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Wu J, Wu Z, Kuang W, Shi D, Yang Y, Li X, Huang J, Li X, Liao Y, Zhou Z, Qiu Z. Combined vaccines against angiotensin II receptor type 1 and alpha 1D-adrenergic receptor for hypertension. J Hypertens 2024; 42:1184-1196. [PMID: 38690916 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Compared with monotherapy, combination therapy with multiple antihypertensive drugs has demonstrated superior efficacy in the management of hypertension. The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of multitarget combined vaccines in achieving simultaneous antihypertensive and target organ protection effects. METHODS Our team has developed ATRQβ-001 and ADRQβ-004 vaccines targeting Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and α1D-adrenergic receptor (α1D-AR), respectively. In NG-nitroarginine methyl ester ( l -NAME) + abilities spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) model, SHRs were simultaneously inoculated with ATRQβ-001 and ADRQβ-004 vaccines. Histological and biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the antihypertensive effects and target organ protection of the ATRQβ-001 and ADRQβ-004 combined vaccines in comparison with those of the single vaccine. RESULTS Both ATRQβ-001 and ADRQβ-004 vaccines induced robust antibody production, resulting in persistent high antibody titers in rats. Notably, the combined administration of both vaccines significantly decreased SBP in SHRs compared with treatment with a single vaccine, both before and after l -NAME administration. Furthermore, the combined vaccine regimen demonstrated superior efficacy in protecting against vascular remodeling, myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, and kidney injury in SHRs. Mechanistically, the combined vaccines exhibited significantly downregulated the expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and α1D-adrenergic receptor (α1D-AR). Importantly, no apparent immune-related adverse effects were observed in animals immunized with the combined vaccines. CONCLUSION Preliminary findings from this investigation suggest that co-administration of the novel ATRQβ-001 and ADRQβ-004 vaccines holds potential as a groundbreaking therapeutic strategy for managing hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Zhijie Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Wenlong Kuang
- Department of Cardiology, Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dingyang Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Yulu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Jianwu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Xuehan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Yuhua Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Zihua Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Zhihua Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
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2
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Wu R, Sun F, Zhang W, Ren J, Liu GH. Targeting aging and age-related diseases with vaccines. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:464-482. [PMID: 38622408 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for numerous chronic diseases. Vaccination offers a promising strategy to combat these age-related diseases by targeting specific antigens and inducing immune responses. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in vaccine-based interventions targeting these diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, type II diabetes, hypertension, abdominal aortic aneurysm, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, fibrosis and cancer, summarizing current approaches for identifying disease-associated antigens and inducing immune responses against these targets. Further, we reflect on the recent development of vaccines targeting senescent cells, as a strategy for more broadly targeting underlying causes of aging and associated pathologies. In addition to highlighting recent progress in these areas, we discuss important next steps to advance the therapeutic potential of these vaccines, including improving and robustly demonstrating efficacy in human clinical trials, as well as rigorously evaluating the safety and long-term effects of these vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.
- Sino-Danish College, School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing, China.
| | - Jie Ren
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.
- Sino-Danish College, School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Ali I, Zhang H, Zaidi SAA, Zhou G. Understanding the intricacies of cellular senescence in atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102273. [PMID: 38492810 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is currently the largest cause of mortality and disability globally, surpassing communicable diseases, and atherosclerosis is the main contributor to this epidemic. Aging is intimately linked to atherosclerosis development and progression, however, the mechanism of aging in atherosclerosis is not well known. To emphasize the significant research on the involvement of senescent cells in atherosclerosis, we begin by outlining compelling evidence that indicates various types of senescent cells and SASP factors linked to atherosclerotic phenotypes. We subsequently provide a comprehensive summary of the existing knowledge, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms through which cellular senescence contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Further, we cover that senescence can be identified by both structural changes and several senescence-associated biomarkers. Finally, we discuss that preventing accelerated cellular senescence represents an important therapeutic potential, as permanent changes may occur in advanced atherosclerosis. Together, the review summarizes the relationship between cellular senescence and atherosclerosis, and inspects the molecular knowledge, and potential clinical significance of senescent cells in developing senescent-based therapy, thus providing crucial insights into their biology and potential therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Ali
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genomic Stability and Disease Prevention, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, and Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Regenerative Technologies for Orthopaedic Diseases, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Syed Aqib Ali Zaidi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genomic Stability and Disease Prevention, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, and Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Regenerative Technologies for Orthopaedic Diseases, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Guangqian Zhou
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genomic Stability and Disease Prevention, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, and Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Regenerative Technologies for Orthopaedic Diseases, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
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4
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Fatima N, Ashique S, Upadhyay A, Kumar S, Kumar H, Kumar N, Kumar P. Current Landscape of Therapeutics for the Management of Hypertension - A Review. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:662-682. [PMID: 37357524 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230623121433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a critical health problem. It is also the primary reason for coronary heart disease, stroke, and renal vascular disease. The use of herbal drugs in the management of any disease is increasing. They are considered the best immune booster to fight against several types of diseases. To date, the demand for herbal drugs has been increasing because of their excellent properties. This review highlights antihypertensive drugs, polyphenols, and synbiotics for managing hypertension. Evidence is mounting in favour of more aggressive blood pressure control with reduced adverse effects, especially for specific patient populations. This review aimed to present contemporary viewpoints and novel treatment options, including cutting-edge technological applications and emerging interventional and pharmaceutical therapies, as well as key concerns arising from several years of research and epidemiological observations related to the management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Fatima
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity University, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226010, India
| | - Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pandaveswar School of Pharmacy, Pandaveswar, West Bengal 713378, India
| | - Aakash Upadhyay
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharat Institute of Technology (BIT), School of Pharmacy, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250103, India
| | - Shubneesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharat Institute of Technology (BIT), School of Pharmacy, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250103, India
| | - Himanshu Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharat Institute of Technology (BIT), School of Pharmacy, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250103, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- SRM Modinagar College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Delhi-NCR Campus, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201204, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad-244001, UP, India
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5
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Mellid-Carballal R, Gutierrez-Gutierrez S, Rivas C, Garcia-Fuentes M. Viral protein-based nanoparticles (part 2): Pharmaceutical applications. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 189:106558. [PMID: 37567394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Viral protein nanoparticles (ViP NPs) such as virus-like particles and virosomes are structures halfway between viruses and synthetic nanoparticles. The biological nature of ViP NPs endows them with the biocompatibility, biodegradability, and functional properties that many synthetic nanoparticles lack. At the same time, the absence of a viral genome avoids the safety concerns of viruses. Such characteristics of ViP NPs offer a myriad of opportunities for theirapplication at several points across disease development: from prophylaxis to diagnosis and treatment. ViP NPs present remarkable immunostimulant properties, and thus the vaccination field has benefited the most from these platforms capable of overcoming the limitations of both traditional and subunit vaccines. This was reflected in the marketing authorization of several VLP- and virosome-based vaccines. Besides, ViP NPs inherit the ability of viruses to deliver their cargo to target cells. Because of that, ViP NPs are promising candidates as vectors for drug and gene delivery, and for diagnostic applications. In this review, we analyze the pharmaceutical applications of ViP NPs, describing the products that are commercially available or under clinical evaluation, but also the advances that scientists are making toward the implementation of ViP NPs in other areas of major pharmaceutical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Mellid-Carballal
- CiMUS Research Center, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sara Gutierrez-Gutierrez
- CiMUS Research Center, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Rivas
- CiMUS Research Center, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Spain
| | - Marcos Garcia-Fuentes
- CiMUS Research Center, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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6
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Fowler A, Van Rompay KKA, Sampson M, Leo J, Watanabe JK, Usachenko JL, Immareddy R, Lovato DM, Schiller JT, Remaley AT, Chackerian B. A virus-like particle-based bivalent PCSK9 vaccine lowers LDL-cholesterol levels in non-human primates. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:142. [PMID: 37770440 PMCID: PMC10539315 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is an important risk factor in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a negative regulator of LDL-C metabolism, have emerged as promising approaches for reducing elevated LDL-C levels. Here, we evaluated the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of virus-like particle (VLP) based vaccines that target epitopes found within the LDL receptor (LDL-R) binding domain of PCSK9. In both mice and non-human primates, a bivalent VLP vaccine targeting two distinct epitopes on PCSK9 elicited strong and durable antibody responses and lowered cholesterol levels. In macaques, a VLP vaccine targeting a single PCSK9 epitope was only effective at lowering LDL-C levels in combination with statins, whereas immunization with the bivalent vaccine lowered LDL-C without requiring statin co-administration. These data highlight the efficacy of an alternative, vaccine-based approach for lowering LDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fowler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maureen Sampson
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Javier Leo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jennifer K Watanabe
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jodie L Usachenko
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ramya Immareddy
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Debbie M Lovato
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - John T Schiller
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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7
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Kanbay M, Copur S, Tanriover C, Ucku D, Laffin L. Future treatments in hypertension: Can we meet the unmet needs of patients? Eur J Intern Med 2023; 115:18-28. [PMID: 37330317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of arterial hypertension is approximately 47% in the United States and 55% in Europe. Multiple different medical therapies are used to treat hypertension including diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, alpha blockers, central acting alpha receptor agonists, neprilysin inhibitors and vasodilators. However, despite the numerous number of medications, the prevalence of hypertension is on the rise, a considerable proportion of the hypertensive population is resistant to these therapeutic modalities and a definitive cure is not possible with the current treatment approaches. Therefore, there is a need for novel therapeutic strategies to provide better treatment and control of hypertension. In this review, our aim is to describe the latest developments in the treatment of hypertension including novel medication classes, gene therapies and RNA-based modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sidar Copur
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Tanriover
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Ucku
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Luke Laffin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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8
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Nakagami H. Challenges in the development of novel therapies, vaccines and siRNAs for the treatment of hypertension. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:1812-1815. [PMID: 37169884 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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9
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Moreno-Gonzalez MA, Ortega-Rivera OA, Steinmetz NF. Two decades of vaccine development against atherosclerosis. NANO TODAY 2023; 50:101822. [PMID: 37860053 PMCID: PMC10586238 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2023.101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease that leads to the development of fatty plaques in the arterial walls, ultimately increasing the risk of thrombosis, stroke, and myocardial infarction. The immune response in this complex disease is both atheroprotective and pro-atherogenic, involving both innate and adaptive immunity. Current treatments include the adjustment of lifestyle factors, cholesterol-lowering drugs such as statins, and immunotherapy, whereas vaccine development has received comparatively little attention. In this review, we discuss the potential of antigen-specific vaccination as a preventative approach based on more than 20 years of research and innovation. Vaccination targets include proteins that are more abundant in atherosclerotic patients, such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), apolipoprotein B-100, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 serine protease (PCSK9), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and heat shock proteins HSP60 and HSP65. Immunization with such proteins or their peptide epitopes has been shown to induce T-cell activation, produce antigen-specific antibodies, reduce the size of atherosclerotic lesions, and/or reduce serum cholesterol levels. Vaccination against atherosclerosis therefore offers a new strategy to address the burden on healthcare systems caused by cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Moreno-Gonzalez
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Oscar A. Ortega-Rivera
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
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10
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Fowler A, Van Rompay KKA, Sampson M, Leo J, Watanabe JK, Usachenko JL, Immareddy R, Lovato DM, Schiller JT, Remaley AT, Chackerian B. A Virus-like particle-based bivalent PCSK9 vaccine lowers LDL-cholesterol levels in Non-Human Primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.15.540560. [PMID: 37292981 PMCID: PMC10245564 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.15.540560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is an important risk factor in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a negative regulator of LDL-C metabolism, have emerged as promising approaches for reducing elevated LDL-C levels. Here, we evaluated the cholesterol lowering efficacy of virus-like particle (VLP) based vaccines that target epitopes found within the LDL receptor (LDL-R) binding domain of PCSK9. In both mice and non-human primates, a bivalent VLP vaccine targeting two distinct epitopes on PCSK9 elicited strong and durable antibody responses and lowered cholesterol levels. In macaques, a VLP vaccine targeting a single PCSK9 epitope was only effective at lowering LDL-C levels in combination with statins, whereas immunization with the bivalent vaccine lowered LDL-C without requiring statin co-administration. These data highlight the efficacy of an alternative, vaccine-based approach for lowering LDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fowler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Koen K. A. Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Maureen Sampson
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Javier Leo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Jennifer K. Watanabe
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Jodie L. Usachenko
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Ramya Immareddy
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Debbie M. Lovato
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - John T. Schiller
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM USA
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11
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Tian Y, Hu D, Li Y, Yang L. Development of therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of diseases. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:40. [PMID: 36477638 PMCID: PMC9729511 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most effective medical interventions to combat newly emerging and re-emerging diseases. Prophylactic vaccines against rabies, measles, etc., have excellent effectiveness in preventing viral infection and associated diseases. However, the host immune response is unable to inhibit virus replication or eradicate established diseases in most infected people. Therapeutic vaccines, expressing specific endogenous or exogenous antigens, mainly induce or boost cell-mediated immunity via provoking cytotoxic T cells or elicit humoral immunity via activating B cells to produce specific antibodies. The ultimate aim of a therapeutic vaccine is to reshape the host immunity for eradicating a disease and establishing lasting memory. Therefore, therapeutic vaccines have been developed for the treatment of some infectious diseases and chronic noncommunicable diseases. Various technological strategies have been implemented for the development of therapeutic vaccines, including molecular-based vaccines (peptide/protein, DNA and mRNA vaccines), vector-based vaccines (bacterial vector vaccines, viral vector vaccines and yeast-based vaccines) and cell-based vaccines (dendritic cell vaccines and genetically modified cell vaccines) as well as combinatorial approaches. This review mainly summarizes therapeutic vaccine-induced immunity and describes the development and status of multiple types of therapeutic vaccines against infectious diseases, such as those caused by HPV, HBV, HIV, HCV, and SARS-CoV-2, and chronic noncommunicable diseases, including cancer, hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, that have been evaluated in recent preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaomei Tian
- grid.412605.40000 0004 1798 1351College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, No. 519, Huixing Road, Zigong, Sichuan 643000 The People’s Republic of China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 The People’s Republic of China
| | - Die Hu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 The People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Li
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050 The People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 The People’s Republic of China
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12
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Ma XY, Hill BD, Hoang T, Wen F. Virus-inspired strategies for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:1143-1157. [PMID: 34182141 PMCID: PMC8710185 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The intentional use of viruses for cancer therapy dates back over a century. As viruses are inherently immunogenic and naturally optimized delivery vehicles, repurposing viruses for drug delivery, tumor antigen presentation, or selective replication in cancer cells represents a simple and elegant approach to cancer treatment. While early virotherapy was fraught with harsh side effects and low response rates, virus-based therapies have recently seen a resurgence due to newfound abilities to engineer and tune oncolytic viruses, virus-like particles, and virus-mimicking nanoparticles for improved safety and efficacy. However, despite their great potential, very few virus-based therapies have made it through clinical trials. In this review, we present an overview of virus-inspired approaches for cancer therapy, discuss engineering strategies to enhance their mechanisms of action, and highlight their application for overcoming the challenges of traditional cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yin Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Brett D Hill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Trang Hoang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Fei Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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13
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Wang Z, Cui K, Costabel U, Zhang X. Nanotechnology-facilitated vaccine development during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20210082. [PMID: 35941992 PMCID: PMC9349967 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continually poses a significant threat to the human race, and prophylactic vaccination is the most potent approach to end this pandemic. Nanotechnology is widely adopted during COVID-19 vaccine development, and the engineering of nanostructured materials such as nanoparticles has opened new possibilities in innovative vaccine development by improving the design and accelerating the development process. This review aims to comprehensively understand the current situation and prospects of nanotechnology-enabled vaccine development against the COVID-19 pandemic, with an emphasis on the interplay between nanotechnology and the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineZhengzhou University People's HospitalHenan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhouHenanP. R. China
| | - Kai Cui
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineZhengzhou University People's HospitalHenan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhouHenanP. R. China
- Academy of Medical ScienceZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanP. R. China
| | - Ulrich Costabel
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineZhengzhou University People's HospitalHenan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhouHenanP. R. China
- Department of PneumologyRuhrlandklinikUniversity Medicine EssenEssenGermany
| | - Xiaoju Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineZhengzhou University People's HospitalHenan Provincial People's HospitalZhengzhouHenanP. R. China
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14
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Ferrario CM, Groban L, Wang H, Sun X, VonCannon JL, Wright KN, Ahmad S. The renin–angiotensin system biomolecular cascade: a 2022 update of newer insights and concepts. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2022; 12:36-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kisu.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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15
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Webster E, Seiger KW, Core SB, Collar AL, Knapp-Broas H, Graham J, Shrestha M, Afzaal S, Geisler WM, Wheeler CM, Chackerian B, Frietze KM, Lijek RS. Immunogenicity and Protective Capacity of a Virus-like Particle Vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis Type 3 Secretion System Tip Protein, CT584. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010111. [PMID: 35062772 PMCID: PMC8779370 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis is urgently needed as infection rates continue to rise and C. trachomatis causes reproductive morbidity. An obligate intracellular pathogen, C. trachomatis employs a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) for host cell entry. The tip of the injectosome is composed of the protein CT584, which represents a potential target for neutralization with vaccine-induced antibody. Here, we investigate the immunogenicity and efficacy of a vaccine made of CT584 epitopes coupled to a bacteriophage virus-like particle (VLP), a novel platform for Chlamydia vaccines modeled on the success of HPV vaccines. Female mice were immunized intramuscularly, challenged transcervically with C. trachomatis, and assessed for systemic and local antibody responses and bacterial burden in the upper genital tract. Immunization resulted in a 3-log increase in epitope-specific IgG in serum and uterine homogenates and in the detection of epitope-specific IgG in uterine lavage at low levels. By contrast, sera from women infected with C. trachomatis and virgin controls had similarly low titers to CT584 epitopes, suggesting these epitopes are not systemically immunogenic during natural infection but can be rendered immunogenic by the VLP platform. C. trachomatis burden in the upper genital tract of mice varied after active immunization, yet passive protection was achieved when immune sera were pre-incubated with C. trachomatis prior to inoculation into the genital tract. These data demonstrate the potential for antibody against the T3SS to contribute to protection against C. trachomatis and the value of VLPs as a novel platform for C. trachomatis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everett Webster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College St., South Hadley, MA 01075, USA; (E.W.); (K.W.S.); (H.K.-B.); (J.G.); (M.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Kyra W. Seiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College St., South Hadley, MA 01075, USA; (E.W.); (K.W.S.); (H.K.-B.); (J.G.); (M.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Susan B. Core
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, MSC 08-4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (S.B.C.); (A.L.C.); (B.C.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Amanda L. Collar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, MSC 08-4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (S.B.C.); (A.L.C.); (B.C.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Hannah Knapp-Broas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College St., South Hadley, MA 01075, USA; (E.W.); (K.W.S.); (H.K.-B.); (J.G.); (M.S.); (S.A.)
| | - June Graham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College St., South Hadley, MA 01075, USA; (E.W.); (K.W.S.); (H.K.-B.); (J.G.); (M.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Muskan Shrestha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College St., South Hadley, MA 01075, USA; (E.W.); (K.W.S.); (H.K.-B.); (J.G.); (M.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Sarah Afzaal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College St., South Hadley, MA 01075, USA; (E.W.); (K.W.S.); (H.K.-B.); (J.G.); (M.S.); (S.A.)
| | - William M. Geisler
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th St. S, ZRB 242, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Cosette M. Wheeler
- Center for HPV Prevention, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC 08-4640, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, MSC 08-4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (S.B.C.); (A.L.C.); (B.C.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Kathryn M. Frietze
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, MSC 08-4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (S.B.C.); (A.L.C.); (B.C.); (K.M.F.)
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, MSC 08-4635, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Rebeccah S. Lijek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College St., South Hadley, MA 01075, USA; (E.W.); (K.W.S.); (H.K.-B.); (J.G.); (M.S.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(413)-538-2487
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16
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Nakagami H, Ishihama T, Daikyoji Y, Sasakura C, Yamada E, Morishita R. Brief report on a phase I/IIa study to assess the safety, tolerability, and immune response of AGMG0201 in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:61-65. [PMID: 34657138 PMCID: PMC8668431 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have been developing an angiotensin II vaccine for hypertension. We conducted a placebo-controlled dose escalation study to investigate the safety, tolerability, and immunological responses of this angiotensin II vaccine (AGMG0201). AGMG0201 was administered to participants with mild to moderate hypertension between 18 and 79 years of age. Twelve patients each were enrolled in the low-dose and high-dose groups. Within each group, subjects were randomly assigned to receive either the active study drug or a placebo at a ratio of 3:1. Each participant received a single intramuscular injection, followed by a second injection 30 days later, and was monitored for 360 days after the second dose. The results showed that most treatment-related adverse events were classified as mild or moderate in severity, including pain and erythema at the injection site. Anti-angiotensin II antibodies were observed in the AGMG0201 patients, especially in the high-dose group. Overall, AGMG0201 was well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | | | | | | | - Ei Yamada
- AnGes, Inc., 4-13-3, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0014, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Pirro M, Xu S, Sahebkar A. PCSK9 inhibition-based therapeutic approaches: an immunotherapy perspective. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:980-999. [PMID: 34711156 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211027125245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors (PCSK9-I) are novel therapeutic tools to decrease cardiovascular risk. These agents work by lowering the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in hypercholesterolemic patients who are statin resistant/intolerant. Current clinically approved and investigational PCSK9-I act generally by blocking PCSK9 activity in the plasma or suppressing its expression or secretion by hepatocytes. The most widely investigated method is the disruption of PCSK9/LDL receptor (LDLR) interaction by fully-humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), evolocumab and alirocumab, which have been approved for the therapy of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Besides, a small interfering RNA called inclisiran, which specifically suppresses PCSK9 expression in hepatocytes, is as effective as mAbs but with administration twice a year. Because of the high costs of such therapeutic approaches, several other PCSK9-I have been surveyed, including peptide-based anti-PCSK9 vaccines and small oral anti-PCSK9 molecules, which are under investigation in preclinical and phase I clinical studies. Interestingly, anti-PCSK9 vaccination has been found to serve as a more widely feasible and more cost-effective therapeutic tool over mAb PCSK9-I for managing hypercholesterolemia. The present review will discuss LDL-lowering and cardioprotective effects of PCSK9-I, mainly immunotherapy-based inhibitors including mAbs and vaccines, in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06129. Italy
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei. China
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
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18
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Fowler A, Sampson M, Remaley AT, Chackerian B. A VLP-based vaccine targeting ANGPTL3 lowers plasma triglycerides in mice. Vaccine 2021; 39:5780-5786. [PMID: 34474934 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevated triglycerides (TGs) are an important risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) and in acute pancreatitis. Angiopoietin-like proteins 3 (ANGPTL3) and 4 (ANGPTL4) are critical regulators of TG metabolism that function by inhibiting the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which is responsible for hydrolyzing triglycerides in lipoproteins into free fatty acids. Interestingly, individuals with loss-of-function mutations in ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 have low plasma TG levels, have a reduced risk of CHD, and are otherwise healthy. Consequently, interventions targeting ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 have emerged as promising new approaches for reducing elevated TGs. Here, we developed virus-like particle (VLP) based vaccines that target the LPL binding domains of ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4. ANGPTL3 VLPs and ANGPTL4 VLPs are highly immunogenic in mice and vaccination with ANGPTL3 VLPs, but not ANGPTL4 VLPs, was associated with reduced steady state levels of TGs. Immunization with ANGPTL3 VLPs rapidly cleared circulating TG levels following an oil gavage challenge and enhanced plasma LPL activity. These data indicate that targeting ANGPTL3 by active vaccination is a potential alternative to other ANGPTL3-inhibiting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fowler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC08-4660, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Maureen Sampson
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10-2C433, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1666, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10-2C433, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1666, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC08-4660, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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19
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Ortega-Rivera O, Shin MD, Chen A, Beiss V, Moreno-Gonzalez MA, Lopez-Ramirez MA, Reynoso M, Wang H, Hurst BL, Wang J, Pokorski JK, Steinmetz NF. Trivalent Subunit Vaccine Candidates for COVID-19 and Their Delivery Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14748-14765. [PMID: 34490778 PMCID: PMC8442557 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for platform technologies enabling rapid development of vaccines for emerging viral diseases. The current vaccines target the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and thus far have shown tremendous efficacy. However, the need for cold-chain distribution, a prime-boost administration schedule, and the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) call for diligence in novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccine approaches. We studied 13 peptide epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 and identified three neutralizing epitopes that are highly conserved among the VOCs. Monovalent and trivalent COVID-19 vaccine candidates were formulated by chemical conjugation of the peptide epitopes to cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) nanoparticles and virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from bacteriophage Qβ. Efficacy of this approach was validated first using soluble vaccine candidates as solo or trivalent mixtures and subcutaneous prime-boost injection. The high thermal stability of our vaccine candidates allowed for formulation into single-dose injectable slow-release polymer implants, manufactured by melt extrusion, as well as microneedle (MN) patches, obtained through casting into micromolds, for prime-boost self-administration. Immunization of mice yielded high titers of antibodies against the target epitope and S protein, and data confirms that antibodies block receptor binding and neutralize SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 against infection of human cells. We present a nanotechnology vaccine platform that is stable outside the cold-chain and can be formulated into delivery devices enabling single administration or self-administration. CPMV or Qβ VLPs could be stockpiled, and epitopes exchanged to target new mutants or emergent diseases as the need arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar
A. Ortega-Rivera
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Matthew D. Shin
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Angela Chen
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Miguel A. Moreno-Gonzalez
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Miguel A. Lopez-Ramirez
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Maria Reynoso
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
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Liu ZH, Xu HL, Han GW, Tao LN, Lu Y, Zheng SY, Fang WH, He F. Self-Assembling Nanovaccine Enhances Protective Efficacy Against CSFV in Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:689187. [PMID: 34367147 PMCID: PMC8334734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a highly contagious pathogen, which pose continuous threat to the swine industry. Though most attenuated vaccines are effective, they fail to serologically distinguish between infected and vaccinated animals, hindering CSFV eradication. Beneficially, nanoparticles (NPs)-based vaccines resemble natural viruses in size and antigen structure, and offer an alternative tool to circumvent these limitations. Using self-assembling NPs as multimerization platforms provides a safe and immunogenic tool against infectious diseases. This study presented a novel strategy to display CSFV E2 glycoprotein on the surface of genetically engineered self-assembling NPs. Eukaryotic E2-fused protein (SP-E2-mi3) could self-assemble into uniform NPs as indicated in transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). SP-E2-mi3 NPs showed high stability at room temperature. This NP-based immunization resulted in enhanced antigen uptake and up-regulated production of immunostimulatory cytokines in antigen presenting cells (APCs). Moreover, the protective efficacy of SP-E2-mi3 NPs was evaluated in pigs. SP-E2-mi3 NPs significantly improved both humoral and cellular immunity, especially as indicated by the elevated CSFV-specific IFN-γ cellular immunity and >10-fold neutralizing antibodies as compared to monomeric E2. These observations were consistent to in vivo protection against CSFV lethal virus challenge in prime-boost immunization schedule. Further results revealed single dose of 10 μg of SP-E2-mi3 NPs provided considerable clinical protection against lethal virus challenge. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that this NP-based technology has potential to enhance the potency of subunit vaccine, paving ways for nanovaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hui Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ling Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Wei Han
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Na Tao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Su-Ya Zheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Huan Fang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Nakagami H, Hayashi H, Shimamura M, Rakugi H, Morishita R. Therapeutic vaccine for chronic diseases after the COVID-19 Era. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:1047-1053. [PMID: 34099884 PMCID: PMC8184354 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is currently a respiratory disease outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). After rapid development, RNA vaccines and adenoviral vector vaccines were approved within a year, which has demonstrated the strong impact of preventing infectious diseases using gene therapy technology. Furthermore, intensive immunological analysis has been performed to evaluate the efficiency and safety of these vaccines, potentially allowing for rapid progress in vaccine technology. After the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era, the novel vaccine technology developed will expand to other vaccines. We have been developing vaccines for chronic diseases, such as hypertension, for >10 years. Regarding the development of vaccines against self-antigens (i.e., angiotensin II), the vaccine should efficiently induce a blocking antibody response against the self-antigen without activating cytotoxic T cells. Therefore, the epitope vaccine approach has been proposed to induce antibody production in response to a combination of a B cell epitope and exogenous T cell epitopes through major histocompatibility complex molecules. When these vaccines are established as therapeutic options for hypertension, their administration regimen, which might be a few times per year, will replace daily medication use. Thus, therapeutic vaccines for hypertension may be a novel option to control the progression of cerebrovascular diseases. Hopefully, the accumulation of immunological findings and vaccine technology advances due to COVID-19 will provide a novel concept for vaccines for chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Munehisa Shimamura
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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22
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Abstract
To this day, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has not shown signs of abating. Moreover, the virus responsible for the pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has evolved into three different variants. This phenomenon highlights an even greater need to develop drugs and vaccines to control the rate of infection and spread of the disease. As of July 7, 2020, at least 160 vaccine candidates, 21 of which have entered the clinical trial phase, have been developed. This article describes the latest advances in development, reliable platforms, strategies used, and challenges that remain in developing COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyadi Sumirtanurdin
- Pharmacist Profession Education, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Biotechnology Pharmacy Laboratory, Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Melisa Intan Barliana
- Biotechnology Pharmacy Laboratory, Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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23
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Hunter PG, Chapman FA, Dhaun N. Hypertension: Current trends and future perspectives. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 87:3721-3736. [PMID: 33733505 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a significant and increasing global health issue. It is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death worldwide due to its effects on end organs, and through its associations with chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus and obesity. Despite current management strategies, many patients do not achieve adequate blood pressure (BP) control. Hypertension-related cardiovascular mortality rates are rising in tandem with the increasing global prevalence of chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus and obesity. Improving BP control must therefore be urgently prioritised. Strategies include utilising existing antihypertensive agents more effectively, and using treatments developed for co-existing conditions (such as sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for diabetes mellitus) that offer additional BP-lowering and cardiovascular benefits. Additionally, novel therapeutic agents that target alternative prohypertensive pathways and that offer broader cardiovascular protection are under development, including dual angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors. Nonpharmacological strategies such as immunotherapy are also being explored. Finally, advancing knowledge of the human genome and molecular modification technology may usher in an exciting new era of personalised medicine, with the potential to revolutionise the management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Hunter
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh & University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fiona A Chapman
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh & University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh & University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
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24
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Nakamaru R, Nakagami H, Hayashi H, Sun J, Tenma A, Yamamoto K, Shimamura M, Morishita R, Rakugi H. A novel angiotensin II peptide vaccine without an adjuvant in mice. J Hypertens 2021; 39:181-189. [PMID: 32667158 PMCID: PMC7752219 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We recently developed a novel peptide, AJP001, that possesses both a mouse T-cell epitope and adjuvant action. Direct conjugation to the antigen is useful for peptide vaccines without the addition of adjuvants. In this study, the efficacy of an angiotensin (Ang) II and AJP001-conjugated peptide vaccine (AJ-Ang II) was evaluated in mice. METHODS The anti-Ang II antibody titer was measured in Balb/C mice following three injections of AJ-Ang II at 2-week intervals. SBP was measured during vaccination of Balb/C mice treated with Ang II infusion (1 μg/kg per min). RESULTS AJ-Ang II treatment resulted in an increase in the anti-Ang II antibody titer in a dose-dependent manner without the addition of adjuvants. In the analysis of the humoral immune response, AJ-Ang II mainly elicited IgG1 antibodies and IL-4 and IL-10 production, as measured by an enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot assay, which suggests the induction of a Th2 response. Importantly, cotreatment with purified antibodies attenuated Ang II-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. The SBP in immunized mice was significantly lower than that in nonimmunized mice (135.9 ± 8.5 vs. 154.9 ± 16.8 mmHg, P = 0.02). Furthermore, Ang II-induced perivascular fibrosis in the heart was significantly attenuated in immunized mice, which also exhibited decreased mRNA expression of collagen I/III and transforming growth factor-β. CONCLUSION AJ-Ang II may be a simple and useful therapeutic peptide vaccine without the addition of any adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Health Development and Medicine
| | - Akiko Tenma
- Department of Health Development and Medicine
| | | | | | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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25
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Zhang Q, Wu W, Zhang J, Xia X. Merits of the 'good' viruses: the potential of virus-based therapeutics. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 21:731-740. [PMID: 33322950 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1865304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Although viruses have generally been considered as pathogens ever since their discovery, recent research has revealed that they might assume a more important role in the survival and evolution of their hosts. Besides this, they also hold the potential as therapies for the treatment of infections, cancers, and other diseases, with several of them already commercially available on the market. In this review, we will focus on the use of different viruses for treating diseases.Areas covered: This is a comprehensive review of the application of viruses or virus-based strategies (including bacteriophages, oncolytic viruses, viral vector-based delivery, virus-like particles, and virosomes) for therapeutic purposes. The article provides an overview of the status quo of currently available virus-based therapeutics.Expert Opinion: The efficacy of virus-based therapies has been emphasized repeatedly in the clinical trials for virotherapy, gene delivery, and virus-like particles (VLPs), with multiple therapeutics approved and marketed. Compared with chemical and biological drugs, viruses represent a unique 'research niche.' As more virus-based therapeutics are moving down the pipeline, we shall expect to see a more diversified collection of related products being recognized and applied in clinical settings in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Zhang
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wen Wu
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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26
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Guerrero-Beltrán CE, Mijares-Rojas IA, Salgado-Garza G, Garay-Gutiérrez NF, Carrión-Chavarría B. Peptidic vaccines: The new cure for heart diseases? Pharmacol Res 2020; 164:105372. [PMID: 33316382 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease continues to be the most common cause of death worldwide. The global burden is so high that numerous organizations are providing counseling recommendations and annual revisions of current pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments as well as risk prediction for disease prevention and further progression. Although primary preventive interventions targeting risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, smoking, and sedentarism have led to a global decline in hospitalization rates, the aging population has overwhelmed these efforts on a global scale. This review focuses on peptidic vaccines, with the known and not well-known autoantigens in atheroma formation or acquired cardiac diseases, as novel potential immunotherapy approaches to counteract harmful heart disease continuance. We summarize how cancer immunomodulatory strategies started novel approaches to modulate the innate and adaptive immune responses, and how they can be targeted for therapeutic purposes in the cardiovascular system. Brief descriptions focused on the processes that start as either immunologic or non-immunologic, and the ultimate loss of cardiac muscle cell contractility as the outcome, are discussed. We conclude debating how novel strategies with nanoparticles and nanovaccines open a promising therapeutic option to reduce or prevent cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Enrique Guerrero-Beltrán
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, TecSalud, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, San Pedro Garza García, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Iván Alfredo Mijares-Rojas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Gustavo Salgado-Garza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Noé Francisco Garay-Gutiérrez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Belinda Carrión-Chavarría
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
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27
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New drug targets for hypertension: A literature review. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:166037. [PMID: 33309796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases worldwide. However, in the population of resistant hypertension, blood pressure is difficult to control effectively. Moreover, antihypertensive drugs may have adverse effect currently. Hence, new therapeutic targets and treatments are needed to uncovered and exploited to control hypertension and its comorbidities. In the past, classical drug targets, such as the aldosterone receptor, aldosterone synthase, and ACE2/angiotensin 1-7/Mas receptor axis, have been investigated. Recently, vaccines and drugs targeting the gastrointestinal microbiome, which represent drug classes, have also been investigated for the management of blood pressure. In this review, we summarized current knowledge on classical and new drug targets and discussed the potential utility of new drugs in the treatment of hypertension.
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28
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Abdelhamid YA, Elyamany MF, Al-Shorbagy MY, Badary OA. Effects of TNF-α antagonist infliximab on fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:801-811. [PMID: 33118400 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120969960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Public health issues have been raised regarding fructose toxicity and its serious metabolic disorders. Deleterious effects of high fructose intake on insulin sensitivity, body weight, lipid homeostasis have been identified. The new millennium has witnessed the emergence of a modern epidemic, the metabolic syndrome (MS), in approximately 25% of the world's adult population. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of the TNF-α antagonist infliximab on fructose-induced MS in rats. Rats were administered fructose (10%) in drinking water for 12 weeks to induce the experimental MS model. infliximab (5 mg/kg) was injected once weekly intraperitoneally starting on the 13th week for 4 weeks. Increase in body weight, blood glucose level, serum triglycerides (TGs), adiponectin level and blood pressure were present in MS rats. They also prompted increases in serum of leptin, TNF-α, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Treatment with infliximab did not affect body weight, hyperglycemia or hypertension, but decreased serum TGs and increased serum HDL-c levels. Infliximab also decreased adiponectin levels. Surprisingly, infliximab increased MDA above its value in the MS group. These results reflect the fact that infliximab affects the manifestations of MS in rats. Though infliximab reduced TGs, increased HDL-c levels, reversed adiponectin resistance occurred by fructose, the drug failed to combat MS-mediated hyperglycemia, hypertension, and elevated MDA above the insult.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed F Elyamany
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, 110154Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Y Al-Shorbagy
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, 110154Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Egypt
| | - Osama A Badary
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
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29
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Shimamura M, Nakagami H, Sanada F, Morishita R. Progress of Gene Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease. Hypertension 2020; 76:1038-1044. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has been extensively studied in peripheral and cardiac ischemia, heart and vein graft failure, and dyslipidemia, but most clinical trials failed to show their efficacies despite good outcomes in preclinical studies. So far, 2 gene therapies for dyslipidemia and one for critical limb ischemia in peripheral artery disease have been approved. In critical limb ischemia, gene therapy using proangiogenic factors has emerged as a novel therapeutic modality for promoting angiogenesis. Initial researches mainly focused on vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, or hepatocyte growth factor. After the favorable results of basic research, several phase I and II clinical trials of these proangiogenic factors have shown promising results. However, only a phase III clinical trial of the intramuscular injection of hepatocyte growth factor plasmid DNA has shown successful outcomes, and it was recently approved in Japan for treating patients with critical limb ischemia who have ulcers and for whom no alternative therapeutic options are available. DNA vaccine is another promising modality of gene therapy. An antitumor vaccine suppressing angiogenesis through the inhibition of proangiogenic factors and an antihypertensive vaccine inhibiting the renin–angiotensin system are representative DNA vaccines. The advantage of DNA vaccine is its long-term effectiveness with a few vaccinations; however, the benefits and risks, such as adverse T-cell reaction against self-antigen or long-term side effects, of DNA vaccines should be carefully evaluated. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in proangiogenic gene therapy for critical limb ischemia and DNA vaccine for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehisa Shimamura
- From the Department of Health Development and Medicine, Japan (M.S., H.N.)
| | - Hironori Nakagami
- From the Department of Health Development and Medicine, Japan (M.S., H.N.)
| | - Fumihiro Sanada
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan (F.S., R.M.)
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan (F.S., R.M.)
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30
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Garay-Gutiérrez NF, Hernandez-Fuentes CP, García-Rivas G, Lavandero S, Guerrero-Beltrán CE. Vaccines against components of the renin-angiotensin system. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 26:711-726. [PMID: 32995973 PMCID: PMC7524378 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-10033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Even though effective drugs for treating hypertension are available, a great percentage of patients have inadequate control of their blood pressure. Unwanted side effects and inappropriate oral drug adherence are important factors that contribute to the global problem of uncontrolled hypertension. Vaccination could provide a revolutionary therapy with long-lasting effects, increasing patient compliance and therefore better control of high blood pressure. Nowadays, current immunization approaches against hypertension target renin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor, key elements of the renin–angiotensin system. This article reviews the different vaccination attempts with proteins and peptides against the different molecules of the renin–angiotensin system in the last two decades, safety issues, and other novel prospects biomarkers in hypertension, and summarizes the potential of this immunomodulatory approach in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noé Francisco Garay-Gutiérrez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Carolina Paz Hernandez-Fuentes
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gerardo García-Rivas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.,Hospital Zambrano Hellion, TecSalud, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, NL, Mexico
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carlos Enrique Guerrero-Beltrán
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico. .,Hospital Zambrano Hellion, TecSalud, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, NL, Mexico.
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31
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Abstract
Vaccines are well-known therapies for infectious disease and cancer; however, recently, we and others have developed vaccines for other chronic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia. Although we have many treatment options for hypertension, including angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and diuretics, a substantial portion of the hypertensive population has uncontrolled blood pressure due to poor medication adherence. When these vaccines are established in the future as therapeutic options for chronic diseases, their administration regimen, such as several times per year, will replace daily medication use. Thus, therapeutic vaccines might be a novel option to control the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Importantly, regarding the development of vaccines against self-antigens (i.e., angiotensin II), the vaccine should efficiently induce a blocking antibody response against the self-antigen without provoking cytotoxic T cells. Therefore, to address the safety and efficiency of therapeutic vaccines, we have developed an original B-cell vaccine to induce antibody production and used carrier proteins, which include exogenous T-cell epitopes through the major histocompatibility complex. In this review, we will introduce the challenges in developing therapeutic vaccines for chronic diseases and describe the therapeutic potential for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakamaru
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
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Abstract
Despite progress in both primary and secondary prevention, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are still the largest group of ailments contributing to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Atherosclerotic changes, the primary pathological substrate for CVD, are closely related to hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, the treatment of hypercholesterolemia is a key therapeutic strategy for CVD management. Statins, as the gold standard in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, have shown enhanced cardiac outcomes in many randomized clinical trials. However, often despite the maximum allowed and tolerated dosage of statins, we are not able to reach the target cholesterol levels, and thus patients persist at an increased cardiovascular risk. Recently, most of the large clinical studies in the field of preventive cardiology have focused on proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and its activity regulation. PCSK9 plays an essential role in the metabolism of LDL particles by inhibiting LDL receptor recirculation to the cell surface. Recent studies have shown that inhibition of PCSK9 by the administration of monoclonal antibodies is capable of significantly reducing LDL levels (up to an additional 60%) as well as reducing the incidence of CVD. However, this treatment procedure of administering the anti-PCSK9 antibodies, most frequently two times a month, has its limitations in terms of time, patient adherence, and nevertheless cost. Administration of active vaccination instead of passive immunization with anti-PCSK9 antibodies may be an effective way of controlling blood cholesterol levels. However, clinical data, as well as human testing, are still inadequate. This work aims to provide an overview of PCSK9 vaccines and their potential clinical benefit.
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33
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Vaccination Against Amyloidogenic Aggregates in Pancreatic Islets Prevents Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010116. [PMID: 32131431 PMCID: PMC7157615 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic progressive disease characterized by insulin resistance and insufficient insulin secretion to maintain normoglycemia. The majority of T2DM patients bear amyloid deposits mainly composed of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) in their pancreatic islets. These-originally β-cell secretory products-extracellular aggregates are cytotoxic for insulin-producing β-cells and are associated with β-cell loss and inflammation in T2DM advanced stages. Due to the absence of T2DM preventive medicaments and the presence of only symptomatic drugs acting towards increasing hormone secretion and action, we aimed at establishing a novel disease-modifying therapy targeting the cytotoxic IAPP deposits in order to prevent the development of T2DM. We generated a vaccine based on virus-like particles (VLPs), devoid of genomic material, coupled to IAPP peptides inducing specific antibodies against aggregated, but not monomeric IAPP. Using a mouse model of islet amyloidosis, we demonstrate in vivo that our vaccine induced a potent antibody response against aggregated, but not soluble IAPP, strikingly preventing IAPP depositions, delaying onset of hyperglycemia and the induction of the associated pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin 1β (IL-1β). We offer the first cost-effective and safe disease-modifying approach targeting islet dysfunction in T2DM, preventing pathogenic aggregates without disturbing physiological IAPP function.
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34
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Amirfakhryan H. Vaccination against atherosclerosis: An overview. Hellenic J Cardiol 2020; 61:78-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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35
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Venkataraman S, Reddy VS, Khurana SMP. Biomedical Applications of Viral Nanoparticles in Vaccine Therapy. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9898-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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36
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Wu H, Wang Y, Wang G, Qiu Z, Hu X, Zhang H, Yan X, Ke F, Zou A, Wang M, Liao Y, Chen X. A bivalent antihypertensive vaccine targeting L-type calcium channels and angiotensin AT 1 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 177:402-419. [PMID: 31625597 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypertension has been the leading preventable cause of premature death worldwide. The aim of this study was to design a more efficient vaccine against novel targets for the treatment of hypertension. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The epitope CE12, derived from the human L-type calcium channel (CaV 1.2), was designed and conjugated with Qβ bacteriophage virus-like particles to test the efficacy in hypertensive animals. Further, the hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg)-CE12-CQ10 vaccine, a bivalent vaccine based on HBcAg virus-like particles and targeting both human angiotensin AT1 receptors and CaV 1.2 channels, was developed and evaluated in hypertensive rodents. KEY RESULTS The Qβ-CE12 vaccine effectively decreased the BP in hypertensive rodents. A monoclonal antibody against CE12 specifically bound to L-type calcium channels and inhibited channel activity. Injection with monoclonal antibody against CE12 effectively reduced the BP in angiotensin II-induced hypertensive mice. The HBcAg-CE12-CQ10 vaccine showed antihypertensive effects in hypertensive mice and relatively superior antihypertensive effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats and ameliorated L-NAME-induced renal injury. In addition, no obvious immune-mediated damage or electrophysiological adverse effects were detected. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Immunotherapy against both AT1 receptors and CaV 1.2 channels decreased the BP in hypertensive rodents effectively and provided protection against hypertensive target organ damage without obvious feedback activation of renin-angiotensin system or induction of dominant antibodies against the carrier protein. Thus, the HBcAg-CE12-CQ10 vaccine may provide a novel and promising therapeutic approach for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Lab for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Lab for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gongxin Wang
- Electrophysiological Laboratory, Qingdao Haiwei Biopharma Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhihua Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Lab for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiajun Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Lab for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongrong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Lab for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaole Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Lab for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Ke
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Lab for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anruo Zou
- Electrophysiological Laboratory, Qingdao Haiwei Biopharma Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Lab for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhua Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Lab for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Lab for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zhang YY, Yu Y, Yu C. Antifibrotic Roles of RAAS Blockers: Update. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:671-691. [PMID: 31399990 PMCID: PMC7121580 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has been well documented in regulating blood pressure, fluid volume, and sodium balance. Overactivity of RAAS promotes both systemic and regional glomerular capillary hypertension, which could induce hemodynamic injury to the glomerulus, leading to kidney damage and renal fibrosis via profibrotic and proinflammatory pathway. Therefore, the use of RAAS inhibitors (i.e., ACEIs, ARBs, and MRAs) as the optional therapy has been demonstrated to prevent proteinuria, and kidney fibrosis and slow the decline of renal function effectively in the process of kidney disease during the last few decades. Recently, several new components of the RAAS have been discovered, including ACE2 and the corresponding ACE2/Ang (1-7)/Mas axis, which are also present in the kidney. Besides the classic RAAS inhibitors target the angiotensin-AT1-aldosterone axis, with the expanding knowledge about RAAS, a number of potential therapeutic targets in this system is emerging. Newer agents that are more specific are being developed. The present chapter outlines the insights of the RAAS agents (classic RAAS antagonists/the new RAAS drugs), and discusses its clinical application in the combat of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Vaccine Development against the Renin-Angiotensin System for the Treatment of Hypertension. Int J Hypertens 2019; 2019:9218531. [PMID: 31485348 PMCID: PMC6710730 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9218531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a global public health issue and the most important preventable cause of cardiovascular diseases. Despite the clinical availability of many antihypertensive drugs, many hypertensive patients have poor medication adherence and blood pressure control due, at least partially, to the asymptomatic and chronic characteristics of hypertension. Immunotherapeutic approaches have the potential to improve medication adherence in hypertension because they induce prolonged therapeutic effects and need a low frequency of administration. The first attempts to reduce blood pressure by using vaccines targeting the renin-angiotensin system were made more than half a century ago; however, at the time, a poor understanding of immunology and the mechanisms of hypertension and a lack of optimal vaccine technologies such as suitable antigen design, proper adjuvants, and effective antigen delivery systems meant that attempts to develop antihypertensive vaccines failed. Recent advances in immunology and vaccinology have provided potential therapeutic immunologic approaches to treat not only infectious diseases but also cancers and other noncommunicable diseases. One important biotechnology that has had a major impact on modern vaccinology is virus-like particle technology, which can efficiently deliver vaccine antigens without the need for artificial adjuvants. A human clinical trial that indicated the effectiveness and safety of a virus-like particle-based antiangiotensin II vaccine marked a turning point in the field of therapeutic antihypertensive vaccines. Here, we review the history of the development of immunotherapies for the treatment of hypertension and discuss the current perspectives in the field.
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Intranasal vaccination against angiotensin II type 1 receptor and pneumococcal surface protein A attenuates hypertension and pneumococcal infection in rodents. J Hypertens 2019; 36:387-394. [PMID: 28832363 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To combat global increases in the prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases and concomitant infectious diseases, we aimed to develop an innovative intranasal vaccine that simultaneously targets both hypertension and pneumonia, is not given by invasive injection, and offers prolonged therapeutic effect and reduced frequency of administration. METHODS Angiotensin II type 1 receptor-pneumococcal surface protein A (AT1R-PspA) vaccine, consisting of a cationic nanometer-sized hydrogel incorporating AT1R partial peptide conjugated with PspA and cyclic diguanylate monophosphate adjuvant, was created and given intranasally to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Antigen-specific antibodies and blood pressure were examined to evaluate immune responses and the antihypertensive effect of the vaccine. To examine the protective effect of antibodies induced by vaccination on pneumococcal infection, sera obtained from immunized SHRs were incubated with a lethal dose of Streptococcus pneumoniae and then administered to mice. RESULTS Five doses of AT1R-PspA nasal-vaccine-induced AT1R-specific serum IgG antibody production and attenuated the development of hypertension in SHRs in the long term. Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies revealed that responses to angiotensin II were suppressed in vaccinated rats. Mice passively immunized with sera obtained from AT1R-PspA-vaccinated SHRs were protected from lethal pneumococcal infection. CONCLUSION Intranasal immunization with AT1R-PspA vaccine has the potential to simultaneously attenuate the development of hypertension and protect from lethal pneumococcal infection.
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Mohsen MO, Heath MD, Cabral-Miranda G, Lipp C, Zeltins A, Sande M, Stein JV, Riether C, Roesti E, Zha L, Engeroff P, El-Turabi A, Kundig TM, Vogel M, Skinner MA, Speiser DE, Knuth A, Kramer MF, Bachmann MF. Vaccination with nanoparticles combined with micro-adjuvants protects against cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:114. [PMID: 31027511 PMCID: PMC6485085 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of strong T cell responses, in particular cytotoxic T cells, is a key for the generation of efficacious therapeutic cancer vaccines which yet, remains a major challenge for the vaccine developing world. Here we demonstrate that it is possible to harness the physiological properties of the lymphatic system to optimize the induction of a protective T cell response. Indeed, the lymphatic system sharply distinguishes between nanoscale and microscale particles. The former reaches the fenestrated lymphatic system via diffusion, while the latter either need to be transported by dendritic cells or form a local depot. METHODS Our previously developed cucumber-mosaic virus-derived nanoparticles termed (CuMVTT-VLPs) incorporating a universal Tetanus toxoid epitope TT830-843 were assessed for their draining kinetics using stereomicroscopic imaging. A nano-vaccine has been generated by coupling p33 epitope as a model antigen to CuMVTT-VLPs using bio-orthogonal Cu-free click chemistry. The CuMVTT-p33 nano-sized vaccine has been next formulated with the micron-sized microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT) adjuvant and the formed depot effect was studied using confocal microscopy and trafficking experiments. The immunogenicity of the nanoparticles combined with the micron-sized adjuvant was next assessed in an aggressive transplanted murine melanoma model. The obtained results were compared to other commonly used adjuvants such as B type CpGs and Alum. RESULTS Our results showed that CuMVTT-VLPs can efficiently and rapidly drain into the lymphatic system due to their nano-size of ~ 30 nm. However, formulating the nanoparticles with the micron-sized MCT adjuvant of ~ 5 μM resulted in a local depot for the nanoparticles and a longer exposure time for the immune system. The preclinical nano-vaccine CuMVTT-p33 formulated with the micron-sized MCT adjuvant has enhanced the specific T cell response in the stringent B16F10p33 murine melanoma model. Furthermore, the micron-sized MCT adjuvant was as potent as B type CpGs and clearly superior to the commonly used Alum adjuvant when total CD8+, specific p33 T cell response or tumour protection were assessed. CONCLUSION The combination of nano- and micro-particles may optimally harness the physiological properties of the lymphatic system. Since the nanoparticles are well defined virus-like particles and the micron-sized adjuvant MCT has been used for decades in allergen-specific desensitization, this approach may readily be translated to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona O Mohsen
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,National Center for Cancer Care & Research (NCCCR), Doha, State of Qatar.
| | | | - Gustavo Cabral-Miranda
- Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cyrill Lipp
- Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andris Zeltins
- Latvian Biomedical Research & Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Marcos Sande
- Institute of anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Riether
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Roesti
- Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lisha Zha
- Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,International Immunology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Paul Engeroff
- Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aadil El-Turabi
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas M Kundig
- Department of dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Knuth
- National Center for Cancer Care & Research (NCCCR), Doha, State of Qatar
| | | | - Martin F Bachmann
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Vaccination against atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 59:15-24. [PMID: 30928800 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes most heart attacks and strokes, making it the biggest killer in the world. Although cholesterol-lowering drugs have dramatically reduced these major adverse cardiovascular events, there remains a high residual risk called inflammatory risk. Atherosclerosis has an autoimmune component that can be manipulated by immunologic approaches including vaccination. Vaccination is attractive, because it is antigen-specific, does not impair host defense, and provides long-term protection. Several candidate antigens for atherosclerosis vaccine development have been identified and have been shown to reduce atherosclerosis in animal models. In this review, we focus on two different types of atherosclerosis vaccines: antibody-inducing and regulatory T cell-inducing.
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Lei Y, Zhao F, Shao J, Li Y, Li S, Chang H, Zhang Y. Application of built-in adjuvants for epitope-based vaccines. PeerJ 2019; 6:e6185. [PMID: 30656066 PMCID: PMC6336016 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that epitope vaccines exhibit substantial advantages over conventional vaccines. However, epitope vaccines are associated with limited immunity, which can be overcome by conjugating antigenic epitopes with built-in adjuvants (e.g., some carrier proteins or new biomaterials) with special properties, including immunologic specificity, good biosecurity and biocompatibility, and the ability to vastly improve the immune response of epitope vaccines. When designing epitope vaccines, the following types of built-in adjuvants are typically considered: (1) pattern recognition receptor ligands (i.e., toll-like receptors); (2) virus-like particle carrier platforms; (3) bacterial toxin proteins; and (4) novel potential delivery systems (e.g., self-assembled peptide nanoparticles, lipid core peptides, and polymeric or inorganic nanoparticles). This review primarily discusses the current and prospective applications of these built-in adjuvants (i.e., biological carriers) to provide some references for the future design of epitope-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Furong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yangfan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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Nakagami H, Morishita R. Recent Advances in Therapeutic Vaccines to Treat Hypertension. Hypertension 2018; 72:1031-1036. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nakagami
- From the Department of Health Development and Medicine (H.N.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy (R.M.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
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Kobiyama K, Vassallo M, Mitzi J, Winkels H, Pei H, Kimura T, Miller J, Wolf D, Ley K. A clinically applicable adjuvant for an atherosclerosis vaccine in mice. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1580-1587. [PMID: 29932463 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination with MHC-II-restricted peptides from Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) with complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (CFA/IFA) is known to protect mice from atherosclerosis. This vaccination induces antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2c antibody responses and a robust CD4 T cell response in lymph nodes. However, CFA/IFA cannot be used in humans. To find a clinically applicable adjuvant, we tested the effect of vaccinating Apoe-deficient mice with ApoB peptide P6 (TGAYSNASSTESASY). In a broad screening experiment, Addavax, a squalene-based oil-in-water adjuvant similar to MF59, was the only adjuvant that showed similar efficacy as CFA/IFA. This was confirmed in a confirmation experiment for both the aortic arch and whole aorta analyzed by en face analysis after atherosclerotic lesion staining. Mechanistically, restimulated peritoneal cells from mice immunized with P6 in Addavax released significant amounts of IL-10. Unlike P6 in CFA/IFA, vaccination with P6 in Addavax did not induce any detectable IgG1 or IgG2c antibodies to P6. These data suggest that squalene-based adjuvants such as MF59 are good candidate adjuvants for developing a clinically effective atherosclerosis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Kobiyama
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Vassallo
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Mitzi
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Holger Winkels
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hong Pei
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Takayuki Kimura
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Miller
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Mohsen MO, Gomes AC, Vogel M, Bachmann MF. Interaction of Viral Capsid-Derived Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) with the Innate Immune System. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6030037. [PMID: 30004398 PMCID: PMC6161069 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from viral nucleocapsids are an important class of nanoparticles. The structure, uniformity, stability, and function of these VLPs have attracted scientists in utilizing them as a unique tool in various applications in biomedical fields. Their interaction with the innate immune system is of major importance for the adaptive immune response they induce. The innate immune cells and molecules recognize and interact with VLPs on the basis of two major characteristics: size and surface geometry. This review discusses the interaction of viral capsid-derived VLPs with the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona O Mohsen
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
- Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.
- Inselspital, Universitatsklinik RIA, Immunologie, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ariane C Gomes
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Monique Vogel
- Inselspital, Universitatsklinik RIA, Immunologie, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
- Inselspital, Universitatsklinik RIA, Immunologie, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vaccines are commonly used as preventive methods, primarily against infectious diseases. The goal of our study is to develop the therapeutic vaccine for hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS We and others recently reported that an angiotensin II (AngII) vaccine for hypertension successfully attenuated elevated blood pressures in an animal model without any immunogenic side effects. In this system, an immunogenic molecule (i.e., KLH) with adjuvants provides an antigen that supports the activation of helper T cells. In addition, pretreatment with the AngII vaccine exerts neuroprotective effects in a cerebral ischemia model and cardioprotective effects in a myocardial infarction model. In the early phase of clinical trial, the administration of an AngII vaccine (AngQb-Cyt006) successfully decreased blood pressure in hypertensive patients with the increase of anti-AngII antibody titer. Increasing the effectiveness of drug adherence interventions in the clinical setting may have a large impact on the health of the population, which can be improved by using successful therapeutic vaccines. In this review, we describe the concept of therapeutic vaccines for hypertension and future directions for therapeutic vaccines.
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Hainline KM, Fries CN, Collier JH. Progress Toward the Clinical Translation of Bioinspired Peptide and Protein Assemblies. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:1700930. [PMID: 29115746 PMCID: PMC5858183 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular materials composed of proteins and peptides have been receiving considerable attention toward a range of diseases and conditions from vaccines to drug delivery. Owing to the relative newness of this class of materials, the bulk of work to date has been preclinical. However, examples of approved treatments particularly in vaccines, dentistry, and hemostasis demonstrate the translational potential of supramolecular polypeptides. Critical milestones in the clinical development of this class of materials and currently approved supramolecular polypeptide therapies are described in this study. Additional examples of not-yet-approved materials that are steadily advancing toward clinical use are also featured. Spherical assemblies such as virus-like particles, designed protein nanoparticles, and spherical peptide amphiphiles are highlighted, followed by fiber-forming systems such as fibrillizing peptides, fiber-forming peptide-amphiphiles, and filamentous bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Hainline
- Biomedical Engineering DepartmentDuke University101 Science Drive, Campus Box 90281DurhamNC27705USA
| | - Chelsea N. Fries
- Biomedical Engineering DepartmentDuke University101 Science Drive, Campus Box 90281DurhamNC27705USA
| | - Joel H. Collier
- Biomedical Engineering DepartmentDuke University101 Science Drive, Campus Box 90281DurhamNC27705USA
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Non-Native Conformational Isomers of the Catalytic Domain of PCSK9 Induce an Immune Response, Reduce Lipids and Increase LDL Receptor Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020640. [PMID: 29495280 PMCID: PMC5855862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PCSK9 (Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) increases plasma cholesterol levels by promoting LDL receptor degradation. Current antibody inhibitors block the interaction between PCSK9 and LDL receptors, significantly decrease plasma cholesterol levels, and provide beneficial clinical outcomes. To reduce the action of PCSK9 in plasma, a novel strategy that will produce a panel of non-native, conformationally-altered isomers of PCSK9 (X-PCSK9) to develop active immunotherapy targeting of native PCSK9 and inhibiting/blocking the interaction of PCSK9 with LDL receptor, thus decreasing plasma cholesterol levels is proposed. The authors used the scrambled disulfide bond technique to generate conformationally-altered isomers of the catalytic domain of mouse PCSK9. The focus was on the immune response of four X-isomers and their effects on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in both C57BL/6J and Apoe−/− mice. The authors showed that the four immunogens produced significant immunogenicity against native PCSK9 to day 120 after immunization of C57BL/6J and Apoe−/− mice. This resulted in significantly decreased plasma cholesterol levels in C57BL/6J mice, and to a lesser degree in Apoe−/− mice. The X-PCSK9-B1 treated mice had increased LDL receptor mRNA and protein levels at day 120 after treatment. Thus, this study provides a new, potentially promising approach that uses long-term immunotherapy for a treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
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Marcinkiewicz AL, Lieknina I, Kotelovica S, Yang X, Kraiczy P, Pal U, Lin YP, Tars K. Eliminating Factor H-Binding Activity of Borrelia burgdorferi CspZ Combined with Virus-Like Particle Conjugation Enhances Its Efficacy as a Lyme Disease Vaccine. Front Immunol 2018; 9:181. [PMID: 29472926 PMCID: PMC5809437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease, the most common tick-borne disease in the US and Europe. No potent human vaccine is currently available. The innate immune complement system is vital to host defense against pathogens, as complement activation on the surface of spirochetes results in bacterial killing. Complement system is inhibited by the complement regulator factor H (FH). To escape killing, B. burgdorferi produces an outer surface protein CspZ that binds FH to inhibit complement activation on the cell surface. Immunization with CspZ alone does not protect mice from infection, which we speculate is because FH-binding cloaks potentially protective epitopes. We modified CspZ by conjugating to virus-like particles (VLP-CspZ) and eliminating FH binding (modified VLP-CspZ) to increase immunogenicity. We observed greater bactericidal antibody titers in mice vaccinated with modified VLP-CspZ: A serum dilution of 1:395 (modified VLP-CspZ) vs 1:143 (VLP-CspZ) yielded 50% borreliacidal activity. Immunizing mice with modified VLP-CspZ cleared spirochete infection, as did passive transfer of elicited antibodies. This work developed a novel Lyme disease vaccine candidate by conjugating CspZ to VLP and eliminating FH-binding ability. Such a strategy of conjugating an antigen to a VLP and eliminating binding to the target ligand can serve as a general model for developing vaccines against other bacterial infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Marcinkiewicz
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Ilva Lieknina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Xiuli Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Peter Kraiczy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Utpal Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Yi-Pin Lin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States.,Department of Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Kaspars Tars
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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Bolli E, O'Rourke JP, Conti L, Lanzardo S, Rolih V, Christen JM, Barutello G, Forni M, Pericle F, Cavallo F. A Virus-Like-Particle immunotherapy targeting Epitope-Specific anti-xCT expressed on cancer stem cell inhibits the progression of metastatic cancer in vivo. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1408746. [PMID: 29399412 PMCID: PMC5790338 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1408746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggressive forms of breast cancer, such as Her2+ and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), are enriched in breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) and have limited therapeutic options. BCSC represent a key cellular reservoir for relapse, metastatic progression and therapeutic resistance. Their ability to resist common cytotoxic therapies relies on different mechanisms, including improved detoxification. The cystine-glutamate antiporter protein xCT (SLC7A11) regulates cystine intake, conversion to cysteine and subsequent glutathione synthesis, protecting cells against oxidative and chemical insults. Our previous work showed that xCT is highly expressed in tumorspheres derived from breast cancer cell lines and downregulation of xCT altered BCSC function in vitro and inhibited pulmonary metastases in vivo. We further strengthened these observations by developing a virus-like-particle (VLP; AX09-0M6) immunotherapy targeting the xCT protein. AX09-0M6 elicited a strong antibody response against xCT including high levels of IgG2a antibody. IgG isolated from AX09-0M6 treated mice bound to tumorspheres, inhibited xCT function as assessed by reactive oxygen species generation and decreased BCSC growth and self-renewal. To assess if AX09-0M6 impacts BCSC in vivo seeding, Her2+ TUBO-derived tumorspheres were injected into the tail vein of AX09-0M6 or control treated female BALB/c mice. AX09-0M6 significantly inhibited formation of pulmonary nodules. To evaluate its ability to impact metastases, AX09-0M6 was administered to mice with established subcutaneous 4T1 tumors. AX09-0M6 administration significantly hampered tumor growth and development of pulmonary metastases. These data show that a VLP-based immunization approach inhibits xCT activity, impacts BCSC biology and significantly reduces metastatic progression in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Bolli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Lanzardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Rolih
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Barutello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Forni
- EuroClone S.p.A Research Laboratory, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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