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Di Zeo-Sánchez DE, Segovia-Zafra A, Matilla-Cabello G, Pinazo-Bandera JM, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Villanueva-Paz M. Modeling drug-induced liver injury: current status and future prospects. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:555-573. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2122810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Di Zeo-Sánchez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Segovia-Zafra
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Matilla-Cabello
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - José M. Pinazo-Bandera
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Raúl J. Andrade
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Plataforma ISCIII de Ensayos Clínicos. UICEC-IBIMA, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Uehara S, Suemizu H, Yamazaki H. Cytochrome P450s in chimeric mice with humanized liver. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:307-328. [PMID: 35953159 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric mice with humanized livers (humanized liver mice) are attractive experimental animal models for drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies. The "humanized liver" is a mature and functional liver with zonal position-specific expressions of human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and a global gene expression pattern consistent with that of the mature human liver. Most P450-dependent drug oxidation activities were comparable between microsomes from livers of human and humanized liver mice based on similar expression levels of human P450 enzymes; however, some differences were observed between the two species, including considerable variations in activities of bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation and propafenone 4'-hydroxylation. Human disproportionate and/or unique metabolites of P450 substrate drugs were produced in humanized liver mice. Plasma concentration profiles of typical P450 substrate drugs in humans could be extrapolated from the corresponding data in humanized liver mice using simplified physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Drug-drug interaction-mediated hepatic human CYP3A/2C induction by rifampicin (a human pregnane X receptor agonist) was observed in humanized liver mice. The major role of human CYP2C9 in in vivo diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation were determined using human CYP2C9-inactivated chimeric mice using a mechanism-based inhibitor, tienilic acid. Overall, based on the functional characteristics of hepatic human P450 enzymes, humanized liver mice are valuable experimental animals for studying metabolite profiling, pharmacokinetics, and drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Ren J, Yu D, Wang J, Xu K, Xu Y, Sun R, An P, Li C, Feng G, Zhang Y, Dai X, Zhao H, Wang Z, Han Z, Zhu H, Ding Y, You X, Liu X, Wu M, Luo L, Li Z, Yang YG, Hu Z, Wei HJ, Ge L, Hai T, Li W. Generation of immunodeficient pig with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 and their preliminary application for humanized liver. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:26. [PMID: 35255981 PMCID: PMC8900390 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mice with humanized livers are important models to study drug toxicology testing, development of hepatitis virus treatments, and hepatocyte transplantation therapy. However, the huge difference between mouse and human in size and anatomy limited the application of humanized mice in investigating human diseases. Therefore, it is urgent to construct humanized livers in pigs to precisely investigate hepatocyte regeneration and human hepatocyte therapy. CRISPR/Cas9 system and somatic cell cloning technology were used to generate two pig models with FAH deficiency and exhibiting severe immunodeficiency (FAH/RAG1 and FAH/RAG1/IL2RG deficiency). Human primary hepatocytes were then successfully transplanted into the FG pig model and constructed two pigs with human liver. Results The constructed FAH/RAG1/IL2RG triple-knockout pig models were characterized by chronic liver injury and severe immunodeficiency. Importantly, the FG pigs transplanted with primary human hepatocytes produced human albumin in a time dependent manner as early as 1 week after transplantation. Furthermore, the colonization of human hepatocytes was confirmed by immunochemistry staining. Conclusions We successfully generated pig models with severe immunodeficiency that could construct human liver tissues. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00760-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Renren Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Peipei An
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Chongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guihai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiangpeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Hongye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zhengzhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhiqiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haibo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.,Center of Reproductive Medicine and Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yuchun Ding
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Technical Engineering Center for the Development and Utilization of Medical Animal Resources, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Xiaoyan You
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Technical Engineering Center for the Development and Utilization of Medical Animal Resources, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Xueqin Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Technical Engineering Center for the Development and Utilization of Medical Animal Resources, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Technical Engineering Center for the Development and Utilization of Medical Animal Resources, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.,Technical Engineering Center for the Development and Utilization of Medical Animal Resources, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Hong-Jiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Technical Engineering Center for the Development and Utilization of Medical Animal Resources, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Tang Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Beijing Farm Animal Research Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Huang Y, Miyamoto D, Hidaka M, Adachi T, Gu WL, Eguchi S. Regenerative medicine for the hepatobiliary system: A review. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2020; 28:913-930. [PMID: 33314713 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation, the only proven treatment for end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure, is hampered by the scarcity of donors. Regenerative medicine provides an alternative therapeutic approach. Tremendous efforts dedicated to liver regenerative medicine include the delivery of transplantable cells, microtissues, and bioengineered whole livers via tissue engineering and the maintenance of partial liver function via extracorporeal support. This brief review summarizes the current status of regenerative medicine for the hepatobiliary system. For liver regenerative medicine, the focus is on strategies for expansion of transplantable hepatocytes, generation of hepatocyte-like cells, and therapeutic potential of engineered tissues in liver disease models. For biliary regenerative medicine, the discussion concentrates on the methods for generation of cholangiocyte-like cells and strategies in the treatment of biliary disease. Significant advances have been made in large-scale and long-term expansion of liver cells. The development of tissue engineering and stem cell induction technology holds great promise for the future treatment of hepatobiliary diseases. The application of regenerative medicine in liver still lacks extensive animal experiments. Therefore, a large number of preclinical studies are necessary to provide sufficient evidence for their therapeutic effectiveness. Much remains to be done for the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases with regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Daisuke Miyamoto
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hidaka
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Adachi
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Wei-Li Gu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Susumu Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Bissig KD, Han W, Barzi M, Kovalchuk N, Ding L, Fan X, Pankowicz FP, Zhang QY, Ding X. P450-Humanized and Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Models for Studying Xenobiotic Metabolism and Toxicity. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1734-1744. [PMID: 30093418 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical evaluation of drug candidates in experimental animal models is an essential step in drug development. Humanized mouse models have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional animal models. The purpose of this mini-review is to provide a brief survey of currently available mouse models for studying human xenobiotic metabolism. Here, we describe both genetic humanization and human liver chimeric mouse models, focusing on the advantages and limitations while outlining their key features and applications. Although this field of biomedical science is relatively young, these humanized mouse models have the potential to transform preclinical drug testing and eventually lead to a more cost-effective and rapid development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Dimiter Bissig
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Weiguo Han
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Mercedes Barzi
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Nataliia Kovalchuk
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Liang Ding
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Francis P Pankowicz
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
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Fraser K, Bruckner DM, Dordick JS. Advancing Predictive Hepatotoxicity at the Intersection of Experimental, in Silico, and Artificial Intelligence Technologies. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:412-430. [PMID: 29722533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions, particularly those that result in drug-induced liver injury (DILI), are a major cause of drug failure in clinical trials and drug withdrawals. Hepatotoxicity-mediated drug attrition occurs despite substantial investments of time and money in developing cellular assays, animal models, and computational models to predict its occurrence in humans. Underperformance in predicting hepatotoxicity associated with drugs and drug candidates has been attributed to existing gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in driving hepatic injury after these compounds perfuse and are metabolized by the liver. Herein we assess in vitro, in vivo (animal), and in silico strategies used to develop predictive DILI models. We address the effectiveness of several two- and three-dimensional in vitro cellular methods that are frequently employed in hepatotoxicity screens and how they can be used to predict DILI in humans. We also explore how humanized animal models can recapitulate human drug metabolic profiles and associated liver injury. Finally, we highlight the maturation of computational methods for predicting hepatotoxicity, the untapped potential of artificial intelligence for improving in silico DILI screens, and how knowledge acquired from these predictions can shape the refinement of experimental methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Fraser
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Biological Sciences Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Dylan M Bruckner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Biological Sciences Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Biological Sciences Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
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Chimeric mice with humanized liver: Application in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics studies for drug discovery. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 33:31-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sanoh S, Ohta S. [Contribution of chimeric mice with a humanized liver to the evaluation of pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics in drug discovery and development]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2018; 151:213-220. [PMID: 29760366 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.151.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To develop new drugs with high efficacy and safety, it is important to predict the pharmacological, toxicological, and pharmacokinetic profiles of drug candidates in humans. Chimeric mice with a humanized liver are mice in which human hepatocytes have been transplanted, such that mouse liver cells are replaced with human hepatocytes; these mice have been used as prediction models. Studies performed thus far indicate that chimeric mice with a humanized liver can be used for the prediction of human-specific metabolite formation and plasma concentration-time curves for several drugs. Furthermore, studies advocate the utility of chimeric mice with a humanized liver for modelling drug-induced hepatotoxicity and disease such as hepatitis virus infection in safety and pharmacological evaluations respectively. Taken together, these findings indicate that chimeric mice with a humanized liver can be used to evaluate the relationship between pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and efficacy; the contribution by active metabolites may also be assessed. In recent years, new and improved animal models have been developed to overcome the disadvantages of chimeric mice with a humanized liver. It is expected that their usefulness for optimization of drug candidates and translational research in drug discovery and development will further increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Fujiwara S. Humanized mice: A brief overview on their diverse applications in biomedical research. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2889-2901. [PMID: 28543438 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Model animals naturally differ from humans in various respects and results from the former are not directly translatable to the latter. One approach to address this issue is humanized mice that are defined as mice engrafted with functional human cells or tissues. In humanized mice, we can investigate the development and function of human cells or tissues (including their products encoded by human genes) in the in vivo context of a small animal. As such, humanized mouse models have played important roles that cannot be substituted by other animal models in various areas of biomedical research. Although there are obvious limitations in humanized mice and we may need some caution in interpreting the results obtained from them, it is reasonably expected that they will be utilized in increasingly diverse areas of biomedical research, as the technology for preparing humanized mice are rapidly improved. In this review, I will describe the methodology for generating humanized mice and overview their recent applications in various disciplines including immunology, infectious diseases, drug metabolism, and neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Ernst W. Humanized mice in infectious diseases. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 49:29-38. [PMID: 27865261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of infectious agents with human tropism can only be properly studied in an in vivo model featuring human cells or tissue. Humanized mice represent a small animal model featuring human cells or tissue that can be infected by human-specific viruses, bacteria, and parasites and also providing a functional human immune system. This makes the analysis of a human immune response to infection possible and allows for preclinical testing of new vaccines and therapeutic agents. Results of various studies using humanized mice to investigate pathogens with human tropism are presented in this review. In addition, the limitations of humanized mice and methods to improve this valuable animal model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ernst
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics St. Hedwig, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany.
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Chow ECY, Wang JZY, Quach HP, Tang H, Evans DC, Li AP, Silva J, Pang KS. Functional Integrity of the Chimeric (Humanized) Mouse Liver: Enzyme Zonation, Physiologic Spaces, and Hepatic Enzymes and Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1524-35. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
Most of what we know about a drug prior to human clinical studies is derived from animal testing. Because animals and humans have substantial differences in their physiology and in their drug metabolism pathways, we do not know very much about the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of a drug in humans until after it is administered to many people. Hence, drug-induced liver injury has become a significant public health problem, and we have a very inefficient drug development process with a high failure rate. Because the human liver is at the heart of these problems, chimeric mice with humanized livers could be used to address these issues. We examine recent evidence indicating that drug testing in chimeric mice could provide better information about a drug's metabolism, disposition, and toxicity (i.e., its "behavior") in humans and could aid in developing personalized medicine strategies, which would improve drug efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305;
| | - Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305;
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15
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Soulard V, Bosson-Vanga H, Lorthiois A, Roucher C, Franetich JF, Zanghi G, Bordessoulles M, Tefit M, Thellier M, Morosan S, Le Naour G, Capron F, Suemizu H, Snounou G, Moreno-Sabater A, Mazier D. Plasmodium falciparum full life cycle and Plasmodium ovale liver stages in humanized mice. Nat Commun 2015. [PMID: 26205537 PMCID: PMC4525212 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies of Plasmodium parasites that infect humans are restricted by their host specificity. Humanized mice offer a means to overcome this and further provide the opportunity to observe the parasites in vivo. Here we improve on previous protocols to achieve efficient double engraftment of TK-NOG mice by human primary hepatocytes and red blood cells. Thus, we obtain the complete hepatic development of P. falciparum, the transition to the erythrocytic stages, their subsequent multiplication, and the appearance of mature gametocytes over an extended period of observation. Furthermore, using sporozoites derived from two P. ovale-infected patients, we show that human hepatocytes engrafted in TK-NOG mice sustain maturation of the liver stages, and the presence of late-developing schizonts indicate the eventual activation of quiescent parasites. Thus, TK-NOG mice are highly suited for in vivo observations on the Plasmodium species of humans. Mice engrafted with human cells are useful models for research on human malaria parasites. Here the authors show that the complete life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum and the liver stages of Plasmodium ovale can be studied in mice doubly engrafted with human primary hepatocytes and red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Soulard
- 1] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1135, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [3] CNRS, ERL 8255, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Henriette Bosson-Vanga
- 1] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1135, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [3] CNRS, ERL 8255, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [4] Université FHB, UFR SPB, Departement de Parasitologie-Mycologie, BP V 34 Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Audrey Lorthiois
- 1] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1135, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [3] CNRS, ERL 8255, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Clémentine Roucher
- 1] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1135, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [3] CNRS, ERL 8255, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Franetich
- 1] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1135, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [3] CNRS, ERL 8255, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Gigliola Zanghi
- 1] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1135, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [3] CNRS, ERL 8255, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Mallaury Bordessoulles
- 1] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1135, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [3] CNRS, ERL 8255, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Maurel Tefit
- 1] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1135, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [3] CNRS, ERL 8255, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Marc Thellier
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 83 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Serban Morosan
- UPMC Univ. Paris 06, INSERM, UMS28, 105 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Le Naour
- AP-HP, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, 83 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Capron
- AP-HP, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, 83 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Central Institute for Experimental Animal, Kawasaki, Kanegawa, Japan
| | - Georges Snounou
- 1] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1135, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [3] CNRS, ERL 8255, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Alicia Moreno-Sabater
- 1] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1135, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [3] CNRS, ERL 8255, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Mazier
- 1] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1135, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [3] CNRS, ERL 8255, CIMI-PARIS, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France [4] AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 83 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
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16
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Xu D, Michie SA, Zheng M, Takeda S, Wu M, Peltz G. Humanized thymidine kinase-NOG mice can be used to identify drugs that cause animal-specific hepatotoxicity: a case study with furosemide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:73-8. [PMID: 25962391 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.224493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecies differences have limited the predictive utility of toxicology studies performed using animal species. A drug that could be a safe and effective treatment in humans could cause toxicity in animals, preventing it from being used in humans. We investigated whether the use of thymidine kinase (TK)-NOG mice with humanized livers could prevent this unfortunate outcome (i.e., "rescue" a drug for use in humans). A high dose of furosemide is known to cause severe liver toxicity in mice, but it is a safe and effective treatment in humans. We demonstrate that administration of a high dose of furosemide (200 mg/kg i.p.) causes extensive hepatotoxicity in control mice but not in humanized TK-NOG mice. This interspecies difference results from a higher rate of production of the toxicity-causing metabolite by mouse liver. Comparison of their survival curves indicated that the humanized mice were more resistant than control mice to the hepatotoxicity caused by high doses of furosemide. In this test case, humanized TK-NOG mouse studies indicate that humans could be safely treated with a high dose of furosemide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.Z., M.W., G.P.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.)
| | - Sara A Michie
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.Z., M.W., G.P.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.)
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.Z., M.W., G.P.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.)
| | - Saori Takeda
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.Z., M.W., G.P.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.)
| | - Manhong Wu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.Z., M.W., G.P.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.)
| | - Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.Z., M.W., G.P.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.)
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17
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Kamimura H, Ito S, Nozawa K, Nakamura S, Chijiwa H, Nagatsuka SI, Kuronuma M, Ohnishi Y, Suemizu H, Ninomiya SI. Formation of the Accumulative Human Metabolite and Human-Specific Glutathione Conjugate of Diclofenac in TK-NOG Chimeric Mice with Humanized Livers. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:309-16. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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18
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Xu D, Wu M, Nishimura S, Nishimura T, Michie SA, Zheng M, Yang Z, Yates AJ, Day JS, Hillgren KM, Takeda ST, Guan Y, Guo Y, Peltz G. Chimeric TK-NOG mice: a predictive model for cholestatic human liver toxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:274-80. [PMID: 25424997 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.220798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the substantial interspecies differences in drug metabolism and disposition, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in humans is often not predicted by studies performed in animal species. For example, a drug (bosentan) used to treat pulmonary artery hypertension caused unexpected cholestatic liver toxicity in humans, which was not predicted by preclinical toxicology studies in multiple animal species. In this study, we demonstrate that NOG mice expressing a thymidine kinase transgene (TK-NOG) with humanized livers have a humanized profile of biliary excretion of a test (cefmetazole) drug, which was shown by an in situ perfusion study to result from interspecies differences in the rate of biliary transport and in liver retention of this drug. We also found that readily detectable cholestatic liver injury develops in TK-NOG mice with humanized livers after 1 week of treatment with bosentan (160, 32, or 6 mg/kg per day by mouth), whereas liver toxicity did not develop in control mice after 1 month of treatment. The laboratory and histologic features of bosentan-induced liver toxicity in humanized mice mirrored that of human subjects. Because DILI has become a significant public health problem, drug safety could be improved if preclinical toxicology studies were performed using humanized TK-NOG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.W., T.N., M.Z., Yu.G., G.P.); Center for the Advancement of Health and Bioscience, Sunnyvale, California (S.N., T.N.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (T.N.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); Bruker CAM & LSC7, Fremont, California (Z.Y., A.J.Y.); Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.S.D., K.M.H., Yi.G.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.T.)
| | - Manhong Wu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.W., T.N., M.Z., Yu.G., G.P.); Center for the Advancement of Health and Bioscience, Sunnyvale, California (S.N., T.N.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (T.N.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); Bruker CAM & LSC7, Fremont, California (Z.Y., A.J.Y.); Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.S.D., K.M.H., Yi.G.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.T.)
| | - Sachiko Nishimura
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.W., T.N., M.Z., Yu.G., G.P.); Center for the Advancement of Health and Bioscience, Sunnyvale, California (S.N., T.N.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (T.N.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); Bruker CAM & LSC7, Fremont, California (Z.Y., A.J.Y.); Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.S.D., K.M.H., Yi.G.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.T.)
| | - Toshihiko Nishimura
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.W., T.N., M.Z., Yu.G., G.P.); Center for the Advancement of Health and Bioscience, Sunnyvale, California (S.N., T.N.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (T.N.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); Bruker CAM & LSC7, Fremont, California (Z.Y., A.J.Y.); Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.S.D., K.M.H., Yi.G.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.T.)
| | - Sara A Michie
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.W., T.N., M.Z., Yu.G., G.P.); Center for the Advancement of Health and Bioscience, Sunnyvale, California (S.N., T.N.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (T.N.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); Bruker CAM & LSC7, Fremont, California (Z.Y., A.J.Y.); Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.S.D., K.M.H., Yi.G.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.T.)
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.W., T.N., M.Z., Yu.G., G.P.); Center for the Advancement of Health and Bioscience, Sunnyvale, California (S.N., T.N.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (T.N.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); Bruker CAM & LSC7, Fremont, California (Z.Y., A.J.Y.); Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.S.D., K.M.H., Yi.G.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.T.)
| | - Zicheng Yang
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.W., T.N., M.Z., Yu.G., G.P.); Center for the Advancement of Health and Bioscience, Sunnyvale, California (S.N., T.N.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (T.N.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); Bruker CAM & LSC7, Fremont, California (Z.Y., A.J.Y.); Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.S.D., K.M.H., Yi.G.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.T.)
| | - Alexander John Yates
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.W., T.N., M.Z., Yu.G., G.P.); Center for the Advancement of Health and Bioscience, Sunnyvale, California (S.N., T.N.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (T.N.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); Bruker CAM & LSC7, Fremont, California (Z.Y., A.J.Y.); Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.S.D., K.M.H., Yi.G.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.T.)
| | - Jeffrey S Day
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.W., T.N., M.Z., Yu.G., G.P.); Center for the Advancement of Health and Bioscience, Sunnyvale, California (S.N., T.N.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (T.N.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); Bruker CAM & LSC7, Fremont, California (Z.Y., A.J.Y.); Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.S.D., K.M.H., Yi.G.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.T.)
| | - Kathleen M Hillgren
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.W., T.N., M.Z., Yu.G., G.P.); Center for the Advancement of Health and Bioscience, Sunnyvale, California (S.N., T.N.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (T.N.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); Bruker CAM & LSC7, Fremont, California (Z.Y., A.J.Y.); Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.S.D., K.M.H., Yi.G.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.T.)
| | - Saori Takedai Takeda
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.W., T.N., M.Z., Yu.G., G.P.); Center for the Advancement of Health and Bioscience, Sunnyvale, California (S.N., T.N.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (T.N.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); Bruker CAM & LSC7, Fremont, California (Z.Y., A.J.Y.); Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.S.D., K.M.H., Yi.G.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.T.)
| | - Yuan Guan
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.W., T.N., M.Z., Yu.G., G.P.); Center for the Advancement of Health and Bioscience, Sunnyvale, California (S.N., T.N.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (T.N.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); Bruker CAM & LSC7, Fremont, California (Z.Y., A.J.Y.); Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.S.D., K.M.H., Yi.G.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.T.)
| | - Yingying Guo
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.W., T.N., M.Z., Yu.G., G.P.); Center for the Advancement of Health and Bioscience, Sunnyvale, California (S.N., T.N.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (T.N.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); Bruker CAM & LSC7, Fremont, California (Z.Y., A.J.Y.); Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.S.D., K.M.H., Yi.G.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.T.)
| | - Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.W., T.N., M.Z., Yu.G., G.P.); Center for the Advancement of Health and Bioscience, Sunnyvale, California (S.N., T.N.); Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan (T.N.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); Bruker CAM & LSC7, Fremont, California (Z.Y., A.J.Y.); Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.S.D., K.M.H., Yi.G.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.T.)
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19
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Wilson EM, Bial J, Tarlow B, Bial G, Jensen B, Greiner DL, Brehm MA, Grompe M. Extensive double humanization of both liver and hematopoiesis in FRGN mice. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:404-12. [PMID: 25310256 PMCID: PMC7275629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical research in animals often fails to adequately predict the outcomes observed in human patients. Chimeric animals bearing individual human tissues have been developed to provide improved models of human-specific cellular processes. Mice transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells can be used to study human immune responses, infections of blood cells and processes of hematopoiesis. Animals with humanized livers are useful for modeling hepatotropic infections as well as drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity. However, many pathophysiologic processes involve both the liver and the hematolymphoid system. Examples include hepatitis C/HIV co-infection, immune mediated liver diseases, liver injuries with inflammation such as steatohepatitis and alcoholic liver disease. We developed a robust protocol enabling the concurrent double-humanization of mice with mature hepatocytes and human blood. Immune-deficient, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah−/−), Rag2−/− and Il2rg−/− deficient animals on the NOD-strain background (FRGN) were simultaneously co-transplanted with adult human hepatocytes and hematopoietic stem cells after busulfan and Ad:uPA pre-conditioning. Four months after transplantation the average human liver repopulation exceeded 80% and hematopoietic chimerism also was high (40–80% in bone marrow). Importantly, human macrophages (Kupffer cells) were present in the chimeric livers. Double-chimeric FRGN mice will serve as a new model for disease processes that involve interactions between hepatocytes and hematolymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Bial
- Yecuris Corp., Tigard, OR, USA
| | | | - G Bial
- Yecuris Corp., Tigard, OR, USA
| | | | - D L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - M A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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20
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Kim M, Choi B, Joo SY, Lee H, Lee JH, Lee K, Lee S, Park J, Lee SK, Kim S. Generation of Humanized Liver Mouse Model by Transplant of Patient-Derived Fresh Human Hepatocytes. Transplant Proc 2014; 46:1186-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Xu D, Nishimura T, Nishimura S, Zhang H, Zheng M, Guo YY, Masek M, Michie SA, Glenn J, Peltz G. Fialuridine induces acute liver failure in chimeric TK-NOG mice: a model for detecting hepatic drug toxicity prior to human testing. PLoS Med 2014; 11:e1001628. [PMID: 24736310 PMCID: PMC3988005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seven of 15 clinical trial participants treated with a nucleoside analogue (fialuridine [FIAU]) developed acute liver failure. Five treated participants died, and two required a liver transplant. Preclinical toxicology studies in mice, rats, dogs, and primates did not provide any indication that FIAU would be hepatotoxic in humans. Therefore, we investigated whether FIAU-induced liver toxicity could be detected in chimeric TK-NOG mice with humanized livers. METHODS AND FINDINGS Control and chimeric TK-NOG mice with humanized livers were treated orally with FIAU 400, 100, 25, or 2.5 mg/kg/d. The response to drug treatment was evaluated by measuring plasma lactate and liver enzymes, by assessing liver histology, and by electron microscopy. After treatment with FIAU 400 mg/kg/d for 4 d, chimeric mice developed clinical and serologic evidence of liver failure and lactic acidosis. Analysis of liver tissue revealed steatosis in regions with human, but not mouse, hepatocytes. Electron micrographs revealed lipid and mitochondrial abnormalities in the human hepatocytes in FIAU-treated chimeric mice. Dose-dependent liver toxicity was detected in chimeric mice treated with FIAU 100, 25, or 2.5 mg/kg/d for 14 d. Liver toxicity did not develop in control mice that were treated with the same FIAU doses for 14 d. In contrast, treatment with another nucleotide analogue (sofosbuvir 440 or 44 mg/kg/d po) for 14 d, which did not cause liver toxicity in human trial participants, did not cause liver toxicity in mice with humanized livers. CONCLUSIONS FIAU-induced liver toxicity could be readily detected using chimeric TK-NOG mice with humanized livers, even when the mice were treated with a FIAU dose that was only 10-fold above the dose used in human participants. The clinical features, laboratory abnormalities, liver histology, and ultra-structural changes observed in FIAU-treated chimeric mice mirrored those of FIAU-treated human participants. The use of chimeric mice in preclinical toxicology studies could improve the safety of candidate medications selected for testing in human participants. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Toshi Nishimura
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
- Center for the Advancement of Health and Biosciences, Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Sachiko Nishimura
- Center for the Advancement of Health and Biosciences, Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Haili Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ying-Ying Guo
- Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Marylin Masek
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
| | - Sara A. Michie
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Glenn
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JG); (GP)
| | - Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JG); (GP)
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Kitamura S, Sugihara K. Current status of prediction of drug disposition and toxicity in humans using chimeric mice with humanized liver. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:123-34. [PMID: 24329499 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.868062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
1. Human-chimeric mice with humanized liver have been constructed by transplantation of human hepatocytes into several types of mice having genetic modifications that injure endogenous liver cells. Here, we focus on liver urokinase-type plasminogen activator-transgenic severe combined immunodeficiency (uPA/SCID) mice, which are the most widely used human-chimeric mice. Studies so far indicate that drug metabolism, drug transport, pharmacological effects and toxicological action in these mice are broadly similar to those in humans. 2. Expression of various drug-metabolizing enzymes is known to be different between humans and rodents. However, the expression pattern of cytochrome P450, aldehyde oxidase and phase II enzymes in the liver of human-chimeric mice resembles that in humans, not that in the host mice. 3. Metabolism of various drugs, including S-warfarin, zaleplon, ibuprofen, naproxen, coumarin, troglitazone and midazolam, in human-chimeric mice is mediated by human drug-metabolizing enzymes, not by host mouse enzymes, and thus resembles that in humans. 4. Pharmacological and toxicological effects of various drugs in human-chimeric mice are also similar to those in humans. 5. The current consensus is that chimeric mice with humanized liver are useful to predict drug metabolism catalyzed by cytochrome P450, aldehyde oxidase and phase II enzymes in humans in vivo and in vitro. Some remaining issues are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Kitamura
- Department of Environmental Science, Nihon Pharmaceutical University , Saitama , Japan and
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Foster JR, Lund G, Sapelnikova S, Tyrrell DL, Kneteman NM. Chimeric rodents with humanized liver: bridging the preclinical/clinical trial gap in ADME/toxicity studies. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:109-22. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.867553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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24
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Grompe M, Strom S. Mice with human livers. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:1209-14. [PMID: 24042096 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are used to study many aspects of human disease and to test therapeutic interventions. However, some very important features of human biology cannot be replicated in animals, even in nonhuman primates or transgenic rodents engineered with human genes. Most human microbial pathogens do not infect animals and the metabolism of many xenobiotics is different between human beings and animals. The advent of transgenic immune-deficient mice has made it possible to generate chimeric animals harboring human tissues and cells, including hepatocytes. The liver plays a central role in many human-specific biological processes and mice with humanized livers can be used to model human metabolism, liver injury, gene regulation, drug toxicity, and hepatotropic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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25
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A novel TK-NOG based humanized mouse model for the study of HBV and HCV infections. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:230-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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