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Cho S, Jo H, Hwang YJ, Kim C, Jo YH, Yun JW. Potential impact of underlying diseases influencing ADME in nonclinical safety assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114636. [PMID: 38582343 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Nonclinical studies involve in vitro, in silico, and in vivo experiments to assess the toxicokinetics, toxicology, and safety pharmacology of drugs according to regulatory requirements by a national or international authority. In this review, we summarize the potential effects of various underlying diseases governing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs to consider the use of animal models of diseases in nonclinical trials. Obesity models showed alterations in hepatic metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and renal pathophysiology, which increase the risk of drug-induced toxicity. Diabetes models displayed changes in hepatic metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and glomerular filtration rates (GFR), leading to variability in drug responses and susceptibility to toxicity. Animal models of advanced age exhibited impairment of drug metabolism and kidney function, thereby reducing the drug-metabolizing capacity and clearance. Along with changes in hepatic metabolic enzymes, animal models of metabolic syndrome-related hypertension showed renal dysfunction, resulting in a reduced GFR and urinary excretion of drugs. Taken together, underlying diseases can induce dysfunction of organs involved in the ADME of drugs, ultimately affecting toxicity. Therefore, the use of animal models of representative underlying diseases in nonclinical toxicity studies can be considered to improve the predictability of drug side effects before clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Harin Jo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Jeong Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changuk Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyeon Jo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Malheiro LFL, Fernandes MM, Oliveira CA, Barcelos IDS, Fernandes AJV, Silva BS, Ávila JS, Soares TDJ, Amaral LSDB. Renoprotective mechanisms of exercise training against acute and chronic renal diseases - A perspective based on experimental studies. Life Sci 2024; 346:122628. [PMID: 38614303 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Regular exercise training can lead to several health benefits, reduce mortality risk, and increase life expectancy. On the other hand, a sedentary lifestyle is a known risk factor for chronic diseases and increased mortality. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) represent a significant global health problem, affecting millions of people worldwide. The progression from AKI to CKD is well-recognized in the literature, and exercise training has emerged as a potential renoprotective strategy. Thus, this article aims to review the main molecular mechanisms underlying the renoprotective actions of exercise training in the context of AKI and CKD, focusing on its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic, and autophagy regulatory effects. For that, bibliographical research was carried out in Medline/PubMed and Scielo databases. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in renal diseases are not fully understood, experimental studies demonstrate that oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and dysregulation of fibrotic and autophagic processes play central roles in the development of tissue damage. Increasing evidence has suggested that exercise can beneficially modulate these mechanisms, potentially becoming a safe and effective non-pharmacological strategy for kidney health protection and promotion. Thus, the evidence base discussed in this review suggests that an adequate training program emerges as a valuable tool for preserving renal function in experimental animals, mainly through the production of antioxidant enzymes, nitric oxide (NO), irisin, IL-10, and IL-11. Future research can continue to explore these mechanisms to develop specific guidelines for the prescription of exercise training in different populations of patients with kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Fabiana Luz Malheiro
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Brazil
| | - Mariana Masimessi Fernandes
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Caroline Assunção Oliveira
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Brazil
| | - Isadora de Souza Barcelos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Ana Jullie Veiga Fernandes
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Bruna Santos Silva
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Júlia Spínola Ávila
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Telma de Jesus Soares
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Brazil
| | - Liliany Souza de Brito Amaral
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Brazil.
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dos Santos Ferreira Silva MP, Ferreira MJ, Shecaira TP, da Silva Dias D, Kimura DC, Irigoyen MC, Gomes GN, De Angelis K. Impact of exercise training associated with enalapril treatment on blood pressure variability and renal dysfunctions in an experimental model of arterial hypertension and postmenopause. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296687. [PMID: 38198460 PMCID: PMC10781158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the concurrent exercise training (CET) associated with the enalapril maleate on blood pressure variability (BPV) and renal profile in an experimental model of arterial hypertension (AH) and postmenopause. METHODS Female ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were distributed into 4 groups (n = 8/group): sedentary (SO), sedentary + enalapril (SOE), trained (TO) and trained + enalapril (TOE). Both enalapril (3mg/kg) and CET (3 days/week) were conducted during 8 weeks. Blood pressure (BP) was directly recorded for BPV analyses. Renal function, morphology, inflammation and oxidative stress were assessed. RESULTS The SOE, TO e TOE groups presented decreased systolic BP compared with SO. Both trained groups (TO and TOE) presented lower BPV and increased baroreflex sensitivity (TO: 0.76 ± 0.20 and TOE: 1.02 ± 0.40 vs. SO: 0.40 ± 0.07 ms/mmHg) compared with SO group, with additional improvements in TOE group. Creatinine and IL-6 levels were reduced in SOE, TO and TOE compared with SO group, while IL-10 was increased only in TOE group (vs. SO). Enalapril combined with CET promote reduction in lipoperoxidation (TOE: 1.37 ± 0.26 vs. SO: 2.08 ± 0.48 and SOE: 1.84 ± 0.35 μmol/mg protein) and hydrogen peroxide (TOE: 1.89 ± 0.40 vs. SO: 3.70 ± 0.19 and SOE: 2.73 ± 0.70 μM), as well as increase in catalase activity (vs. sedentary groups). The tubulointerstitial injury was lower in interventions groups (SOE, TO and TOE vs. SO), with potentialized benefits in the trained groups. CONCLUSIONS Enalapril combined with CET attenuated BPV and baroreflex dysfunctions, probably impacting on end-organ damage, as demonstrated by attenuation in the AH-induced renal inflammations, oxidative stress and morphofunctional impairments in postmenopausal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maycon Junior Ferreira
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tânia Plens Shecaira
- Translational Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle da Silva Dias
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Débora Conte Kimura
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cláudia Irigoyen
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - Kátia De Angelis
- Translational Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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López-Moreno M, Jiménez-Moreno E, Márquez Gallego A, Vera Pasamontes G, Uranga Ocio JA, Garcés-Rimón M, Miguel-Castro M. Red Quinoa Hydrolysates with Antioxidant Properties Improve Cardiovascular Health in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1291. [PMID: 37372021 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, quinoa has been postulated as an emerging crop for the production of functional foods. Quinoa has been used to obtain plant protein hydrolysates with in vitro biological activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the beneficial effect of red quinoa hydrolysate (QrH) on oxidative stress and cardiovascular health in an in vivo experimental model of hypertension (HTN) in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). The oral administration of QrH at 1000 mg/kg/day (QrHH) showed a significant reduction in SBP from baseline (-9.8 ± 4.5 mm Hg; p < 0.05) in SHR. The mechanical stimulation thresholds did not change during the study QrH groups, whereas in the case of SHR control and SHR vitamin C, a significant reduction was observed (p < 0.05). The SHR QrHH exhibited higher antioxidant capacity in the kidney than the other experimental groups (p < 0.05). The SHR QrHH group showed an increase in reduced glutathione levels in the liver compared to the SHR control group (p < 0.05). In relation to lipid peroxidation, SHR QrHH exhibited a significant decrease in plasma, kidney and heart malondialdehyde (MDA) values compared to the SHR control group (p < 0.05). The results obtained revealed the in vivo antioxidant effect of QrH and its ability to ameliorate HTN and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Alimentaria, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Márquez Gallego
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28933 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Gema Vera Pasamontes
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28933 Alcorcón, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación de Alto Rendimiento en Fisiopatología y Farmacología del Sistema Digestivo (NeuGut), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid (URJC), 28933 Alcorcón, Spain
- Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigación Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Uranga Ocio
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28933 Alcorcón, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación de Alto Rendimiento en Fisiopatología y Farmacología del Sistema Digestivo (NeuGut), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid (URJC), 28933 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Marta Garcés-Rimón
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Alimentaria, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Miguel-Castro
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Ansari A, Walton SL, Denton KM. Sex- and age-related differences in renal and cardiac injury and senescence in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:33. [PMID: 37217968 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences play a critical role in the incidence and severity of cardiovascular diseases, whereby men are at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to age-matched premenopausal women. Marked sex differences at the cellular and tissue level may contribute to susceptibility to cardiovascular disease and end-organ damage. In this study, we have performed an in-depth histological analysis of sex differences in hypertensive cardiac and renal injury in middle-aged stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs) to determine the interaction between age, sex and cell senescence. METHODS Kidneys, hearts and urine samples were collected from 6.5- and 8-month-old (Mo) male and female SHRSPs. Urine samples were assayed for albumin and creatinine content. Kidneys and hearts were screened for a suite of cellular senescence markers (senescence-associated β-galactosidase, p16INK4a, p21, γH2AX). Renal and cardiac fibrosis was quantified using Masson's trichrome staining, and glomerular hypertrophy and sclerosis were quantified using Periodic acid-Schiff staining. RESULTS Marked renal and cardiac fibrosis, concomitant with albuminuria, were evident in all SHRSPs. These sequelae were differentially affected by age, sex and organ. That is, the level of fibrosis was greater in the kidney than the heart, males had greater levels of fibrosis than females in both the heart and kidney, and even a 6-week increase in age resulted in greater levels of kidney fibrosis in males. The differences in kidney fibrosis were reflected by elevated levels of cellular senescence in the kidney in males but not females. Senescent cell burden was significantly less in cardiac tissue compared to renal tissue and was not affected by age or sex. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a clear sex pattern in age-related progression of renal and cardiac fibrosis and cellular senescence in SHRSP rats. A 6-week time frame was associated with increased indices of cardiac and renal fibrosis and cellular senescence in male SHRSPs. Female SHRSP rats were protected from renal and cardiac damage compared to age-matched males. Thus, the SHRSP is an ideal model to investigate the effects of sex and aging on organ injury over a short timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesa Ansari
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah L Walton
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate M Denton
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Li J, Hu G, Liu W, Cao X, Chen G, Peng F, Xiaofang X, Peng C. Patchouli alcohol against renal fibrosis of spontaneously hypertensive rats via Ras/Raf-1/ERK1/2 signalling pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023:7161501. [PMID: 37177974 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to obverse the protection of patchouli alcohol (PA) ameliorates hypertensive nephropathy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and reveals potential mechanism. METHODS Briefly, the adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) or Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (half male and half female) were intragastric gavaged or not with PA (80, 40 and 20 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. Body weight, blood pressure (BP), renal weight, renal function and renal morphology were measured. Further, western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis were used to study the underlying mechanism. KEY FINDINGS Compared with the WKY group, plasmatic levels of renin, angiotensin II (Ang-II), transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1), creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), renal index, mRNA levels of ERK1/2 and α-SMA were significantly increased in SHR. Histology results showed that renal tubular injury and tubulointerstitial fibrosis occurred in SHR. After administration, SBP of captopril group decreased at each week after administration, especially at 3, 5, 6 7 and 8 weeks (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). There is no significant effect was assessed in the olive oil group. Decreased plasma Cr, Renin, Ang-II, TGF-β1, PAI-1, SCFAs and Renin, TGF-β1, PAI-1 in renal tissues were observed significantly in captopril (P <0.05 or P < 0.01). Plasma BUN, Ang-II, TGF-β1 and PAI-1 in renal tissues decreased in the olive oil group significantly (P <0.05 or P < 0.01). PA (80, 40 and 20 mg/kg) lowered BP and plasmatic levels of Renin, Ang-II, TGF-β1 and PAI-1. Treatment with PA (40, 20 mg/kg) decreased levels of Cr, BUN and suppressed of activation of pro-fibrosis cytokines including TGF-β1 in kidney. There is no ameliorative change in the olive oil group and the captopril group (P > 0.05) while PA treatment alleviated renal tubular injury and produced dramatic collagen fibre area reductions in mesangial membrane, basement membrane, and renal interstitium obviously (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Treatment of SHR with PA-inhibited MFB activation and downregulated mRNA of α-SMA. Treatment with PA suppressed excessive production of the extracellular matrix (ECM) via decreasing Col I, III and FN, downregulating mRNA of tissue inhibitor of TIMP-1 along with upregulating mRNA of MMP-9. The expression of Col III and MMP-9 mRNA-reduced in the captopril group (P < 0.05). In addition, the expression of ERK1/2 and pERK1/2 also reduced in the captopril group significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Treatment with PA (20 mg/kg) downregulated proteins expression of Raf-1, ERK1/2 and pERK1/2 and mRNA expression of Ras, Raf-1 and ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS Overall, PA restored normal BP, alleviated renal dysfunction and renal fibrosis, possibly by suppressing Ang II and TGF-β1-mediated Ras/Raf-1/ERK1/2 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of standardization of Chinese herbal medicine of MOE, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Guanying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of standardization of Chinese herbal medicine of MOE, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of standardization of Chinese herbal medicine of MOE, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of standardization of Chinese herbal medicine of MOE, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Guanru Chen
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of standardization of Chinese herbal medicine of MOE, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Fu Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xie Xiaofang
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of standardization of Chinese herbal medicine of MOE, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of standardization of Chinese herbal medicine of MOE, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
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Li D, Cao F, Han J, Wang M, Lai C, Zhang J, Xu T, Bouakaz A, Wan M, Ren P, Zhang S. The sustainable antihypertensive and target organ damage protective effect of transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2023; 41:852-866. [PMID: 36883470 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate the sustainable antihypertensive effects and protection against target organ damage caused by low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) stimulation and the underlying mechanism in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) model. METHODS AND RESULTS SHRs were treated with ultrasound stimulation of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VlPAG) for 20 min every day for 2 months. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was compared among normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats, SHR control group, SHR Sham group, and SHR LIFU stimulation group. Cardiac ultrasound imaging and hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining of the heart and kidney were performed to assess target organ damage. The c-fos immunofluorescence analysis and plasma levels of angiotensin II, aldosterone, hydrocortisone, and endothelin-1 were measured to investigate the neurohumoral and organ systems involved. We found that SBP was reduced from 172 ± 4.2 mmHg to 141 ± 2.1 mmHg after 1 month of LIFU stimulation, P < 0.01. The next month of treatment can maintain the rat's blood pressure at 146 ± 4.2 mmHg at the end of the experiment. LIFU stimulation reverses left ventricular hypertrophy and improves heart and kidney function. Furthermore, LIFU stimulation enhanced the neural activity from the VLPAG to the caudal ventrolateral medulla and reduced the plasma levels of ANGII and Aldo. CONCLUSION We concluded that LIFU stimulation has a sustainable antihypertensive effect and protects against target organ damage by activating antihypertensive neural pathways from VLPAG to the caudal ventrolateral medulla and further inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity, thereby supporting a novel and noninvasive alternative therapy to treat hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Fangyuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Mengke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Chunhao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Tianqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | | | - Mingxi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Pengyu Ren
- Institute of Medical Artificial Intelligence
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Sichuan Digital Economy Industry Development Research Institute, China
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de Souza P, da Silva RDCV, Mariano LNB, Dick SL, Ventura GC, Cechinel-Filho V. Diuretic and Natriuretic Effects of Hesperidin, a Flavanone Glycoside, in Female and Male Hypertensive Rats. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:plants12010025. [PMID: 36616153 PMCID: PMC9824741 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hesperidin (HSP) is a major flavanone glycoside in citrus fruits, including sweet oranges and lemons. It demonstrates numerous pharmacological activities, such as antihypertensive effects and cardiac and kidney tissue protection. However, its effect on modulating renal function has yet to be properly explored. Female and male Wistar spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used to test the effect of HSP on renal function. The rats were divided into different groups, treated orally, and placed in metabolic cages for urine collection for 8 h. HSP, at doses of 0.3-3 mg/kg, led to an increase in urine volume in both female and male SHR. This effect was associated with increased Na+ elimination (3 mg/kg) without causing any change in K+ excretion or pH and conductivity values. When given HSP in combination with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) or amiloride (AMLR), urine volume and Na+ elimination were significantly increased compared to the group that received only HSP. In relation to K+ excretion, the depleting effect of HCTZ and the sparing of AMLR prevailed in both groups. Pre-treatment with a non-selective cholinergic receptor antagonist, atropine, partially prevented HSP-induced diuresis and natriuresis in male SHR, but this effect was not demonstrated with the non-selective inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, indomethacin. This study shows the diuretic action of HSP in hypertensive rats, an activity probably associated with the cholinergic pathway. Although various biological actions have already been defined for HSP, this pioneering research reveals its potential as a diuretic medicine.
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Ribeiro JVV, Graziani D, Carvalho JHM, Mendonça MM, Naves LM, Oliveira HF, Campos HM, Fioravanti MCS, Pacheco LF, Ferreira PM, Pedrino GR, Ghedini PC, Fernandes KF, Batista KDA, Xavier CH. A peptide fraction from hardened common beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris) induces endothelium-dependent antihypertensive and renal effects in rats. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 6:100410. [PMID: 36545514 PMCID: PMC9762200 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Beans reached the research spotlight as a source of bioactive compounds capable of modulating different functions. Recently, we reported antioxidant and oxidonitrergic effect of a low molecular weight peptide fraction (<3 kDa) from hardened bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in vitro and ex vivo, which necessitate further in vivo assessments. This work aimed to evaluate the hypotensive effect and the involved physiological mechanisms of the hardened common bean peptide (Phaseolus vulgaris) in normotensive (Wistar) and hypertensive (SHR) animals. Bean flour was combined with a solution containing acetonitrile, water and formic acid (25: 24: 1). Protein extract (PV3) was fractioned (3 kDa membrane). We assessed PV3 effects on renal function and hemodynamics of wistar (WT-normotensive) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and measured systemic arterial pressure and flow in aortic and renal beds. The potential endothelial and oxidonitrergic involvements were tested in isolated renal artery rings. As results, we found that PV3: I) decreased food consumption in SHR, increased water intake and urinary volume in WT, increased glomerular filtration rate in WT and SHR, caused natriuresis in SHR; II) caused NO- and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in renal artery rings; III) reduced arterial pressure and resistance in aortic and renal vascular beds; IV) caused antihypertensive effects in a dose-dependent manner. Current findings support PV3 as a source of bioactive peptides and raise the potential of composing nutraceutical formulations to treat renal and cardiovascular diseases.
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Key Words
- ABF, Aortic blood flow
- AVR, Aortic vascular resistance
- Bioactive peptides
- Common beans
- GFR, Glomerular filtration rate
- HTC, Hard-to-Cook effects
- Hard-to-cook
- Hydroelectrolytic balance
- Hypertension
- L-NAME, nitroarginine methyl ester
- NO, Nitric oxide
- PV3, Phaseolus vulgaris extract with peptides smaller than 3 kDa
- Phaseolus vulgaris
- RBF, Renal blood flow
- RVR, Renal vascular resistance
- Renal function
- SHR, Spontaneously hypertensive rat
- WT, Wistar rat
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Graziani
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lara Marques Naves
- Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Helton Freires Oliveira
- Molecule, Cell and Tissue Analysis Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Hericles Mesquita Campos
- Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patricia Maria Ferreira
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rodrigues Pedrino
- Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Ghedini
- Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Kátia Flávia Fernandes
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Biological of Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Henrique Xavier
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil,Corresponding author. Systems Neurobiology Laboratory. Department of Physiological Sciences, room 203, Institute of Biological Sciences. Federal University of Goiás, Esperança Avenue, Campus II, Goiania, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
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10
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Terço Leite PR, Lorençone BR, Moreno KGT, Lopes KS, Marques AAM, Fortini CS, Palozi RAC, Dalmagro M, Kassuya CAL, Dos Santos AC, Salvador MJ, Gasparotto Junior A. The NO-cGMP-K+ Channel Pathway Participates in Diuretic and Cardioprotective Effects of Blutaparon portulacoides in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:1152-1162. [PMID: 35299274 DOI: 10.1055/a-1690-3566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Blutaparon portulacoides is a Brazilian plant species that is widely used in folk medicine. The present study investigated the role of an aqueous extract of B. portulacoides against hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The aqueous extract of B. portulacoides was obtained from the whole plant. Its chemical profile was analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of B. portulacoides was evaluated in female Wistar rats. Male 6-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats then received the aqueous extract of B. portulacoides (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg), hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/kg), or vehicle once daily for 28 days. On days 1, 14, and 28, the diuretic effects of the aqueous extract of B. portulacoides were evaluated. The role of prostaglandins and the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-potassium channel pathway in the diuretic activity of the aqueous extract of B. portulacoides was also investigated. At the end of the treatment, hepatic and renal biochemical markers, serum nitrotyrosine, malondialdehyde, nitrite, and aldosterone levels, and angiotensin-converting enzyme activity were measured. The electrocardiographic profile, blood pressure, and renal vascular reactivity were also assessed. The heart, kidneys, and liver were collected to determine relative organ weight, histopathology, and cardiac morphometry. Caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and several flavonoids were identified in the aqueous extract of B. portulacoides. No signs of toxicity were observed. Prolonged treatment with the aqueous extract of B. portulacoides (300 mg/kg) induced significant diuretic activity by activating the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-potassium channel pathway. These effects reduced blood pressure and oxidative stress and prevented renal vascular dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy that was induced by hypertension. Overall, the present data suggest that the aqueous extract of B. portulacoides has important diuretic and cardioprotective effects by activation of the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-potassium channel pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Regina Terço Leite
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFaC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Bethânia Rosa Lorençone
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFaC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Karyne Garcia Tafarelo Moreno
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFaC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Katiana Simões Lopes
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFaC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Aline Aparecida Macedo Marques
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFaC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Clara Soligo Fortini
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFaC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Rhanany Alan Calloi Palozi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFaC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Dalmagro
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Paranaense University, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cândida Aparecida Leite Kassuya
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation and Cell Culture, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Ariany Carvalho Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Marcos José Salvador
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arquimedes Gasparotto Junior
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (LaFaC), Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
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11
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Qiu L, Zhang J, Yang Y, Zhang H, Lee FF, He Q, Huang C, Huang L, Qian L, Luo J. In Vivo assessment of hypertensive nephrosclerosis using ultrasound localization microscopy. Med Phys 2022; 49:2295-2308. [PMID: 35218672 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE As a typical chronic kidney disease (CKD), hypertensive nephrosclerosis (HN) is a common syndrome of hypertension, characterized by chronic kidney microvascular damage. Early diagnosis of microvascular damage using conventional ultrasound imaging encounters challenges in sensitivity and specificity owing to the inherent diffraction limit. Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) has been developed to obtain microvasculature and microvascular hemodynamics within the kidney, and would be a promising tool for early diagnosis of CKD. METHODS In this study, the advantage of quantitative indexes obtained by using ULM (mean arterial blood flow speeds of different segments of interlobular arteries) over indexes obtained using conventional clinical serum (β2-microglobulin, serum urea nitrogen and creatinine) and urine (24-hour urine volume and urine protein) tests and ultrasound Doppler imaging [peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistance index (RI)] and contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging [CEUS; rise time (RT), peak intensity (IMAX), mean transit time (mTT) and area under the time-intensity curve (AUC)] for early diagnosis of HN was investigated. Examinations were carried out on 6 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and 5 normal Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats at the age of 10 weeks. RESULTS The experimental results showed that the indicators derived from conventional clinical inspections (serum and urine tests) and ultrasound imaging (PSV, EDV, RI, RT, IMAX, mTT and AUC) did not show significant difference between hypertensive and healthy rats (p > 0.05), while the TTP of the SHR group (28.52 ± 5.52 s) derived from CEUS is significantly higher than that of the WKY group (18.68 ± 7.32 s; p < 0.05). The mean blood flow speed in interlobular artery of SHR (12.47 ± 1.06 mm/s) derived from ULM is significantly higher than that of WKY rats (10.13 ± 1.17 mm/s; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The advantages of ULM over conventional clinical inspections and ultrasound imaging methods for early diagnosis of HN were validated. The quantitative results showed that ULM can effectively diagnose HN at the early stage by detecting the blood flow speed changes of interlobular arteries. ULM may promise a reliable technique for early diagnosis of HN in the future. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanyan Qiu
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jingke Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fu-Feng Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiong He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chengwu Huang
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lijie Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Linxue Qian
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jianwen Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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12
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Shi HH, Zhang LY, Chen LP, Yang JY, Wang CC, Xue CH, Wang YM, Zhang TT. EPA-Enriched Phospholipids Alleviate Renal Interstitial Fibrosis in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats by Regulating TGF-β Signaling Pathways. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020152. [PMID: 35200681 PMCID: PMC8879699 DOI: 10.3390/md20020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive nephropathy is a chronic kidney disease caused by hypertension. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has been reported to possess an antihypertensive effect, and our previous study suggested that EPA-enriched phospholipid (EPA-PL) had more significant bioactivities compared with traditional EPA. However, the effect of dietary EPA-PL on hypertensive nephropathy has not been studied. The current study was designed to examine the protection of EPA-PL against kidney damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Treatment with EPA-PL for three weeks significantly reduced blood pressure through regulating the renin–angiotensin system in SHRs. Moreover, dietary EPA-PL distinctly alleviated kidney dysfunction in SHRs, evidenced by reduced plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and 24 h proteinuria. Histology results revealed that treatment of SHRs with EPA-PL alleviated renal injury and reduced tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Further mechanistic studies indicated that dietary EPA-PL remarkably inhibited the activation of TGF-β and Smad 3, elevated the phosphorylation level of PI3K/AKT, suppressed the activation of NF-κB, reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-6, and repressed the oxidative stress and the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway in the kidney. These results indicate that EPA-PL has potential value in the prevention and alleviation of hypertensive nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Hao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.-H.S.); (L.-Y.Z.); (L.-P.C.); (J.-Y.Y.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-H.X.); (Y.-M.W.)
| | - Ling-Yu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.-H.S.); (L.-Y.Z.); (L.-P.C.); (J.-Y.Y.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-H.X.); (Y.-M.W.)
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Li-Pin Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.-H.S.); (L.-Y.Z.); (L.-P.C.); (J.-Y.Y.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-H.X.); (Y.-M.W.)
| | - Jin-Yue Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.-H.S.); (L.-Y.Z.); (L.-P.C.); (J.-Y.Y.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-H.X.); (Y.-M.W.)
| | - Cheng-Cheng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.-H.S.); (L.-Y.Z.); (L.-P.C.); (J.-Y.Y.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-H.X.); (Y.-M.W.)
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.-H.S.); (L.-Y.Z.); (L.-P.C.); (J.-Y.Y.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-H.X.); (Y.-M.W.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.-H.S.); (L.-Y.Z.); (L.-P.C.); (J.-Y.Y.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-H.X.); (Y.-M.W.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.-H.S.); (L.-Y.Z.); (L.-P.C.); (J.-Y.Y.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-H.X.); (Y.-M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0532-8203-2597; Fax: +86-0532-8203-2468
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13
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Bruic M, Grujic-Milanovic J, Miloradovic Z, Jovovic D, Zivkovic L, Mihailovic-Stanojevic N, Karanovic D, Spremo-Potparevic B. DNA, protein and lipid oxidative damage in tissues of spontaneously hypertensive versus normotensive rats. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 141:106088. [PMID: 34601089 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage to protein and lipid macromolecules in target organs in hypertension has been recognized as a major factor contributing to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal diseases. Data on protein and lipid oxidative damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats are numerous, but there is no information on DNA damage in tissues measured by comet assay. The aim of this study was to determine the baseline damage to DNA, protein, and lipid macromolecules in different organs of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Markers of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage were measured in blood, heart, kidney, and liver of 24-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats. Plasma prooxidant and antioxidant status were determined as well. Age-matched normotensive Wistar rats were used as control. A rise in markers of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, malondialdehyde, and advanced oxidation protein products, was detected in all tissues of spontaneously hypertensive rats, with particularly high values in the liver. DNA damage, measured by the comet assay, was significantly higher in all the studied tissues of spontaneously hypertensive rats compared to normotensive control, with more severe damage in the cardiac and renal cells. Significant depletion of the plasma antioxidant barrier in spontaneously hypertensive rats was also observed. This study showed increased damage to all macromolecules in all studied samples of spontaneously hypertensive rats in comparison with control Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Bruic
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jelica Grujic-Milanovic
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Miloradovic
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djurdjica Jovovic
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lada Zivkovic
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Mihailovic-Stanojevic
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Karanovic
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Schreckenberg R, Wolf A, Troidl C, Simsekyilmaz S, Schlüter KD. Pro-inflammatory Vascular Stress in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Associated With High Physical Activity Cannot Be Attenuated by Aldosterone Blockade. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:699283. [PMID: 34381826 PMCID: PMC8349986 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.699283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of high physical activity, performed as voluntary running wheel exercise, on inflammation and vascular adaptation may differ between normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). We investigated the effects of running wheel activity on leukocyte mobilization, neutrophil migration into the vascular wall (aorta), and transcriptional adaptation of the vascular wall and compared and combined the effects of high physical activity with that of pharmacological treatment (aldosterone antagonist spironolactone). At the start of the 6th week of life, before hypertension became established in SHRs, rats were provided with a running wheel over a period of 10-months'. To investigate to what extent training-induced changes may underlie a possible regression, controls were also generated by removal of the running wheel for the last 4 months. Aldosterone blockade was achieved upon oral administration of Spironolactone in the corresponding treatment groups for the last 4 months. The number of circulating blood cells was quantified by FACS analysis of peripheral blood. mRNA expression of selected proteins was quantified by RT-PCR. Histology and confocal laser microscopy were used to monitor cell migration. Although voluntary running wheel exercise reduced the number of circulating neutrophils in normotensive rats, it rather increased it in SHRs. Furthermore, running wheel activity in SHRs but not normotensive rats increased the number of natural killer (NK)-cells. Except of the increased expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and reduction of von Willebrand factor (vWF), running wheel activity exerted a different transcriptional response in the vascular tissue of normotensive and hypertensive rats, i.e., lack of reduction of the pro-inflammatory IL-6 in vessels from hypertensive rats. Spironolactone reduced the number of neutrophils; however, in co-presence with high physical activity this effect was blunted. In conclusion, although high physical activity has beneficial effects in normotensive rats, this does not predict similar beneficial effects in the concomitant presence of hypertension and care has to be taken on interactions between pharmacological approaches and high physical activity in hypertensives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Schreckenberg
- Department of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annemarie Wolf
- Department of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Troidl
- Department of Cardiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sakine Simsekyilmaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
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15
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Montoro-Molina S, Quesada A, O'Valle F, Morales NM, de Gracia MDC, Rodríguez-Gómez I, Osuna A, Wangensteen R, Vargas F. The Long-Term Study of Urinary Biomarkers of Renal Injury in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Kidney Blood Press Res 2021; 46:502-513. [PMID: 34237745 DOI: 10.1159/000516843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The age-related increase in blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) is associated to cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and renal injury. Here, we investigated for the first time the urinary enzymatic activities of glutamil aminopeptidase (GluAp), alanyl aminopeptidase (AlaAp), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), and Klotho urinary levels, proteins that are strongly expressed in the kidney, as early biomarkers of renal injury in SHRs. METHODS Male SHR and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were studied from 2 to 8 months old. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), the heart rate (HR), metabolic variables, and urinary markers were measured monthly. At the end of the study, a histopathological evaluation of the kidney was performed. RESULTS Kidneys of SHR did not develop signs of relevant histopathological changes, but showed increased glomerular area and cellularity. Plasma creatinine was decreased, and creatinine clearance was augmented in SHR at the end of the study. Urinary excretion of Klotho was higher in SHR at 5 and 8 months old, whereas plasma Klotho levels were similar to WKY. GluAp, AlaAp, and DPP4 urinary activities were increased in SHR throughout the time-course study. A positive correlation between glomerular area and cellularity with creatinine clearance was observed. Urinary GluAp, AlaAp, DPP4, and Klotho showed positive correlations with SBP. CONCLUSIONS GluAp, AlaAp, DPP4, and Klotho in the urine are useful tools for the evaluation of renal damage at early stages, before the whole histopathological and biochemical manifestations of renal disease are established. Moreover, these observations may represent a novel and noninvasive diagnostic approach to assess the evolution of kidney function in hypertension and other chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrés Quesada
- Servicio de Nefrología, Unidad Experimental, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco O'Valle
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica e Instituto de Biomedicina Regenerativa (IBIMER), Facultad de Medicina, Granada, Spain
| | - Natividad Martín Morales
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica e Instituto de Biomedicina Regenerativa (IBIMER), Facultad de Medicina, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Antonio Osuna
- Servicio de Nefrología, Unidad Experimental, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Félix Vargas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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16
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Zhang Z, Wang FZ, Li ZX, Song XR. Telmisartan Attenuates the Growth of Epithelium-like Cells and Glomerular Injury in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:498-504. [PMID: 34129200 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal growth of epithelium-like cells has been noticed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) with hypertensive nephropathy. However, the characteristics of abnormal epithelium-like cells and their pathogenesis in hypertensive nephropathy are not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the correlation of epithelium-like cells with glomerular injury, and the effects of early drug intervention with telmisartan, an anti-hypertensive drug, on the growth of epithelium-like cells. The results showed that the epithelium-like cells were obviously observed lining along the luminal surface of Bowman's capsule in glomeruli, significantly resulting in the atrophy of the glomerular tuft. Some of the epithelium-like cells strongly expressed proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and vimentin, indicating active cellular proliferation. The incidence of epithelium-like cells varied from 13.6% to 54.4% of glomeruli in 48-week-old SHRs, and from 5.1% to 18.0% of glomeruli in age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (P<0.01). The linear regression analysis further confirmed an obvious correlation between the incidence of epithelium-like cells and the glomerular injury. Moreover, early intervention with telmisartan could dramatically attenuate the progression of epithelium-like cells growth. However, no significant effect of telmisartan on the established epithelium-like cells was observed. Taken together, we demonstrated the involvement of abnormal epithelium-like cells growth in glomerular injury during hypertensive nephropathy in SHRs, and firstly showed the positive effects of the anti-hypertensive drug on the progression of epithelium-like cells growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China.
| | - Fa-Zhan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zai-Xin Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Okamura M, Ueno T, Tanaka S, Murata Y, Kobayashi H, Miyamoto A, Abe M, Fukuda N. Increased expression of acyl-CoA oxidase 2 in the kidney with plasma phytanic acid and altered gut microbiota in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:651-661. [PMID: 33504992 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-00611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We performed a DNA microarray analysis of the renal medulla and cortex from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), stroke-prone SHRs (SHRSPs), and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats to identify pivotal molecules in the kidney associated with the onset of hypertension and found increased expression of acyl-CoA oxidase 2 (Acox2) mRNA. Real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that Acox2 mRNA expression in the renal medulla and cortex of SHRs and SHRSPs was increased in comparison to WKY rats. These findings indicate that increased renal ACOX2 (an enzyme that induces the β-oxidation of fatty acids) is associated with the onset of hypertension. Immunostaining of ACOX2 in the distal tubules from SHRs was stronger than that in the distal tubules from WKY rats. Western blot analysis showed increased expression of ACOX2 protein in renal medulla from SHRs. Regarding the overexpression of ACOX2, plasma levels of phytanic acid in SHRs were significantly higher than those in WKY rats. There were no differences in other short-chain fatty acids. Plasma phytanic acid was affected by the gut microbiota through the conversion from phytol by yeast in the intestinal tract. We compared the gut microbiota profile in three strains of 5-week-old rats by the terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The gut microbiota profile and ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroides differed between SHRs and WKY rats. These findings suggest that the increased expression of ACOX2 in the kidney along with increases in plasma phytanic acid and the altered gut microbiota may be involved in the oxidation in the kidney and the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Okamura
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ueno
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Tanaka
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murata
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aoi Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Noboru Fukuda
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Li J, Cui L, Zhang X, Hou J, Wang A, Wu Y, Huang J, Zhou J, Ma Y, Gao J, Wu S. Longitudinal Study of Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity and Change in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate among Chinese Adults. Kidney Blood Press Res 2021; 46:266-274. [PMID: 33902026 DOI: 10.1159/000510611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Studies on the association between arterial stiffness and kidney function have generated inconsistent results. Whether arterial stiffness is linked to decline in renal function warrants further study. This study aimed to investigate the association between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and longitudinal change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) among Chinese adults. METHODS In this longitudinal study, 8,264 participants in a community-based cohort had baPWV measured in 2010-2011 and were followed in subsequent surveys through to 2016. During each survey visit, fasting blood samples were collected for serum creatinine and eGFR was calculated. Participants were divided into 5 groups (Q1-Q5) by baPWV quintile. The association between baPWV and longitudinal changes in eGFR was assessed using generalized estimating equation models. RESULTS A total of 8,045 participants were included in the final analysis. The average age was 54 ± 12 years (age range 24-97 years), and mean eGFR was 93.0 ± 18.6 mL/min/1.73 m2. There was an inverse linear association between baseline baPWV and eGFR change rate (p < 0.001). Compared with Q1 (lowest) group, the mean differences and 95% CI in eGFR decrease rate among Q2-Q5 groups were -0.23 (-0.62, 0.16), -0.67 (-1.06, -0.28), -1.11 (-1.50, -0.72), and -1.30 (-1.69, -0.92) mL/min/1.73 m2 per year, respectively, after adjustment for age, gender, and other potential confounders (p trend < 0.0001). For each 100 cm/s increase in baPWV at baseline, the fully adjusted mean difference in eGFR decrease rate was -0.14 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year (95% CI -0.18, -0.10; p < 0.0001). Compared with participants with baPWV < 1,400 cm/s, the fully adjusted mean difference in eGFR decrease rate was -0.92 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year (95% CI -1.18, -0.66) for those with baPWV ≥ 1,400 cm/s (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Participants with a higher baPWV at baseline had a greater decrease in eGFR over time. Future studies could examine the relationship between baPWV and decline in renal function in higher risk cohorts, and its potential role in targeting reno-protective interventions to those who may benefit from them most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjuan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Liufu Cui
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jinhong Hou
- Department of Nephrology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Aitian Wang
- Department of Intensive medicine, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Yuntao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Jinjie Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Yihan Ma
- Graduate School, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Jingli Gao
- Department of Intensive medicine, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Shouling Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
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Guan Y, Chen K, Quan D, Kang L, Yang D, Wu H, Yan M, Wu S, Lv L, Zhang G. The Combination of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Sophora japonica L. ameliorate Renal Function by Regulating Gut Microbiota in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:575294. [PMID: 33643031 PMCID: PMC7907655 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.575294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming a notable health concern globally. The combination of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SB) and Sophora japonica L. (SJ) has been demonstrated to have anti-hypertensive effects and improve kidney injury clinically. This study aimed to explore the renal protective effect of the combination of SB and SJ against CKD and clarify the potential mechanisms. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used to induce hypertensive nephropathy and were treated with SB or SJ separately or in combination for 15 weeks, and an antibiotic group was used for a rescue experiment. Blood pressure, serum or urine biochemical markers, serum inflammation factors, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), indoxyl sulfate (IS), and oxidative stress indicators were assessed. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, including occludin and ZO-1. The mRNA expression of the SCFAs receptors olfactory 78 (Olfr78) and G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Gut microbiota profiles were established via high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. SB and SJ significantly ameliorated the severity of renal injury induced by hypertension. The combination also decreased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, and reduced that of Clostridiaceae. The intestinal barrier was improved, and the change in dominant bacteria reduced IS accumulation and further inhibited oxidative stress activation in kidneys. SB and SJ increased SCFAs production, inhibited inflammatory factor release, and regulated blood pressure by decreasing the expression of Olfr78 and increasing that of GPR41, then alleviated kidney damage. This research demonstrated the positive effects of SB and SJ in a rat model of hypertensive nephropathy, indicated that the treatment of SB and SJ by improving the intestinal barrier function, increasing SCFAs, reducing inflammation, decreasing IS, and inhibiting oxidative stress reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Guan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongling Quan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangqi Kang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danni Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanxian Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengqiu Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyu Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Hosszu A, Kaucsar T, Seeliger E, Fekete A. Animal Models of Renal Pathophysiology and Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2216:27-44. [PMID: 33475992 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Renal diseases remain devastating illnesses with unacceptably high rates of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Animal models are essential tools to better understand the pathomechanisms of kidney-related illnesses and to develop new, successful therapeutic strategies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been actively explored in the last decades for assessing renal function, perfusion, tissue oxygenation as well as the degree of fibrosis and inflammation. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of animal models of acute and chronic kidney diseases, highlighting MRI-specific considerations, advantages, and pitfalls, and thus assisting the researcher in experiment planning.This publication is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hosszu
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas Kaucsar
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erdmann Seeliger
- Working Group Integrative Kidney Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Fekete
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Stanchev S, Landzhov B, Kotov G, Stamenov N, Dikov T, Iliev A. The potential role of mast cells and fibroblast growth factor-2 in the development of hypertension-induced renal damage. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151599. [PMID: 32778237 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension-induced renal injury is a multifactorial process which plays a crucial role in the development of chronic kidney disease. Multiple studies have demonstrated that interstitial rather than glomerular changes correlate better with renal functional capacity. Recent evidence indicates that mast cells and cell signaling proteins such as fibroblast growth factor-2 may contribute to the progression of interstitial changes under hypertensive conditions. The aim of our study was to determine the localization of mast cells in the renal cortex and report on the changes in their number, to analyze the distribution of fibroblast growth factor-2, to assess the extent of renal fibrosis and to evaluate renal damage and correlate it with the changes in the number of mast cells in a model of hypertension-induced renal injury by comparing two age groups of spontaneously hypertensive rats. We used 6- and 12-month-old animals. A light microscopic study was conducted on sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff stain, Mallory's trichrome method and toluidine blue. For the immunohistochemical study we used monoclonal antibodies against mast cell tryptase and fibroblast growth factor-2 and a polyclonal antibody against c-kit. The expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 was assessed semi-quantitatively. The number of mast cells was evaluated on toluidine blue-, tryptase- and c-kit-stained sections, as well as double-stained sections and a comparative statistical analysis with the Mann-Whitney test was conducted between the two age groups. Our results showed that mast cells were located mainly in the peritubular and perivascular areas and were absent in the region of the renal corpuscles. Their number increased significantly in 12-month-old animals. Immunostaining for tryptase, c-kit and double staining for both molecules yielded identical results. The immunohistochemical expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 increased in the kidneys of older animals, as did the percentage of collagen fibers. In addition, we described more severe renal damage in 12-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats and noted a positive correlation in both age groups between the number of mast cells on the one hand and glomerular sclerosis index and tubulointerstitial damage index, on the other. The results obtained in the present study support the pivotal role of mast cells in the development of hypertension-induced kidney damage.
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22
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Iyer SPN, Lee L, Li L. Pharmacodynamic effects of the K + binder patiromer in a novel chronic hyperkalemia model in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14572. [PMID: 32965782 PMCID: PMC7510565 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently described hyperkalemia (HK) animal models are typically acute and cause significant distress and mortality to the animals, warranting new approaches for studying chronic HK in a more appropriate clinical setting. Using the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model as a more relevant disease template, as well as surgical (unilateral nephrectomy), dietary (3% potassium [K+ ] supplementation), and pharmacological (amiloride) interventions, we were able to stably induce HK on a chronic basis for up to 12 weeks to serum K+ elevations between 8 and 9 mmol/L, with minimal clinical stress to the animals. Short-term proof-of-concept and long-term chronic studies in hyperkalemic SHRs showed concomitant increases in serum aldosterone, consistent with the previously reported relationship between serum K+ and aldosterone. Treatment with the K+ binder patiromer demonstrated that the disease model was responsive to pharmacological intervention, with significant abrogation in serum K+ , as well as serum aldosterone to levels near baseline, and this was consistent in both short-term and long-term 12-week chronic studies. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of establishing a chronic HK disease state, and this novel HK animal model may be suitable for further evaluating the effects of long-term, K+ -lowering therapies on effects such as renal fibrosis and end-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Prasad N. Iyer
- Medical and Scientific AffairsRelypsa, Inc., a Vifor Pharma Group CompanyRedwood CityCAUSA
| | - Lawrence Lee
- Medical and Scientific AffairsRelypsa, Inc., a Vifor Pharma Group CompanyRedwood CityCAUSA
| | - Lingyun Li
- Medical and Scientific AffairsRelypsa, Inc., a Vifor Pharma Group CompanyRedwood CityCAUSA
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23
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Vargas F, Wangesteen R, Rodríguez-Gómez I, García-Estañ J. Aminopeptidases in Cardiovascular and Renal Function. Role as Predictive Renal Injury Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5615. [PMID: 32764495 PMCID: PMC7460675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidases (APs) are metalloenzymes that hydrolyze peptides and polypeptides by scission of the N-terminus amino acid and that also participate in the intracellular final digestion of proteins. APs play an important role in protein maturation, signal transduction, and cell-cycle control, among other processes. These enzymes are especially relevant in the control of cardiovascular and renal functions. APs participate in the regulation of the systemic and local renin-angiotensin system and also modulate the activity of neuropeptides, kinins, immunomodulatory peptides, and cytokines, even contributing to cholesterol uptake and angiogenesis. This review focuses on the role of four key APs, aspartyl-, alanyl-, glutamyl-, and leucyl-cystinyl-aminopeptidases, in the control of blood pressure (BP) and renal function and on their association with different cardiovascular and renal diseases. In this context, the effects of AP inhibitors are analyzed as therapeutic tools for BP control and renal diseases. Their role as urinary biomarkers of renal injury is also explored. The enzymatic activities of urinary APs, which act as hydrolyzing peptides on the luminal surface of the renal tubule, have emerged as early predictive renal injury biomarkers in both acute and chronic renal nephropathies, including those induced by nephrotoxic agents, obesity, hypertension, or diabetes. Hence, the analysis of urinary AP appears to be a promising diagnostic and prognostic approach to renal disease in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Vargas
- Depto. Fisiologia, Fac. Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Joaquín García-Estañ
- Depto. Fisiologia, Fac. Medicina, IMIB, Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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Man AWC, Chen M, Wu Z, Reifenberg G, Daiber A, Münzel T, Xia N, Li H. Renal Effects of Fetal Reprogramming With Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:454. [PMID: 32410988 PMCID: PMC7201020 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Current antihypertensive therapies cannot cure hypertension and a life-long medication is necessary. Maternal treatment may represent a promising strategy for hypertension treatment. We have previously shown that maternal treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) leads to a persistent blood pressure reduction in the female offspring. The underlying mechanisms include improved endothelial function resulting from long-lasting epigenetic changes. In the present study, we address the renal effects of maternal PETN treatment. Methods and Results F0 parental SHR were fed with either normal chow or PETN-containing (1 g/kg) chow ad libitum from the time point of mating to the end of lactation period. The F1 offspring received normal chow without PETN from the time point of weaning (at the age of 3 weeks). At the age of 16 weeks, female PETN offspring showed lower blood pressure than the control. No difference was observed in male offspring. All following experiments were performed with kidneys from 16-week-old female offspring. Maternal PETN treatment reduced the mRNA and protein expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), resulting from epigenetic modifications found at the proximal promoter regions. The expression levels of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and factors in the MR signalling pathway (Rac1 and Sgk1) were also reduced by PETN. Major profibrotic cytokines, including Wnt4, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, and MMP9, were downregulated by PETN, which was associated with reduced collagen deposition and glomerulus sclerosis in the kidney of PETN offspring. In addition, PETN treatment also decreased the markers of inflammation and immune cell infiltration in the kidneys. Conclusions PETN maternal treatment leads to epigenetic changes in the kidney of female SHR offspring. The reduced renal inflammation, alleviated kidney fibrosis, and decreased MR signalling are potential mechanisms contributing to the observed blood pressure-lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy W C Man
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Institute of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixiong Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gisela Reifenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I - Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I - Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ning Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Chronic NOS Inhibition Affects Oxidative State and Antioxidant Response Differently in the Kidneys of Young Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5349398. [PMID: 31885800 PMCID: PMC6893281 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5349398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of nitric oxide (NO) and oxidative stress can be a cause, a consequence, or, more often, a potentiating factor for hypertension and hypertensive renal disease. Both NO and superoxide anions are radical molecules that interact with each other, leading to oxidative damage of such organs as the kidney. In the present study, we investigated the effect of chronic-specific (neuronal NOS inhibition) and nonspecific NOS inhibition on the oxidative state and antioxidant response and associated oxidative damage of the kidney of young normotensive and hypertensive rats. Young male normotensive Wistar rats (WRs, age 4 weeks) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs, age 4 weeks) were divided into three groups for each strain by the type of administered compounds. The first group was treated with 7-nitroindazole (WR+7-NI; SHR+7-NI), the second group was treated with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (WR+L-NAME; SHR+L-NAME), and the control group was treated with pure drinking water (WR; SHR) continuously for up to 6 weeks. Systolic blood pressure increased in WR+L-NAME after the first week of administration and increased slightly in SHR+L-NAME in the third week of treatment. 7-NI had no effect on blood pressure. While total NOS activity was not affected by chronic NOS inhibition in any of the WR groups, it was attenuated in SHR+7-NI and SHR+L-NAME. Nitration of proteins (3-nitrotyrosine expression) was significantly reduced in WR+7NI but not in WR+L-NAME and increased in SHR+7-NI and SHR+L-NAME. Immunoblotting analysis of SOD isoforms showed decreased SOD2 and SOD3 expressions in both WR+7-NI and WR+L-NAME followed by increased SOD activity in WR+L-NAME. Conversely, increased expression of SOD2 and SOD3 was observed in SHR+L-NAME and SHR+7-NI, respectively. SOD1 expression and total activity of SOD did not change in the SHR groups. Our results show that the antioxidant defense system plays an important role in maintaining the oxidative state during NO deficiency. While the functioning antioxidant system seeks to balance the oxidation state in the renal cortex of normotensive WRs, the impaired antioxidant activity leads to the development of oxidative damage of proteins in the kidney induced by peroxynitrite in SHRs.
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Lerman LO, Kurtz TW, Touyz RM, Ellison DH, Chade AR, Crowley SD, Mattson DL, Mullins JJ, Osborn J, Eirin A, Reckelhoff JF, Iadecola C, Coffman TM. Animal Models of Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2019; 73:e87-e120. [PMID: 30866654 DOI: 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common chronic disease in the world, yet the precise cause of elevated blood pressure often cannot be determined. Animal models have been useful for unraveling the pathogenesis of hypertension and for testing novel therapeutic strategies. The utility of animal models for improving the understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of hypertension and its comorbidities depends on their validity for representing human forms of hypertension, including responses to therapy, and on the quality of studies in those models (such as reproducibility and experimental design). Important unmet needs in this field include the development of models that mimic the discrete hypertensive syndromes that now populate the clinic, resolution of ongoing controversies in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and the development of new avenues for preventing and treating hypertension and its complications. Animal models may indeed be useful for addressing these unmet needs.
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JYYS Granule Mitigates Renal Injury in Clinic and in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats by Inhibiting NF- κB Signaling-Mediated Microinflammation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8472963. [PMID: 30598687 PMCID: PMC6287156 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8472963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Hypertensive renal damage is a chronic and life-threatening kidney disease all over the world. The traditional Chinese medicine Jiang Ya Yi Shen (JYYS) granule has been a perfect drug for patients with hypertensive renal injury in clinic for 20 years in China. However, the molecular mechanism of JYYS granule remains unknown in treatment of this disease. Methods The clinic data were from this study's patients. The clinical symptoms of patients were indicated by (N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase) NAG, (albumin) Alb, and (β2-microglobin) β2-MG content in urinary of patients, and renal artery's hemodynamic parameters including (pulse index) PI, mean velocity of the arterial blood (Vm), minimum velocity of the diastolic stage (Vdmin) and peak velocity of the systolic wave (Vsmax). To further observe the effect of JYYS granule on renal damage, the rats were included in six groups: normal rats (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), positive drug-treated rats (Benazepril), low dose JYYS (L), middle dose JYYS (M), and high dose JYYS (H). Then, we observed the effect of JYYS on renal function, renal tubules, inflammatory cell infiltration, and small artery thickening, and we explored the potential mechanism of JYYS in treatment of renal injury. Results JYYS significantly improved the clinic symptoms of patients with hypertensive nephropathy by downregulating NAG, Alb, and β2-MG content in urinary of patients and by decreasing renal artery's hemodynamic parameters including PI, Vm, Vdmin, and Vsmax. In SHR, JYYS significantly improved renal function including creatinine clearance rate, urinary albumin/creatinine, β2-MG/creatinine and arteria caudalis pressure in SHR. Secondly, light and electron microscopic examinations told that after administration of JYYS and Benazepril, the mesangial region exhibited no hyperplasia and renal capsule did not expanded, and there no abnormalities were observed in renal tubules, inflammatory cell infiltration and small artery thickening in SHR. Thirdly, JYYS exhibited its protective role by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa beta signaling-mediated micro-inflammation cytokines including interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) in SHR. Conclusion JYYS is a promising prescription of Chinese medicine for patients with hypertension and hypertensive renal damage.
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Mariano LNB, Boeing T, da Silva RDCMVDAF, Cechinel-Filho V, Niero R, da Silva LM, de Souza P, Andrade SFD. Preclinical evaluation of the diuretic and saluretic effects of (-)-epicatechin and the result of its combination with standard diuretics. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:520-525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Braun K, Atmanspacher F, Schreckenberg R, Grgic I, Schlüter K. Effect of free running wheel exercise on renal expression of parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13842. [PMID: 30198211 PMCID: PMC6129773 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An active lifestyle is generally recommended for hypertensive patients to prevent subsequent end-organ damage. However, experimental data on long-term effects of exercise on hypertension are insufficient and underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of exercise on renal expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 (PTHR1) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Twenty-four rats started free running wheel exercise at the age of 1.5 months (pre-hypertensive state) and proceeded for 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, and 10.0 months. Thirty rats kept under standard housing conditions were used as sedentary controls. Kidney function was assessed by measuring plasma creatinine levels and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratios. Renal expression of PTHrP and PTHR1 was analyzed by qRT-PCR and western blot. Renal expression of PTHR1 was markedly increased between the 6th and 10th months in sedentary rats and this increase was significantly lower in SHRs with high physical activity on mRNA (-30%) and protein level (-27%). At the same time, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio increased (from 65 to 231 mg/g) but somehow lower in exercise performing SHRs (48-196 mg/g). Our data suggest that enhanced exercise, stimulated by allocation of a free running wheel, is associated with lower PTHR1 expression in SHRs and this may contribute to preserved kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Braun
- Physiologisches InstitutJustus‐Liebig‐Universität GießenGießenGermany
| | | | | | - Ivica Grgic
- Klinik für Innere Medizin und NephrologiePhilipps‐Universität MarburgMarburgGermany
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Abstract
The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function in diabetic nephropathy and podocyte-specific VEGF-A knock-out mice; therefore, this protocol describes the full kidney work-up used in our lab to assess these mouse models of glomerular disease, enabling a vast amount of information regarding kidney and glomerular function to be obtained from a single mouse. In comparison to alternative methods presented in the literature to assess glomerular function, the use of the method outlined in this paper enables the glomerular phenotype to be fully evaluated from multiple aspects. By using this method, the researcher can determine the kidney phenotype of the model and assess the mechanism as to why the phenotype develops. This vital information on the mechanism of disease is required when examining potential therapeutic avenues in these models. The methods allow for detailed functional assessment of the glomerular filtration barrier through measurement of the urinary albumin creatinine ratio and individual glomerular water permeability, as well as both structural and ultra-structural examination using the Periodic Acid Schiff stain and electron microscopy. Furthermore, analysis of the genes dysregulated at the mRNA and protein level enables mechanistic analysis of glomerular function. This protocol outlines the generic but adaptable methods that can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Stevens
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, University of Exeter; School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of Bristol; Bristol Renal, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol;
| | - Sebastian Oltean
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, University of Exeter; School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neurosciences, University of Bristol; Bristol Renal, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol;
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31
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Adjunctive therapy with statins reduces residual albuminuria/proteinuria and provides further renoprotection by downregulating the angiotensin II-AT1 pathway in hypertensive nephropathy. J Hypertens 2018; 35:1442-1456. [PMID: 28244896 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Blockade of the renin-angiotensin II (Ang II) system by AT1 blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors retards the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) by reducing albuminuria/proteinuria. However, many patients with CKD suffer from residual albuminuria/proteinuria, which is an independent risk factor for CKD progression. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of pitavastatin, one of the adjunctive agents to ARBs, on the reduction of albuminuria/proteinuria and further renoprotection mediated by telmisartan in spontaneously hypertensive rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-two-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats were grouped randomly and received 8 weeks of treatments with vehicle, telmisartan, pitavastatin or a combination of telmisartan and pitavastatin. Both albuminuria and proteinuria were inhibited significantly in the telmisartan-treated group, but an obviously residual albuminuria was maintained. The combination treatment with telmisartan and pitavastatin displayed a more effective decrease in albuminuria and proteinuria, even to the normal level. Enhanced nephroprotection was also observed in this combination group, which was independent of the cholesterol-lowering effects. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the combination therapy greatly attenuated the expression of intrarenal Ang II and AT1, thereby decreasing the activation of TGF-β-Smad and NF-κB and inhibiting fibrosis and inflammation. CONCLUSION Adjunctive therapy with pitavastatin dramatically reduced residual albuminuria/proteinuria and enhanced nephroprotection, likely by downregulating the expression of intrarenal Ang II and AT1. It could be concluded that statins might be a promising adjunctive therapeutic agent to conventional ARB treatment in hypertensive renal damage.
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Abstract
Hypertension (HT) is among the major components of the metabolic syndrome, i.e., obesity, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia/insulin resistance. It represents a significant health problem with foremost risks for chronic cardiovascular disease and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, it is not surprising that this disorder constitutes a serious public health concern. Although multiple studies have stressed the multifactorial nature of HT, the pathogenesis remains largely unknown. However, if we want to reduce the global prevalence of HT, restrain the number of deaths (currently 9.4 million/year in the world), and alleviate the socio-economic burden, a deeper insight into the mechanisms is urgently needed in order to define new meaningful therapeutic targets. Recently, the role of epigenetics in the development of various complex diseases has attracted much attention. In the present review, we provide a critical update on the available literature and ongoing research regarding the epigenetic modifications of genes involved in several pathways of elevated blood pressure, especially those linked to the vascular epithelium. This review also focuses on the role of microRNA (miRNA) in the regulation of gene expression associated with HT and of fetal programming mediating susceptibility to HT in adulthood.
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Mullins LJ, Conway BR, Menzies RI, Denby L, Mullins JJ. Renal disease pathophysiology and treatment: contributions from the rat. Dis Model Mech 2017; 9:1419-1433. [PMID: 27935823 PMCID: PMC5200898 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat has classically been the species of choice for pharmacological studies and disease modeling, providing a source of high-quality physiological data on cardiovascular and renal pathophysiology over many decades. Recent developments in genome engineering now allow us to capitalize on the wealth of knowledge acquired over the last century. Here, we review rat models of hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, and acute and chronic kidney disease. These models have made important contributions to our understanding of renal diseases and have revealed key genes, such as Ace and P2rx7, involved in renal pathogenic processes. By targeting these genes of interest, researchers are gaining a better understanding of the etiology of renal pathologies, with the promised potential of slowing disease progression or even reversing the damage caused. Some, but not all, of these target genes have proved to be of clinical relevance. However, it is now possible to generate more sophisticated and appropriate disease models in the rat, which can recapitulate key aspects of human renal pathology. These advances will ultimately be used to identify new treatments and therapeutic targets of much greater clinical relevance. Summary: This Review highlights the key role that the rat continues to play in improving our understanding of the etiologies of renal pathologies, and how these insights have opened up new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Mullins
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Bryan R Conway
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Robert I Menzies
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Laura Denby
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - John J Mullins
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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34
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Blagonravov ML, Medvedeva EV, Bryk AA, Goryachev VA, Azova MM, Velichko EV. Specific Features of Electrolyte Excretion at the Early Stages of Arterial Hypertension in SHR Rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 164:15-17. [PMID: 29119397 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Daytime and nighttime systolic and diastolic BP was recorded in 23-week-old SHR and Wistar rats by telemetric monitoring. Urine concentrations of sodium, potassium, and calcium were determined in SHR rats during of light (07.00-19.00 h) and dark hours (19.00-07.00 h) at the age of 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23 week; 23-week-old Wistar rats were used as the control. At early stages of the experiment, urine sodium concentration was elevated in SHR rats both at daytime and at night. Thereafter, this value declined and by 22-23 week was significantly lower than in normotensive Wistar rats, but only during daytime. Daytime potassium concentration significantly surpassed the control level during weeks 18-19 of the experiment, but later, a tendency to a decrease in this parameter was observed. Daytime calcium content in SHR rats did not significantly differ from the control throughout the experiment. At night, this value exceeded the control level by more than 2 times during weeks 18-19, but then returned to the level observed in normotensive animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Blagonravov
- V. A. Frolov Department of General Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E V Medvedeva
- V. A. Frolov Department of General Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Bryk
- V. A. Frolov Department of General Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Goryachev
- V. A. Frolov Department of General Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M M Azova
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Velichko
- V. A. Frolov Department of General Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Moscow, Russia
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35
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Oxidative imbalance and kidney damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats: activation of extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1419-1428. [PMID: 28495910 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In both humans and animals, essential hypertension acts as a risk factor for subclinical kidney damage and precedes renal dysfunction. Several lines of evidence indicate that hypertension and oxidative stress are closely related. The increase in vascular oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathophysiological consequences of hypertension, including kidney disease. Our study examined this issue in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a reliable model of essential hypertension. We used SHR 20 weeks old when hypertension is stably developed, vascular remodeling started, but kidney function is preserved. We examined plasmatic pro-oxidant and antioxidant status showing a significant alteration in oxidative balance in SHR. As index of oxidative damage, we evaluated lipid peroxidation in kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle, detecting a significant rise in lipid peroxidation levels in all SHR tissues, particularly relevant in kidney. In addition, we analyzed the expression of cytoplasmic antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and glutatione S-tranferasi P1 (GSTP1). In SHR liver, SOD1 expression slight increased while we have not detected any variation in other tissues. Concerning GSTP1, SHR renal tissues did not display variations in enzyme expression, while in the other tissues, we observed a significant increase in both monomeric and pro-apoptotic dimeric form of the enzyme. By analyzing apoptotic signal, we founded c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in all SHR tissues, but only kidney presented extrinsic apoptotic pathway activation. Our results suggest that, in hypertensive animals with preserved renal function, despite the remarkable oxidative damage of renal tissues, only the extrinsic apoptotic pathway is activated.
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36
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Snelson M, Clarke RE, Coughlan MT. Stirring the Pot: Can Dietary Modification Alleviate the Burden of CKD? Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030265. [PMID: 28287463 PMCID: PMC5372928 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet is one of the largest modifiable risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD)-related death and disability. CKD is largely a progressive disease; however, it is increasingly appreciated that hallmarks of chronic kidney disease such as albuminuria can regress over time. The factors driving albuminuria resolution remain elusive. Since albuminuria is a strong risk factor for GFR loss, modifiable lifestyle factors that lead to an improvement in albuminuria would likely reduce the burden of CKD in high-risk individuals, such as patients with diabetes. Dietary therapy such as protein and sodium restriction has historically been used in the management of CKD. Evidence is emerging to indicate that other nutrients may influence kidney health, either through metabolic or haemodynamic pathways or via the modification of gut homeostasis. This review focuses on the role of diet in the pathogenesis and progression of CKD and discusses the latest findings related to the mechanisms of diet-induced kidney disease. It is possible that optimizing diet quality or restricting dietary intake could be harnessed as an adjunct therapy for CKD prevention or progression in susceptible individuals, thereby reducing the burden of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Snelson
- Glycation, Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
| | - Rachel E Clarke
- Glycation, Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia.
| | - Melinda T Coughlan
- Glycation, Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
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37
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Wang A, Sam R. Does significant renal ablation truly and invariably lead to hyperfiltration and progressive chronic kidney disease? Clin Exp Nephrol 2016; 21:367-374. [PMID: 27738776 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-016-1342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is generally believed that significant renal ablation leads to hyperfiltration and eventually progressively worsening chronic kidney disease. The data behind this belief have not been scrutinized intensively. More importantly, the above belief leads many physicians to manage patients differently than they otherwise would manage. Here, we examine the data behind whether hyperfiltration occurs when patients lose kidney mass (by excision or by disease) and whether the hyperfiltration is uniformly injurious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wang
- Division of Nephrology, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Building 100, Rm 342, San Francisco, CA, 94110-1341, USA
| | - Ramin Sam
- Division of Nephrology, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Building 100, Rm 342, San Francisco, CA, 94110-1341, USA.
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38
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van Varik BJ, Vossen LM, Rennenberg RJ, Stoffers HE, Kessels AG, de Leeuw PW, Kroon AA. Arterial stiffness and decline of renal function in a primary care population. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:73-78. [PMID: 27604344 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Arterial stiffness is an important pathophysiological factor linking cardiovascular disease and kidney disease. Controversy exists as to whether arterial stiffness causes renal function decline, or kidney dysfunction leads to stiffening or whether the association is mutual. We aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between arterial stiffness and annual rate of renal function decline. We prospectively investigated in a primary care population whether carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) was associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and annual decline in eGFR in participants aged ⩾40 years without overt kidney disease. Baseline data on PWV and eGFR were available for 587 participants; follow-up measurements with a mean duration of 5.6 years were available for 222 patients. PWV, female gender and mean arterial pressure were independently associated with eGFR at baseline, although age confounded this association. More importantly, baseline PWV, age and eGFR were independent predictors of renal function decline. Stratification for age showed that the effect of PWV on rate of eGFR decline was amplified with advancing age. On the other hand, baseline eGFR did not determine annual change in PWV, suggesting a unidirectional association between arterial stiffness and eGFR. Arterial stiffness amplifies age-related renal function decline, suggesting that arterial stiffness plays a causal role in the development of renal damage, at least at later stages of age-related renal function decline, possibly through impaired renal autoregulation and increased arterial blood pressure pulsatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J van Varik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Liv M Vossen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Roger J Rennenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Henri E Stoffers
- Department of Family Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons G Kessels
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Technology Assessment Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W de Leeuw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham A Kroon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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39
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibition reduces hypertension through the preservation of resistance blood vessel structure and function. J Hypertens 2016; 34:1556-69. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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40
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Xue HY, Yuan L, Cao YJ, Fan YP, Chen XL, Huang XZ. Resveratrol ameliorates renal injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats by inhibiting renal micro-inflammation. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:e00339. [PMID: 27129290 PMCID: PMC5293588 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of resveratrol (RSV), a polyphenol with anti-fibrosis activity in hypertensive renal damage model. In SHR renal damage model, RSV treatment blunted the increase in urine albumin excretion, urinary β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), attenuated the decrease in creatinine clearance rate (CCR). The glomerular sclerosis index (1.54±0.33 compared with 0.36±0.07) and tubulointerstitial fibrosis (1.57±0.31 compared with 0.19±0.04) were significantly higher in SHRs compared with Wistar Kyoto rats (WKYs), which were significantly lower by RSV treatment. The increases in mesangium accumulation and the expression of renal collagen type I (Col I), fibronectin (Fn), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in SHR were also reduced by RSV treatment. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) expression was increased in the cytoplasm and nuclei of the SHR kidneys, which was significantly decreased by RSV treatment. Furthermore, the protein level of IκB-α significantly decreased in the kidneys of the SHR when compared with the WKYs. RSV treatment partially restored the decreased IκB-α level. In SHR kidney, increased expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were observed. These changes were attenuated by RSV treatment. No changes in blood pressure were detected between SHR group and SHR + RSV group. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that RSV treatment may significantly attenuate renal damage in the SHR model of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The renal protective effect is associated with inhibition of IL-6, ICAM-1 and MCP-1 expression via the regulation of the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, which suggesting that micro-inflammation may be a potential therapeutic target of hypertensive renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Xue
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Ying-Jie Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Ya-Ping Fan
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xin-Zhong Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
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Klemann C, Wagner L, Stephan M, von Hörsten S. Cut to the chase: a review of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase-4's (DPP4) entanglement in the immune system. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:1-21. [PMID: 26919392 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD26/DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4/DP4/DPPIV) is a surface T cell activation antigen and has been shown to have DPP4 enzymatic activity, cleaving-off amino-terminal dipeptides with either L-proline or L-alanine at the penultimate position. It plays a major role in glucose metabolism by N-terminal truncation and inactivation of the incretins glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP) and gastric inhibitory protein (GIP). In 2006, DPP4 inhibitors have been introduced to clinics and have been demonstrated to efficiently enhance the endogenous insulin secretion via prolongation of the half-life of GLP-1 and GIP in patients. However, a large number of studies demonstrate clearly that CD26/DPP4 also plays an integral role in the immune system, particularly in T cell activation. Therefore, inhibition of DPP4 might represent a double-edged sword. Apart from the metabolic benefit, the associated immunological effects of long term DPP4 inhibition on regulatory processes such as T cell homeostasis, maturation and activation are not understood fully at this stage. The current data point to an important role for CD26/DPP4 in maintaining lymphocyte composition and function, T cell activation and co-stimulation, memory T cell generation and thymic emigration patterns during immune-senescence. In rodents, critical immune changes occur at baseline levels as well as after in-vitro and in-vivo challenge. In patients receiving DPP4 inhibitors, evidence of immunological side effects also became apparent. The scope of this review is to recapitulate the role of CD26/DPP4 in the immune system regarding its pharmacological inhibition and T cell-dependent immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Klemann
- Center of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, University Medical Center Freiburg
| | - L Wagner
- Deutschsprachige Selbsthilfegruppe für Alkaptonurie (DSAKU) e.V.,Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Stephan
- Clinic for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover
| | - S von Hörsten
- Department for Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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43
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Distinct protein signature of hypertension-induced damage in the renal proteome of the two-kidney, one-clip rat model. J Hypertens 2016; 33:126-35. [PMID: 25304470 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertensive nephrosclerosis is one of the most frequent causes of chronic kidney failure. Proteome analysis potentially improves the pathophysiological understanding and diagnostic precision of this disorder. In the present exploratory study, we investigated experimental nephrosclerosis in the two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rat model. METHODS The renal cortex proteome from juxtamedullary cortex and outer cortex of 2K1C male Wistar-Hannover rats (n = 4) was compared with the sham-operated controls (n = 6), using mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics. We combined a high abundant plasma protein depletion strategy with an extended liquid chromatographic gradient to improve peptide and protein identification. Immunohistology was used for independent confirmation of abundance. RESULTS We identified 1724 proteins, of which 1434 were quantified with at least two unique peptides. Comparative proteomics revealed 608 proteins, including the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β signalling pathway, with different abundances between the non-clipped kidney of hypertensive 2K1C rats and the corresponding kidney of the normotensive controls (P < 0.05, absolute fold change ≥1.5). Among the most significantly altered proteins in the whole cortex were periostin, transgelin, and creatine kinase B-type. Relative abundance of periostin alone allowed clear classification of 2K1C and controls. Enrichment of periostin in 2K1C rats was verified by immunohistology, showing positivity especially around the fibrotic vessels. CONCLUSION The proteome is altered in hypertension-induced kidney damage. We propose periostin, especially in combination with transgelin and creatine kinase B-type, as possible proteomic classifier to distinguish hypertensive nephrosclerosis from the normal tissue. This classifier needs to be further validated with respect to early diagnosis of fibrosis, prognosis, and its potential as a novel molecular target for pharmacological interventions.
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44
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Lin CT, Lin MJ, Chen YP, Lee KC, Huang KC, Chang SF, Chen CN. Long-term antihypertensive effects of far-infrared ray irradiated from wooden board in spontaneously hypertensive rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:57. [PMID: 26857237 PMCID: PMC4745157 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Far-infrared ray (FIR) has been widely used in promoting health and has been shown to exert beneficial effects in vascular function. The non-thermal effect of FIR has been found to play a significant role in the protective effect on some vascular-related diseases, but its protective effects and use against hypertension have not been clearly presented. Methods In the present study, by using a wooden board coated with FIR-irradiated materials, we evaluated the long-term antihypertensive effect on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) in the environment in contact with the FIR-irradiated wooden board. SHRs were placed on the wooden board with or without FIR radiation for 4 weeks. Results The systolic blood pressure (BP) of SHRs undergoing different treatments was measured weekly using a tail-cuff method. FIR radiation significantly reduced the systolic BP of the SHRs along with a decreasing plasma level of angiotensin II and an increasing plasma level of bradykinin. In addition, long-term contact of FIR did not significantly affect the BP in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKYs). Conclusions Our results provided the evidence based on which FIR radiation could be considered an effective non-pharmacological choice for preventing hypertension.
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Ma Y, Fujimoto M, Watari H, Kimura M, Shimada Y. The renoprotective effect of shichimotsukokato on hypertension-induced renal dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Nat Med 2015; 70:152-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-015-0945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chang HH, Chao HN, Walker CS, Choong SY, Phillips A, Loomes KM. Renal depletion of myo-inositol is associated with its increased degradation in animal models of metabolic disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F755-63. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00164.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal depletion of myo-inositol (MI) is associated with the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy in animal models, but the underlying mechanisms involved are unclear. We hypothesized that MI depletion was due to changes in inositol metabolism and therefore examined the expression of genes regulating de novo biosynthesis, reabsorption, and catabolism of MI. We also extended the analyses from diabetes mellitus to animal models of dietary-induced obesity and hypertension. We found that renal MI depletion was pervasive across these three distinct disease states in the relative order: hypertension (−51%) > diabetes mellitus (−35%) > dietary-induced obesity (−19%). In 4-wk diabetic kidneys and in kidneys derived from insulin-resistant and hypertensive rats, MI depletion was correlated with activity of the MI-degrading enzyme myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX). By contrast, there was decreased MIOX expression in 8-wk diabetic kidneys. Immunohistochemistry localized the MI-degrading pathway comprising MIOX and the glucuronate-xylulose (GX) pathway to the proximal tubules within the renal cortex. These findings indicate that MI depletion could reflect increased catabolism through MIOX and the GX pathway and implicate a common pathological mechanism contributing to renal oxidative stress in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.-H. Chang
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - H.-N. Chao
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C. S. Walker
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S.-Y. Choong
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A. Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - K. M. Loomes
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Wang QZ, Gao HQ, Liang Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Qiu J. Cofilin1 is involved in hypertension-induced renal damage via the regulation of NF-κB in renal tubular epithelial cells. J Transl Med 2015; 13:323. [PMID: 26450610 PMCID: PMC4599745 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation mediated by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertensive nephropathy (HN). Cytoskeletal remodelling is necessary for the activation of NF-κB. An actin-binding protein, cofilin-1 promotes dynamic alterations to the cytoskeleton by severing actin filaments. However, whether cofilin1 modulates NF-κB activity via cytoskeletal remodelling in the setting of hypertensive renal damage and what mechanisms underlie this phenomenon, remain unknown. METHODS Twenty-one-week old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were treated with an antioxidant (100 or 250 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), grape seed proanthocyanidins extract (GSPE), for 22 weeks. Twenty-four-hour urinary protein, serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels were measured. Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was performed, and the expression levels of renal cortex cofilin1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1), interleukin-1β (IL1β) and NF-κB were evaluated via either Western blotting or immunohistochemistry. In vitro, human proximal renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) were pre-incubated either with or without GSPE and subsequently treated with angiotensinII (AngII). Furthermore, a lentiviral shRNA-vector was utilized to knockdown cofilin1 expression in the HK-2 cells, which were stimulated with AngII. Actin filaments, NF-κB activity and several downstream inflammatory factors, including MCP1 and IL-1β, were investigated. RESULTS In addition to elevated blood pressure and 24 h urinary protein levels, NF-κB activity and the expression levels of MCP1 and IL-1β were significantly increased, resulting in tubulointerstitial inflammatory infiltration in SHRs. The phosphorylation (inactivation) of cofilin1 was increased in the kidneys of the SHRs. In vitro, AngII stimulation resulted in the phosphorylation of cofilin1, the formation of actin stress fibres and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in the HK2 cells. Both GSPE pretreatment and the shRNA knockdown of cofilin1 inhibited Rel/p65 nuclear translocation, as well as the expression of both MCP-1 and IL-1β in the AngII-induced HK2 cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that cofilin1 is involved in hypertensive nephropathy by modulating the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the expression of its downstream inflammatory factors in renal tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Zhen Wang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Rd, 250012, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Qing Gao
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Rd, 250012, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Qianfuoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, 16766 Jingshi Rd, 250000, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Rd, 250012, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Rd, 250012, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Qiu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Rd, 250012, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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Hosohata K, Yoshioka D, Tanaka A, Ando H, Fujimura A. Early urinary biomarkers for renal tubular damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats on a high salt intake. Hypertens Res 2015; 39:19-26. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Engineering of Harobin for enhanced fibrinolytic activity obtained by random and site-directed mutagenesis. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 129:162-172. [PMID: 26363113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously published a report on the cloning and characterization of Harobin, a fibrinolytic serine protease. However, the broad application of this fibrinolytic enzyme is limited by its low expression level that was achieved in Pichia pastoris. To counteract this shortcoming, random and site-directed mutagenesis have been combined in order to improve functional expression and activity of Harobin. By screening 400 clones from random mutant libraries for enhanced fibrinolytic activity, two mutants were obtained: N111R, R230G. By performing site-directed mutagenesis, a Harobin double mutant, N111R/R230G, was constructed and can be functionally expressed at higher level than the wild type enzyme. In addition, it possessed much higher fibrinolytic and amidolytic activity than the wild type enzyme and other single mutants. The N111R/R230G expressed in basal salts medium was purified by a three step purification procedure. At pH of 6.0-9.0, and the temperature range of 40-90 °C, N111R/R230G was more active and more heat resistant. The fibrinolytic activities of Harobin mutants were completely inhibited by PMSF and SBTI, but not by EDTA, EGTA, DTT, indicating that Harobin is a serine protease. N111R/R230G showed much better anti-thrombosis effect than wild type Harobin and single mutants, and could significantly increase bleeding and clotting time. Intravenous injection of N111R/R230G in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) led to a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) (p < 0.01), while heart rate (HR) was not affected. The in vitro and in vivo results of the present study revealed that Harobin double mutant N111R/R230G is an appropriate candidate for biotechnological applications due to its high expression level and high activity in area of thrombosis and hypertension.
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Kishimoto A, Dong SF, Negishi H, Yasui N, Sun JN, Ikeda K. Effects of Berberine on Adipose Tissues and Kidney Function in 3T3-L1 Cells and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effect of berberine on adipose tissues, as well as its effect on renal injury in 3T3-L1 cells and spontaneously hypertensive rats. 3T3-L1 cells were cultured and treated with berberine (5–20 μM) from days 3 to 8. Berberine added to the cultured medium could significantly down-regulate transcription factors, including CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and suppress peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor target genes, such as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and fatty acid synthase, and inhibit 3T3-L1 fibroblast differentiation to adipocytes. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats received either 150 mg/day of berberine or saline orally for 8 weeks. Compared with the control, berberine-treated rats exhibited significant reductions in body weight gain ( p<0.05), as well as retroperitoneal and mesenteric adipose tissues ( p<0.05). Berberine-treated rats significantly decreased urinary albumin excretion, a marker of renal injury ( p<0.05). Long-term treatment with berberine decreased the adipose tissues weight and attenuated renal injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Based on these results, berberine has an important role in regulating adipose tissues. These results suggest the protective effect of berberine on metabolic syndrome related diseases, such as renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Kishimoto
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
| | - Shi-fen Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hiroko Negishi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
| | - Naomi Yasui
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
| | - Jian-ning Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Katsumi Ikeda
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
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