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Chen YC, Wu HY, Wu WS, Hsu JY, Chang CW, Lee YH, Liao PC. Identification of Xenobiotic Biotransformation Products Using Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Integrated with a Structural Elucidation Strategy by Assembling Fragment Signatures. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14279-14287. [PMID: 37713273 PMCID: PMC10538286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The identification of xenobiotic biotransformation products is crucial for delineating toxicity and carcinogenicity that might be caused by xenobiotic exposures and for establishing monitoring systems for public health. However, the lack of available reference standards and spectral data leads to the generation of multiple candidate structures during identification and reduces the confidence in identification. Here, a UHPLC-HRMS-based metabolomics strategy integrated with a metabolite structure elucidation approach, namely, FragAssembler, was proposed to reduce the number of false-positive structure candidates. biotransformation product candidates were filtered by mass defect filtering (MDF) and multiple-group comparison. FragAssembler assembled fragment signatures from the MS/MS spectra and generated the modified moieties corresponding to the identified biotransformation products. The feasibility of this approach was demonstrated by the three biotransformation products of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). Comprehensive identification was carried out, and 24 and 13 biotransformation products of two xenobiotics, DEHP and 4'-Methoxy-α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (4-MeO-α-PVP), were annotated, respectively. The number of 4-MeO-α-PVP biotransformation product candidates in the FragAssembler calculation results was approximately 2.1 times lower than that generated by BioTransformer 3.0. Our study indicates that the proposed approach has great potential for efficiently and reliably identifying xenobiotic biotransformation products, which is attributed to the fact that FragAssembler eliminates false-positive reactions and chemical structures and distinguishes modified moieties on isomeric biotransformation products. The FragAssembler software and associated tutorial are freely available at https://cosbi.ee.ncku.edu.tw/FragAssembler/ and the source code can be found at https://github.com/YuanChihChen/FragAssembler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chih Chen
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wu
- Instrumentation
Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Sheng Wu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng
Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yi Hsu
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chang
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Han Lee
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng
Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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2
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Analytical Strategy. Forensic Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819286-3.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Psychonauts' psychedelics: A systematic, multilingual, web-crawling exercise. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 49:69-92. [PMID: 33857740 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychedelics alter the perception of reality through agonist or partial agonist interaction with the 2A serotoninergic receptor. They are classified as phenethylamines, tryptamines and lysergamides. These classes, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), account for an important percentage of the new psychoactive substances (NPS) current scenario.The paper aimed at: a) identifying and categorising psychedelic molecules from a list of psychonaut websites and NPS online resources; and b) comparing the NPSfinderⓇ results with those from the European and United Nations databases. A crawling software (i.e. 'NPSfinderⓇ') was created to automatically scan, 24/7, a list of URLs and to extract a range of information (chemical/street names, chemical formulae, etc.) to facilitate NPS identification. Data collected were manually analysed and compared with the EMCDDA and UNODC databases.The overall number of psychedelic NPS detected by NPSfinderⓇ (November 2017-February 2020) was 1344, almost ten-times higher than that reported by the UNODC and EMCDDA combined. Of these, 994 previously unknown molecules were identified as (potential) novel psychedelics, suggesting a strong discrepancy between online and real-world NPS scenarios. The results show the interest of psychonauts, and maybe of the much larger community of 'recreational' drug users, towards psychedelics. Moreover, examining online scenario may help in assessing the availability in the real world of psychedelic NPS; understanding drug trends; and in possibly predicting future drug scenarios.
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Testino G, Balbinot P, Pellicano R. Substances use disorders and liver injury: a concise review. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino) 2021; 68:269-276. [PMID: 33971710 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5985.21.02885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are often associated with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and psychiatric comorbidities. In addition, they are often subjected to polytherapy. For these reasons SUDs patients are at greater risk of developing liver disease. In this concise review, liver damage from amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine and opioids is analyzed and the need to identify a possible associated alcohol use disorder is also suggested. Early identification of liver fibrosis is required in SUDs patients. Fibrosis is the most significant predictor of both prognosis and long-term survival. Its identification helps to promote the abstention from substances and alcohol. Active use of heroin, cocaine and synthetic substances is an absolute controindication for liver transplantation. In cases of remission and adherence to a significant care path, the patient is reevaluated. An addiction specialist should be present within the transplant team. If this is not present, a close collaboration with an addiction unit is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Testino
- Unit of Addiction and Hepatology, Alcohological Regional Centre, ASL3 c/o San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy -
| | - Patrizia Balbinot
- Unit of Addiction and Hepatology, Alcohological Regional Centre, ASL3 c/o San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
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Overview of the major classes of new psychoactive substances, psychoactive effects, analytical determination and conformational analysis of selected illegal drugs. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The misuse of psychoactive substances is attracting a great deal of attention from the general public. An increase use of psychoactive substances is observed among young people who do not have enough awareness of the harmful effects of these substances. Easy access to illicit drugs at low cost and lack of effective means of routine screening for new psychoactive substances (NPS) have contributed to the rapid increase in their use. New research and evidence suggest that drug use can cause a variety of adverse psychological and physiological effects on human health (anxiety, panic, paranoia, psychosis, and seizures). We describe different classes of these NPS drugs with emphasis on the methods used to identify them and the identification of their metabolites in biological specimens. This is the first review that thoroughly gives the literature on both natural and synthetic illegal drugs with old known data and very hot new topics and investigations, which enables the researcher to use it as a starting point in the literature exploration and planning of the own research. For the first time, the conformational analysis was done for selected illegal drugs, giving rise to the search of the biologically active conformations both theoretically and using lab experiments.
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Zhang M, Sharma A, León F, Avery B, Kjelgren R, McCurdy CR, Pearson BJ. Effects of Nutrient Fertility on Growth and Alkaloidal Content in Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:597696. [PMID: 33408731 PMCID: PMC7779599 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.597696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaves harvested from the Southeast Asian tree Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) have a history of use as a traditional ethnobotanical source of medicine to combat fatigue, improve work productivity, and to reduce opioid-related withdrawal symptoms. Kratom leaves contain an array of alkaloids thought to be responsible for the bioactivity reported by users. Interest in the consumptive effects of kratom has led to its recent popularity and use in North America, Western Europe, and Australia. Although the chemistry and pharmacology of select kratom alkaloids are understood, studies have not examined the influence of production environment on growth and alkaloidal content. To directly address this need, 68 kratom trees were vegetatively propagated from a single mother stock to reduce genetic variability and subjected to four varying fertilizer application rates. Leaves were analyzed for chlorophyll concentration, biomass, and alkaloidal content to understand the physiological response of the plant. While increasing rates of fertilizer promoted greater plant growth, relationships with alkaloidal content within leaves were highly variable. Fertility rate had little influence on the concentration of mitragynine, paynantheine, speciociliatine, mitraphylline, and corynoxine per leaf dry mass. 7-Hydroxymitragynine was below the lower limit of quantification in all the analyzed leaf samples. Low to medium rates of fertilizer, however, maximized concentrations of speciogynine, corynantheidine, and isocorynantheidine per leaf dry mass, suggesting a promotion of nitrogen allocation for secondary metabolism occurred for these select alkaloids. Strong correlations (r 2 = 0.86) between extracted leaf chlorophyll and rapid, non-destructive chlorophyll evaluation (SPAD) response allowed for development of a reliable linear model that can be used to diagnose nutrient deficiencies and allow for timely adjustment of fertilization programs to more accurately manage kratom cultivation efforts. Results from this study provide a greater understanding of the concentration and synthesis of nine bioactive alkaloids in fresh kratom leaves and provide foundational information for kratom cultivation and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzi Zhang
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Environmental Horticulture, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Bonnie Avery
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Roger Kjelgren
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Environmental Horticulture, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Christopher R. McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brian J. Pearson
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Environmental Horticulture, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
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Kang M, Zhang W, Dong L, Ren X, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Liang L, Xue J, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Ouyang Z. On-site testing of multiple drugs of abuse in urine by a miniature dual-LIT mass spectrometer. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1101:74-80. [PMID: 32029121 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing need for rapid and on-site detection of emerging drugs of abuse. In this work, we developed a method using a miniature dual-LIT (linear ion trap) mass spectrometer recently developed with comprehensive tandem mass spectrometry analysis capability, for qualitative and quantitative analysis of multiple drugs of abuse. Paper-capillary spray cartridges were used with related workflow established to simplify overall analysis procedure. Quantitation of ketamine and methamphetamine was achieved by beam-type collision-induced dissociation on the miniature dual-LIT mass spectrometer and a linear concentration range of 100-5000 ng/mL was obtained. The system has been applied in analysis of real urine samples from individuals addicted to morphine and methamphetamine use. The changes of the ratio of cocaine to its metabolite benzoylecgonine were also explored to estimate the time of cocaine intaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wanru Zhang
- PURSPEC Technologies, Inc, 33 Shuangqing Road, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Linpei Dong
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, 100038, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Ren
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, 100038, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, 314006, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, 314006, China
| | - Lijun Liang
- Public Security Bureau of Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, 314000, China
| | - Jinfeng Xue
- Public Security Bureau of Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, 314000, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, 100038, Beijing, China.
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
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Caspar AT, Westphal F, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. LC-high resolution-MS/MS for identification of 69 metabolites of the new psychoactive substance 1-(4-ethylphenyl-)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl] propane-2-amine (4-EA-NBOMe) in rat urine and human liver S9 incubates and comparison of its screening power with further MS techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:897-912. [PMID: 28762065 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
4-EA-NBOMe (N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-4-ethylamphetamine, 1-(4-ethylphenyl-)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]propane-2-amine) is an amphetamine-derived new psychoactive substance (NPS) of the N-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe) group first seized by German custom authorities. In contrast to the phenethylamine NBOMes, studies on the pharmacological, toxicological, or metabolic properties are not yet published. The aims of the presented work were the use of LC-HR-MS/MS for identification of the phase I and II metabolites of 4-EA-NBOMe in rat urine and pooled human S9 fraction (pS9) incubations, to compare metabolite formation in both models, to identify involved monooxygenases, and to elucidate its detectability in standard urine screening approaches (SUSAs) using GC-MS, LC-MSn, and LC-HR-MS/MS. 4-EA-NBOMe was mainly metabolized by oxidation of the ethyl group to phenyl acetaldehyde, to benzoic acid, or to phenylacetic acid, by hydroxylation, and all combined with O-demethylation as well as by glucuronidation and sulfation of the main phase I metabolites in rats. With the exception of the oxidation to benzoic acid, all main metabolic reactions could be confirmed in the incubations with pS9. In total, 36 phase I and 33 phase II metabolites could be identified. Monooxygenase activity screenings revealed the general involvement of cytochrome-P450 (CYP) 1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4. An intake of 4-EA-NBOMe was detectable only via its metabolites by all SUSAs after low-dose administration. The main targets for both LC-MS screenings should be the phenylacetic acid derivative, the mandelic acid derivative both with and without additional O-demethylation, and, for GC-MS, the hydroxy metabolite after conjugate cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim T Caspar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Folker Westphal
- Section Narcotics/Toxicology, State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Mühlenweg 166, 24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany.
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Lucchetti J, Marzo CM, Passoni A, Di Clemente A, Moro F, Bagnati R, Gobbi M, Cervo L. Brain Disposition of cis- para-Methyl-4-Methylaminorex ( cis-4,4'-DMAR) and Its Potential Metabolites after Acute and Chronic Treatment in Rats: Correlation with Central Behavioral Effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:492-500. [PMID: 28404688 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
para-Methyl-4-methylaminorex (4,4'-DMAR) is a phenethylamine derivative with psychostimulant activity whose abuse has been associated with several deaths and a wide range of adverse effects. We recently validated a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to measure the compound's concentrations in plasma, and we applied it to describe the pharmacokinetic properties of 4,4'-DMAR after a single dose in rats. In this study, we investigated the brain disposition and metabolism of cis-4,4'-DMAR after intraperitoneal injection as well as its central behavioral effects. Locomotor activity increased after a single injection of 10 mg/kg, peaking at 2 hours and disappearing at 5 hours; in these conditions, brain absorption was very rapid, (tmax = 30-60 minutes) and large (brain-to-plasma ratio = 24); the half-life was approximately 50 minutes. After 14 daily doses, the compound's effect on locomotor activity was greater (approximately 20% compared with the effect after the first dose), but not for pharmacokinetic reasons. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, we also identified four metabolites of cis-4,4'-DMAR in the plasma and brain of treated rats. Semiquantitative analysis indicated low brain permeability and very low brain concentrations, suggesting that these metabolites do not contribute to central behavioral effects; however, the metabolite originating from oxidation of the para-methyl group (M2) persisted in the plasma longer and at higher concentrations than the parent molecule and could be used to evaluate drug intake in human consumers. Finally, we describe the rewarding effect of cis-4,4'-DMAR in the conditioning place preference test, suggesting a high risk of addiction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Lucchetti
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology (J.L., M.G.), Neuroscience (C.M.M., A.D.C., F.M., L.C.), and Environmental Health Science (A.P., R.B.), IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio M Marzo
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology (J.L., M.G.), Neuroscience (C.M.M., A.D.C., F.M., L.C.), and Environmental Health Science (A.P., R.B.), IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Passoni
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology (J.L., M.G.), Neuroscience (C.M.M., A.D.C., F.M., L.C.), and Environmental Health Science (A.P., R.B.), IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Di Clemente
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology (J.L., M.G.), Neuroscience (C.M.M., A.D.C., F.M., L.C.), and Environmental Health Science (A.P., R.B.), IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Moro
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology (J.L., M.G.), Neuroscience (C.M.M., A.D.C., F.M., L.C.), and Environmental Health Science (A.P., R.B.), IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Renzo Bagnati
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology (J.L., M.G.), Neuroscience (C.M.M., A.D.C., F.M., L.C.), and Environmental Health Science (A.P., R.B.), IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology (J.L., M.G.), Neuroscience (C.M.M., A.D.C., F.M., L.C.), and Environmental Health Science (A.P., R.B.), IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Cervo
- Departments of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology (J.L., M.G.), Neuroscience (C.M.M., A.D.C., F.M., L.C.), and Environmental Health Science (A.P., R.B.), IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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Budzynska B, Michalak A, Frankowska M, Kaszubska K, Biała G. Acute behavioral effects of co-administration of mephedrone and MDMA in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:199-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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2,5-dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine, a LSD-like designer drug: Clinical and analytical documentation of non-fatal exposure in five patients. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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A 6-year review of new psychoactive substances at the Centre antipoison Grand-Ouest d’Angers: Clinical and biological data. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Caspar AT, Brandt SD, Stoever AE, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Metabolic fate and detectability of the new psychoactive substances 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)- N- [(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25B-NBOMe) and 2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)- N- [(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25C-NBOMe) in human and rat urine by GC–MS, LC–MS n , and LC–HR–MS/MS approaches. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:158-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tyrkkö E, Andersson M, Kronstrand R. The Toxicology of New Psychoactive Substances: Synthetic Cathinones and Phenylethylamines. Ther Drug Monit 2016; 38:190-216. [PMID: 26587869 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New psychoactive substances (NPSs) are substitutes for classical drugs of abuse and there are now compounds available from all groups of classical drugs of abuse. During 2014, the number of synthetic cathinones increased dramatically and, together with phenylethylamines, they dominate the NPS markets in the European Union. In total, 31 cathinones and 9 phenylethylamines were encountered in 2014. The aim of this article was to summarize the existing knowledge about the basic pharmacology, metabolism, and human toxicology of relevant synthetic cathinones and phenylethylamines. Compared with existing reviews, we have also compiled the existing case reports from both fatal and nonfatal intoxications. METHODS We performed a comprehensive literature search using bibliographic databases PubMed and Web of Science, complemented with Google Scholar. The focus of the literature search was on original articles, case reports, and previously published review articles published in 2014 or earlier. RESULTS The rapid increase of NPSs is a growing concern and sets new challenges not only for societies in drug prevention and legislation but also in clinical and forensic toxicology. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that the pharmacodynamic profile of cathinones is similar to that of other psychomotor stimulants. Metabolism studies show that cathinones and phenylethylamines are extensively metabolized; however, the parent compound is usually detectable in human urine. In vitro studies have shown that many cathinones and phenylethylamines are metabolized by CYP2D6 enzymes. This indicates that these drugs may have many possible drug-drug interactions and that genetic polymorphism may influence their toxicity. However, the clinical and toxicological relevance of CYP2D6 in adverse effects of cathinones and phenylethylamines is questionable, because these compounds are metabolized by other enzymes as well. The toxidromes commonly encountered after ingestion of cathinones and phenylethylamines are mainly of sympathomimetic and hallucinogenic character with a risk of excited delirium and life-threatening cardiovascular effects. CONCLUSIONS The acute and chronic toxicity of many NPSs is unknown or very sparsely investigated. There is a need for evidence-based-treatment recommendations for acute intoxications and a demand for new strategies to analyze these compounds in clinical and forensic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Tyrkkö
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
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New Psychoactive Substances: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Metabolism, and Detectability of Amphetamine Derivatives With Modified Ring Systems. Ther Drug Monit 2016; 38:4-11. [PMID: 26327309 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, new amphetamine derivatives with modified ring systems were sold and consumed as new drugs of abuse. They belong together with other new drugs of abuse classes to the so-called new psychoactive substances (NPS). The chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, metabolism, and toxicokinetics are shortly discussed of camfetamine, 3 methylphenyl-amphetamines (2-MA, 3-MA, and 4-MA), 2-methiopropamine (2-MPA), and 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB), 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (6-APB, so-called "benzofury") and their N-methyl derivatives 5-MAPB and 6-MAPB. Only a rough assessment of the pharmacology and toxicology NPS can be performed in most cases using published data of analogs, trip reports, and described clinical cases. Accordingly, they all act more or less as central nervous stimulants mainly by increasing the concentration of the neurotransmitters noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin (5-HT) by inducing their release and reuptake inhibition. Thus, the acute toxicity is associated with the sympathomimetic effects, such as mydriasis, hyperthermia, hypertension, tachycardia, insomnia, and anxiety. With the exception of 5- and 6-APB, these NPS were extensively metabolized by N-demethylation and/or aromatic hydroxylation catalyzed by various cytochrome P450 isoenzymes followed by partial glucuronidation and/or sulfation. For urinalysis, the unchanged drugs and/or the nor-metabolites are the main targets.
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Mitragynine and its potential blocking effects on specific cardiac potassium channels. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 305:22-39. [PMID: 27260674 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitragyna speciosa Korth is known for its euphoric properties and is frequently used for recreational purposes. Several poisoning and fatal cases involving mitragynine have been reported but the underlying causes remain unclear. Human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) encodes the cardiac IKr current which is a determinant of the duration of ventricular action potentials and QT interval. On the other hand, IK1, a Kir current mediated by Kir2.1 channel and IKACh, a receptor-activated Kir current mediated by GIRK channel are also known to be important in maintaining the cardiac function. This study investigated the effects of mitragynine on the current, mRNA and protein expression of hERG channel in hERG-transfected HEK293 cells and Xenopus oocytes. The effects on Kir2.1 and GIRK channels currents were also determined in the oocytes. The hERG tail currents following depolarization pulses were inhibited by mitragynine with an IC50 value of 1.62μM and 1.15μM in the transfected cell line and Xenopus oocytes, respectively. The S6 point mutations of Y652A and F656A attenuated the inhibitor effects of mitragynine, indicating that mitragynine interacts with these high affinity drug-binding sites in the hERG channel pore cavity which was consistent with the molecular docking simulation. Interestingly, mitragynine does not affect the hERG expression at the transcriptional level but inhibits the protein expression. Mitragynine is also found to inhibit IKACh current with an IC50 value of 3.32μM but has no significant effects on IK1. Blocking of both hERG and GIRK channels may cause additive cardiotoxicity risks.
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Analytical Strategy. Forensic Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-799967-8.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Senta I, Krizman I, Ahel M, Terzic S. Multiresidual analysis of emerging amphetamine-like psychoactive substances in wastewater and river water. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1425:204-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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In-vitro toxicokinetics of New Psychotropic Substances (NPS). Toxicol Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Over the last decade, use of phenethylamines has become increasingly prevalent. This study aimed to describe typical aspects of phenethylamine poisoning in order to better inform patient care. METHODS Phenethylamine poisoning cases reported to the Poison Control Center of Angers, France, from January, 2007 to December, 2013 were examined. Clinical findings were examined in 105 patients, including phenethylamine used, symptoms and final outcome. Patients were predominantly male (80%), with mean age 26±8 years. RESULTS MDMA (38%), amphetamine (18%) and methamphetamine (14%) were the most commonly reported. Synthetic cathinones (10%) and the 2C series (7%) were also found. Substances most commonly associated with phenethylamine poisoning were cannabis (27%), ethanol (20%) and cocaine (9%). The most frequently reported symptoms included anxiety and hallucinations (49%), mydriasis and headache (41%), tachycardia (40%) and hypertension (15%). Complications such as seizures (7%), cardiac arrest (5%), toxic myocarditis (1%) and hemorrhagic stroke (1%) were also observed. Of the cases, the Poison Severity Score was: null or low, 66%, moderate, 21%, severe or fatal, 13%. Of the patients, 77% received hospital care and 12.4% were admitted to an intensive care unit. Analytical confirmations were obtained for all severe cases. While 93% of patients recovered, there were 5 deaths and 2 patients presented with neurological sequelae. CONCLUSIONS Phenethylamine poisonings may be severe in young and healthy individuals. Physicians, toxicologists and analysts should be aware of new phenethylamine consumption trends in order to inform management of patient care and to contribute to a more responsive drug policy.
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Caspar AT, Helfer AG, Michely JA, Auwärter V, Brandt SD, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Studies on the metabolism and toxicological detection of the new psychoactive designer drug 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25I-NBOMe) in human and rat urine using GC-MS, LC-MS(n), and LC-HR-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6697-719. [PMID: 26108532 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
25I-NBOMe, a new psychoactive substance, is a potent 5-HT2A receptor agonist with strong hallucinogenic potential. Recently, it was involved in several fatal and non-fatal intoxication cases. The aim of the present work was to study its phase I and II metabolism and its detectability in urine screening approaches. After application of 25I-NBOMe to male Wistar rats, urine was collected over 24 h. The phase I and II metabolites were identified by LC-HR-MS/MS in urine after suitable workup. For the detectability studies, standard urine screening approaches (SUSA) by GC-MS, LC-MS(n), and LC-HR-MS/MS were applied to rat and also to authentic human urine samples submitted for toxicological analysis. Finally, an initial CYP activity screening was performed to identify CYP isoenzymes involved in the major metabolic steps. 25I-NBOMe was mainly metabolized by O-demethylation, O,O-bis-demethylation, hydroxylation, and combinations of these reactions as well as by glucuronidation and sulfation of the main phase I metabolites. All in all, 68 metabolites could be identified. Intake of 25I-NBOMe was detectable mainly via its metabolites by both LC-MS approaches, but not by the GC-MS SUSA. Initial CYP activity screening revealed the involvement of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in hydroxylation and CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in O-demethylation. The presented study demonstrated that 25I-NBOMe was extensively metabolized and could be detected only by the LC-MS screening approaches. Since CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 are involved in initial metabolic steps, drug-drug interactions might occur in certain constellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim T Caspar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
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Bretaudeau Deguigne M, Férec S, Lelièvre B, Bruneau C, Diquet B, Harry P, Turcant A. Report of five cases of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylphenethylamine (2C-P) intoxication following recreational use. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hoehn RD, Nichols D, Neven H, Kais S. Neuroreceptor activation by vibration-assisted tunneling. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9990. [PMID: 25909758 PMCID: PMC4408984 DOI: 10.1038/srep09990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a large family of receptor proteins
that sense molecular signals on the exterior of a cell and activate signal
transduction pathways within the cell. Modeling how an agonist activates such a
receptor is fundamental for an understanding of a wide variety of physiological
processes and it is of tremendous value for pharmacology and drug design. Inelastic
electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) has been proposed as a model for the
mechanism by which olfactory GPCRs are activated by a bound agonist. We apply this
hyothesis to GPCRs within the mammalian nervous system using quantum chemical
modeling. We found that non-endogenous agonists of the serotonin receptor share a
particular IET spectral aspect both amongst each other and with the serotonin
molecule: a peak whose intensity scales with the known agonist potencies. We propose
an experiential validation of this model by utilizing lysergic acid dimethylamide
(DAM-57), an ergot derivative, and its deuterated isotopologues; we also provide
theoretical predictions for comparison to experiment. If validated our theory may
provide new avenues for guided drug design and elevate methods of in silico
potency/activity prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D Hoehn
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David Nichols
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Sabre Kais
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA [2] Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA [3] Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA [4] Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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Karila L, Megarbane B, Chevillard L, Benturquia N, Laplanche JL, Lejoyeux M. Nouveaux produits de synthèse : revue des données actuelles. Presse Med 2015; 44:383-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Effects of Mitragynine and a Crude Alkaloid Extract Derived from Mitragyna speciosa Korth. on Permethrin Elimination in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2015; 7:10-26. [PMID: 25825913 PMCID: PMC4491648 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics7020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Detoxification and elimination of permethrin (PM) are mediated by hydrolysis via carboxylesterase (CES). Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) contains mitragynine (MG) and other bioactive alkaloids. Since PM and MG have the same catalytic site and M. speciosa is usually abused by adding other ingredients such as pyrethroid insecticides, the effects of MG and an alkaloid extract (AE) on the elimination of PM were investigated in rats. Rats were subjected to single and multiple pretreatment with MG and AE prior to receiving a single oral dose (460 mg/kg) of PM. Plasma concentrations of trans-PM and its metabolite phenoxybenzylalcohol (PBAlc) were measured. The elimination rate constant (kel) and the elimination half-life (t1/2 el) of PM were determined, as well as the metabolic ratio (PMR).A single and multiple oral pretreatment with MG and AE altered the plasma concentration-time courses of both trans-PM and PBAlc during 8–22 h, decreased the PMRs, delayed elimination of PM, but enhanced elimination of PBAlc. Results indicated that PM–MG or AE toxicokinetic interactions might have resulted from the MG and AE interfering with PM hydrolysis. The results obtained in rats suggest that in humans using kratom cocktails containing PM, there might be an increased risk of PM toxicity due to inhibition of PM metabolism and elimination.
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McIntyre IM, Trochta A, Stolberg S, Campman SC. Mitragynine ‘Kratom’ Related Fatality: A Case Report with Postmortem Concentrations. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 39:152-5. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Scott TM, Yeakel JK, Logan BK. Identification of mitragynine andO-desmethyltramadol in Kratom and legal high products sold online. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:959-63. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M. Scott
- Center for Forensic Science Research and Education; Fredric Rieders Family Renaissance Foundation; 2300 Stratford Ave Willow Grove PA 19090 USA
- Department of Chemistry; Arcadia University; 450 S. Easton Rd Glenside PA 19038 USA
- Michigan State Police; Northville Laboratory; 42145 West Seven Mile Road Northville MI 48167 USA
| | - Jillian K. Yeakel
- Center for Forensic Science Research and Education; Fredric Rieders Family Renaissance Foundation; 2300 Stratford Ave Willow Grove PA 19090 USA
- Department of Chemistry; Arcadia University; 450 S. Easton Rd Glenside PA 19038 USA
| | - Barry K. Logan
- Center for Forensic Science Research and Education; Fredric Rieders Family Renaissance Foundation; 2300 Stratford Ave Willow Grove PA 19090 USA
- Department of Chemistry; Arcadia University; 450 S. Easton Rd Glenside PA 19038 USA
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Mastroianni CM, Lichtner M, Mascia C, Zuccalà P, Vullo V. Molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV coinfection. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9184-208. [PMID: 24865485 PMCID: PMC4100089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in people coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Several studies have shown that HIV infection promotes accelerated HCV hepatic fibrosis progression, even with HIV replication under full antiretroviral control. The pathogenesis of accelerated hepatic fibrosis among HIV/HCV coinfected individuals is complex and multifactorial. The most relevant mechanisms involved include direct viral effects, immune/cytokine dysregulation, altered levels of matrix metalloproteinases and fibrosis biomarkers, increased oxidative stress and hepatocyte apoptosis, HIV-associated gut depletion of CD4 cells, and microbial translocation. In addition, metabolic alterations, heavy alcohol use, as well drug use, may have a potential role in liver disease progression. Understanding the pathophysiology and regulation of liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV co-infection may lead to the development of therapeutic strategies for the management of all patients with ongoing liver disease. In this review, we therefore discuss the evidence and potential molecular mechanisms involved in the accelerated liver fibrosis seen in patients coinfected with HIV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio M Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Miriam Lichtner
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Mascia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Zuccalà
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Appendino G, Minassi A, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Recreational drug discovery: natural products as lead structures for the synthesis of smart drugs. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:880-904. [PMID: 24823967 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00010b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to December 2013. Over the past decade, there has been a growing transition in recreational drugs from natural materials (marijuana, hashish, opium), natural products (morphine, cocaine), or their simple derivatives (heroin), to synthetic agents more potent than their natural prototypes, which are sometimes less harmful in the short term, or that combine properties from different classes of recreational prototypes. These agents have been named smart drugs, and have become popular both for personal consumption and for collective intoxication at rave parties. The reasons for this transition are varied, but are mainly regulatory and commercial. New analogues of known illegal intoxicants are invisible to most forensic detection techniques, while the alleged natural status and the lack of avert acute toxicity make them appealing to a wide range of users. On the other hand, the advent of the internet has made possible the quick dispersal of information among users and the on-line purchase of these agents and/or the precursors for their synthesis. Unlike their natural products chemotypes (ephedrine, mescaline, cathinone, psilocybin, THC), most new drugs of abuse are largely unfamiliar to the organic chemistry community as well as to health care providers. To raise awareness of the growing plague of smart drugs we have surveyed, in a medicinal chemistry fashion, their development from natural products leads, their current methods of production, and the role that clandestine home laboratories and underground chemists have played in the surge of popularity of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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Kittirattanapaiboon P, Suttajit S, Junsirimongkol B, Likhitsathian S, Srisurapanont M. Suicide risk among Thai illicit drug users with and without mental/alcohol use disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:453-8. [PMID: 24648739 PMCID: PMC3958519 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s56441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not yet known if the increased risk of suicide in substance abusers is caused by the causal and/or coexisting relationship between substance use and psychiatric disorders. This study was designed to estimate the suicide risk among individuals with illicit drug use alone, illicit drug users with mental disorders, and illicit drug users with alcohol use disorders. METHODS Subjects were participants of the 2008 Thai National Mental Health Survey. They were asked for their illicit drug use in the past year. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), current suicidality (1 month prior to assessment), mood episodes, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, and alcohol use disorders were used for assessing mental/alcohol use disorders. A score of 1 or more for the MINI-Suicidality module was defined as the presence of suicide risk. RESULTS Of the total 17,140 respondents, 537 currently used illicit drugs, while 1,194 respondents had a suicide risk. Common illicit drugs were kratom (59%) and (meth)amphetamine (24%). Compared with 16,603 Thais without illicit drug use, the illicit drug users with or without mental/alcohol use disorders (n=537) had an increased risk of suicide (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI] =2.09, 1.55-2.81). While those who used illicit drugs alone (no mental/alcohol use disorder) (n=348) had no increased risk of suicide (adjusted OR, 95% CI =1.04, 0.66-1.65), the illicit drug users with mental or alcohol use disorders (n=27 and n=162, respectively) had significantly increased risk of suicide (adjusted ORs, 95% CIs =14.06, 6.50-30.3 and 3.14, 1.98-4.99, respectively). CONCLUSION A key limitation of this study was the combined suicidal behaviors as a suicidality risk. Mental or alcohol use disorders found in this population actually increased the suicide risk. These findings support the coexisting relationship that mental and alcohol use disorders play a vital role in increasing the suicide risk in illicit drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sirijit Suttajit
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Manit Srisurapanont
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Bosak A, LoVecchio F, Levine M. Recurrent seizures and serotonin syndrome following "2C-I" ingestion. J Med Toxicol 2013; 9:196-8. [PMID: 23378129 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-013-0287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenethylamines, including 2, 5 dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine, commonly referred to as 2C-I, have recently emerged as a new class of designer drugs. Cases of toxicity from these drugs are not well described in the literature. This case report describes a 19 year-old male who insufflated 2C-I. Following the ingestion, the patient developed recurrent seizures, and was taken to the emergency department, where he was noted to be hyperadrenergic and had recurrent seizures. The patient was diagnosed with serotonin syndrome and experienced prolonged respiratory failure, although he ultimately made a full recovery. Comprehensive drug testing revealed the presence of 2C-I. The pharmacologic properties of 2C-I are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bosak
- Department of Medical Toxicology, Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Kerrigan S, Mott A, Jatzlau B, Ortiz F, Perrella L, Martin S, Bryand K. Designer Psychostimulants in Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry,. J Forensic Sci 2013; 59:175-83. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kerrigan
- Department of Forensic Science; College of Criminal Justice; Sam Houston State University; Box 2525 1003 Bowers Blvd. Huntsville TX 77341
- Sam Houston State University Regional Crime Laboratory; The Woodlands TX 77381
| | - Ashley Mott
- Department of Forensic Science; College of Criminal Justice; Sam Houston State University; Box 2525 1003 Bowers Blvd. Huntsville TX 77341
| | - Breanna Jatzlau
- Department of Forensic Science; College of Criminal Justice; Sam Houston State University; Box 2525 1003 Bowers Blvd. Huntsville TX 77341
| | - Francisco Ortiz
- Department of Forensic Science; College of Criminal Justice; Sam Houston State University; Box 2525 1003 Bowers Blvd. Huntsville TX 77341
| | - Laura Perrella
- Department of Forensic Science; College of Criminal Justice; Sam Houston State University; Box 2525 1003 Bowers Blvd. Huntsville TX 77341
| | - Sarah Martin
- Department of Forensic Science; College of Criminal Justice; Sam Houston State University; Box 2525 1003 Bowers Blvd. Huntsville TX 77341
| | - Kelsie Bryand
- Department of Forensic Science; College of Criminal Justice; Sam Houston State University; Box 2525 1003 Bowers Blvd. Huntsville TX 77341
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Tyrkkö E, Pelander A, Ketola RA, Ojanperä I. In silico and in vitro metabolism studies support identification of designer drugs in human urine by liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6697-709. [PMID: 23797910 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human phase I metabolism of four designer drugs, 2-desoxypipradrol (2-DPMP), 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone (3,4-DMMC), α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP), and methiopropamine (MPA), was studied using in silico and in vitro metabolite prediction. The metabolites were identified in drug abusers’ urine samples using liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/Q-TOF/MS). The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of the in silico and in vitro methods to generate the main urinary metabolites found in vivo. Meteor 14.0.0 software (Lhasa Limited) was used for in silico metabolite prediction, and in vitro metabolites were produced in human liver microsomes (HLMs). 2-DPMP was metabolized by hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and oxidation, resulting in six phase I metabolites. Six metabolites were identified for 3,4-DMMC formed via N-demethylation, reduction, hydroxylation, and oxidation reactions. α-PVP was found to undergo reduction, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and oxidation reactions, as well as degradation of the pyrrolidine ring, and seven phase I metabolites were identified. For MPA, the nor-MPA metabolite was detected. Meteor software predicted the main human urinary phase I metabolites of 3,4-DMMC, α-PVP, and MPA and two of the four main metabolites of 2-DPMP. It assisted in the identification of the previously unreported metabolic reactions for α-PVP. Eight of the 12 most abundant in vivo phase I metabolites were detected in the in vitro HLM experiments. In vitro tests serve as material for exploitation of in silico data when an authentic urine sample is not available. In silico and in vitro designer drug metabolism studies with LC/Q-TOF/MS produced sufficient metabolic information to support identification of the parent compound in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Tyrkkö
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 40, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Pateria P, de Boer B, MacQuillan G. Liver abnormalities in drug and substance abusers. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 27:577-96. [PMID: 24090944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Drug and substance abuse remains a major medical problem. Alcohol use, abuse and dependence are highly prevalent conditions. Alcohol related liver disease can present as simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis. Paracetamol hepatotoxicity secondary to accidental or deliberate overdose is another common problem. While the adverse cardiovascular, neurological, renal and psychiatric consequences of various illicit substance abuses are widely studied and publicized, less attention has been directed towards possible hepatotoxic effects. Illicit drug abuse can cause a range of liver abnormalities ranging from asymptomatic derangement of liver function tests to fulminant hepatic failure. This article reviews the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, investigations, management and prognostic factors of alcohol related liver disease and paracetamol hepatotoxicity as well as the current knowledge pertaining to hepatotoxicity of the more commonly used illicit substances including cannabis, amphetamine type stimulants, cocaine, khat chewing and complementary and alternate medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puraskar Pateria
- Western Australian Liver Transplant Service, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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Abstract
New groups of synthetic "designer drugs" have increased in popularity over the past several years. These products mimic the euphoric effects of other well-known illicit drugs but are advertised as "legal" highs and are sold over the internet, at raves and night clubs, and in head shops. The 2C series drugs are ring-substituted phenethylamines that belong to a group of designer agents similar in structure to 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy). Understanding the pharmacology and toxicology of these agents is essential in order to provide the best medical care for these patients. This review focuses on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical effects, and treatment of 2C drug intoxication based on available published literature. Multiple names under which 2C drugs are sold were identified and tabulated. Common features identified in patients intoxicated with 2Cs included hallucinations, agitation, aggression, violence, dysphoria, hypertension, tachycardia, seizures, and hyperthermia. Patients may exhibit sympathomimetic symptoms or symptoms consistent with serotonin toxicity, but an excited delirium presentation seems to be consistent amongst deaths attributed to 2C drugs; at least five deaths have been reported in the literature in patients intoxicated with 2C drugs. 2C drugs are a group of designer intoxicants, many of which are marketed as legal, but may carry risks that consumers are unaware of. These drugs may be characterized by either serotonergic toxicity or a sympathomimetic toxidrome, but a presentation consistent with excited delirium is consistent amongst the reported 2C-related deaths. Treatment of 2C intoxication is primarily supportive, but immediate action is required in the context of excited delirium, hyperthermia, and seizure activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Be Vang Dean
- />Clinical Toxicology Service and Department of Emergency Medicine, Regions Hospital, 640 Jackson St, St. Paul, MN 55101 USA
| | - Samuel J. Stellpflug
- />Clinical Toxicology Service and Department of Emergency Medicine, Regions Hospital, 640 Jackson St, St. Paul, MN 55101 USA
| | - Aaron M. Burnett
- />Regions Emergency Medical Services and Department of Emergency Medicine, Regions Hospital, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Kristin M. Engebretsen
- />Clinical Toxicology Service and Department of Emergency Medicine, Regions Hospital, 640 Jackson St, St. Paul, MN 55101 USA
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Varner KJ, Daigle K, Weed PF, Lewis PB, Mahne SE, Sankaranarayanan A, Winsauer PJ. Comparison of the behavioral and cardiovascular effects of mephedrone with other drugs of abuse in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:675-85. [PMID: 22972412 PMCID: PMC3538107 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Exceedingly little experimental research exists on the popular recreational drug mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) despite clinical reports concerning its behavioral and cardiovascular toxicity. OBJECTIVES To characterize mephedrone preclinically by examining its capacity to (1) serve as a discriminative stimulus, (2) disrupt the acquisition of response sequences, and (3) disrupt mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). METHODS AND RESULTS In one group of subjects that reliably discriminated 3.2 mg/kg of mephedrone from saline (n = 9), substitution tests indicated that stimulants (cocaine, MDMA, and methamphetamine) more closely approximated the mephedrone discriminative stimulus than non-stimulants (fenfluramine, morphine, and phencyclidine), although none fully substituted. In a second group (n = 6), mephedrone (0.56-10 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently decreased response rate and increased errors in both components of a procedure in which subjects either acquired a new response sequence each session (repeated acquisition) or completed the same response sequence each session (performance). Finally, in a third group (n = 12), radio telemetry probes were used to measure the changes in MAP and HR elicited by mephedrone and then compared them to a known stimulant, methamphetamine. In these studies, mephedrone (0.01-9 mg/kg, i.v.) elicited increases in MAP and HR that were very similar to those elicited by methamphetamine (0.01-9 mg/kg, i.v.). The tachycardia and pressor responses to mephedrone (3 mg/kg) were blocked by the β-blocker atenolol (1 mg/kg, i.v.) and the α1, α2-blocker phentolamine (3 mg/kg, i.v.), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Mephedrone produces behavioral and cardiovascular responses that are similar to other stimulants; however, differences from the classical stimulants were also apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt J. Varner
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Kyle Daigle
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Peter F. Weed
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Peter B. Lewis
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Sarah E. Mahne
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | | | - Peter J. Winsauer
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
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Lim EL, Seah TC, Koe XF, Wahab HA, Adenan MI, Jamil MFA, Majid MIA, Tan ML. In vitro evaluation of cytochrome P450 induction and the inhibition potential of mitragynine, a stimulant alkaloid. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 27:812-24. [PMID: 23274770 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CYP450 enzymes are key determinants in drug toxicities, reduced pharmacological effect and adverse drug reactions. Mitragynine, an euphoric compound was evaluated for its effects on the expression of mRNAs encoding CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 and protein expression and resultant enzymatic activity. The mRNA and protein expression of CYP450 isoforms were carried out using an optimized multiplex qRT-PCR assay and Western blot analysis. CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 enzyme activities were evaluated using P450-Glo™ assays. The effects of mitragynine on human CYP3A4 protein expression were determined using an optimized hCYP3A4-HepG2 cell-based assay. An in silico computational method to predict the binding conformation of mitragynine to the active site of the CYP3A4 enzyme was performed and further validated using in vitro CYP3A4 inhibition assays. Mitragynine was found to induce mRNA and protein expression of CYP1A2. For the highest concentration of 25 μM, induction of mRNA was approximately 70% that of the positive control and was consistent with the increased CYP1A2 enzymatic activity. Thus, mitragynine is a significant in vitro CYP1A2 inducer. However, it appeared to be a weak CYP3A4 inducer at the transcriptional level and a weak CYP3A4 enzyme inhibitor. It is therefore, unlikely to have any significant clinical effects on CYP3A4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Lin Lim
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals & Nutraceuticals, Ministry of Science, Technology & Innovation (MOSTI), Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Hassan Z, Muzaimi M, Navaratnam V, Yusoff NHM, Suhaimi FW, Vadivelu R, Vicknasingam BK, Amato D, von Hörsten S, Ismail NIW, Jayabalan N, Hazim AI, Mansor SM, Müller CP. From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012. [PMID: 23206666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kratom (or Ketum) is a psychoactive plant preparation used in Southeast Asia. It is derived from the plant Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Kratom as well as its main alkaloid, mitragynine, currently spreads around the world. Thus, addiction potential and adverse health consequences are becoming an important issue for health authorities. Here we reviewed the available evidence and identified future research needs. It was found that mitragynine and M. speciosa preparations are systematically consumed with rather well defined instrumentalization goals, e.g. to enhance tolerance for hard work or as a substitute in the self-treatment of opiate addiction. There is also evidence from experimental animal models supporting analgesic, muscle relaxant, anti-inflammatory as well as strong anorectic effects. In humans, regular consumption may escalate, lead to tolerance and may yield aversive withdrawal effects. Mitragynine and its derivatives actions in the central nervous system involve μ-opioid receptors, neuronal Ca²⁺ channels and descending monoaminergic projections. Altogether, available data currently suggest both, a therapeutic as well as an abuse potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Le D, Goggin MM, Janis GC. Analysis of Mitragynine and Metabolites in Human Urine for Detecting the Use of the Psychoactive Plant Kratom. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 36:616-25. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
There have been increasing reports in the popular and scientific media of the use of drugs called “Bath Salts”. These drugs have nothing to do with ordinary bath salts but are synthetic ring substituted cathinones. The main drugs encountered are mephedrone, methylone and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Most reports involve the drug mephedrone, which has been popular in Europe but “Bath Salt” cases are also seen in North America. These drugs have sympathomimetic effects and the reported deaths have had similar histories to other stimulant drugs. This review examines the use of “Bath Salts”, particularly mephedrone and its clinical effects and toxicology, along with reported autopsy findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Milroy
- Forensic Pathologist with the Eastern Ontario Regional Forensic Pathology Unit, The Ottawa Hospital and The University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada
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Ketamine-like Effects After Recreational Use of Methoxetamine. Ann Emerg Med 2012; 60:97-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Historically, dope-testing methods have been developed to target specific and known threats to the integrity of sport. Traditionally, the source of new analytical targets for which testing was required were derived almost exclusively from the pharmaceutical industry. More recently, the emergence of designer drugs, such as tetrahydrogestrinone that are specifically intended to evade detection, or novel chemicals intended to circumvent laws controlling the sale and distribution of recreational drugs, such as anabolic steroids, stimulants and cannabinoids, have become a significant issue. In this review, we shall consider the emergence of designer drugs and the response of dope-testing laboratories to these new threats, in particular developments in analytical methods, instrumentation and research intended to detect their abuse, and we consider the likely future impact of these approaches.
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Angoa-Pérez M, Kane MJ, Francescutti DM, Sykes KE, Shah MM, Mohammed AM, Thomas DM, Kuhn DM. Mephedrone, an abused psychoactive component of 'bath salts' and methamphetamine congener, does not cause neurotoxicity to dopamine nerve endings of the striatum. J Neurochem 2012; 120:1097-107. [PMID: 22191803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) is a β-ketoamphetamine with close structural analogy to substituted amphetamines and cathinone derivatives. Abuse of mephedrone has increased dramatically in recent years and has become a significant public health problem in the United States and Europe. Unfortunately, very little information is available on the pharmacological and neurochemical actions of mephedrone. In light of the proven abuse potential of mephedrone and considering its similarity to methamphetamine and methcathinone, it is particularly important to know if mephedrone shares with these agents an ability to cause damage to dopamine nerve endings of the striatum. Accordingly, we treated mice with a binge-like regimen of mephedrone (4 × 20 or 40 mg/kg) and examined the striatum for evidence of neurotoxicity 2 or 7 days after treatment. While mephedrone caused hyperthermia and locomotor stimulation, it did not lower striatal levels of dopamine, tyrosine hydroxylase or the dopamine transporter under any of the treatment conditions used presently. Furthermore, mephedrone did not cause microglial activation in striatum nor did it increase glial fibrillary acidic protein levels. Taken together, these surprising results suggest that mephedrone, despite its numerous mechanistic overlaps with methamphetamine and the cathinone derivatives, does not cause neurotoxicity to dopamine nerve endings of the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Angoa-Pérez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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46
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Zuba D. Identification of cathinones and other active components of ‘legal highs’ by mass spectrometric methods. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tyrkkö E, Pelander A, Ojanperä I. Prediction of liquid chromatographic retention for differentiation of structural isomers. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 720:142-8. [PMID: 22365132 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography (LC) retention time prediction software, ACD/ChromGenius, was employed to calculate retention times for structural isomers, which cannot be differentiated by accurate mass measurement techniques alone. For 486 drug compounds included in an in-house database for urine drug screening by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/Q-TOFMS), a retention time knowledge base was created with the software. ACD/ChromGenius calculated retention times for compounds based on the drawn molecular structure and given chromatographic parameters. The ability of the software for compound identification was evaluated by calculating the retention order of the 118 isomers, in 50 isomer groups of 2-5 compounds each, included in the database. ACD/ChromGenius predicted the correct elution order for 68% (34) of isomer groups. Of the 16 groups for which the isomer elution order was incorrectly calculated, two were diastereomer pairs and thus difficult to distinguish using the software. Correlation between the calculated and experimental retention times in the knowledge base tested was moderate, r(2)=0.8533. The mean and median absolute errors were 1.12 min, and 0.84 min, respectively, and the standard deviation was 1.04 min. The information generated by ACD/ChromGenius, together with other in silico methods employing accurate mass data, makes the identification of substances more reliable. This study demonstrates an approach for tentatively identifying compounds in a large target database without a need for primary reference standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Tyrkkö
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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48
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Current status of hyphenated mass spectrometry in studies of the metabolism of drugs of abuse, including doping agents. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:195-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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49
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Derungs A, Schietzel S, Meyer MR, Maurer HH, Krähenbühl S, Liechti ME. Sympathomimetic toxicity in a case of analytically confirmed recreational use of naphyrone (naphthylpyrovalerone). Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011; 49:691-3. [PMID: 21740148 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2011.592838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Naphyrone (naphthylpyrovalerone) is a cathinone derivative and recreational drug related to mephedrone. CASE We report a 31-year-old man who ingested a dose of naphyrone (100 mg), which produced acute sympathomimetic toxicity with restlessness, insomnia, anxiety, and hallucinations lasting for 2 days. Naphyrone was detected in the patient's plasma by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry at concentrations of 0.03 and 0.02 mg/L, 40 and 60 h after drug intake, respectively. DISCUSSION Based on the present case report and user web-reports, as well as on the chemical structure and pharmacological characteristics, naphyrone produces stimulant-like psychotropic effects and sympathomimetic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Derungs
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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