1
|
König AM, Pöschke A, Mahnken AH. Health risks for medical personnel due to magnetic fields in magnetic resonance imaging. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2024. [PMID: 39029511 DOI: 10.1055/a-2296-3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
The current state of medical and scientific knowledge on the effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields on workers in the field of clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is summarized here.A systematic literature search was conducted to analyze the health risks to medical personnel from magnetic fields in MRI. A total of 7273 sources were identified, with 7139 being excluded after screening of the title and abstract. After full-text screening, 34 sources remained and were included in this paper.There are a number of scientific publications on the occurrence of short-term sensory effects such as vertigo, metallic taste, phosphenes as well as on the occurrence of neurocognitive and neurobehavioral effects. For example, short-term exposure to clinical magnetic fields has been reported to result in a 4% reduction in speed and precision and a 16% reduction in visual contrast sensitivity at close range. Both eye-hand precision and coordination speed are affected. The long-term studies concern, among other things, the influence of magnetic fields on sleep quality, which could be linked to an increased risk of accidents. The data on the exposure of healthcare workers to magnetic fields during pregnancy is consistently outdated. However, it has been concluded that there are no particular deviations with regard to the duration of pregnancy, premature births, miscarriages, and birth weight. Epidemiological studies are lacking. With a focus on healthcare personnel, there is a considerable need for high-quality data, particularly on the consequences of long-term exposure to electromagnetic fields from clinical MRI and the effects on pregnancy. · Short-term sensory effects such as vertigo, metallic taste, phosphenes as well as neurocognitive and neurological behavioral effects may occur upon exposure to magnetic fields.. · Long-term effects mainly concern quality of sleep, which can be associated with an increased risk of accidents.. · When pregnant women were exposed to magnetic fields, no particular deviations were found with regard to the duration of pregnancy, premature births, miscarriages, and birth weight.. · König AM, Pöschke A, Mahnken AH. Health risks for medical personnel due to magnetic fields in magnetic resonance imaging. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI 10.1055/a-2296-3860.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Marc König
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Antje Pöschke
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Mahnken
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bouisset N, Nissi J, Laakso I, Reynolds RF, Legros A. Is activation of the vestibular system by electromagnetic induction a possibility in an MRI context? Bioelectromagnetics 2024; 45:171-183. [PMID: 38348647 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of studies have discussed the mechanisms of vestibular activation in strong magnetic field settings such as occur in a magnetic resonance imaging scanner environment. Amid the different hypotheses, the Lorentz force explanation currently stands out as the most plausible mechanism, as evidenced by activation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Other hypotheses have largely been discarded. Nonetheless, both human data and computational modeling suggest that electromagnetic induction could be a valid mechanism which may coexist alongside the Lorentz force. To further investigate the induction hypothesis, we provide, herein, a first of its kind dosimetric analysis to estimate the induced electric fields at the vestibular system and compare them with what galvanic vestibular stimulation would generate. We found that electric fields strengths from induction match galvanic vestibular stimulation strengths generating vestibular responses. This review examines the evidence in support of electromagnetic induction of vestibular responses, and whether movement-induced time-varying magnetic fields should be further considered and investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bouisset
- Human Threshold Research Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janita Nissi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ilkka Laakso
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Raymond F Reynolds
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexandre Legros
- Human Threshold Research Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Medical Imaging Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Eurostim, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hansson Mild K, Mattsson MO, Jeschke P, Israel M, Ivanova M, Shalamanova T. Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields-Different from General Public Exposure and Laboratory Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6552. [PMID: 37623138 PMCID: PMC10454245 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20166552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The designs of in vivo, in vitro and in silico studies do not adequately reflect the characteristics of long-term occupational EMF exposure; the higher exposure levels permitted for employees are nevertheless extrapolated on this basis. Epidemiological studies consider occupational exposure only in a very general way, if at all. There is a lack of detailed descriptive data on long-term occupational exposure over the duration of the working life. Most studies reflect exposure characteristics of the general population, exposures which are long-term, but at a comparably low level. Occupational exposure is often intermittent with high peak power followed by periods with no exposure. Furthermore, the EU EMF-Directive 2013/35/EU states a demand for occupational health surveillance, the outcome of which would be of great help to epidemiologists studying the health effects of EMF exposure. This paper thus aims to outline and specify differences between public and occupational exposure and to increase the understanding of specific aspects of occupational exposure which are important for long-term health considerations. This could lead to a future protection concept against possible hazards based on adequate descriptions of long-term exposures and also include supplementary descriptive features such as a "reset time" of biological systems and accurate dose quantities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Hansson Mild
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Mats-Olof Mattsson
- SciProof International AB, 83158 Östersund, Sweden
- Institute of Advanced Studies, Strömstad Academy, 45280 Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Peter Jeschke
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 44194 Dortmund, Germany;
| | - Michel Israel
- National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.I.); (M.I.); (T.S.)
| | - Mihaela Ivanova
- National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.I.); (M.I.); (T.S.)
| | - Tsvetelina Shalamanova
- National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.I.); (M.I.); (T.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
di Biase L, Pecoraro PM, Carbone SP, Caminiti ML, Di Lazzaro V. Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesias in Parkinson's Disease: An Overview on Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Therapy Management Strategies and Future Directions. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4427. [PMID: 37445461 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first introduction, levodopa has become the cornerstone for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and remains the leading therapeutic choice for motor control therapy so far. Unfortunately, the subsequent appearance of abnormal involuntary movements, known as dyskinesias, is a frequent drawback. Despite the deep knowledge of this complication, in terms of clinical phenomenology and the temporal relationship during a levodopa regimen, less is clear about the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning it. As the disease progresses, specific oscillatory activities of both motor cortical and basal ganglia neurons and variation in levodopa metabolism, in terms of the dopamine receptor stimulation pattern and turnover rate, underlie dyskinesia onset. This review aims to provide a global overview on levodopa-induced dyskinesias, focusing on pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, therapy management strategies and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lazzaro di Biase
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Brain Innovations Lab, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Maria Pecoraro
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psichiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Simona Paola Carbone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psichiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Caminiti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psichiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psichiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gimbert M, Doyen M, Weber N, Delmas A, Vignaud A, Fabre I, Ginisty C, Lecomte Y, Berland V, Becuwe Desmidt S, Roger S, Felblinger J. Évaluation de l’exposition au champ magnétique statique des manipulateurs en électroradiologie médicale d’un centre de recherche travaillant à proximité d’IRM 3T et 7T à l’aide d’un dispositif portable. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2022.101702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
|
6
|
Goiceanu C, Danulescu R, Danulescu E. Some considerations on the challenges related to the use of the new ICNIRP restrictions for human exposure to radiofrequency fields. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2023; 199:818-825. [PMID: 37225206 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ICNIRP 2020 guidelines for limiting exposure to radiofrequency fields replace the radiofrequency part of the ICNIRP 1998 guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields. Besides setting new restrictions that prevent thermal effect they also took over the 100 kHz to 10 MHz part of the ICNIRP 2010 guidelines for limiting exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields, which provides restrictions that prevent nerve stimulation effect. The latest guidelines brought many changes to the system of protection against exposure to radiofrequency fields starting with the physical quantities used to express restrictions and continuing with specific restrictions and new exposure metrics employed. For the first time, the case of brief local exposure to intense radiofrequency fields was accounted by ICNIRP for setting new types of exposure restrictions. All these changes led to more detailed and complex guidelines, but their provisions are more difficult to apply in practice. Our paper presents some of the challenges related to the use in practice of the new ICNIRP restrictions for human exposure to radiofrequency fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Goiceanu
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Regional Centre Iasi, Iasi 700465, Romania
| | - Razvan Danulescu
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Regional Centre Iasi, Iasi 700465, Romania
| | - Eugenia Danulescu
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Regional Centre Iasi, Iasi 700465, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cook N, Shelton N, Gibson S, Barnes P, Alinaghi-Zadeh R, Jameson MG. ACPSEM position paper: the safety of magnetic resonance imaging linear accelerators. Phys Eng Sci Med 2023; 46:19-43. [PMID: 36847966 PMCID: PMC10030425 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-023-01224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging linear-accelerator (MRI-linac) equipment has recently been introduced to multiple centres in Australia and New Zealand. MRI equipment creates hazards for staff, patients and others in the MR environment; these hazards must be well understood, and risks managed by a system of environmental controls, written procedures and a trained workforce. While MRI-linac hazards are similar to the diagnostic paradigm, the equipment, workforce and environment are sufficiently different that additional safety guidance is warranted. In 2019 the Australasian College of Physical Scientists and Engineers in Medicine (ACPSEM) formed the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Linear-Accelerator Working Group (MRILWG) to support the safe clinical introduction and optimal use of MR-guided radiation therapy treatment units. This Position Paper is intended to provide safety guidance and education for Medical Physicists and others planning for and working with MRI-linac technology. This document summarises MRI-linac hazards and describes particular effects which arise from the combination of strong magnetic fields with an external radiation treatment beam. This document also provides guidance on safety governance and training, and recommends a system of hazard management tailored to the MRI-linac environment, ancillary equipment, and workforce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Cook
- Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nikki Shelton
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Reza Alinaghi-Zadeh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael G Jameson
- GenesisCare, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Thulu FGD, Tembo D, Nyirongo R, Mzaza PJC, Kamfosi A, Mawenda UC. Electromagnetic Frequency Pollution in Malawi: A Case of Electric Field and Magnetic Flux Density Pollution in Southern Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4413. [PMID: 36901419 PMCID: PMC10001587 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, electric field and magnetic flux density pollution levels were measured in southern Africa, a case of Blantyre City in Malawi, between 2020 and 2021. Sixty short-term measurements were performed using Trifield Electro Magnetic Frequency meter model TF2 in 30 different locations. Five high-population-dense sampling points were selected from school campuses, hospitals, industrial areas, markets, residential areas, and within the commercial and business center (CBC) of Blantyre. Electric field and magnetic flux density pollution monitoring was conducted between 10:00-12:00 h and 17:00-19:00 h for short-range analysis. Short-range results show that the maximum measured electric field pollution were 249.24 mV/m and 207.85 mV/m between 10:00-12:00 and 17:00-19:00 respectively, which are below the public limits of 4200.00 mV/m for public exposure. Similarly, maximum short-range results for magnetic flux density were 0.073 G and 0.057 G between 10:00-12:00 and 17:00-19:00 respectively which are below the public limits of 2 G for public exposure. Both measured electric and magnetic flux density were compared with the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), World health organization (WHO), and Institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE). It was determined that all measured values for both electric and magnetic flux density were smaller than set limits for non-ionizing radiation for both public and occupation health. More importantly, these background measurements establish a baseline for future changes to be compared against public safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Gibson Daud Thulu
- Physics and Biochemical Sciences Department, Malawi University of Business and Applied Science, Chichiri, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - David Tembo
- Physics and Biochemical Sciences Department, Malawi University of Business and Applied Science, Chichiri, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - Rowland Nyirongo
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Malawi University of Business and Applied Science, Chichiri, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | | | - Allan Kamfosi
- Kamuzu Central Hospital, PAM Department, Lilongwe 207232, Malawi
| | - Upile Chitete Mawenda
- Physics and Biochemical Sciences Department, Malawi University of Business and Applied Science, Chichiri, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang B, Yuan X, Lv H, Che J, Wang S, Shang P. Biophysical mechanisms underlying the effects of static magnetic fields on biological systems. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 177:14-23. [PMID: 36240898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread use of static magnetic fields (SMFs) in medicine, it is imperative to explore the biological effects of SMFs and the mechanisms underlying their effects on biological systems. The presence of magnetic materials within cells and organisms could affect various biological metabolism and processes, including stress responses, proliferation, and structural alignment. SMFs were generally found to be safe at the organ and organism levels. However. human subjects exposed to strong SMFs have reported side effects. In this review, we combined the magnetic properties of biological samples to illustrate the mechanism of action of SMFs on biological systems from a biophysical point of view. We suggest that the mechanisms of action of SMFs on biological systems mainly include the induction of electric fields and currents, generation of magnetic effects, and influence of electron spins. An electrolyte flowing in a static magnetic field generates an induced current and an electric field. Magnetomechanical effects include orientation effects upon subjecting biological samples to SMFs and movement of biological samples in strong field gradients. SMFs are thought to affect biochemical reaction rates and yields by influencing electron spin. This paper helps people how can harness the favorable biological effects of SMFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China; School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xichen Yuan
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China; School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China; Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Taicang, 215400, China
| | - Huanhuan Lv
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China; School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jingmin Che
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China; School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Shenghang Wang
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
di Biase L, Pecoraro PM, Pecoraro G, Caminiti ML, Di Lazzaro V. Markerless Radio Frequency Indoor Monitoring for Telemedicine: Gait Analysis, Indoor Positioning, Fall Detection, Tremor Analysis, Vital Signs and Sleep Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8486. [PMID: 36366187 PMCID: PMC9656920 DOI: 10.3390/s22218486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative indoor monitoring, in a low-invasive and accurate way, is still an unmet need in clinical practice. Indoor environments are more challenging than outdoor environments, and are where patients experience difficulty in performing activities of daily living (ADLs). In line with the recent trends of telemedicine, there is an ongoing positive impulse in moving medical assistance and management from hospitals to home settings. Different technologies have been proposed for indoor monitoring over the past decades, with different degrees of invasiveness, complexity, and capabilities in full-body monitoring. The major classes of devices proposed are inertial-based sensors (IMU), vision-based devices, and geomagnetic and radiofrequency (RF) based sensors. In recent years, among all available technologies, there has been an increasing interest in using RF-based technology because it can provide a more accurate and reliable method of tracking patients' movements compared to other methods, such as camera-based systems or wearable sensors. Indeed, RF technology compared to the other two techniques has higher compliance, low energy consumption, does not need to be worn, is less susceptible to noise, is not affected by lighting or other physical obstacles, has a high temporal resolution without a limited angle of view, and fewer privacy issues. The aim of the present narrative review was to describe the potential applications of RF-based indoor monitoring techniques and highlight their differences compared to other monitoring technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lazzaro di Biase
- Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Operative Research Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Brain Innovations Lab, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Maria Pecoraro
- Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Operative Research Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pecoraro
- Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Caminiti
- Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Operative Research Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Operative Research Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Verkhovskii R, Ermakov A, Grishin O, Makarkin MA, Kozhevnikov I, Makhortov M, Kozlova A, Salem S, Tuchin V, Bratashov D. The Influence of Magnetic Composite Capsule Structure and Size on Their Trapping Efficiency in the Flow. Molecules 2022; 27:6073. [PMID: 36144805 PMCID: PMC9501256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising approach to targeted drug delivery is the remote control of magnetically sensitive objects using an external magnetic field source. This method can assist in the accumulation of magnetic carriers in the affected area for local drug delivery, thus providing magnetic nanoparticles for MRI contrast and magnetic hyperthermia, as well as the magnetic separation of objects of interest from the bloodstream and liquid biopsy samples. The possibility of magnetic objects' capture in the flow is determined by the ratio of the magnetic field strength and the force of viscous resistance. Thus, the capturing ability is limited by the objects' magnetic properties, size, and flow rate. Despite the importance of a thorough investigation of this process to prove the concept of magnetically controlled drug delivery, it has not been sufficiently investigated. Here, we studied the efficiency of polyelectrolyte capsules' capture by the external magnetic field source depending on their size, the magnetic nanoparticle payload, and the suspension's flow rate. Additionally, we estimated the possibility of magnetically trapping cells containing magnetic capsules in flow and evaluated cells' membrane integrity after that. These results are required to prove the possibility of the magnetically controlled delivery of the encapsulated medicine to the affected area with its subsequent retention, as well as the capability to capture magnetically labeled cells in flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Verkhovskii
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.A.M.); (I.K.); (M.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Alexey Ermakov
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.A.M.); (I.K.); (M.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (D.B.)
- Institute of Molecular Theranostics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Grishin
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.A.M.); (I.K.); (M.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Mikhail A. Makarkin
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.A.M.); (I.K.); (M.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Ilya Kozhevnikov
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.A.M.); (I.K.); (M.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Mikhail Makhortov
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.A.M.); (I.K.); (M.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Anastasiia Kozlova
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.A.M.); (I.K.); (M.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (D.B.)
| | - Samia Salem
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.A.M.); (I.K.); (M.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (D.B.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt
| | - Valery Tuchin
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.A.M.); (I.K.); (M.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (D.B.)
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning, Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin’s Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, FRC “Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 24 Rabochaya Str., 410028 Saratov, Russia
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, FRC “Fundamentals of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil Bratashov
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (A.E.); (O.G.); (M.A.M.); (I.K.); (M.M.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (D.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Occupational Exposure Assessment of the Static Magnetic Field Generated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Case Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137674. [PMID: 35805332 PMCID: PMC9265854 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) systems are used in academic research laboratories and industrial research fields, besides representing one of the most important imaging modalities in clinical radiology. This technology does not use ionizing radiation, but it cannot be considered without risks. These risks are associated with the working principle of the technique, which mainly involves static magnetic fields that continuously increase—namely, the radiofrequency (RF) field and spatial magnetic field gradient. To prevent electromagnetic hazards, the EU and ICNIRP have defined workers’ exposure limits. Several studies that assess health risks for workers and patients of diagnostic MR are reported in the literature, but data on workers’ risk evaluation using nuclear MR (NMR) spectroscopy are very poor. Therefore, the aim of this research is the risk assessment of an NMR environment, paying particular attention to workers with active implantable medical devices (AIMDs). Our perspective study consisted of the measurement of the static magnetic field around a 300 MHz (7 T) NMR research spectrometer and the computation of the electric field induced by the movements of an operator. None of the calculated exposure parameters exceeded the threshold limits imposed by legislation for protection against short-term effects of acute occupational exposure, but our results revealed that the level of exposure exceeded the action level threshold limit for workers with AIMD during the execution of tasks requiring the closest proximity to the spectrometer. Moreover, the strong dependence of the induced electric field results from the walking speed models is shown. This case study represents a snapshot of the NMR risk assessment with the specific goal to increase the interest in the safety of NMR environments.
Collapse
|
13
|
Filosa L, Lopresto V. Semi-quantitative methodology to assess health and safety risks arising from exposure to electromagnetic fields up to 300 GHz at workplaces according to Italian regulations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2022; 29:735-746. [PMID: 35574824 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2022.2077511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper is focused a semi-quantitative methodology to assess and manage the health and safety risks arising from exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) up to 300 GHz at workplaces as well as to identify the priorities of intervention, based on the requirements of European directive 2013/35/EU and Italian regulations. The study includes a synthetic overview on the effects arising from EMF exposure and the related regulatory framework on protection. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis is carried-out on the risk assessment process as well as on the technical and organisational measures for risk mitigation and their adaptation to the specific requirements of workers at particular risk, based on technical standards and best practice guides issued by international and national (Italian) standardisation bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Filosa
- INAIL, Italian National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, Rome, Italy
| | - Vanni Lopresto
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boothby-Shoemaker WT, Mohammad TF, Ozog DM, Lim HW. Photoprotection by clothing: A review. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2022; 38:478-488. [PMID: 35073443 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clothing is recognized by leading health agencies as a primary method to protect against the harmful effects of photodamage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation and visible light. The photoprotective capacity of clothing is commonly measured as the ultraviolet protective factor (UPF). While the technology driving photoprotective clothing has been well-established, there continues to be efforts to discover new materials to improve the UPF of clothing. Here, we show increased Google searches for photoprotective clothing over the last decade, suggesting a high level of public interest in photoprotective clothing. In addition, we investigate the frequency of UPF-graded photoprotective clothing sold by large retail stores featured in Fortune 1000. We review factors that alter the UPF of clothing and describe emerging textile technologies used to increase clothing's photoprotective capacity. Finally, we compare how photoprotective clothing is regulated among different countries, the importance of photoprotective clothing in occupational health, and research in visible light and clothing photoprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt T Boothby-Shoemaker
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Tasneem F Mohammad
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - David M Ozog
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Henry W Lim
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Glans A, Wilén J, Lindgren L, Björkman-Burtscher IM, Hansson B. Health effects related to exposure of static magnetic fields and acoustic noise-comparison between MR and CT radiographers. Eur Radiol 2022; 32:7896-7909. [PMID: 35674823 PMCID: PMC9668766 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-08843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We explored the prevalence of health complaints subjectively associated with static magnetic field (SMF) and acoustic noise exposure among MR radiographers in Sweden, using CT radiographers as a control group. Additionally, we explored radiographers' use of strategies to mitigate adverse health effects. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was sent to all hospitals with MR units in Sweden. MR and/or CT personnel reported prevalence and attribution of symptoms (vertigo/dizziness, nausea, metallic taste, illusion of movement, ringing sensations/tinnitus, headache, unusual drowsiness/tiredness, forgetfulness, difficulties concentrating, and difficulties sleeping) within the last year. We used logistic regression to test associations between sex, age, stress, SMF strength, working hours, and symptom prevalence. Data regarding hearing function, work-environmental noise, and strategies to mitigate adverse symptoms were also analysed. RESULTS In total, 529 out of 546 respondents from 86 hospitals were eligible for participation. A ≥ 20 working hours/week/modality cut-off rendered 342 participants grouped into CT (n = 75), MR (n = 121), or mixed personnel (n = 146). No significant differences in symptom prevalence were seen between groups. Working at ≥ 3T increased SMF-associated symptoms as compared with working at ≤ 1.5T (OR: 2.03, CI95: 1.05-3.93). Stress was a significant confounder. Work-related noise was rated as more troublesome by CT than MR personnel (p < 0.01). MR personnel tended to use more strategies to mitigate adverse symptoms. CONCLUSION No significant differences in symptom prevalence were seen between MR and CT radiographers. However, working at 3T increased the risk of SMF symptoms, and stress increased adverse health effects. Noise nuisance was considered more problematic by CT than MR personnel. KEY POINTS • No significant differences in symptom prevalence were seen between MR and CT radiographers. • Working at ≥ 3 T doubled the odds of experiencing SMF symptoms (vertigo/dizziness, nausea, metallic taste, and/or illusion of movement) as compared to working exclusively at ≤ 1.5 T. • Work-related acoustic noise was less well mitigated and was rated as more troublesome by CT personnel than by MR personnel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Glans
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden ,grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonna Wilén
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lenita Lindgren
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Isabella M. Björkman-Burtscher
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XDepartment of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Västra Götalands Region, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Boel Hansson
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Department of Medical Imaging and Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden ,grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sklinda K, Karpowicz J, Stępniewski A. Electromagnetic Exposure of Personnel Involved in Cardiac MRI Examinations in 1.5T, 3T and 7T Scanners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010076. [PMID: 35010336 PMCID: PMC8751149 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: It has been hypothesised that a significant increase in the use of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), for example, when examining COVID-19 convalescents using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has an influence the exposure profiles of medical personnel to static magnetic fields (STmf). (2) Methods: Static exposure to STmf (SEmf) was recorded during activities that modelled performing CMR by radiographers. The motion-induced time variability of that exposure (TVEmf) was calculated from SEmf samples. The results were compared with: (i) labour law requirements; (ii) the distribution of vertigo perception probability near MRI magnets; and (iii) the exposure profile when actually performing a head MRI. (3) Results: The exposure profiles of personnel managing 42 CMR scans (modelled using medium (1.5T), high (3T) and ultrahigh (7T) field scanners) were significantly different than when managing a head MRI. The majority of SEmf and TVEmf samples (up to the 95th percentile) were at low vertigo perception probability (SEmf < 500 mT, TVEmf < 600 mT/s), but a small fraction were at medium/high levels; (4) Conclusion: Even under the “normal working conditions” defined for SEmf (STmf < 2T) by labour legislation (Directive 2013/35/EC), increased CMR usage increases vertigo-related hazards experienced by MRI personnel (a re-evaluation of electromagnetic safety hazards is suggested in the case of these or similar changes in work organisation).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sklinda
- Department of Radiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Karpowicz
- Department of Bioelectromagnetics, Central Institute for Labour Protection–National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warszawa, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-226-234-650
| | - Andrzej Stępniewski
- ECOTECH-COMPLEX Centre, University of Maria Curie-Skłodowska, Głęboka 39, 20-612 Lublin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Magnetic Fields of Devices during Electric Vehicle Charging: A Slovak Case Study. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13111979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this contribution is to identify and quantify the magnetic field parameter (MP) devices for charging electric vehicles (EVs). An EV is a mobile device. The EV remains a mobile device even when it is charging in a fixed charging stand. ICNIRP and SBM standards apply to stable devices. A magnetic field (MF) creates local gradient fields that change cyclically over time near the charging stations. The rotating vector MF is a specific parameter. An MF is evaluated by its strength and spatial changes. The triaxial fluxgate magnetometer VEMA-041 was used for the measurements. The MF was observed in the frequency range of 0–250 Hz, and the magnetic induction density was from T 2 × 10−9 T to 2 × 10−5 T, with a sensitivity of 1.7 nT. The MF analysis was performed within the time and frequency range. The rotating vector MF was identified at the measurement points. Measurements were realized for the charge under the following parameters: cables, 600 A; transformer, 250 kVA (22 kV/400 V); a cab-fixed charging stand, and an AC/DC charger in the EV. EV charging was performed with 6.6 kW of power and 43-kW fast charging. The measured results were satisfactory, according to the ICNIRP and SBM 2015 standard. The values measured at a distance of 1 m from the wall of the transformer were BRMS < 2 µT. BRMS values < 3 µT were measured in the space of the cable’s entry into the distribution box. EV values should not be assessed under this regulation. However, an EV is a mobile device. In the selected EV sample (a first-generation Nissan Leaf), a frequency of 10 Hz and its multiples were detected during charging. The frequencies were generated in an AC/DC charger in the EV. These frequencies reached BRMS < 0.2 µT in the driver’s footwell. The maximum value of the MF rotating vector was Btotal < 0.3 µT and was directed to the crew area of the EV. The AC/DC charger generated BRMS = 0.95 µTin the driver’s footwell. It is necessary to look for new tools for evaluating MFs for EVs, such as the standards used for stable sources today. These standards should be based on dosimetric principles.
Collapse
|
18
|
Contessa GM, D’Agostino S, Falsaperla R, Grandi C, Polichetti A. Issues in the Implementation of Directive 2013/35/EU Regarding the Protection of Workers against Electromagnetic Fields. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010673. [PMID: 34682417 PMCID: PMC8535402 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2016 the Directive 2013/35/EU regarding the protection of health and safety of workers exposed to electromagnetic fields was transposed in Italy. Since then, the authors of this paper have been faced with several issues related to the implementation of the provisions of the Directive, which pose some interpretative and operative concerns. A primary critical feature of the Directive is that, in some circumstances, conditions of "overexposure", i.e., of exceeding the exposure limits, are allowed. In the case of transient effects, the "flexibility" concerning the compliance with exposure limits is based on the approach introduced by ICNIRP in its guidelines on static magnetic fields and on time-varying electric and magnetic fields. On the contrary, the possibility of exceeding the exposure limits for health effects, formally recognized in the article of the Directive dealing with derogations, is not included in the ICNIRP guidelines. This paper analyzes the main concerns in interpreting and managing some provisions of the Directive with particular reference to the issue of how the employer can manage the situations of overexposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Contessa
- Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security Department, National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00044 Frascati, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0694005339
| | - Simona D’Agostino
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy; (S.D.); (R.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Rosaria Falsaperla
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy; (S.D.); (R.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Carlo Grandi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy; (S.D.); (R.F.); (C.G.)
| | - Alessandro Polichetti
- National Center for Radiation Protection and Computational Physics, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bravo G, Modenese A, Arcangeli G, Bertoldi C, Camisa V, Corona G, Giglioli S, Ligabue G, Moccaldi R, Mucci N, Muscatello M, Venturelli I, Vimercati L, Zaffina S, Zanotti G, Gobba F. Subjective Symptoms in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Personnel: A Multi-Center Study in Italy. Front Public Health 2021; 9:699675. [PMID: 34692618 PMCID: PMC8530375 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.699675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) personnel have significant exposure to static and low-frequency time-varying magnetic fields. In these workers an increased prevalence of different subjective symptoms has been observed. The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of non-specific subjective symptoms and of "core symptoms" in a group of MRI personnel working in different centers in Italy, and of possible relationships with personal and occupational characteristics. Methods: The occurrence of 11 subjective symptoms was evaluated using a specific questionnaire with 240 subjects working in 6 different Italian hospitals and research centers, 177 MRI health care and research personnel and 63 unexposed subjects employed in the same departments. Exposure was subjectively investigated according to the type of MRI scanner (≤1.5 vs. ≥3 T) and to the number of MRI procedures attended and/or performed by the personnel, even if no information on how frequently the personnel entered the scanner room was collected. The possible associations among symptoms and estimated EMF exposure, the main characteristics of the population, and job stress perception were analyzed. Results: Eighty-six percent of the personnel reported at least one symptom; drowsiness, headache, and sleep disorders were the most frequent. The total number of symptoms did not differ between exposed persons and controls. Considering the total number of annual MRI procedures reported by the personnel, no significant associations were found nor with the total number of symptoms, nor with "core symptoms." Only subjects complaining of drowsiness also reported a significantly higher mean annual number of MRI procedures with ≤ 1.5 T scanners when compared with exposed subjects without drowsiness. In a multivariate model, subjects with a high level of perceived stress complained of more symptoms (p = 0.0002). Conclusions: Our study did not show any association between the occurrence of reversible subjective symptoms, including the more specific "core symptoms," and the occupational exposure of MRI personnel to static and low-frequency time-varying magnetic fields. On the other hand, the role played by occupational stress appears to be not negligible. In further research in this field, measurements of EMF exposure should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bravo
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alberto Modenese
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertoldi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Camisa
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital—IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Corona
- Health Surveillance Service, University Hospital Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Senio Giglioli
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Azienda Usl Toscana Sud-Est, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Ligabue
- Health Surveillance Service, University Hospital Policlinico, Modena, Italy
- Chair of Radiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Moccaldi
- Prevention and Protection Service, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Mucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Muscatello
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Irene Venturelli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Luigi Vimercati
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Occupational Medicine “B. Ramazzini” Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Zaffina
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital—IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Zanotti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabriziomaria Gobba
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hartwig V, Virgili G, Mattei FE, Biagini C, Romeo S, Zeni O, Scarfì MR, Massa R, Campanella F, Landini L, Gobba F, Modenese A, Giovannetti G. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in magnetic resonance environment: an update on regulation, exposure assessment techniques, health risk evaluation, and surveillance. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 60:297-320. [PMID: 34586563 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most-used diagnostic imaging methods worldwide. There are ∼50,000 MRI scanners worldwide each of which involves a minimum of five workers from different disciplines who spend their working days around MRI scanners. This review analyzes the state of the art of literature about the several aspects of the occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in MRI: regulations, literature studies on biological effects, and health surveillance are addressed here in detail, along with a summary of the main approaches for exposure assessment. The original research papers published from 2013 to 2021 in international peer-reviewed journals, in the English language, are analyzed, together with documents published by legislative bodies. The key points for each topic are identified and described together with useful tips for precise safeguarding of MRI operators, in terms of exposure assessment, studies on biological effects, and health surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Hartwig
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, San Cataldo, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Virgili
- Virgili Giorgio, Via G. Pastore 2, 26040, Crespina-Lorenzana, Italy
| | - F Ederica Mattei
- West Systems S.R.L, Via Don Mazzolari 25, 56025, Pontedera, PI, Italy
| | - Cristiano Biagini
- Associazione Italiana Tecnici Dell'Imaging in Risonanza Magnetica, AITIRM, Via XX Settembre 76, 50129, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Romeo
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) , Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy
| | - Olga Zeni
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) , Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Scarfì
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) , Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Massa
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) , Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy.,Department of Physics, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Campanella
- Dipartimento di medicina, epidemiologia, Igiene del Lavoro E Ambientale, Inail, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Landini
- Fondazione Toscana "G. Monasterio", Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, San Cataldo, Italy
| | - Fabriziomaria Gobba
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Alberto Modenese
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulio Giovannetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, San Cataldo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zastko L, Makinistian L, Tvarožná A, Ferreyra FL, Belyaev I. Mapping of static magnetic fields near the surface of mobile phones. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19002. [PMID: 34561477 PMCID: PMC8463716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether the use of mobile phones (MP) represents a health hazard is still under debate. As part of the attempts to resolve this uncertainty, there has been an extensive characterization of the electromagnetic fields MP emit and receive. While the radiofrequencies (RF) have been studied exhaustively, the static magnetic fields (SMF) have received much less attention, regardless of the fact there is a wealth of evidence demonstrating their biological effects. We performed 2D maps of the SMF at several distances from the screen of 5 MP (models between 2013 and 2018) using a tri-axis magnetometer. We built a mathematical model to fit our measurements, extrapolated them down to the phones' screen, and calculated the SMF on the skin of a 3D head model, showing that exposure is in the µT to mT range. Our literature survey prompts the need of further research not only on the biological effects of SMF and their gradients, but also on their combination with extremely low frequency (ELF) and RF fields. The study of combined fields (SMF, ELF, and RF) as similar as possible to the ones that occur in reality should provide a more sensible assessment of potential risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Zastko
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - L Makinistian
- Department of Physics, Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Ejército de los Andes 950, CP5700, San Luis, San Luis, Argentina. .,Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL-CONICET), San Luis, Argentina.
| | - A Tvarožná
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - F L Ferreyra
- Department of Physics, Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Ejército de los Andes 950, CP5700, San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - I Belyaev
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
After introduction of the first human 7 tesla (7T) system in 1999, 7T MR systems have been employed as one of the most advanced platforms for human MR research for more than 20 years. Currently, two 7T MR models are approved for clinical use in the U.S.A. The approval facilitated introduction of the 7T system, summing up to around 100 worldwide. The approval in Japan is much awaited. As a clinical MR scanner, the 7T MR system is drawing attention in terms of safety.Several large-sized studies on bioeffects have been reported for vertigo, dizziness, motion disturbances, nausea, and others. Such effects might also be found in MR workers and researchers. Frequency and severity of reported bioeffects will be presented and discussed, including their variances. The high resonance frequency and shorter RF wavelength of 7T increase the concern about the safety. Homogeneous RF pulse excitation is difficult even for the brain, and a multi-channel parallel transmit (pTx) system is considered mandatory. However, pTx may create a hot spot, which makes the estimation of specific absorption rate (SAR) to be difficult. The stronger magnetic field of 7T causes a large force of displacement and heating on metallic implants or devices, and the scan of patients with them should not be conducted at 7T. However, there are some opinions that such patients might be scanned even at 7T, if certain criteria are met. This article provides a brief review on the effect of the static magnetic field on humans (MR subjects, workers, and researchers) and neurons, in addition to scan sound, SAR, and metal implants and devices. Understanding and avoiding adverse effects will contribute to the reduction in safety risks and the prevention of incidents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Okada
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Thai Akasaka
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Dinh Hd Thuy
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Indoor Mapping of Magnetic Fields Using UAV Equipped with Fluxgate Magnetometer. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21124191. [PMID: 34207269 PMCID: PMC8234506 DOI: 10.3390/s21124191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are used nowadays in a wide range of applications, including monitoring, mapping, or surveying tasks, involving magnetic field mapping, mainly for geological and geophysical purposes. However, thanks to the integration of ultrasound-aided navigation used for indoor UAV flight planning and development in sensorics, the acquired magnetic field images can be further used, for example, to enhance indoor UAV navigation based on the physical quantities of the image or for the identification of risk areas in manufacturing or industrial halls, where workers can be exposed to high values of electromagnetic fields. The knowledge of the spatial distribution of magnetic fields can also provide valuable information from the perspective of the technical cleanliness. This paper presents results achieved with the original fluxgate magnetometer developed and specially modified for integration on the UAV. Since the magnetometer had a wider frequency range of measurement, up to 250 Hz, the DC (Direct Current) magnetic field and low frequency industrial components could be evaluated. From the obtained data, 3D magnetic field images using spline interpolation algorithms written in the Python programming language were created. The visualization of the measured magnetic field in the 3D plots offer an innovative view of the spatial distribution of the magnetic field in the area of interest.
Collapse
|
24
|
Gurrera D, Leardini A, Ortolani M, Durante S, Caputo V, Gallias KK, Abbate BF, Rinaldi C, Iacoviello G, Acri G, Vermiglio G, Marrale M. Experimental and Modeling Analyses of Human Motion Across the Static Magnetic Field of an MRI Scanner. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:613616. [PMID: 34026738 PMCID: PMC8131562 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.613616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that human movements in the vicinity of a permanent static magnetic field, such as those in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners induce electric fields in the human body; this raises potential severe risks of health to radiographers and cleaners exposed routinely to these fields in MRI rooms. The relevant directives and parameters, however, are based on theoretical models, and accurate studies on the simulation of the effects based on human movement data obtained in real conditions are still lacking. Two radiographers and one cleaner, familiar with MRI room activities and these directives, were gait analyzed during the execution of routine job motor tasks at different velocities. Full body motion was recorded in a gait laboratory arranged to reproduce the workspace of a room with an MRI full-body scanner. Body segments were tracked with clusters of at least three markers, from which position and velocity of the centroids were calculated. These were used as input in an established computer physical model able to map the stray field in an MRI room. The spatial peak values of the calculated electric field induced by motion of the head and of the entire body during these tasks, for both the health and sensory effects, were found smaller than the thresholds recommended by the European directives, for both 1.5 T and 3.0 T MRI. These tasks therefore seem to guarantee the safety of MRI room operators according to current professional good practice for exposure risks. Physical modeling and experimental measures of human motion can also support occupational medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gurrera
- Advanced Radiation Oncology Department, Cancer Care Center, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy.,Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Leardini
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Movement Analysis Laboratory, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ortolani
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Movement Analysis Laboratory, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Durante
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Movement Analysis Laboratory, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittorio Caputo
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione (A.R.N.A.S.) Civico-Di Cristina-Benfratelli, Unità Operativa Complessa (U.O.C.) Fisica Sanitaria, Palermo, Italy
| | - Karmenos K Gallias
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione (A.R.N.A.S.) Civico-Di Cristina-Benfratelli, Unità Operativa Complessa (U.O.C.) Fisica Sanitaria, Palermo, Italy
| | - Boris F Abbate
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione (A.R.N.A.S.) Civico-Di Cristina-Benfratelli, Unità Operativa Complessa (U.O.C.) Fisica Sanitaria, Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Rinaldi
- Villa Santa Teresa, Unità Operativa (U.O.) Fisica Sanitaria, Bagheria, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Iacoviello
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione (A.R.N.A.S.) Civico-Di Cristina-Benfratelli, Unità Operativa Complessa (U.O.C.) Fisica Sanitaria, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Acri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vermiglio
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Fisica Medica, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maurizio Marrale
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Modenese A, Gobba F. Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields and Health Surveillance According to the European Directive 2013/35/EU. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1730. [PMID: 33579004 PMCID: PMC7916781 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the European Union, health surveillance (HS) of electromagnetic fields (EMF)-exposed workers is mandatory according to the Directive 2013/35/EU, aimed at the prevention of known direct biophysical effects and indirect EMF's effects. Long-term effects are not addressed in the Directive as the evidence of a causal relationship is considered inadequate. Objectives of HS are the prevention or early detection of EMF adverse effects, but scant evidence is hitherto available on the specific procedures. A first issue is that no specific laboratory tests or medical investigations have been demonstrated as useful for exposure monitoring and/or prevention of the effects. Another problem is the existence of workers at particular risk (WPR), i.e., subjects with specific conditions inducing an increased susceptibility to the EMF-related risk (e.g., workers with active medical devices or other conditions); exposures within the occupational exposure limit values (ELVs) are usually adequately protective against EMF's effects, but lower exposures can possibly induce a health risk in WPR. Consequently, the HS of EMF-exposed workers according to the EU Directive should be aimed at the early detection and monitoring of the recognized adverse effects, as well as an early identification of WPR for the adoption of adequate preventive measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabriziomaria Gobba
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Exposure levels of radiofrequency magnetic fields and static magnetic fields in 1.5 and 3.0 T MRI units. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) staff is exposed to a complex mixture of electromagnetic fields from MRI units. Exposure to these fields results in the development of transient exposure-related symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the exposure levels of radiofrequency (RF) magnetic fields and static magnetic fields (SMFs) from 1.5 and 3.0 T MRI scanners in two public hospitals in the Mangaung Metropolitan region, South Africa. The exposure levels of SMFs and RF magnetic fields were measured using the THM1176 3-Axis hall magnetometer and TM-196 3 Axis RF field strength meter, respectively. Measurements were collected at a distance of 1 m (m) and 2 m from the gantry for SMFs when the brain, cervical spine and extremities were scanned. Measurements for RF magnetic fields were collected at a distance of 1 m with an average scan duration of six minutes. Friedman’s test was used to compared exposure mean values from two 1.5 T scanners, and Wilcoxon test with Bonferroni adjustment was used to identify where the difference between exist. The Shapiro–Wilk test was also used to test for normality between exposure levels in 1.5 and 3.0 T scanners. The measured peak values for SMFs from the 3.0 T scanner at hospital A were 1300 milliTesla (mT) and 726 mT from 1.5 T scanner in hospital B. The difference in terms of SMFs exposure levels was observed between two 1.5 T scanners at a distance of 2 m. The difference between 1.5 T scanners at 1 m was also observed during repeated measurements when brain, cervical spine and extremities scans were performed. Scanners’ configurations, magnet type, clinical setting and location were identified as factors that could influence different propagation of SMFs between scanners of the same nominal B0. The RF pulse design, sequence setting flip-angle and scans performed influenced the measured RF magnetic fields. Three scanners were complaint with occupational exposure guidelines stipulated by the ICNIRP; however, peak levels that exist at 1 m could be managed through adoption of occupational health and safety programs.
Collapse
|
27
|
Tian X, Lv Y, Fan Y, Wang Z, Yu B, Song C, Lu Q, Xi C, Pi L, Zhang X. Safety evaluation of mice exposed to 7.0-33.0 T high-static magnetic fields. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 53:1872-1884. [PMID: 33382516 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 7 T and higher can provide superior image resolution and capability. Clinical tests have been performed in 9.4 T MRI, and 21.1 T small-bore-size MRI has also been tested in rodents. Although the safety issue is a prerequisite for their future medical application, there are very few relevant studies for the safety of static magnetic fields (SMFs) of ≧20 T. The aim of this study was to assess the biological effects of 7.0-33.0 T SMFs in healthy adult mice. This was a prospective study, in which 104 healthy adult C57BL/6 mice were divided into control, sham control, and 7.0-33.0 T SMF-exposed groups.The sham control group and SMF group were handled identically, except for the electric current for producing SMF. A separate control group was placed outside the magnet and their data were used as normal range. After 1 h exposure, all mice were routinely fed for another 2 months while their body weight and food/water consumption were monitored. After 2 months, their complete blood count, blood biochemistry, key organ weight, and histomorphology were examined. All data are normally distributed. Differences between the sham and SMF-exposed groups were evaluated by unpaired t test. Most indicators did not show statistically significant changes or were still within the normal ranges, with only a few exceptions. For example, mono % in Group 2 (11.1 T) is 6.03 ± 1.43% while the normal range is 6.60-9.90% (p < 0.05). The cholesterol level in 33 T group is 3.38 ± 0.36 mmol/L while the normal range is 2.48-3.29 mmol/L (p < 0.05). The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in 33 T group is 2.54 ± 0.29 mmol/L while the normal reference range is 1.89-2.43 mmol/L (p < 0.01). Exposure to 7.0-33.0 T for 1 h did not have detrimental effects on normal adult mice. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Tian
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Lv
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yixiang Fan
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ze Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Biao Yu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Song
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qingyou Lu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanying Xi
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Li Pi
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
MR Imaging Safety in the Interventional Environment. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2020; 28:583-591. [PMID: 33040998 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Interventional MR imaging procedures are rapidly growing in number owing to the excellent soft tissue resolution of MR imaging, lack of ionizing radiation, hardware and software advancements, and technical developments in MR imaging-compatible robots, lasers, and ultrasound equipment. The safe operation of an interventional MR imaging system is a complex undertaking, which is only possible with multidisciplinary planning, training, operations and oversight. Safety for both patients and operators is essential for successful operations. Herein, we review the safety concerns, solutions and challenges associated with the operation of a modern interventional MR imaging system.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging relies on a strong static magnetic field in conjunction with careful orchestration of pulsed linear gradient magnetic fields and radiofrequency magnetic fields in order to generate images. The interaction of these fields with patients as well as materials with magnetic or conducting properties can be a source of risk in the MR environment. This article provides a basic review of the physical underpinnings of the primary risks in MR imaging to foster development of intuition with respect to both patient and risk management in the MR environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Jason Stafford
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Unit 1472, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Investigation of a Magnetic-Type Waterproof Oil Spill Stop Device for Ships. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8090636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
If a ship’s hull or tank breaks, the ship may sink, or oil spills can cause enormous damage to the environment. If the ship is equipped with a capable, cost-effective oil or liquid flow stop emergency device, casualties and marine pollution could be reduced. Many magnetic-type liquid spill stop emergency devices developed since 1904 have limitations, such as difficulties with installation and impossibility of use during sailing. This study demonstrated the applicability of a magnetic-type liquid spill stop emergency device through tests for water pressure and leakage, attachment, magnetic fields, and the generation of sparks. Results showed that the device can be applied to the ship’s side hull and bottom with a specified minimum diameter at a pressure depth of 1.0 kg/cm2 while sailing at a speed of 18 kts (9.26 m/s). If the distance from the device was at least approximately 750 mm, the magnetic field had no effect, and there was no risk of explosion due to sparks. A cost–benefit analysis based on the International Maritime Organization-approved guidelines for formal safety assessment confirmed the cost effectiveness of the device. This experimental study confirmed that the magnetic liquid stop emergency device is generally applicable to a ship’s hull.
Collapse
|
31
|
David M, Schmid G. Dosimetric analysis of hands exposure during handling of strong permanent magnets. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2020; 40:520-529. [PMID: 31935705 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab6b9b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Workers in a production line for synchronous motors occasionally reported tingling sensations or a feeling of numbness in their hands when handling strong permanent magnets. As the magnetic flux density (B) and its gradients along and close to the surface of the permanent magnets were expected to be comparably high and the movements of the workers' hands may therefore cause relevant induction inside the tissue, a detailed dosimetric analysis of the in situ electric field inside the hands (Ei) of the workers was carried out. The time derivate of the magnetic flux density (dB/dt) occurring along the hands was determined based on time domain measurements using a specially developed 'measurement glove' containing 12 Hall sensors. Based on these measurement results temporal peak electric field strength (Ei) induced inside a newly developed high resolution anatomical hand models were numerically computed, using the scalar potential finite difference (SPFD) method. The highest measured dB/dt along the palmar side of the hand was 51.2 T s-1. The corresponding worst case temporal peak value of the maximum of the Ei averaged over 2 × 2 × 2 mm3 in soft tissue was 2.0 V m-1, which is a factor of 1.8 higher than the applicable exposure limit value, but still below the range of 3.8-6.2 V m-1 which is presently assumed the range of lowest stimulation threshold for peripheral nerves. Our analysis did therefore not provide an indication that the perception reported by the workers are due to tissue stimulation in the sense of provoking action potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro David
- Seibersdorf Laboratories, Dept. EMC & Optics, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria. University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, A-1200 Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hartwig V, Biagini C, De Marchi D, Flori A, Gabellieri C, Virgili G, Ferrante Vero LF, Landini L, Vanello N, Giovannetti G. Analysis, comparison and representation of occupational exposure to a static magnetic field in a 3-T MRI site. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2020; 28:76-85. [PMID: 32276568 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2020.1738114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze exposure to the time-varying magnetic field caused by worker movements in a 3-T clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Measurements of the static magnetic field (B) in the proximity of the MRI scanner were performed to create a detailed map of the spatial gradient of B, in order to indicate the areas at high risk of exposure. Moreover, a personal exposure recording system was used in order to analyze and compare exposure to the static magnetic field during different routine procedures in MRI. We found that for all of the performed work activities, exposure was compliant with International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection levels. However, our findings confirm that there is great variability of exposure between different workers and suggest the importance of performing personal exposure measurements and of detailed knowledge of the magnetic field spatial distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristiano Biagini
- Associazione Italiana Tecnici dell'Imaging in Risonanza Magnetica, AITIRM, Italy
| | - Daniele De Marchi
- Associazione Italiana Tecnici dell'Imaging in Risonanza Magnetica, AITIRM, Italy.,Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana 'G. Monasterio', Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Luigi Landini
- Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana 'G. Monasterio', Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Vanello
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Calabrò E, Goswami HK, Magazù S. Chromosome aberration in typical biological systems under exposure to low- and high-intensity magnetic fields. Electromagn Biol Med 2020; 39:97-108. [PMID: 32138556 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1737812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the response of chromosomes in typical human and plant cells under applied low-frequency magnetic fields at low and high intensities. Neuronal-like cells and roots of Allium sativum and Vicia faba were used to investigate chromosome's response to a static and 50 Hz magnetic fields at intensities ranging from 1 mT to 0.8 T, generated by two Helmholtz coils driven by direct current or alternate current voltage. Vertex spectrometer and Olympus microscope with camera were used. A significant decrease in intensity of the phosphate bands in the DNA infrared region was observed by FTIR spectroscopy analysis after exposure of neuronal-like cells to static and 50 Hz magnetic field at low intensity of 1 mT, which can be explained assuming that uncoiling and unpackaging of chromatin constituents occurred after exposure. This effect was directly observed by microscope in roots of Allium sativum and Vicia faba under exposure to a static magnetic field at high intensity of 0.8 T. These findings can be explained assuming that exposure to both low- and high-intensity magnetic fields of chromosomes in typical human and plant cells induces uncoiling and unpackaging of chromatin constituents, followed by chromosome alignment towards the direction of applied magnetic field, providing further demonstration that magnetic fields can induce the orientation of organic macromolecules even at low-intensity values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Calabrò
- Department of Mathematical and Informatics Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,CISFA, Interuniversity Consortium of Applied Physical Sciences, Messina, Italy
| | - Hit Kishore Goswami
- Retired Professor of Genetics, Barkatullah University Bhopal (MP), Bhopal, India
| | - Salvatore Magazù
- Department of Mathematical and Informatics Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,CISFA, Interuniversity Consortium of Applied Physical Sciences, Messina, Italy.,Le Studium, Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Orleans, France.,Centre de Biophysique Moleculaire (CBM), CNRS UPR 4301 du CNRS, Orleans, France.,UMR, Laboratoire Interfaces, Confinement, Mat_eriaux Et Nanostructures (ICMN) 7374 CNRS, Universitè d'Orleans, Orleans, France.,Istituto Nazionale Di Alta Matematica "F. Severi" - INDAM, Gruppo Nazionale per La Fisica Matematica - GNFM, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hartwig V, Biagini C, De Marchi D, Flori A, Gabellieri C, Virgili G, Ferrante Vero LF, Landini L, Vanello N, Giovannetti G. The Procedure for Quantitative Characterization and Analysis of Magnetic Fields in Magnetic Resonance Sites for Protection of Workers: A Pilot Study. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 63:328-336. [PMID: 30852618 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerning the occupational exposure in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) facilities, the worker behavior in the magnetic resonance (MR) room is of such particular importance that there is the need for a simple but reliable method to alert the worker of the highest magnetic field exposure. Here, we describe a quantitative analysis of occupational exposure in different MRI working environments: in particular, we present a field measurement method integrated with a software tool for an accurate mapping of the fringe field in the proximity of the magnetic resonance bore. Three illustrative assessment studies are finally presented, compared and discussed, considering an example of a realistic path followed by an MRI worker during the daily procedure. The results show that the basic restrictions set by ICNIRP can be exceeded during standard procedure even in 1.5 T scanners. Using the described simplified metrics, it is possible to introduce behavioral rules on how to move around an MRI room that could be more useful than a numerical limit to aid magnetic field risk mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Hartwig
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, San Cataldo, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristiano Biagini
- Associazione Italiana Tecnici dell'Imaging in Risonanza Magnetica, AITIRM, Via XX Settembre 76, Firenze, Italy
| | - Daniele De Marchi
- Associazione Italiana Tecnici dell'Imaging in Risonanza Magnetica, AITIRM, Via XX Settembre 76, Firenze, Italy.,Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana ''G. Monasterio'', Via G. Moruzzi 1, San Cataldo, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Flori
- Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana ''G. Monasterio'', Via G. Moruzzi 1, San Cataldo, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Gabellieri
- Ambulatori Della Misericordia Srl Impresa Sociale, Via Montalvo 8, Campi Bisenzio (FI), Italy
| | | | | | - Luigi Landini
- Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana ''G. Monasterio'', Via G. Moruzzi 1, San Cataldo, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Vanello
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Giovannetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, San Cataldo, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wilén J, Olsrud J, Frankel J, Hansson Mild K. Valid Exposure Protocols Needed in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Genotoxic Research. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 41:247-257. [PMID: 32157722 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Several in vitro and in vivo studies have investigated if a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination can cause DNA damage in human blood cells. However, the electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure that the cells received in the MR scanner was not sufficiently described. The first studies looking into this could be regarded as hypothesis-generating studies. However, for further exploration into the role of MRI exposure on DNA integrity, the exposure itself cannot be ignored. The lack of sufficient method descriptions makes the early experiments difficult, if not impossible, to repeat. The golden rule in all experimental work is that a study should be repeatable by someone with the right knowledge and equipment, and this is simply not the case with many of the recent studies on MRI and genotoxicity. Here we discuss what is lacking in previous studies, and how we think the next generation of in vitro and in vivo studies on MRI and genotoxicity should be performed. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Wilén
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Olsrud
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Frankel
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hansson Mild
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Filice S, Rossi R, Crisi G. ASSESSMENT OF MOVEMENT-INDUCED TIME-VARYING MAGNETIC FIELDS EXPOSURE IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING BY A COMMERCIAL PORTABLE MAGNETOMETER. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2019; 185:326-330. [PMID: 30806458 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe a simple procedure to assess head exposure of MRI workers to time-varying magnetic field, due to their movements in the static magnetic field of a 3T MRI scanner. A group of MRI workers were provided with a commercial portable meter that stored in its internal memory the instantaneous B values. The dB/dt was obtained by the post hoc processing of measured data. The movement-induced time-varying electric field (TVEF) was calculated from dB/dt. The weighted peak index was evaluated in the frequency domain, by first computing the spectrum of dB/dt waveform, to verify the compliance with the exposure limits. The portable magnetometer may be useful to locally explore the MRI workers exposure to time-varying magnetic field and perform the local risk assessments in order to carry out the obligations laid down by Directive 2013/35/EU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Filice
- Medical Physics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, Italy
| | - Raffaella Rossi
- Medical Physics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Parma, Italy
| | - Girolamo Crisi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tian X, Wang D, Feng S, Zhang L, Ji X, Wang Z, Lu Q, Xi C, Pi L, Zhang X. Effects of 3.5-23.0 T static magnetic fields on mice: A safety study. Neuroimage 2019; 199:273-280. [PMID: 31158482 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
People are exposed to various magnetic fields, including the high static/steady magnetic field (SMF) of MRI, which has been increased to 9.4 T in preclinical investigations. However, relevant safety studies about high SMF are deficient. Here we examined whether 3.5-23.0 T SMF exposure for 2 h has severe long-term effects on mice using 112 C57BL/6J mice. The food/water consumption, blood glucose levels, blood routine, blood biochemistry, as well as organ weight and HE stains were all examined. The food consumption and body weight were slightly decreased for 23.0 T-exposed mice (14.6%, P < 0.01, and 1.75-5.57%, P < 0.05, respectively), but not the other groups. While total bilirubin (TBIL), white blood cells, platelet and lymphocyte numbers were affected by some magnetic conditions, most of them were still within normal reference range. Although 13.5 T magnetic fields with the highest gradient (117.2 T/m) caused spleen weight increase, the blood count and biochemistry results were still within the control reference range. Moreover, the highest field 23.0 T with no gradient did not cause organ weight or blood biochemistry abnormality, which indicates that field gradient is a key parameter. Collectively, these data suggest 3.5-23.0 T static magnetic field exposure for 2 h do not have severe long-term effects on mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Tian
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Shuang Feng
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Xinmiao Ji
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Ze Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Qingyou Lu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Chuanying Xi
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Li Pi
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hansson Mild K, Lundström R, Wilén J. Non-Ionizing Radiation in Swedish Health Care-Exposure and Safety Aspects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1186. [PMID: 30987016 PMCID: PMC6479478 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of the study was to identify and describe methods using non-ionizing radiation (NIR) such as electromagnetic fields (EMF) and optical radiation in Swedish health care. By examining anticipated exposure levels and by identifying possible health hazards we also aimed to recognize knowledge gaps in the field. NIR is mainly used in health care for diagnosis and therapy. Three applications were identified where acute effects cannot be ruled out: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electrosurgery. When using optical radiation, such as class 3 and 4 lasers for therapy or surgical procedures and ultra-violet light for therapy, acute effects such as unintentional burns, photo reactions, erythema and effects on the eyes need to be avoided. There is a need for more knowledge regarding long-term effects of MRI as well as on the combination of different NIR exposures. Based on literature and after consulting staff we conclude that the health care professionals' knowledge about the risks and safety measures should be improved and that there is a need for clear, evidence-based information from reliable sources, and it should be obvious to the user which source to address.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Hansson Mild
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, S-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Ronnie Lundström
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, S-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jonna Wilén
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, S-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hansson B, Höglund P, Markenroth Bloch K, Nilsson M, Olsrud J, Wilén J, Björkman-Burtscher IM. Short-term effects experienced during examinations in an actively shielded 7 T MR. Bioelectromagnetics 2019; 40:234-249. [PMID: 30920671 PMCID: PMC6593459 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate occurrence and strength of short-term effects experienced by study participants in an actively shielded (AS) 7 tesla (7 T) magnetic resonance (MR) scanner, to compare results with earlier reports on passively shielded (PS) 7 T MR scanners, and to outline possible healthcare strategies to improve patient compliance. Study participants (n = 124) completed a web-based questionnaire directly after being examined in an AS 7 T MR (n = 154 examinations). Most frequently experienced short-term effects were dizziness (84%) and inconsistent movement (70%), especially while moving into or out of the magnet. Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS)-twitching-was experienced in 67% of research examinations and showed a dependence between strength of twitches and recorded predicted PNS values. Of the participants, 74% experienced noise levels as acceptable and the majority experienced body and room temperature as comfortable. Of the study participants, 95% felt well-informed and felt they had had good contact with the staff before the examination. Willingness to undergo a future 7 T examination was high (>90%). Our study concludes short-term effects are often experienced during examinations in an AS 7 T MR, leaving room for improvement in nursing care strategies to increase patient compliance. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;9999:XX-XX. © 2019 The Authors. Bioelectromagnetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boel Hansson
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Höglund
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Markus Nilsson
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Olsrud
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonna Wilén
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Isabella M Björkman-Burtscher
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Calabrò E, Magazù S. Infrared spectroscopic demonstration of magnetic orientation in SH-SY5Y neuronal-like cells induced by static or 50 Hz magnetic fields. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:781-787. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1571256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Calabrò
- Department of Mathematical and Informatics Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- CISFA, Interuniversity Consortium of Applied Physical Sciences, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Magazù
- Department of Mathematical and Informatics Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Le Studium, Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans, France
- Centre de Biophysique Moleculaire (CBM), CNRS UPR 4301 du CNRS, Orleans CEDEX 2, France
- Laboratoire Interfaces, Confinement, Matériaux et Nanostructures (ICMN), UMR 7374 CNRS, Université d’Orléans, Orléans cedex 2, France
- Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica “F. Severi” – INDAM, Gruppo Nazionale per la Fisica Matematica – GNFM, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Karimi SA, Salehi I, Shykhi T, Zare S, Komaki A. Effects of exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on spatial and passive avoidance learning and memory, anxiety-like behavior and oxidative stress in male rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:630-638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
42
|
Hartwig V, Virgili G, Ferrante Vero LF, De Marchi D, Landini L, Giovannetti G. TOWARDS A PERSONALISED AND INTERACTIVE ASSESSMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO MAGNETIC FIELD DURING DAILY ROUTINE IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2018; 182:546-554. [PMID: 30053260 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncy114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most common sources of electromagnetic (EM) fields as a diagnostic technique widely used in medicine. MRI staff during the working day is constantly exposed to static and spatially heterogeneous magnetic field. Also, moving around the MRI room to perform their functions, workers are exposed to slowly time-varying magnetic fields that induce electrical currents and fields in the body. The development of new exposure assessment methodologies to collect exposure data at a personal level using simple everyday equipment is hence necessary, also in view of future epidemiological studies. This paper describes the design and testing of a novel device for assessing personal exposure to static and time-varying magnetic fields during daily clinical practice. The dosemeter will be also used to ensure effective training of technicians who will be instructed to avoid, where possible, risk behaviour in terms of high exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Hartwig
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana 'G. Monasterio', Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniele De Marchi
- Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana 'G. Monasterio', Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy
- Associazione Italiana Tecnici dell'Imaging in Risonanza Magnetica, AITIRM, via XX Settembre 76, Firenze, Italy
| | - Luigi Landini
- Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana 'G. Monasterio', Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Giovannetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana 'G. Monasterio', Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gurrera D, Gallias KK, Spanò M, Abbate BF, D'Alia F, Iacoviello G, Caputo V. Moving across the static magnetic field of a 1.5 T MRI scanner: Analysing compliance with Directive 2013/35/EU. Phys Med 2018; 57:238-244. [PMID: 30470532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Does the exposure of magnetic resonance imaging personnel to static magnetic fields fully comply with Directive 2013/35/EU? Despite the obligation to satisfy this question, a general answer cannot be provided, nor are final satisfying good practices methods for exposure assessment currently available. In order to contribute to fix this problem, three different 1.5 T scanners are analysed and - by a new theoretical insight - a positive answer is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gurrera
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Karmenos K Gallias
- A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, U.O.C. Fisica Sanitaria, Piazza Nicola Leotta 4, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Spanò
- A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, U.O.C. Fisica Sanitaria, Piazza Nicola Leotta 4, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Boris F Abbate
- A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, U.O.C. Fisica Sanitaria, Piazza Nicola Leotta 4, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Alia
- A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, U.O.C. Fisica Sanitaria, Piazza Nicola Leotta 4, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Iacoviello
- A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, U.O.C. Fisica Sanitaria, Piazza Nicola Leotta 4, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vittorio Caputo
- A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, U.O.C. Fisica Sanitaria, Piazza Nicola Leotta 4, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Belguerras L, Kadkhodamohammadi AR, Delmas A, Miralipoor M, Weber N, Gangi A, Felblinger J, Padoy N, Pasquier C. Evaluation of occupational exposure to static magnetic field in MRI sites based on body pose estimation and SMF analytical computation. Bioelectromagnetics 2018; 39:503-515. [PMID: 30307039 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper tackles the problem of estimating exposure to static magnetic field (SMF) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sites using a non-invasive approach. The proposed approach relies on a vision-based system to detect people's body parts and on a mathematical model to compute SMF exposure. A multi-view camera system was used to capture the MRI room, and a vision-based system was applied to detect body parts. The detected localization was then fed into a mathematical model to compute SMF exposure. In this study, we focused on exposure at the neck due to two main reasons. First, according to regulations, the limit of exposure at head and trunk for MR workers is higher than that for the general public. Second, it was easier to attach a dosimeter at the neck to perform measurements, which allowed a quantitative evaluation of our approach. This approach was applied to two scenarios simulating the daily movements of medical workers for which dosimeter measurements were also recorded. The results indicated that the proposed approach predicted occupational SMF exposure with reasonable accuracy compared with the dosimeter measurements. The proposed approach is a simple safe working procedure to estimate the exposure of MR workers at different parts of the body without wearing any marker detection. It can be applied to reduce occupational SMF exposure, without changes in workers' performances. For that reason, our non-invasive proposed method can be used as a simple safety tool to estimate occupational SMF exposure in MR sites. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:503-515, 2018.© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Belguerras
- GREEN, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Nancy, France
| | | | - Antoine Delmas
- IADI, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | | | - Nicolas Weber
- IADI, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Afshin Gangi
- ICube, CNRS, IHU Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques Felblinger
- IADI, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France.,CIC-IT 1433, INSERM, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Padoy
- ICube, CNRS, IHU Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cédric Pasquier
- IADI, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France.,Healtis, Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Modern technology has largely developed using energy forms of which the most relevant is surely electricity. Electric power stations generate alternate current at frequencies of 50 or 60 Hz, transmitted across high voltage transmission lines that are often located too near to buildings where humans live or work. In addition, home devices that work using alternate current expose humans to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Furthermore, trams, electric trains, and some industrial processes generate static magnetic fields. Electromagnetic fields produce non-ionizing radiation, which gives rise to the so-called electromagnetic waves pollution, also named electrosmog. A large scientific production study showed harmful effects of exposure to EMFs. In view of these results, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection published international guidelines in order to recommend exposure limits to EMFs for occupational exposure and for general public exposure. The aim of this thematic issue is to give a further contribution to highlight the problem of electromagnetic waves pollution and to investigate the effects of exposure to EMFs on biological systems even below the EMF limits recommended by ICNIRP.
Collapse
|
46
|
Palatnik de Sousa I, Barbosa CRH, Costa Monteiro E. Safe exposure distances for transcranial magnetic stimulation based on computer simulations. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5034. [PMID: 29938136 PMCID: PMC6011821 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of a computer simulation examining the compliance of a given transcranial magnetic stimulation device to the 2010 International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines are presented. The objective was to update the safe distance estimates with the most current safety guidelines, as well as comparing these to values reported in previous publications. The 3D data generated was compared against results available in the literature, regarding the MCB-70 coil by Medtronic. Regarding occupational exposure, safe distances of 1.46 m and 0.96 m are derived from the simulation according to the 2003 and 2010 ICNIRP guidelines, respectively. These values are then compared to safe distances previously reported in other studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iam Palatnik de Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Metrology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos R H Barbosa
- Postgraduate Program in Metrology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Costa Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Metrology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Acri G, Inferrera P, Denaro L, Sansotta C, Ruello E, Anfuso C, Salmeri FM, Garreffa G, Vermiglio G, Testagrossa B. dB/dt Evaluation in MRI Sites: Is ICNIRP Threshold Limit (for Workers) Exceeded? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1298. [PMID: 29933587 PMCID: PMC6068997 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Directive 2013/35/EU establishes standards for workers exposed to static and time varying magnetic fields. These limits are based on ICNIRP guidelines expressed in terms of the electric field induced in the body. The complexity of this measurement led to theoretical models being developed. In this study, the experimental evaluation included varying magnetic field exposures for two classes of MRI workers. The measurements are conducted on four different MRI Systems including one 0.35 T, two 1.5 T, and one 3.0 T. Pocket magnetic dosimeters were used and it was carried out during routine conditions, emergency conditions, and cold-head maintenance/substitution. The acquired data has been processed and the corresponding dB/dt curves have been computed as the first time derivative of the dataset. The weighted peak approach was also implemented for the compliance assessment with regulatory limits. The dB/dt peak values have been compared with the reference level (RL) proposed by ICNIRP. The results show that the RL always exceeds during measurements on the 3.0 T scanner and sometimes on 1.5 T. In light of the foregoing, the diffusion of ultra-high field MRI scanners involves the introduction of behavioral rules that could be more useful than a numerical action level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Acri
- Department of BIOMORF, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Inferrera
- School on Medical Physic, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Lucia Denaro
- Department of BIOMORF, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Carlo Sansotta
- Department of BIOMORF, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Elisa Ruello
- Department of BIOMORF, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Carmelo Anfuso
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98123 Messina, Italy.
| | | | - Girolamo Garreffa
- IEMEST (PA), Fondazione Potito (CB), FISMECO (RM), Via G. Donati, 00159 Roma, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Vermiglio
- Department of P.A.S.S.I., University of Messina, Consolare Valeria, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Barbara Testagrossa
- Department of BIOMORF, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gourzoulidis GA, Tsaprouni P, Skamnakis Ν, Tzoumanika C, Kalampaliki E, Karastergios E, Gialofas A, Achtipis A, Kappas C, Karabetsos E. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields. The situation in Greece. Phys Med 2018; 49:83-89. [PMID: 29866347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The management of the occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), an Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) issue of great scientific, social and economic significance, was under intense negotiations at European level over the last twenty years; the Directive 2013/35/EU is the new legislative tool. The presented study deals with the practical aspects of the Directive's implementation. METHODS The appropriate, extensive measurements and the overall EMF exposure assessments (i.e. exposure mapping, identification of hot spots, proposition of solutions) were conducted in specific workplaces, including power production, railway, broadcasting, clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) systems, industrial and research sites, as well as common office workplaces. RESULTS The vast majority of the performed EMF assessments did not reveal occupational overexposures; moreover in most of the cases, even the general public exposure limits (in the above occupational areas) were not exceeded. The very few localized overexposures detected, were manageable on the basis of the technical and organizational OHS principles. On the contrary, the maintenance procedures of the EMF emitting equipment, as recorded in this survey, presented overexposures revealing a challenging field. CONCLUSIONS This study lays a firm basis for the clarification of the occupational EMF environment, where potential exposures might be high. The proper risk assessment demands precise exposure identification and deep understanding of the EMF nature and hazards. Misconceptions range from the common exposure overestimation to the rarer case of the maintenance hazards underestimation, while attention is needed concerning the proper application of the complex limiting system of the Directive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Gourzoulidis
- Hazardous Agents Department, OHS Directorate, Hellenic Ministry of Labor, Greece; Department of Medical Physics, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
| | - P Tsaprouni
- Non-Ionizing Radiation Office, Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE), Greece.
| | - Ν Skamnakis
- Non-Ionizing Radiation Office, Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE), Greece.
| | - C Tzoumanika
- Non-Ionizing Radiation Office, Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE), Greece.
| | - E Kalampaliki
- Non-Ionizing Radiation Office, Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE), Greece.
| | - E Karastergios
- Non-Ionizing Radiation Office, Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE), Greece.
| | - A Gialofas
- Non-Ionizing Radiation Office, Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE), Greece.
| | - A Achtipis
- Hazardous Agents Department, OHS Directorate, Hellenic Ministry of Labor, Greece
| | - C Kappas
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
| | - E Karabetsos
- Non-Ionizing Radiation Office, Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE), Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
STAM R, YAMAGUCHI-SEKINO S. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields from medical sources. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2018; 56:96-105. [PMID: 29109357 PMCID: PMC5889928 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High exposures to electromagnetic fields (EMF) can occur near certain medical devices in the hospital environment. A systematic assessment of medical occupational EMF exposure could help to clarify where more attention to occupational safety may be needed. This paper seeks to identify sources of high exposure for hospital workers and compare the published exposure data to occupational limits in the European Union. A systematic search for peer-reviewed publications was conducted via PubMed and Scopus databases. Relevant grey literature was collected via a web search. For each publication, the highest measured magnetic flux density or internal electric field strength per device and main frequency component was extracted. For low frequency fields, high action levels may be exceeded for magnetic stimulation, MRI gradient fields and movement in MRI static fields. For radiofrequency fields, the action levels may be exceeded near devices for diathermy, electrosurgery and hyperthermia and in the radiofrequency field inside MRI scanners. The exposure limit values for internal electric field may be exceeded for MRI and magnetic stimulation. For MRI and magnetic stimulation, practical measures can limit worker exposure. For diathermy, electrosurgery and hyperthermia, additional calculations are necessary to determine if SAR limits may be exceeded in some scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rianne STAM
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, the Netherlands
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Frankel J, Wilén J, Hansson Mild K. Assessing Exposures to Magnetic Resonance Imaging's Complex Mixture of Magnetic Fields for In Vivo, In Vitro, and Epidemiologic Studies of Health Effects for Staff and Patients. Front Public Health 2018; 6:66. [PMID: 29594090 PMCID: PMC5858533 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex mixture of electromagnetic fields is used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): static, low-frequency, and radio frequency magnetic fields. Commonly, the static magnetic field ranges from one to three Tesla. The low-frequency field can reach several millitesla and with a time derivative of the order of some Tesla per second. The radiofrequency (RF) field has a magnitude in the microtesla range giving rise to specific absorption rate values of a few Watts per kilogram. Very little attention has been paid to the case where there is a combined exposure to several different fields at the same time. Some studies have shown genotoxic effects in cells after exposure to an MRI scan while others have not demonstrated any effects. A typical MRI exam includes muliple imaging sequences of varying length and intensity, to produce different types of images. Each sequence is designed with a particular purpose in mind, so one sequence can, for example, be optimized for clearly showing fat water contrast, while another is optimized for high-resolution detail. It is of the utmost importance that future experimental studies give a thorough description of the exposure they are using, and not just a statement such as “An ordinary MRI sequence was used.” Even if the sequence is specified, it can differ substantially between manufacturers on, e.g., RF pulse height, width, and duty cycle. In the latest SCENIHR opinion, it is stated that there is very little information regarding the health effects of occupational exposure to MRI fields, and long-term prospective or retrospective cohort studies on workers are recommended as a high priority. They also state that MRI is increasingly used in pediatric diagnostic imaging, and a cohort study into the effects of MRI exposure on children is recommended as a high priority. For the exposure assessment in epidemiological studies, there is a clear difference between patients and staff and further work is needed on this. Studies that explore the possible differences between MRI scan sequences and compare them in terms of exposure level are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Frankel
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonna Wilén
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hansson Mild
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|