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Zhu M, Yi X, Song S, Yang H, Yu J, Xu C. Principle role of the (pro)renin receptor system in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: An update. Cell Signal 2024; 124:111417. [PMID: 39321906 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor (PRR), along with its soluble form, sPRR, functions not only as a crucial activator of the local renin-angiotensin system but also engages with and activates various angiotensin II-independent signaling pathways, thus playing complex and significant roles in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes, including cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. This article reviews current knowledge on the intracellular partners of the PRR system and explores its physiological and pathophysiological impacts on cardiovascular diseases as well as conditions related to glucose and lipid metabolism, such as hypertension, heart disease, liver disease, diabetes, and diabetic complications. Targeting the PRR system could emerge as a promising therapeutic strategy for treating these conditions. Elevated levels of circulating sPRR might indicate the severity of these diseases, potentially serving as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis in clinical settings. A comprehensive understanding of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of the PRR system could facilitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the prevention and management of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhi Zhu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Xiaoli Yi
- Translational Medicine Centre, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Shanshan Song
- Translational Medicine Centre, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Huiru Yang
- Translational Medicine Centre, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Chuanming Xu
- Translational Medicine Centre, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
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Aliakbarian M, Ferns GA, Shabestari MM, Ahmadzadeh AM, Abdollahzade A, Rahimi H, Khodashahi R, Arjmand MH. Elucidating the Role of Pro-renin Receptors in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Progression: A Novel Therapeutic Target in Cancer Therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:881-889. [PMID: 38279719 DOI: 10.2174/0115680096279288231205105904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy with a very poor prognosis. The 5- year survival in these patients is very low, and most patients develop drug resistance to current therapies, so additional studies are needed to identify the potential role of new drug targets for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Recent investigations have been performed regarding the roles of pro-renin receptors (PRR) in the initiation and development of cancers. PRR is a component of the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Local tissue RAS has been known in diverse organ systems, including the pancreas. Various investigations have implicated that PRRs are associated with the upregulation of various signaling pathways, like the renin-angiotensin system pathway, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and the Wnt-signaling pathways, to contribute to pathological conditions, including cancer. In this review, we presented an overview of the role of PRR in the progression of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Aliakbarian
- Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Medical, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzadeh
- Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Radiology, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Aref Abdollahzade
- Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hoda Rahimi
- Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rozita Khodashahi
- Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Hassan Arjmand
- Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Rognant S, Baldwin SN, Pritchard HAT, Greenstein A, Calloe K, Aalkjaer C, Jepps TA. Acute, pro-contractile effects of prorenin on rat mesenteric arteries. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23282. [PMID: 37994700 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Prorenin and the prorenin receptor ((P)RR) are important, yet controversial, members of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The ((P)RR) is expressed throughout the body, including the vasculature, however, the direct effect of prorenin on arterial contractility is yet to be determined. Within rat mesenteric arteries, immunostaining and proximity ligation assays were used to determine the interacting partners of (P)RR in freshly isolated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Wire myography examined the functional effect of prorenin. Simultaneous changes in [Ca2+ ]i and force were recorded in arteries loaded with Fura-2AM. Spontaneously transient outward currents were recorded via perforated whole-cell patch-clamp configuration in freshly isolated VSMCs. We found that the (P)RR is located within a distance of less than 40 nm from the V-ATPase, caveolin-1, ryanodine receptors, and large conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ channels (BKCa ) in VSMCs. [Ca2+ ]i imaging and isometric tension recordings indicate that 1 nM prorenin enhanced α1-adrenoreceptor-mediated contraction, associated with an increased number of Ca2+ waves, independent of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels activation. Incubation of VSMCs with 1 nM prorenin decreased the amplitude and frequency of spontaneously transient outward currents and attenuated BKCa -mediated relaxation. Inhibition of the V-ATPase with 100 nM bafilomycin prevented prorenin-mediated inhibition of BKCa -derived relaxation. Renin (1 nM) had no effect on BKCa -mediated relaxation. In conclusion, prorenin enhances arterial contractility by inhibition of BKCa and increasing intracellular Ca2+ release. It is likely that this effect is mediated through a local shift in pH upon activation of the (P)RR and stimulation of the V-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Rognant
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Samuel N Baldwin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Harry A T Pritchard
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester University Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Greenstein
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester University Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kirstine Calloe
- Section for Pathobiological Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas A Jepps
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Yamaguchi H, Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Renin Cells, From Vascular Development to Blood Pressure Sensing. Hypertension 2023; 80:1580-1589. [PMID: 37313725 PMCID: PMC10526986 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.20577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic and neonatal life, renin cells contribute to the assembly and branching of the intrarenal arterial tree. During kidney arteriolar development renin cells are widely distributed throughout the renal vasculature. As the arterioles mature, renin cells differentiate into smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and mesangial cells. In adult life, renin cells are confined to the tips of the renal arterioles, thus their name juxtaglomerular cells. Juxtaglomerular cells are sensors that release renin to control blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. Three major mechanisms control renin release: (1) β-adrenergic stimulation, (2) macula densa signaling, and (3) the renin baroreceptor, whereby a decrease in arterial pressure leads to increased renin release whereas an increase in pressure results in decrease renin release. Cells from the renin lineage exhibit plasticity in response to hypotension or hypovolemia, whereas relentless, chronic stimulation induces concentric arterial and arteriolar hypertrophy, leading to focal renal ischemia. The renin cell baroreceptor is a nuclear mechanotransducer within the renin cell that transmits external forces to the chromatin to regulate Ren1 gene expression. In addition to mechanotransduction, the pressure sensor of the renin cell may enlist additional molecules and structures including soluble signals and membrane proteins such as gap junctions and ion channels. How these various components integrate their actions to deliver the exact amounts of renin to meet the organism needs is unknown. This review describes the nature and origins of renin cells, their role in kidney vascular development and arteriolar diseases, and the current understanding of the blood pressure sensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Mishima S, Mitsui T, Tani K, Ooba H, Mitoma T, Ohira A, Maki J, Kirino S, Eto E, Hayata K, Masuyama H. Endothelin-1 production via placental (pro)renin receptor in a mouse model of preeclampsia. Placenta 2023; 138:44-50. [PMID: 37167782 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preeclampsia (PE) pathogenesis is explained by the two-stage disorder theory. However, mechanisms underlying hypertension and proteinuria in PE remain unclear. The role of (pro)renin receptor (PRR) in PE pathology has received special attention. We examined endothelin-1 (ET-1) production via placental PRR in a PE mouse model. METHODS At 14.5 day-post-coitum (DPC), we performed a reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) operation, ligating the uterine arteriovenous vessels in female mice. We also infused these mice with a PRR inhibitor, decoy peptide in the handle region of prorenin (HRP) for mice (NH2-RIPLKKMPSV-COOH). At 18.5 DPC, blood, urine, and placenta were collected; fetus and placenta were weighed. We evaluated placental hypoxia using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) as index. We also evaluated PRR, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and ET-1 expression in the placenta using quantitative PCR and western blotting. ET-1 concentration in blood plasma was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Blood pressure and proteinuria significantly increased, and fetal and placental weights decreased in RUPP mice. HIF-1α, PRR, TGF-β1, and ET-1 expressions considerably increased in RUPP mice placentas. ET-1 concentration in RUPP mice blood plasma was markedly increased. PRR inhibitor suppressed these changes. DISCUSSION In PE model mice that underwent RUPP treatment, placental hypoxia increased PRR and ET-1 expression suggesting a causative relationship between ET-1 and intracellular PRR signaling. RUPP treatment, when combined with HRP, reversed the effect of elevated ET-1 levels in the model. This study may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of PE considering PRR and ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakurako Mishima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takashi Mitsui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Tani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ooba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Mitoma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akiko Ohira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Jota Maki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Satoe Kirino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Eriko Eto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kei Hayata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hisashi Masuyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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Martin JH, Mohammed R, Delforce SJ, Skerrett-Byrne DA, de Meaultsart CC, Almazi JG, Stephens AN, Verrills NM, Dimitriadis E, Wang Y, Lumbers ER, Pringle KG. Role of the prorenin receptor in endometrial cancer cell growth. Oncotarget 2022; 13:587-599. [PMID: 35401936 PMCID: PMC8986267 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta H. Martin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Riazuddin Mohammed
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sarah J. Delforce
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A. Skerrett-Byrne
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Celine Corbisier de Meaultsart
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juhura G. Almazi
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Cancer Research, Innovation and Translation, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew N. Stephens
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Australia and Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole M. Verrills
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Cancer Research, Innovation and Translation, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evdokia Dimitriadis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Gynaecology Research Centre, The Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eugenie R. Lumbers
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirsty G. Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Dau AMP, da Rosa PR, dos Santos J, Ferst J, de Macedo M, Rovani M, Comim F, Antoniazzi AQ, Gasperin B, Ferreira R, Gonçalves PB. The influence of prorenin/(pro)renin receptor on progesterone secretion by the bovine corpus luteum. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 241:106985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.106985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Xu C, Liu C, Xiong J, Yu J. Cardiovascular aspects of the (pro)renin receptor: Function and significance. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22237. [PMID: 35226776 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101649rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including all types of disorders related to the heart or blood vessels, are the major public health problems and the leading causes of mortality globally. (Pro)renin receptor (PRR), a single transmembrane protein, is present in cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. PRR plays an essential role in cardiovascular homeostasis by regulating the renin-angiotensin system and several intracellular signals such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and wnt/β-catenin signaling in various cardiovascular cells. This review discusses the current evidence for the pathophysiological roles of the cardiac and vascular PRR. Activation of PRR in cardiomyocytes may contribute to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, cardiac hypertrophy, diabetic or alcoholic cardiomyopathy, salt-induced heart damage, and heart failure. Activation of PRR promotes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, endothelial cell dysfunction, neovascularization, and the progress of vascular diseases. In addition, phenotypes of animals transgenic for PRR and the hypertensive actions of PRR in the brain and kidney and the soluble PRR are also discussed. Targeting PRR in local tissues may offer benefits for patients with CVDs, including heart injury, atherosclerosis, and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanming Xu
- Translational Medicine Centre, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunju Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianhua Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ohba K, Endo M, Sato S, Kashio-Yokota Y, Hirose T, Takahashi K. (Pro)renin receptor/ATP6AP2 is required for autophagy and regulates proliferation in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Genes Cells 2020; 25:782-795. [PMID: 33020972 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor ((P)RR)/ ATP6AP2 (ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal accessory protein 2) functions as an essential accessory subunit of vacuolar H+ -ATPase (V-ATPase). V-ATPase is necessary for lysosome function and autophagy. Autophagy is related to cell proliferation, migration and invasion of various cancer cells. In this study, we aim to clarify the relationship between (P)RR and autophagy in lung adenocarcinoma. Expression of (P)RR and Ki-67 (a proliferation marker) was studied in sixty-four adenocarcinoma cases by immunohistochemistry. Lung adenocarcinoma cell line, A549, was transfected with (P)RR-specific siRNA. Autophagy inhibitors, bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine, were used as positive controls. Cell proliferation and migration were measured by WST-8 assay and wound healing assay. Autophagosome markers, p62 and LC3, were analyzed by RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunocytochemistry. Immunohistochemistry showed that (P)RR was expressed in all adenocarcinoma tissues. The intensity of (P)RR immunoreactivity was significantly associated with Ki-67. Treatment of (P)RR-specific siRNA suppressed (P)RR expression and significantly reduced cell proliferation and migration as did the autophagy inhibitors. Western blot and immunocytochemistry showed that (P)RR-specific siRNA, as well as the autophagy inhibitors, induced p62 and LC3 accumulation in cytoplasmic granules. These results suggest that (P)RR is involved in cell proliferation and progression of lung adenocarcinoma via regulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ohba
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Moe Endo
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigemitsu Sato
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yurina Kashio-Yokota
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takuo Hirose
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) was first identified as a single-transmembrane receptor in human kidneys and initially attracted attention owing to its potential role as a regulator of the tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Subsequent studies found that the (P)RR is widely distributed in organs throughout the body, including the kidneys, heart, brain, eyes, placenta and the immune system, and has multifaceted functions in vivo. The (P)RR has roles in various physiological processes, such as the cell cycle, autophagy, acid-base balance, energy metabolism, embryonic development, T cell homeostasis, water balance, blood pressure regulation, cardiac remodelling and maintenance of podocyte structure. These roles of the (P)RR are mediated by its effects on important biological systems and pathways including the tissue RAS, vacuolar H+-ATPase, Wnt, partitioning defective homologue (Par) and tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition, the (P)RR has been reported to contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases such as fibrosis, hypertension, pre-eclampsia, diabetic microangiopathy, acute kidney injury, cardiovascular disease, cancer and obesity. Current evidence suggests that the (P)RR has key roles in the normal development and maintenance of vital organs and that dysfunction of the (P)RR is associated with diseases that are characterized by a disruption of the homeostasis of physiological functions.
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Nagai Y, Yamabe F, Sasaki Y, Ishii T, Nakanishi K, Nakajima K, Shibuya K, Mikami T, Akasaka Y, Urita Y, Yamanaka N. A Study of Morphological Changes in Renal Afferent Arterioles Induced by Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers in Hypertensive Patients. Kidney Blood Press Res 2020; 45:194-208. [PMID: 31945766 DOI: 10.1159/000505025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers are known to reduce hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in hypertensive cases. However, we have reported marked proliferative changes of renal afferent arteriolar SMCs in rats induced by a long-term administration of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI). In this study, we examined the morphological changes of afferent arteriolar walls in human kidneys with or without ARBs/ACEIs. METHODS Forty-four wedge resections were taken from patients aged 45-74 years from 92 nephrectomized kidneys due to malignancy at Toho University Omori Medical Center between 2013 and 2016. They were divided into the following three groups: 18 hypertensive patients treated with antihypertensive agents including ARBs or ACEIs (the HTARB group), 6 hypertensive patients treated with calcium channel blockers without ARBs/ACEIs (the HTCCB group), and 20 normotensive patients (the normotensive group) as a control. Cases expecting vascular changes such as diabetes were excluded. In each case renal arterioles were measured as the ratio of inner/outer arteriolar diameter, and pathologists estimated morphological abnormal changes, scoring each specimen independently. RESULTS The ratio in the HTARB group was 0.39 ± 0.05 (mean ± SD), and was significantly the lowest among the three groups (0.46 ± 0.02 in the HTCCB, 0.53 ± 0.02 in the normotensive group; p = 0.0107 vs. HTCCB, p = 0.00001 vs. normotensive). The ratio in the three groups significantly correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (r = 0.4915, p < 0.0007). The afferent arteriolar SMCs in the HTARB group frequently showed marked proliferative and irregular changes. The score of SMC abnormalities estimated regarding the proliferation, irregularity of the arrangement, and size in hilar afferent arteriolar SMCs was highest in the HTARB group and showed statistical significance (p = 0.0088, p = 0.00001, and p = 0.025 versus other two groups). CONCLUSIONS We consider that these morphological changes in arterioles are induced by ARBs/ACEIs. These changes could induce an important suppression of glomerular hyperfiltration and could lead to glomerular ischemia. However, the clinical consequences of these morphological changes in correlation with ARBs/ACEIs were not sufficiently clear and require further analysis. We should consider renal arteriolar morphological changes when using ARBs/ACEIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohko Nagai
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan, .,Tokyo Kidney Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan,
| | - Fumito Yamabe
- Department of Urology, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sasaki
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ishii
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Nakanishi
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Tetsuo Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihisa Urita
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
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Detoxification and activating blood circulation decoction reduces restenosis involving the TLR4/NF-κB pathway after balloon injury. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 140:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gong L, Zhang S, Li L, Gao X, Wang D, Wu D, Wang K, Liu Y. Elevated plasma soluble (pro)renin receptor levels are associated with left ventricular remodeling and renal function in chronic heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. Peptides 2019; 111:152-157. [PMID: 29660382 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Soluble (pro)renin receptor [s(P)RR], which is generated from cleavage of (P)RR, can be detected in plasma and urine. s(P)RR levels can reflect the severity of some diseases, such as renal lesions, gestational diabetes mellitus or hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. However, the relationship between s(P)RR levels and the severity of chronic heart failure remains undetermined. We studied s(P)RR levels in 118 patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), including 86 without renal dysfunction (HF) and 32 with renal dysfunction (HF + RF), and 28 healthy subjects (HS) to reveal the relationship between s(P)RR levels and other HFrEF parameters. Plasma s(P)RR levels were 22.2 ± 4.1 ng/mL (HS), 26.4 ± 5.3 ng/ mL (HF) and 30.0 ± 5.3 ng/mL (HF + RF). Plasma s(P)RR levels were significantly higher in the HF group than in the HS group (P < 0.001) and even more increased in the HF + RF group (P < 0.001 vs. the HS group and P < 0.05 vs. the HF group). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were independently related to s(P)RR levels in HFrEF patients. In conclusion, high plasma s(P)RR levels are associated with left ventricular remodeling and, especially, with renal dysfunction. Therefore, s(P)RR is a promising evaluative indicator for the severity of HFrEF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Gong
- Department of Cardiology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Lianhe Road No. 193, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Internal Medicine, Hubei Province Hospitals of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenglin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road No. 222, Xigang District, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Linrui Li
- Department of Cardiology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Lianhe Road No. 193, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Lianhe Road No. 193, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Dongxia Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Lianhe Road No. 193, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Dachang Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Lianhe Road No. 193, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Lianhe Road No. 193, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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14
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Guo J, Lu L, Hua Y, Huang K, Wang I, Huang L, Fu Q, Chen A, Chan P, Fan H, Liu ZM, Wang BH. Vasculopathy in the setting of cardiorenal syndrome: roles of protein-bound uremic toxins. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H1-H13. [PMID: 28411233 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00787.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) often leads to and accelerates the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), while CVD also causes kidney dysfunction. This bidirectional interaction leads to the development of a complex syndrome known as cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). CRS not only involves both the heart and the kidney but also the vascular system through a vast array of contributing factors. In addition to hemodynamic, neurohormonal, mechanical, and biochemical factors, nondialyzable protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are also key contributing factors that have been demonstrated through in vitro, in vivo, and clinical observations. PBUTs are ineffectively removed by hemodialysis because their complexes with albumins are larger than the pores of the dialysis membranes. PBUTs such as indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate are key determinate and predictive factors for the progression of CVD in CKD patients. In CRS, both vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) exhibit significant dysfunction that is associated with the progression of CVD. PBUTs influence proliferation, calcification, senescence, migration, inflammation, and oxidative stress in VSMCs and ECs through various mechanisms. These pathological changes lead to arterial remodeling, stiffness, and atherosclerosis and thus reduce heart perfusion and impair left ventricular function, aggravating CRS. There is limited literature about the effect of PBUT on the vascular system and their contribution to CRS. This review summarizes current knowledge on how PBUTs influence vasculature, clarifies the relationship between uremic toxin-related vascular disease and CRS, and highlights the potential therapeutic strategies of uremic vasculopathy in the setting of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbin Guo
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Hua
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kevin Huang
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Wang
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Li Huang
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aihua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center of Biomedical Engineering for Cardiovascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paul Chan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; and.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huimin Fan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Zhong-Min Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Bing Hui Wang
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
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15
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Kaneko K, Ohba K, Hirose T, Totsune K, Furuyama K, Takahashi K. Expression of (Pro)renin Receptor During Rapamycin-Induced Erythropoiesis in K562 Erythroleukemia Cells and Its Possible Dual Actions on Erythropoiesis. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2017; 241:35-43. [PMID: 28090037 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.241.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor ((P)RR), a specific receptor for renin and prorenin, is expressed in erythroblastic cells. (P)RR has multiple biological actions: prorenin activation, stimulation of the intracellular signaling including extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and functional complex formation with vacuolar H+-ATPase (v-ATPase). However, the functional implication of (P)RR in erythroblast cells has not been clarified. The aim of the present study was to clarify changes of (P)RR expression during erythropoiesis and a role of (P)RR in the heme synthesis. (P)RR expression was studied during rapamycin-induced erythropoiesis in a human erythroleukemia cell line, K562. Treatment with rapamycin (100 nM) for 48 hours significantly increased %number of hemoglobin-producing cells, γ-globin mRNA levels, erythroid specific 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS2) mRNA levels, and heme content in K562 cells. Both (P)RR protein and mRNA levels increased about 1.4-fold during rapamycin-induced erythropoiesis. Suppression of (P)RR expression by (P)RR-specific small interference RNA increased ALAS2 mRNA levels about 1.6-fold in K562 cells, compared to control using scramble RNA, suggesting that (P)RR may down-regulate ALAS2 expression. By contrast, treatment with bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of v-ATPase, decreased greatly % number of hemoglobin-producing cells and heme content in K562 cells, indicating that the v-ATPase function is essential for hemoglobinization and erythropoiesis. Treatment with bafilomycin A1 increased (P)RR protein and mRNA levels. In conclusion, we propose that (P)RR has dual actions on erythropoiesis: the promotion of erythropoiesis via v-ATPase function and the down-regulation of ALAS2 mRNA expression. Thus, (P)RR may contribute to the homeostatic control of erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiriko Kaneko
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
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16
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Wang Y, Gratzke C, Tamalunas A, Rutz B, Ciotkowska A, Strittmatter F, Herlemann A, Janich S, Waidelich R, Liu C, Stief CG, Hennenberg M. Smooth muscle contraction and growth of stromal cells in the human prostate are both inhibited by the Src family kinase inhibitors, AZM475271 and PP2. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3342-3358. [PMID: 27638545 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In benign prostatic hyperplasia, increased prostate smooth muscle tone and prostate volume may contribute alone or together to urethral obstruction and voiding symptoms. Consequently, it is assumed there is a connection between smooth muscle tone and growth in the prostate, but any molecular basis for this is poorly understood. Here, we examined effects of Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitors on prostate contraction and growth of stromal cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH SFK inhibitors, AZM475271 and PP2, were applied to human prostate tissues to assess effects on smooth muscle contraction, and to cultured stromal (WPMY-1) and c-Src-deficient cells to examine effects on proliferation, actin organization and viability. KEY RESULTS SFKs were detected by real time PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence in human prostate tissues, some being located to smooth muscle cells. AZM475271 (10 μM) and PP2 (10 μM) inhibited SFK in prostate tissues and WPMY-1 cells. Both inhibitors reduced α1 -adrenoceptor-mediated and neurogenic contraction of prostate strips. This may result from cytoskeletal deorganization, which was observed in response to AZM475271 and PP2 in WPMY-1 cells by staining of actin filaments with phalloidin. This was paralleled by reduced proliferation of wildtype but not of c-Src-deficient cells; cytotoxicity was mainly observed at higher concentrations (>50 μM). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In human prostate, smooth muscle tone and growth are both controlled by an SFK-dependent process, which may explain their common role in bladder outlet obstruction. Targeting prostate smooth muscle tone and prostate growth simultaneously by a single compound may, in principal, be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Christian Gratzke
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Beata Rutz
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Ciotkowska
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Annika Herlemann
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Janich
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Christian G Stief
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hennenberg
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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17
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Umesalma S, Houwen FK, Baumbach GL, Chan SL. Roles of Caveolin-1 in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertrophy and Inward Remodeling of Cerebral Pial Arterioles. Hypertension 2016; 67:623-9. [PMID: 26831194 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a major determinant of inward remodeling and hypertrophy in pial arterioles that may have an important role in stroke during chronic hypertension. Previously, we found that epidermal growth factor receptor is critical in Ang II-mediated hypertrophy that may involve caveolin-1 (Cav-1). In this study, we examined the effects of Cav-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) on Ang II-mediated structural changes in pial arterioles. Cav-1-deficient (Cav-1(-/-)), MMP9-deficient (MMP9(-/-)), and wild-type mice were infused with either Ang II (1000 ng/kg per minute) or saline via osmotic minipumps for 28 days (n=6-8 per group). Systolic arterial pressure was measured by a tail-cuff method. Pressure and diameter of pial arterioles were measured through an open cranial window in anesthetized mice. Cross-sectional area of the wall was determined histologically in pressurized fixed pial arterioles. Expression of Cav-1, MMP9, phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor, and Akt was determined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Deficiency of Cav-1 or MMP9 did not affect Ang II-induced hypertension. Ang II increased the expression of Cav-1, phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor, and Akt in wild-type mice, which was attenuated in Cav-1(-/-) mice. Ang II-induced hypertrophy, inward remodeling, and increased MMP9 expression in pial arterioles were prevented in Cav-1(-/-) mice. Ang II-mediated increases in MMP9 expression and inward remodeling, but not hypertrophy, were prevented in MMP9(-/-) mice. In conclusion, Cav-1 is essential in Ang II-mediated inward remodeling and hypertrophy in pial arterioles. Cav-1-induced MMP9 is exclusively involved in inward remodeling, not hypertrophy. Further studies are needed to determine the role of Akt in Ang II-mediated hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaikamjad Umesalma
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.U., F.K.H., G.L.B.); and Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington (S.-L.C.)
| | - Frederick Keith Houwen
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.U., F.K.H., G.L.B.); and Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington (S.-L.C.)
| | - Gary L Baumbach
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.U., F.K.H., G.L.B.); and Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington (S.-L.C.).
| | - Siu-Lung Chan
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.U., F.K.H., G.L.B.); and Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington (S.-L.C.).
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18
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Takahashi K, Ohba K, Kaneko K. Ubiquitous expression and multiple functions of biologically active peptides. Peptides 2015; 72:184-91. [PMID: 25868673 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active peptides are widely expressed throughout in human bodies. For example, endothelin-1 and adrenomedullin are expressed in almost all types of cells, including neurons, glial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, cardiomyocytes, vascular endothelial cells, epithelial cells and cancer cells of various origins. Expression of both these peptides is induced by stimuli, such as hypoxia and inflammatory cytokines. They have a variety of biological functions, such as effects on brain function, hormone secretion, the cardiovascular system and cell proliferation. By contrast, orexins (hypocretins) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are specifically expressed in the hypothalamus, particularly in the lateral hypothalamus, although very low concentrations of these peptides are found in the peripheral tissues. Orexins and MCH play coordinated, but distinct physiological roles in the regulation of sleep-wake cycle, appetite, emotion and other brain functions. The cardiovascular system is regulated by cardiovascular peptides, such as natriuretic peptides, endothelins and angiotensin II. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the most classical regulatory systems on blood pressure, electrolytes and kidney. (Pro)renin receptor is a novel member of the RAS and may be related to the pathophysiology of microvascular complications of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Moreover, (pro)renin receptor forms a functional complex with vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase, which plays an important physiological role in maintaining the acidic environment of intracellular compartments including secretory vesicles. Perhaps, the complex of (pro)renin receptor and vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase may be important for the post-translational processing and secretion of many biologically active peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Koji Ohba
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kiriko Kaneko
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Medical Chemistry, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan
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19
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Danser AHJ. The Role of the (Pro)renin Receptor in Hypertensive Disease. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:1187-96. [PMID: 25890829 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue angiotensin generation depends on the uptake of circulating (kidney-derived) renin and/or its precursor prorenin (together denoted as (pro)renin). Since tissue renin levels are usually higher than expected based upon the amount of (renin-containing) blood in tissue, an active uptake mechanism has been proposed. The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR), discovered in 2002, appeared a promising candidate, although its nanomolar affinity for renin/prorenin is many orders of magnitude above their levels in blood. This review discusses (P)RR-related research since its discovery. First, encouraging in vitro findings supported detrimental effects of (pro)renin-(P)RR interaction, even resulting in angiotensin-independent signaling. Moreover, the putative (P)RR blocker "handle region peptide" (HRP) yielded beneficial effects in various cardiovascular animal models. Then doubt arose whether such interaction truly occurs in vivo, and (P)RR deletion unexpectedly turned out to be lethal. Moreover, HRP results could not be confirmed. Finally, it was discovered that the (P)RR actually is a component of vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase, a multisubunit protein found in virtually every cell type which is essential for vesicle trafficking, protein degradation, and coupled transport. Nevertheless, selective (P)RR blockade in the brain with the putative antagonist PRO20 (corresponding with the first 20 amino acids of prorenin's prosegment) reduced blood pressure in the deoxycorticosteroneacetate (DOCA)-salt model, and (P)RR gene single nucleotide polymorphisms associate with hypertension. To what degree this relates to (pro)renin remains uncertain. The concept of (P)RR blockade in hypertension, if pursued, requires rigorous testing of any newly designed antagonist, and may not hold promise given the early death of tissue-specific (P)RR knockout animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Ellmers LJ, Rademaker MT, Charles CJ, Yandle TG, Richards AM. (Pro)renin Receptor Blockade Ameliorates Cardiac Injury and Remodeling and Improves Function After Myocardial Infarction. J Card Fail 2015; 22:64-72. [PMID: 26362519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.08.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. We investigated the effects of (P)RR blockade after myocardial infarction (MI) in a mouse coronary-ligation model. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice underwent sham control surgeries (n = 8) or induction of MI followed by 28 days' treatment with a vehicle control (n = 8) or (P)RR antagonist (n = 8). Compared with sham control subjects, MI + vehicle mice demonstrated reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF: P < .001) and fractional shortening (P < .001), and increased LV end-systolic and -diastolic volumes (LVESV: P < .001; LVEDV: P < .001) 28 days after MI. In addition, MI decreased LV posterior wall and septal diameters (both P < .001), increased heart weight-body weight ratios (P < .05), LV collagen deposition, and cardiomyocyte diameter (both P < .001), and up-regulated collagen 1 (P < .01) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC: P < .05) mRNA. Compared with MI + vehicle mice, (P)RR antagonism after MI reduced infarct size (P < .01), improved LVEF (P < .001), fractional shortening (P < .001), and stroke volume (P < .05), and decreased LVESV (P < .001) and LVEDV (P < .001). (P)RR antagonism also reversed MI-induced transmural thinning (P < .001) and reduced LV fibrosis (P < .01), cardiomyocyte size (P < .001), and ventricular collagen 1 (P < .01), β-MHC (P = .06), transforming growth factor β1 (P < .01), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (P < .05) expression. CONCLUSIONS The present study found that (P)RR blockade after MI in mice ameliorates infarct size, cardiac fibrosis/hypertrophy, and cardiac dysfunction and identifies the receptor as a potential therapeutic target in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh J Ellmers
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Miriam T Rademaker
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Christopher J Charles
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tim G Yandle
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - A Mark Richards
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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21
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Nostramo R, Serova L, Laukova M, Tillinger A, Peddu C, Sabban EL. Regulation of nonclassical renin-angiotensin system receptor gene expression in the adrenal medulla by acute and repeated immobilization stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R517-29. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00130.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the nonclassical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the adrenomedullary response to stress is unclear. Therefore, we examined basal and immobilization stress (IMO)-triggered changes in gene expression of the classical and nonclassical RAS receptors in the rat adrenal medulla, specifically the angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) and type 4 (AT4) receptors, (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR], and Mas receptor (MasR). All RAS receptors were identified, with AT2 receptor mRNA levels being the most abundant, followed by the (P)RR, AT1A receptor, AT4 receptor, and MasR. Following a single IMO, AT2 and AT4 receptor mRNA levels decreased by 90 and 50%, respectively. Their mRNA levels were also transiently decreased by repeated IMO. MasR mRNA levels displayed a 75% transient decrease as well. Conversely, (P)RR mRNA levels were increased by 50% following single or repeated IMO. Because of its abundance, the function of the (P)RR was explored in PC-12 cells. Prorenin activation of the (P)RR increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and tyrosine hydroxylase at Ser31, likely increasing its enzymatic activity and catecholamine biosynthesis. Together, the broad and dynamic changes in gene expression of the nonclassical RAS receptors implicate their role in the intricate response of the adrenomedullary catecholaminergic system to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Nostramo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Lidia Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Marcela Laukova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Andrej Tillinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Chandana Peddu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Esther L. Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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22
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Lim TG, Jeon AJ, Yoon JH, Song D, Kim JE, Kwon JY, Kim JR, Kang NJ, Park JS, Yeom MH, Oh DK, Lim Y, Lee CC, Lee CY, Lee KW. 20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, a metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1, enhances the production of hyaluronic acid through the activation of ERK and Akt mediated by Src tyrosin kinase in human keratinocytes. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1388-94. [PMID: 25738334 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the mechanisms through which 20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (20GPPD) promotes the production of hyaluronic acid (HA) in human keratinocytes. 20GPPD is the primary bioactive metabolite of Rb1, a major ginsenoside found in ginseng (Panax ginseng). We sought to elucidate the underlying mechanisms behind the 20GPPD-induced production of HA. We found that 20GPPD induced an increase in HA production by elevating hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) expression in human keratinocytes. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt was also enhanced by 20GPPD in a dose-dependent manner. The pharmacological inhibition of ERK (using U0126) or Akt (using LY294002) suppressed the 20GPPD-induced expression of HAS2, whereas treatment with an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor (AG1478) or an intracellular Ca2+ chelator (BAPTA/AM) did not exert any observable effects. The increased Src phosphorylation was also confirmed following treatment with 20GPPD in the human keratinocytes. Following pre-treatment with the Src inhibitor, PP2, both HA production and HAS2 expression were attenuated. Furthermore, the 20GPPD-enhanced ERK and Akt signaling decreased following treatment with PP2. Taken together, our results suggest that Src kinase plays a critical role in the 20GPPD-induced production of HA by acting as an upstream modulator of ERK and Akt activity in human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Gyu Lim
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Ji Jeon
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Song
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Kwon
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Rhan Kim
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Joo Kang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seong Park
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin 341-1, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Hun Yeom
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin 341-1, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoongho Lim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Charles C Lee
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Chang Yong Lee
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
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Renin inhibitor VTP-27999 differs from aliskiren: focus on their intracellular accumulation and the (pro)renin receptor. J Hypertens 2015; 32:1255-63. [PMID: 24637873 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND VTP-27999 is a renin inhibitor with an IC50 that is comparable to that of aliskiren, but with a higher bioavailability. Unexpectedly, VTP-27999, unlike aliskiren, did not unfold renin's precursor, prorenin, and increased the affinity of the antibodies applied in renin immunoassays. METHODS Here we verified to what degree these differences affect intracellular renin inhibitor accumulation in renin-synthesizing human mast cells (HMC-1), and (pro)renin's signaling via the (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. We also addressed the consequences of (P)RR knockdown by small-interfering (si) RNA on (pro)renin release. Finally, making use of FRET(Bodipy-FL)-labeled aliskiren, we studied, by subcellular fractionation, the cellular distribution pattern of this renin inhibitor. RESULTS VTP-27999 accumulated at higher levels in HMC-1 cells than aliskiren, allowing this inhibitor to block intracellular renin at approximately five-fold lower medium levels. Labeled aliskiren accumulated in mitochondria and lysosomes, and its distribution pattern was different from that of renin. Moreover, the intracellular accumulation of both inhibitors in nonrenin-synthesizing HEK293 cells was not different from that in HMC-1 cells, suggesting that it is renin synthesis-independent. VTP-27999, but not aliskiren, blocked renin's capacity to stimulate extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation in vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas neither inhibitor interfered with prorenin-induced signaling. (P)RR knockdown greatly increased renin (and to a lesser degree, prorenin) release, without affecting the capacity of forskolin or cAMP to stimulate renin release. CONCLUSION VTP-27999 differs from aliskiren regarding its level of intracellular accumulation and its capacity to interfere with renin signaling via the (P)RR, and the (P)RR determines prorenin-renin conversion and constitutive (but not regulated) (pro)renin release.
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Ohba K, Suzuki T, Nishiyama H, Kaneko K, Hirose T, Totsune K, Sasano H, Takahashi K. Expression of (pro)renin receptor in breast cancers and its effect on cancercell proliferation. Biomed Res 2014; 35:117-26. [PMID: 24759179 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.35.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) is a specific receptor for renin and prorenin. The aim of the present study is to clarify expression of (P)RR and pathophysiological roles of (P)RR in human breast carcinomas. (P)RR expression was studied in 69 clinical cases of breast carcinoma by immunohistochemistry.Effects of (P)RR on cell proliferation were examined in cultured human breast carcinoma cells using (P)RR specific small interference RNA. Immunohistochemistry showed that(P)RR immunoreactivity was detected in the breast carcinoma cells in 50 of 69 cases of breast carcinoma (72%). The analysis on association between (P)RR immunoreactivity and clinicopathological parameters showed that the number of (P)RR positive cases was significantly greater in Ki-67 (a cell proliferation marker)≥10% group than in Ki-67<10% group (P=0.02). (P)RR was expressed in 4 types of human breast carcinoma cell lines. (P)RR specific small interference RNA inhibited proliferation of both MCF-7 (ERα positive) and SK-BR-3 (ERα negative) cells. The present study has shown, for the first time, the expression of (P)RR in human breast carcinoma tissues and cultured breast carcinoma cell lines. These findings have raised the possibility that the blockade of the (P)RR signaling may be a novel therapeutic strategy against breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ohba
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi,Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
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Yisireyili M, Saito S, Abudureyimu S, Adelibieke Y, Ng HY, Nishijima F, Takeshita K, Murohara T, Niwa T. Indoxyl sulfate-induced activation of (pro)renin receptor promotes cell proliferation and tissue factor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109268. [PMID: 25343458 PMCID: PMC4208748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is activated in the kidney of CKD. The present study aimed to determine the role of indoxyl sulfate (IS), a uremic toxin, in PRR activation in rat aorta and human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). We examined the expression of PRR and renin/prorenin in rat aorta using immunohistochemistry. Both CKD rats and IS-administrated rats showed elevated expression of PRR and renin/prorenin in aorta compared with normal rats. IS upregulated the expression of PRR and prorenin in HASMCs. N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant, and diphenyleneiodonium, an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, suppressed IS-induced expression of PRR and prorenin in HASMCs. Knock down of organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) with small interfering RNAs inhibited IS-induced expression of PRR and prorenin in HASMCs. Knock down of PRR inhibited cell proliferation and tissue factor expression induced by not only prorenin but also IS in HASMCs. CONCLUSION IS stimulates aortic expression of PRR and renin/prorenin through OAT3-mediated uptake, production of reactive oxygen species, and activation of AhR and NF-κB p65 in vascular smooth muscle cells. IS-induced activation of PRR promotes cell proliferation and tissue factor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Indican/administration & dosage
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Onium Compounds/administration & dosage
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent/biosynthesis
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Rats
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Thromboplastin/biosynthesis
- Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimaiti Yisireyili
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Saito
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shaniya Abudureyimu
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yelixiati Adelibieke
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hwee-Yeong Ng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Kyosuke Takeshita
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Niwa
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Uremia, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Shubun University, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Chandel N, Ayasolla K, Lan X, Rai P, Mikulak J, Husain M, Malhotra A, McGowan J, Singhal PC. Renin modulates HIV replication in T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:601-9. [PMID: 24970860 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0414-192r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV is known to subvert cellular machinery to enhance its replication. Recently, HIV has been reported to enhance TC renin expression. We hypothesized that HIV induces and maintains high renin expression to promote its own replication in TCs. Renin enhanced HIV replication in TCs in a dose-dependent manner. (P)RR-deficient TCs, as well as those lacking renin, displayed attenuated NF-κB activity and HIV replication. TCs treated with renin and Hpr displayed activation of the (P)RR-PLZF protein signaling cascade. Renin, HIV, and Hpr activated the PI3K pathway. Both renin and Hpr cleaved Agt (a renin substrate) to Ang I and also cleaved Gag polyproteins (protease substrate) to p24. Furthermore, aliskiren, a renin inhibitor, reduced renin- and Hpr-induced cleavage of Agt and Gag polyproteins. These findings indicate that renin contributes to HIV replication in TCs via the (P)RR-PLZF signaling cascade and through cleavage of the Gag polyproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupama Chandel
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Hofstra Medical School, Manhasset, New York, USA; and
| | - Kamesh Ayasolla
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Hofstra Medical School, Manhasset, New York, USA; and
| | - Xiqian Lan
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Hofstra Medical School, Manhasset, New York, USA; and
| | - Partab Rai
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Hofstra Medical School, Manhasset, New York, USA; and
| | - Joanna Mikulak
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mohammad Husain
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Hofstra Medical School, Manhasset, New York, USA; and
| | - Ashwani Malhotra
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Hofstra Medical School, Manhasset, New York, USA; and
| | - Joseph McGowan
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Hofstra Medical School, Manhasset, New York, USA; and
| | - Pravin C Singhal
- Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Hofstra Medical School, Manhasset, New York, USA; and
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Nishijima T, Tajima K, Takahashi K, Sakurai S. Elevated plasma levels of soluble (pro)renin receptor in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: association with polysomnographic parameters. Peptides 2014; 56:14-21. [PMID: 24657284 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
(Pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) is a specific receptor for both renin and its precursor prorenin. (P)RR was shown to be involved in pathophysiology of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Soluble (pro)renin receptor (s(P)RR), which is generated by furin from full length (P)RR, is present in blood. The aim of the present study is to clarify the association of plasma s(P)RR levels and the severity of OSAS. Plasma levels of s(P)RR were measured by ELISA in 58 male patients diagnosed as OSAS based on polysomnography, and 14 age-matched male control subjects. Blood samples were obtained at 6:00 a.m. just after overnight polysomnography. Plasma s(P)RR levels were significantly higher in patients with OSAS (9.0±2.0 ng/mL, mean ± SD) than in control subjects (7.4±1.5 ng/mL) (P=0.0026). Plasma s(P)RR levels showed a significant negative correlation with % stage rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (r=-0.377, p<0.005), and significant positive correlations with % stage 1 (r=0.374, p<0.005), arousal index (r=0.341, p<0.01), apnea hypopnea index (AHI) (r=0.352, p<0.01) and desaturation index (r=0.302, p<0. 05). In 12 OSAS patients with AHI ≥20, plasma levels of s(P)RR were studied after 3-month treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP). Plasma s(P)RR levels were significantly decreased after the nCPAP treatment (p=0.0016). The present study has shown for the first time elevated plasma s(P)RR levels in patients with OSAS. Plasma s(P)RR levels were associated with the severity of OSAS. Soluble (P)RR may serve as a plasma marker reflecting the severity of OSAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuguo Nishijima
- Division of Behavioral Sleep Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tajima
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sakurai
- Division of Behavioral Sleep Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan.
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The Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone system in vascular inflammation and remodeling. Int J Inflam 2014; 2014:689360. [PMID: 24804145 PMCID: PMC3997861 DOI: 10.1155/2014/689360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAAS through its physiological effectors plays a key role in promoting and maintaining inflammation. Inflammation is an important mechanism in the development and progression of CVD such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. In addition to its main role in regulating blood pressure and its role in hypertension, RAAS has proinflammatory and profibrotic effects at cellular and molecular levels. Blocking RAAS provides beneficial effects for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Evidence shows that inhibition of RAAS positively influences vascular remodeling thus improving CVD outcomes. The beneficial vascular effects of RAAS inhibition are likely due to decreasing vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and positive effects on regeneration of endothelial progenitor cells. Inflammatory factors such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1, TNFα, IL-6, and CRP have key roles in mediating vascular inflammation and blocking RAAS negatively modulates the levels of these inflammatory molecules. Some of these inflammatory markers are clinically associated with CVD events. More studies are required to establish long-term effects of RAAS inhibition on vascular inflammation, vascular cells regeneration, and CVD clinical outcomes. This review presents important information on RAAS's role on vascular inflammation, vascular cells responses to RAAS, and inhibition of RAAS signaling in the context of vascular inflammation, vascular remodeling, and vascular inflammation-associated CVD. Nevertheless, the review also equates the need to rethink and rediscover new RAAS inhibitors.
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29
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Liu FY, Liu XY, Zhang LJ, Cheng YP, Jiang YN. Binding of prorenin to (pro)renin receptor induces the proliferation of human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells via ROS generation and ERK1/2 activation. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 15:99-108. [PMID: 24591529 DOI: 10.1177/1470320314525215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the discovery of the (pro)renin receptor (PRR), it has been considered as a novel bioactive molecule of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The activation of PRR can elicit a series of angiotensin II (AngII)-independent effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we investigated the effects of prorenin and PRR on the proliferation of human umbilical artery smooth muscle (HUASM) cells and explored the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. RESULTS The binding of prorenin to PRR can promote proliferation and upregulate the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and downregulate the pro-apoptotic protein Bax independently of AngII in HUASM cells. In addition, the binding of prorenin to PRR can also increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) independently of AngII. The pretreatment of HUASM cells with an NADPH oxidase inhibitor DPI decreased the production of ROS and also decreased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Furthermore, pretreatment of HUASM cells with DPI and the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 significantly attenuated the prorenin-induced proliferation and regulation of apoptosis factors. CONCLUSION Binding of prorenin to PRR can induce HUASM cell proliferation via the ROS generation and ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Y Liu
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Xiao Y Liu
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Li J Zhang
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Yun P Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Yi N Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
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30
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Afroze T, Yang G, Khoshbin A, Tanwir M, Tabish T, Momen A, Husain M. Calcium efflux activity of plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase-4 (PMCA4) mediates cell cycle progression in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7221-7231. [PMID: 24448801 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.533638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the role played by plasma membrane calcium ATPase-4 (PMCA4) and its alternative splice variants in the cell cycle of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). A novel variant (PMCA4e) was discovered. Quantitative real-time-PCR-quantified PMCA4 splice variant proportions differed in specific organs. The PMCA4a:4b ratio in uninjured carotid arteries (∼1:1) was significantly reduced by wire denudation injury (to ∼1:3) by modulation of alternative splicing, as confirmed by novel antibodies against PMCA4a/e and PMCA4b. Laser capture microdissection localized this shift to the media and adventitia. Primary carotid VSMC from PMCA4 knock-out (P4KO) mice showed impaired [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and G1 phase arrest as compared with wild type (P4WT). Electroporation of expression constructs encoding PMCA4a, PMCA4b, and a PMCA4b mutant lacking PDZ binding rescued this phenotype of P4KO cells, whereas a mutant with only 10% of normal Ca(2+) efflux activity could not. Microarray of early G1-synchronized VSMC showed 39-fold higher Rgs16 (NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) target; MAPK inhibitor) and 69-fold higher Decorin (G1 arrest marker) expression in P4KO versus P4WT. Validation by Western blot also revealed decreased levels of Cyclin D1 and NFATc3 in P4KO. Microarrays of P4KO VSMC rescued by PMCA4a or PMCA4b expression showed reversal of perturbed Rgs16, Decorin, and NFATc3 expression levels. However, PMCA4a rescue caused a 44-fold reduction in AP-2β, a known anti-proliferative transcription factor, whereas PMCA4b rescue resulted in a 50-fold reduction in p15 (Cyclin D1/Cdk4 inhibitor). We conclude that Ca(2+) efflux activity of PMCA4 underlies G1 progression in VSMC and that PMCA4a and PMCA4b differentially regulate specific downstream mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talat Afroze
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Ge Yang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Amir Khoshbin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Mansoor Tanwir
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Taha Tabish
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Abdul Momen
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Mansoor Husain
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
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Zhi H, Luptak I, Alreja G, Shi J, Guan J, Metes-Kosik N, Joseph J. Effects of direct Renin inhibition on myocardial fibrosis and cardiac fibroblast function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81612. [PMID: 24349097 PMCID: PMC3859492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis, a major pathophysiologic substrate of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF), is modulated by multiple pathways including the renin-angiotensin system. Direct renin inhibition is a promising anti-fibrotic therapy since it attenuates the pro-fibrotic effects of renin in addition to that of other effectors of the renin-angiotensin cascade. Here we show that the oral renin inhibitor aliskiren has direct effects on collagen metabolism in cardiac fibroblasts and prevented myocardial collagen deposition in a non-hypertrophic mouse model of myocardial fibrosis. Adult mice were fed hyperhomocysteinemia-inducing diet to induce myocardial fibrosis and treated concomitantly with either vehicle or aliskiren for 12 weeks. Blood pressure and plasma angiotensin II levels were normal in control and hyperhomocysteinemic mice and reduced to levels lower than observed in the control group in the groups treated with aliskiren. Homocysteine-induced myocardial matrix gene expression and fibrosis were also prevented by aliskiren. In vitro studies using adult rat cardiac fibroblasts also showed that aliskiren attenuated the pro-fibrotic pattern of matrix gene and protein expression induced by D,L, homocysteine. Both in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that the Akt pathway was activated by homocysteine, and that treatment with aliskiren attenuated Akt activation. In conclusion, aliskiren as mono-therapy has potent and direct effects on myocardial matrix turnover and beneficial effects on diastolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhi
- Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ivan Luptak
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gaurav Alreja
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jianru Shi
- Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jian Guan
- Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicole Metes-Kosik
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacob Joseph
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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A cell permeable peptide targeting the intracellular loop 2 of endothelin B receptor reduces pulmonary hypertension in a hypoxic rat model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81309. [PMID: 24312288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell permeable peptides (CPP) aid cellular uptake of targeted cargo across the hydrophobic plasma membrane. CPP-mediated cargo delivery of receptor signaling motifs provides an opportunity to regulate specific receptor initiated signaling cascades. Both endothelin-1 receptors, ETA and ETB, have been targets of antagonist therapies for individuals with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). These therapies have had success but have been accompanied by adverse reactions. Also, unlike the CPP which target specific signaling cascades, the antagonists target the entire function of the receptor. Using the CPP strategy of biased antagonism of the ETB receptor's intracellular loop 2 (ICB2), we demonstrate blunting of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) in the rat, including indices of pulmonary arterial pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Further, ex vivo analysis of the pulmonary artery treated with the IC2B peptide upon injection manifests marked reductions in Akt and ERK activation. Both kinases have been intimately related to cell proliferation and vascular contraction, the hallmarks of PAH. These observations in sum illustrate an involvement of the ETB receptor in HPH and furthermore provide a basis for a novel, CPP-based, strategy in the treatment of PAH, ultimately able to target not only ET-1, but also other factors involved in the development of PAH.
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Nagai Y, Nakanishi K, Akimoto T, Yamanaka N. Proliferative changes of renal arteriolar walls induced by administration of angiotensin II receptor blocker are frequent in juvenile rats. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 15:440-9. [PMID: 24222655 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313502105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our previous study of angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) administration in rats induced unusual proliferative changes of smooth muscle cells in renal arteriolar walls. The present study examined if the incidence of the changes depended on the rats' age, and how long it would take to find changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six-week-old (juvenile spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs)+ARB group, n=15) and 20-week-old (adult SHRs+ARB group, n=10) male SHRs were fed a standard diet (0.4% NaCl) containing valsartan (10 mg/kg/day; Novartis Co.). Fifteen age-matched SHRs were studied as controls. After 4, 8, and 12 weeks, the rat kidneys were examined under light and electron microscopes and through immunohistochemical studies. RESULTS Extremely concentric proliferative changes in afferent arteriolar walls were frequently observed in the juvenile SHR+ARB group compared to the adult SHR+ARB group (48.7±6.8% vs 19.3±6.9%; p=0.0307) at the 12(th) week. Increased renin expression and arteriolar changes were found from the 4(th) week in the juvenile SHR+ARB group. CONCLUSION This study indicates that ARB administration induces unusual proliferative changes and a marked renin-producing cell increase in afferent arterioles more frequently in juveniles than adult rats. It is suggested that the treatment of ARB in juveniles might have a higher risk of changes in renal afferent arterioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohko Nagai
- Tokyo Kidney Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Nakanishi
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Akimoto
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has long been established as one of the major mechanisms of hypertension through the increased levels of angiotensin (ANG) II and its resulting effect on the sympathetic nerve activity, arterial vasoconstriction, water reabsorption, and retention, etc. In the central nervous system, RAS activation affects body fluid homeostasis through increases in sympathetic nerve activity, water intake, food intake, and arginine vasopressin secretion. Previous studies, however, have shown that ANG II can be made in the brain, and it could possibly be through a new component called the (pro)renin receptor. This review intends to summarize the central and peripheral effects of the PRR on body fluid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Cao
- Department of Physiology, Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Shibayama Y, Hitomi H, Nakano D, Kobori H, Mori H, Deguchi K, Masaki T, Ichihara A, Nishiyama A. Role of (pro)renin receptor in Ang II-mediated EGF receptor transactivation. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2013; 5:697-705. [PMID: 23277024 DOI: 10.2741/e650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prorenin-induced intracellular signaling pathway is not fully elucidated. We investigated whether the (pro)renin receptor mediates epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor transactivation through angiotensin (Ang) II-dependent and -independent pathways in human embryo kidney 293 cells. Prorenin (2 nmol/L) caused biphasic phosphorylation of EGF receptor (Tyr992) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, peaking at 5 minutes followed by a decrease and a second peak at 60-120 minutes, whereas EGF receptor (Tyr1068) and Src were phosphorylated at only 120 minutes. These prorenin-induced phosphorylation processes were inhibited by (pro)renin receptor siRNA. Similarly, Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker (ARB) or AT1 receptor siRNA completely inhibited prorenin-induced phosphorylation of EGF receptor (Tyr1068) and Src, as well as the late peaks of EGF receptor (Tyr992) and ERK 1/2. However, early peaks of EGF receptor (Tyr992) and ERK 1/2 at 5 minutes were not effectively blocked by ARB or AT1 receptor siRNA. Incubation with prorenin significantly increased Ang II levels of cell lysate. These data indicate that the (pro)renin receptor mediates EGF receptor transactivation in both Ang II-dependent and -independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shibayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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Krop M, Lu X, Danser AJ, Meima ME. The (pro)renin receptor. A decade of research: what have we learned? Pflugers Arch 2012; 465:87-97. [PMID: 22543358 PMCID: PMC3553411 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of a (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) in 2002 provided a long-sought explanation for tissue renin–angiotensin system (RAS) activity and a function for circulating prorenin, the inactive precursor of renin, in end-organ damage. Binding of renin and prorenin (referred to as (pro)renin) to the (P)RR increases angiotensin I formation and induces intracellular signalling, resulting in the production of profibrotic factors. However, the (pro)renin concentrations required for intracellular signalling in vitro are several orders of magnitude above (patho)physiological plasma levels. Moreover, the phenotype of prorenin-overexpressing animals could be completely attributed to angiotensin generation, possibly even without the need for a receptor. The efficacy of the only available putative (pro)renin receptor blocker handle region peptide remains doubtful, leading to inconclusive results. The fact that, in contrast to other RAS components, (P)RR knock-outs, even tissue-specific, are lethal, points to an important, (pro)renin-independent, function of the (P)RR. Indeed, recent research has highlighted ancillary functions of the (P)RR as an essential accessory protein of the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), and in this role, it acts as an intermediate in Wnt signalling independent of (pro)renin. In conclusion, (pro)renin-dependent signalling is unlikely in non-(pro)renin synthesizing organs, and the (P)RR role in V-ATPase integrity and Wnt signalling may explain some, if not all of the phenotypes previously associated with (pro)renin-(P)RR interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manne Krop
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xifeng Lu
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A.H. Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E. Meima
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Contrasting effects of aliskiren versus losartan on hypertensive vascular remodeling. Int J Cardiol 2012; 167:1199-205. [PMID: 22483258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin system contributes to hypertension-induced upregulation of vascular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and remodeling, especially in the two kidney, one clip (2K1C) hypertension model. We hypothesized that the AT1R antagonist losartan or the renin inhibitor aliskiren, given at doses allowing similar antihypertensive effects, could prevent in vivo vascular MMPs upregulation and remodeling, and collagen/elastin deposition found in 2K1C hypertension by preventing the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). We also hypothesized that aliskiren could enhance the effects of losartan. METHODS 2K1C rats were treated with aliskiren (50mg.kg(-1).day(-1)), or losartan (10mg.kg(-1).day(-1)), or both by gavage during 4 weeks. RESULTS Aliskiren, losartan, or both drugs exerted similar antihypertensive effects when compared with 2K-1C rats treated with water. Aliskiren reduced plasma renin activity in both sham and 2K-1C rats. Losartan alone or combined with aliskiren, but not aliskiren alone, abolished 2K1C-induced aortic hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and prevented the increases in aortic collagen/elastin content, MMP-2 levels, gelatinolytic activity, and expression of phospho-ERK 1/2 and TGF-β1. No significant differences were found in the aortic expression of the (pro)renin receptor. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that although losartan and aliskiren exerted similar antihypertensive effects, only losartan prevented the activation of vascular profibrotic mechanisms and MMP upregulation associated with vascular remodeling in 2K1C hypertension. Our findings also suggest that aliskiren does not enhance the protective effects exerted by losartan.
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Abstract
Tissue angiotensin generation depends on the uptake of circulating (kidney-derived) renin and/or its precursor prorenin [together denoted as (pro)renin]. Since tissue renin levels are usually somewhat higher than expected based upon the amount of (renin-containing) blood in tissue, an active uptake mechanism has been proposed. Several candidates have been evaluated in the past three decades, including a renin-binding protein, the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor and the (pro)renin receptor. Although the latter seemed the most promising, its nanomolar affinity for renin and prorenin is several orders of magnitude above their actual (picomolar) levels in blood, raising doubt on whether (pro)renin–(pro)renin receptor interaction will ever occur in vivo. A wide range of in vitro studies have now demonstrated (pro)renin-receptor-induced effects at nanomolar renin and prorenin concentrations, resulting in a profibrotic phenotype. In addition, beneficial in vivo effects of the putative (pro)renin receptor blocker HRP (handle region peptide) have been observed, particularly in diabetic animal models. Despite these encouraging results, many other studies have reported either no or even contrasting effects of HRP, and (pro)renin-receptor-knockout studies revealed lethal consequences that are (pro)renin-independent, most probably due to the fact that the (pro)renin receptor co-localizes with vacuolar H+-ATPase and possibly determines the stability of this vital enzyme. The present review summarizes all of the recent findings on the (pro)renin receptor and its blockade, and critically compares it with the other candidates that have been proposed to mediate (pro)renin uptake from blood. It ends with the conclusion that the (pro)renin–(pro)renin receptor interaction, if it occurs in vivo, is limited to (pro)renin-synthesizing organs such as the kidney.
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Batenburg WW, Lu X, Leijten F, Maschke U, Müller DN, Danser AJ. Renin- and Prorenin-Induced Effects in Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Overexpressing the Human (Pro)Renin Receptor. Hypertension 2011; 58:1111-9. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.180737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy W. Batenburg
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (W.W.B., X.L., F.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (U.M., D.N.M.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Medicine (D.N.M.), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xifeng Lu
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (W.W.B., X.L., F.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (U.M., D.N.M.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Medicine (D.N.M.), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Leijten
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (W.W.B., X.L., F.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (U.M., D.N.M.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Medicine (D.N.M.), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Maschke
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (W.W.B., X.L., F.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (U.M., D.N.M.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Medicine (D.N.M.), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik N. Müller
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (W.W.B., X.L., F.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (U.M., D.N.M.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Medicine (D.N.M.), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A.H. Jan Danser
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (W.W.B., X.L., F.L., A.H.J.D.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (U.M., D.N.M.), Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Medicine (D.N.M.), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Song R, Yosypiv IV. (Pro)renin Receptor in Kidney Development and Disease. Int J Nephrol 2011; 2011:247048. [PMID: 21755055 PMCID: PMC3132641 DOI: 10.4061/2011/247048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a key regulator of the blood pressure and fluid/electrolyte homeostasis, also plays a critical role in kidney development. All the components of the RAS are expressed in the developing metanephros. Moreover, mutations in the genes encoding components of the RAS in mice or humans are associated with a broad spectrum of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). These forms of CAKUT include renal papillary hypoplasia, hydronephrosis, duplicated collecting system, renal tubular dysgenesis, renal vascular abnormalities, and aberrant glomerulogenesis. Emerging evidence indicates that (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a novel component of the RAS, is essential for proper kidney development and that aberrant PRR signaling is causally linked to cardiovascular and renal disease. This paper describes the role of the RAS in kidney development and highlights emerging insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the PRR may regulate this critical morphogenetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfang Song
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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