and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). At the end of the study, there was no difference between groups in terms of resting systolic blood pressure. However, maximum systolic EBP was lower in the treatment group than in the placebo group (175 ± 18 vs 192 ± 23 mm Hg, P<0.05), as was left ventricular mass index (LVMI; 82 ± 15 vs 100 ± 23, P<0.05), and HOMA-IR index was lower after fluvastatin treatment (2.77 ± 1.46 vs 3.33 ± 1.73, P<0.05). Changes in lipid profile were not correlated with blood pressure, endothelial function, LVMI or HOMA-IR data. In hypertensive patients, fluvastatin can improve maximum systolic EBP, myocardial remodelling and insulin resistance, independently of lipid profile variations and endothelial function.
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41
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Nossaman BD, Nossaman VE, Murthy SN, Kadowitz PJ. Role of the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway in the regulation of pulmonary vasoconstrictor function. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 88:1-8. [PMID: 20130732 DOI: 10.1139/y09-092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is the major intracellular messenger that triggers smooth muscle contraction. The study of calcium-binding proteins, such as calmodulin and its downstream effectors, reveals critical regulation of smooth muscle contraction by protein kinases and phosphatases. Moreover, the small GTP-binding protein RhoA and its downstream effector protein, Rho-kinase, have been shown to play a novel role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. Studies have shown that the activation of Rho-kinase is involved in the development of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, restenosis, and increased vascular tone in a number of cardiovascular disorders. Because inhibitors of this pathway promote vasodilation independent of the mechanism that increases vasoconstrictor tone, it is our hypothesis that Rho-kinase is constitutively active in regulating vasoconstrictor tone in the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds. Studies in the literature suggest that the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway has an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby D Nossaman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Section, Ochsner Medical Center, 1514 Jefferson Highway, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA
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42
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Tehrani F, Morrissey R, Phan A, Chien C, Schwarz ER. Statin therapy in patients with diastolic heart failure. Clin Cardiol 2010; 33:E1-5. [PMID: 20127896 DOI: 10.1002/clc.20615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is controversy regarding the potential effects of statin therapy on mortality in patients with heart failure. The present study analyzed the possible effects of statin therapy on morbidity and mortality in patients with diastolic heart failure over long-term follow-up. HYPOTHESIS To evaluate potential effect of statin therapy on hospitalization rate and mortality in patients with diastolic heart failure. METHODS Patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (> or =50%), hospitalized for clinical symptoms of heart failure were evaluated. Patients on statin therapy started at or prior to their first heart failure admission represented group 1 and patients without statin therapy represented group 2. The effects of statins on hospitalization rates and mortality were assessed during a 5 year follow-up. RESULTS A total of 270 patients (group 1 n = 81; group 2 n = 189) were followed over 5 years. Patients on statins demonstrated improved survival compared to patients without statin therapy (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.65, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45-0.95, P = .029). The survival benefit was maintained after adjusting for differences in baseline characteristics, comorbidities, and other medications. There was no significant difference in the mean cardiovascular hospitalization rate (3.0 +/- 3.2 vs 3.8 +/- 4.7, P = .23) and in overall hospitalization rate (7.1 +/- 6.3 vs 7.8 +/- 7.7, P = .52) between groups 1 and 2, respectively. CONCLUSION Statin therapy appears to be associated with improved survival in patients with diastolic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faramarz Tehrani
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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43
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Morrissey RP, Diamond GA, Kaul S. Statins in Acute Coronary Syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54:1425-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Kang BY, Mehta JL. Rosuvastatin attenuates Ang II--mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via inhibition of LOX-1. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2009; 14:283-91. [PMID: 19724024 DOI: 10.1177/1074248409344329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, have been shown to reduce cardiac remodeling. Angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) via its lectin-like ox-LDL receptor (LOX-1) are major stimuli for cardiomyocyte growth. We postulated that rosuvastatin, a potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, may reduce Ang II-mediated cardiomyocyte growth via AT1R and LOX-1 inhibition. HL-1 adult mouse cardiomyocytes were incubated overnight in serum-free medium, and then treated with rosuvastatin, the AT1R inhibitor losartan or anti-LOX-1 antibody for 3 hours. The cells were then stimulated with Ang II. We measured cardiomyocyte growth, and associated intracellular redox signals using reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time quantitative PCR. Losartan and anti-LOX-1 antibody markedly attenuated Ang II-mediated oxidant stress, and the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (p40(phox) and gp91(phox) subunits) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Rosuvastatin attenuated the Ang II-mediated upregulation of both subunits of NAPDH oxidase as well as NF-kappaB. Rosuvastatin also reduced Ang II-mediated upregulation of AT1R and LOX-1. In other experiments, LOX-1 was upregulated in cardiomyocytes by transfection with pCI-neo/LOX-1, which also enhanced the expression AT1R messenger RNA (mRNA), and rosuvastatin pretreatment reduced the expression of both LOX-1 and AT1R in this system. Thus, rosuvastatin attenuates Ang II-mediated cardiomyocyte growth by inhibiting LOX-1 and AT1R expression and suppressing the heightened intracellular redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Yong Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Schmitt B, Fedarava K, Falkenberg J, Rothaus K, Bodhey NK, Reischauer C, Kozerke S, Schnackenburg B, Westermann D, Lunkenheimer PP, Anderson RH, Berger F, Kuehne T. Three-dimensional alignment of the aggregated myocytes in the normal and hypertrophic murine heart. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107:921-7. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00275.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several observations suggest that the transmission of myocardial forces is influenced in part by the spatial arrangement of the myocytes aggregated together within ventricular mass. Our aim was to assess, using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI), any differences in the three-dimensional arrangement of these myocytes in the normal heart compared with the hypertrophic murine myocardium. We induced ventricular hypertrophy in seven mice by infusion of angiotensin II through a subcutaneous pump, with seven other mice serving as controls. DT-MRI of explanted hearts was performed at 3.0 Tesla. We used the primary eigenvector in each voxel to determine the three-dimensional orientation of aggregated myocytes in respect to their helical angles and their transmural courses (intruding angles). Compared with controls, the hypertrophic hearts showed significant increases in myocardial mass and the outer radius of the left ventricular chamber ( P < 0.05). In both groups, a significant change was noted from positive intruding angles at the base to negative angles at the ventricular apex ( P < 0.01). Compared with controls, the hypertrophied hearts had significantly larger intruding angles of the aggregated myocytes, notably in the apical and basal slices ( P < 0.001). In both groups, the helical angles were greatest in midventricular sections, albeit with significantly smaller angles in the mice with hypertrophied myocardium ( P < 0.01). The use of DT-MRI revealed significant differences in helix and intruding angles of the myocytes in the mice with hypertrophied myocardium.
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Kassan M, Montero MJ, Sevilla MA. Chronic treatment with pravastatin prevents early cardiovascular changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:541-7. [PMID: 19645712 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study investigates the effect of pravastatin on blood pressure, cardiovascular remodelling and impaired endothelial function induced as early signs of cardiovascular disease in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Eight-week-old SHR were treated for 4 weeks with pravastatin (20 mg kg(-1) day(-1)). Systolic blood pressure was measured periodically during the study using the tail-cuff method. At the end of the study, the left ventricular weight /body weight ratio was used as an index of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Vascular function, superoxide (O(2)(-*)) production and structure were studied in aortic rings. Lipid peroxidation was measured in plasma (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay). KEY RESULTS Systolic blood pressure was lower in treated SHR than in control SHR, at the end of the study (171 +/- 1 vs. 159 +/- 2 mmHg, P < 0.05), and LVH was significantly reduced by pravastatin (2.7 +/- 0.02 vs. 2.5 +/- 0.01 mg g(-1), P < 0.05). Vascular responses to sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine were similar in both groups; nevertheless, the relaxation response to acetylcholine was higher in the treated rats (45.6 +/- 2.6 vs. 58.1 +/- 3.2 %, P < 0.05). Vascular O(2)(-*) and plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were reduced by pravastatin treatment, and urinary nitrites was elevated. Finally aortic wall became thinner after pravastatin treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Chronic treatment with pravastatin attenuated the increase of systolic blood pressure in SHR, prevented early LVH and improved vascular structure and function. These effects were accompanied by decreased measures of oxidative stress and improvements in NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kassan
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Chang SA, Kim YJ, Lee HW, Kim DH, Kim HK, Chang HJ, Sohn DW, Oh BH, Park YB. Effect of rosuvastatin on cardiac remodeling, function, and progression to heart failure in hypertensive heart with established left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension 2009; 54:591-7. [PMID: 19564547 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.131243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) are the most common high-risk group to develop heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Recent reports have noted the favorable effect of statins on LVH. We evaluated the effect of rosuvastatin on cardiac remodeling, function, and progression to heart failure in a hypertensive rat model with established LVH. Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed a high-salt diet until 13 weeks of age. After LVH was confirmed by echocardiography, rats were randomly assigned to control and statin treatment (n=18 each group). The statin-treated group was treated with rosuvastatin until 21 weeks of ages. Serial echocardiography, blood pressure monitoring, and miniaturized conductance catheter hemodynamic monitoring were performed at 21 weeks. Echocardiographic parameters were not significantly different between the groups. On hemodynamic monitoring, systolic performance parameters were similar between the groups, whereas end diastolic pressure-volume relationships were lower in the statin-treated group (0.014+/-0.008 versus 0.008+/-0.004 mm Hg/muL, P<0.05), suggesting improvement in myocardial stiffness. Pathological analysis showed attenuation of perivascular and interstitial fibrosis in the statin-treated group (P<0.02). Rosuvastatin therapy did not alleviate LVH in hypertensive rats with established LVH, but it attenuated myocardial fibrosis and LV stiffness. It seems that rosuvastatin has limited therapeutic value when used to prevent progression from LVH to heart failure in hypertensive hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-A Chang
- Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Korea.
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Lu JC, Cui W, Zhang HL, Liu F, Han M, Liu DM, Yin HN, Zhang K, Du J. Additive beneficial effects of amlodipine and atorvastatin in reversing advanced cardiac hypertrophy in elderly spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:1110-9. [PMID: 19413592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Additive beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease have been reported for amlodipine and atorvastatin. However, it is still unclear whether the combination of amlodipine and atorvastatin has additive beneficial effects on the regression of advanced cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension. In the present study, the effects of the drug combination on advanced cardiac hypertrophy were investigated in elderly spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). 2. Elderly SHR (36 weeks old) were randomly allocated into four groups of 12: (i) a vehicle-treated control group; (ii) an amlodipine (10 mg/kg per day)-treated group; (iii) an atorvastatin (10 mg/kg per day)-treated group; and (iv) a group treated with a combination of amlodipine and atorvastatin (both at 10 mg/kg per day). Drugs were administered by oral gavage every morning for a period of 12 weeks before hearts were harvested for analysis. 3. Combined administration of amlodipine and atorvastatin significantly suppressed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis and upregulation of hypertrophic and profibrotic genes, and also improved left ventricular diastolic dysfunction to a greater extent than did amlodipine monotherapy. Further beneficial effects of combination therapy on advanced cardiac hypertrophy were associated with a greater reduction of NADPH oxidase-mediated increases in cardiac reactive oxygen species (ROS), rather than decreased blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels. 4. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we examined cardiovascular NADPH oxidase subunits and found that amlodipine clearly attenuated the expression of p47(phox) and p40(phox) and slightly but significantly reduced p22(phox) and Rac-1 levels in heart tissue. Combination treatment with amlodipine plus atorvastatin led to a further reduction in p22(phox), p47(phox) and Rac-1 protein levels compared with amlodipine alone. 5. In conclusion, combined amlodipine and atorvastatin treatment has a greater beneficial effect on advanced cardiac hypertrophy compared with amlodipine monotherapy. The benefits are likely to be related to the additive effects of the drugs on the suppression of NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Chao Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei, China
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Nishida M, Sato Y, Uemura A, Narita Y, Tozaki-Saitoh H, Nakaya M, Ide T, Suzuki K, Inoue K, Nagao T, Kurose H. P2Y6 receptor-Galpha12/13 signalling in cardiomyocytes triggers pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis. EMBO J 2008; 27:3104-15. [PMID: 19008857 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, is one of the causes of heart failure, and it contributes to the impairment of cardiac function. Fibrosis of various tissues, including the heart, is believed to be regulated by the signalling pathway of angiotensin II (Ang II) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. Transgenic expression of inhibitory polypeptides of the heterotrimeric G12 family G protein (Galpha(12/13)) in cardiomyocytes suppressed pressure overload-induced fibrosis without affecting hypertrophy. The expression of fibrogenic genes (TGF-beta, connective tissue growth factor, and periostin) and Ang-converting enzyme (ACE) was suppressed by the functional inhibition of Galpha(12/13). The expression of these fibrogenic genes through Galpha(12/13) by mechanical stretch was initiated by ATP and UDP released from cardiac myocytes through pannexin hemichannels. Inhibition of G-protein-coupled P2Y6 receptors suppressed the expression of ACE, fibrogenic genes, and cardiac fibrosis. These results indicate that activation of Galpha(12/13) in cardiomyocytes by the extracellular nucleotides-stimulated P2Y(6) receptor triggers fibrosis in pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis, which works as an upstream mediator of the signalling pathway between Ang II and TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Nishida
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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