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Wang J, Shen Y, Zhou X, Yu Z, Hong J, Le Q. Evaluation of tear film function by Oculus Keratograph 5M and IDRA ocular surface analyser. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:403. [PMID: 39365471 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the function of tear film with Oculus Keratograph 5M (Oculus K5M) and IDRA ocular surface analyser (IDRA), analyse their consistency and explore the potential of IDRA in the diagnosis of dry eye disease (DED). METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled 36 participants (DED group, 14 eyes; non-DED group, 22 eyes). The parameters of tear film function, including the first noninvasive breakup time (fNIBUT), average NIBUT (aNIBUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), lipid layer thickness (LLT), lipid layer colour (LLC), lipid layer uniformity (LLU), morphology of meibomian glands (MGs) and MG loss, were obtained with Oculus K5M and IDRA. The consistency of parameter measurements between the two devices was evaluated. RESULTS All the parameters except LLT, which can be measured only by IDRA, were not significantly different between the two instruments in DED eyes. However, IDRA reported lower values of fNIBUT, aNIBUT and TMH as well as higher MG loss scores in non-DED eyes than Oculus K5M did (p < 0.001, < 0.001, = 0.002, and = 0.002, respectively). Further regression analysis revealed that aNIBUT and LLT measured by IDRA were the optimal parameters for diagnosing DED (OR = 0.567 and 0.845, p = 0.057 and 0.043, respectively), and their combination had the strongest diagnostic potential (AUC = 0.841, sensitivity = 85.7%, and specificity = 77.3%). CONCLUSION As a user-friendly noninvasive device, the tear film function parameters measured by IDRA were highly consistent with those measured by Oculus K5M in DED patients. The combination of aNIBUT and LLT measured by IDRA had the best diagnostic accuracy for DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center, Eye & ENT Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, NHC, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center, Eye & ENT Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, NHC, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxu Hong
- Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, NHC, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Immunology, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Pediatric Medical Center of China, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qihua Le
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Research Center, Eye & ENT Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Myopia and Related Eye Diseases, NHC, Shanghai, China.
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Muñoz-Villegas P, García-Sánchez G, Jauregui-Franco RO, Quirarte-Justo S, Sánchez-Ríos A, Olvera-Montaño O. Influence of Environmental Factors with Clinical Signs and Symptoms in the Management of Dry Eye Disease. Clin Ophthalmol 2024; 18:2439-2451. [PMID: 39233999 PMCID: PMC11372294 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s480223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This research aims to investigate the influence of environmental factors on the treatment efficacy of ocular lubricants in patients from urban areas with dry eye disease (DED). Methods A phase IV clinical trial, which included 173 patients from major cities in Mexico, was randomly assigned to use ocular lubricants four times a day for 30 days. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), noninvasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT), ocular staining, and conjunctival hyperemia (CH) among other factors like weather, and air pollution as covariates were analysed. Results After 30 days, OSDI score decreased by 14.8 points (p<0.001), and NIBUT increased by 2.9 seconds (p< 0.001), with longer values observed in patients recruited in autumn and winter (additional 1.8 seconds, p< 0.05) compared to those recruited in spring. Patients living in cities with cooler weather and high humidity, but low air quality had higher OSDI and conjunctival stain scores of up to 4.4 and 0.3 points, respectively, as compared to those living in cities with similar pollution and humidity levels but with higher temperatures (p-values= 0.019 and 0.050). Patients with moderate CH had an increase of up to 0.8 points in their corneal stain score (p< 0.010). We also found that ozone levels were related to the predicted changes in OSDI and NIBUT. Conclusion This study demonstrated the impact of environmental factors on the signs and symptoms of DED and suggests that patients residing in cities with inadequately controlled air pollution can benefit from using ocular lubricants to alleviate their symptoms. Trial Registration Trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04702776).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Muñoz-Villegas
- Regional Medical Affairs Department, Laboratorios Sophia, S.A. de C.V., Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas, A.C., Unidad Aguascalientes (CIMAT), Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Gisela García-Sánchez
- Regional Medical Affairs Department, Laboratorios Sophia, S.A. de C.V., Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Sebastian Quirarte-Justo
- Regional Medical Affairs Department, Laboratorios Sophia, S.A. de C.V., Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Sánchez-Ríos
- Regional Medical Affairs Department, Laboratorios Sophia, S.A. de C.V., Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Oscar Olvera-Montaño
- Regional Medical Affairs Department, Laboratorios Sophia, S.A. de C.V., Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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Al-Dossary SK. Environmental and Occupational Triggers of Dry Eye Symptoms in the Ahsa Region of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clin Ophthalmol 2024; 18:2427-2438. [PMID: 39224176 PMCID: PMC11368111 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s474832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the associations between environmental and occupational factors and the prevalence of dry eye symptoms among participants from the Ahsa region of Saudi Arabia. Methods Participants from urban, rural, and suburban areas seeking medical care at primary health centers were recruited through systematic random sampling. Data on demographics, exposures, and ocular health were captured using a structured questionnaire. Dry eye symptoms were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Impact of Dry Eye on Everyday Life (IDEEL), and Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye (SANDE) questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis examined the relationships between environmental/occupational factors and the prevalence of dry eye symptoms. Results Key exposures included particulate matter (PM) (60%), low humidity (55%), wind/dust (50%), prolonged computer use (65%), and chemical irritants (45%). These factors were significantly associated with an increased prevalence of dry eye symptoms, with the following odds ratios (ORs): PM (1.85, 95% CI: 1.35-2.52), low humidity (1.45, 95% CI: 1.05-2.00), wind and dust (1.60, 95% CI: 1.20-2.14), prolonged computer use (2.10, 95% CI: 1.55-2.85), and chemical irritants (1.75, 95% CI: 1.30-2.35). All associations were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The use of protective equipment was associated with reduced odds of dry eye symptoms (OR 0.60, 95% CI: 0.42-0.85, p = 0.03). Conclusion This study identifies significant associations between specific environmental and occupational exposures and the prevalence of dry eye symptoms. Reducing modifiable exposures through policy, workplace enhancements, and clinical preventative strategies is essential to mitigate the burden of dry eye symptoms related to modern lifestyles and technology.
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Jia T, Stapleton F, Iqbal F, Showyin J, Roy D, Roy M, Tan J. Comparison of eye drop retention time using fluorophotometry in three commercially available lubricant eye drops. Optom Vis Sci 2024:00006324-990000000-00222. [PMID: 39190794 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000002172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to evaluate the retention time of lubricating eye drops containing various concentrations of sodium hyaluronate using fluorophotometry in a symptomatic dry eye population. Information regarding eye drop retention may be useful for eye care practitioners to assist in the selection of more effective treatments for managing dry eye. PURPOSE This study aimed to use fluorophotometry to compare retention time on the ocular surface of three commercially available lubricating eye drops, each containing varying concentrations of sodium hyaluronic acid (HA), and their effects on tear film stability post-instillation in a population with symptoms of dry eye. METHODS Adults with symptoms of dry eye (Ocular Surface Disease Index score, >12) were enrolled in this prospective, double-masked comparison of eye drops containing 0.15% HA-hydroxypropyl guar (HPGuar), 0.2% HA, and 0.1% HA. Participants were randomized to the eye drop order and the study eye under evaluation. Each eye drop was admixed with a fluorescent tracer (70-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran) at 10% wt/vol, and 10 μL volume was instilled for each evaluation. A fluorophotometer was used to measure the time for the tracer signal to return to baseline. Fluorescein tear breakup time was measured following fluorophotometry assessment. RESULTS Retention time for 0.15% HA-HPGuar and 0.2% HA was significantly longer compared with 0.1% HA (p=0.02 and p=0.03). Fluorescein tear breakup time was significantly longer for the 0.15% HA-HPGuar eye drop compared with both the 0.1% HA eye drop (p=0.01) and 0.2% HA eye drop (p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS Retention time on the ocular surface of the two eye drops containing higher concentrations of HA was longer than the eye drop with the lowest concentration of HA. The tear film was also more stable with the 0.15% HA-HPGuar eye drop compared with the eye drops containing HA alone, which may be attributable to the other components in the 0.15% HA-HPGuar eye drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianni Jia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fatima Iqbal
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jared Showyin
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dibyendu Roy
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maitreyee Roy
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Choi YH, Song MS, Lee Y, Paik HJ, Song JS, Choi YH, Kim DH. Adverse effects of meteorological factors and air pollutants on dry eye disease: a hospital-based retrospective cohort study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17776. [PMID: 39090167 PMCID: PMC11294595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have suggested that meteorological factors and air pollutants can cause dry eye disease (DED), few clinical cohort studies have determined the individual and combined effects of these factors on DED. We investigated the effects of meteorological factors (humidity and temperature) and air pollutants [particles with a diameter ≤ 2.5 μ m (PM2.5), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO)] on DED. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 53 DED patients. DED was evaluated by Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye (SANDE), tear secretion, tear film break-up time (TBUT), ocular staining score (OSS), and tear osmolarity. To explore the individual, non-linear, and joint associations between meteorological factors, air pollutants, and DED parameters, we used generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). After adjusting for all covariates, lower relative humidity or temperature was associated with a higher SANDE (p < 0.05). Higher PM2.5, O3, and NO2 levels were associated with higher SANDE and tear osmolarity (p < 0.05). Higher O3 levels were associated with lower tear secretion and TBUT, whereas higher NO2 levels were associated with higher OSS (p < 0.05). BKMR analyses indicated that a mixture of meteorological factors and air pollutants was significantly associated with increased SANDE, OSS, tear osmolarity, and decreased tear secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung-Sun Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Yunjin Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hae Jung Paik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jong Suk Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Hyeong Choi
- School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Institute of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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Ponzini E. Tear biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 120:69-115. [PMID: 38762243 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
An extensive exploration of lacrimal fluid molecular biomarkers in understanding and diagnosing a spectrum of ocular and systemic diseases is presented. The chapter provides an overview of lacrimal fluid composition, elucidating the roles of proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids within the tear film. Pooled versus single-tear analysis is discussed to underline the benefits and challenges associated with both approaches, offering insights into optimal strategies for tear sample analysis. Subsequently, an in-depth analysis of tear collection methods is presented, with a focus on Schirmer's test strips and microcapillary tubes methods. Alternative tear collection techniques are also explored, shedding light on their applicability and advantages. Variability factors, including age, sex, and diurnal fluctuations, are examined in the context of their impact on tear biomarker analysis. The main body of the chapter is dedicated to discussing specific biomarkers associated with ocular discomfort and a wide array of ocular diseases. From dry eye disease and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy to keratoconus, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, the intricate relationship between molecular biomarkers and these conditions is thoroughly dissected. Expanding beyond ocular pathologies, the chapter explores the applicability of tear biomarkers in diagnosing systemic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. This broader perspective underscores the potential of lacrimal fluid analysis in offering non-invasive diagnostic tools for conditions with far-reaching implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ponzini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy; COMiB Research Center, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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Luib E, Demleitner AF, Cordts I, Westenberg E, Rau P, Pürner D, Haller B, Lingor P. Reduced tear fluid production in neurological diseases: a cohort study in 708 patients. J Neurol 2024; 271:1824-1836. [PMID: 38063868 PMCID: PMC10973005 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tear fluid (TF) production is an important component of normal ocular function. It is regulated by parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. Because parasympathetic nerve fibers originate in the brainstem, pathology in this brain region may affect TF production. For example, a reduction in TF production has been described in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS TF was collected at one center from 772 individuals, 708 of which were patients with different neurological diseases, and 64 healthy controls. Wetting lengths (WL) were recorded using Schirmer test strips with a collection time of 10 min. RESULTS WL correlated negatively with age and was significantly reduced in subgroups of patients with neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) (PD, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), other motor neuron diseases (MNDs)), as well as inflammatory/autoimmune/infectious central nervous system (CNS) diseases and vascular CNS diseases (VCDs), even if corrected for age or sex. While temperature had a significant negative effect on TF production, other environmental factors, such as hours of sunlight and humidity, did not. CONCLUSION WL was altered in many neurological diseases compared to healthy controls. Most importantly, we observed a reduction of WL in NDDs, independent of age or sex. This study highlights the potential of WL as an easily obtainable parameter and suggests functional alterations in the autonomic innervation in various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Luib
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia F Demleitner
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabell Cordts
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Erica Westenberg
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Rau
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Pürner
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haller
- Institute of AI and Informatics in Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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Di Zazzo A, Barabino S, Fasciani R, Aragona P, Giannaccare G, Villani E, Rolando M. One Soul and Several Faces of Evaporative Dry Eye Disease. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1220. [PMID: 38592038 PMCID: PMC10932174 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface system interacts with, reacts with, and adapts to the daily continuous insults, trauma, and stimuli caused by direct exposure to the atmosphere and environment. Several tissue and para-inflammatory mechanisms interact to guarantee such an ultimate function, hence maintaining its healthy homeostatic equilibrium. Evaporation seriously affects the homeostasis of the system, thereby becoming a critical trigger in the pathogenesis of the vicious cycle of dry eye disease (DED). Tear film lipid composition, distribution, spreading, and efficiency are crucial factors in controlling water evaporation, and are involved in the onset of the hyperosmolar and inflammatory cascades of DED. The structure of tear film lipids, and subsequently the tear film, have a considerable impact on tears' properties and main functions, leading to a peculiar clinical picture and specific management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Zazzo
- Ophthalmology Complex Operative Unit, Foundation Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Ophthalmology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Barabino
- Ocular Surface & Dry Eye Center, ASST Fatebenefratelli SACCO, Kilan Univeristy, 20123 Milan, Italy;
| | - Romina Fasciani
- Ophthalmology Unit, “Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS”, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Ophtalmology Unit, Catholic University of “Sacro Cuore”, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Aragona
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Giannaccare
- Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Villani
- Eye Clinic, San Giuseppe Hospital, IRCCS Multimedica, University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Rolando
- Ocular Surface and Dry Eye Center, ISPRE Ophthalmics, 16129 Genoa, Italy;
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Song MS, Lee Y, Paik HJ, Kim DH. A Comprehensive Analysis of the Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Dry Eye Disease. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 37:501-509. [PMID: 37899282 PMCID: PMC10721396 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2023.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of humidity and temperature on dry eye disease (DED). METHODS A retrospective, clinic-based study was conducted on DED patients undergoing dry eye treatment. Patients were followed up at least twice, and symptoms and signs were evaluated using the Symptoms Assessment Questionnaire in Dry Eye (SANDE) score, tear secretion, tear film breakup time (TBUT), ocular staining score, and tear osmolarity. Mean humidity and temperature values for 1 week before ocular examinations were used as the environmental exposure level. The relationship between humidity and temperature, with DED clinical parameters was analyzed in single- and multi-environmental factor models. RESULTS The study included 33 patients with a mean age of 53.9 ± 12.2 years. The low humidity group showed significantly higher SANDE scores (p = 0.023) and tear osmolarity (p = 0.008), and the low temperature group had higher SANDE scores (p = 0.004), ocular staining scores (p = 0.036), and tear osmolarity (p < 0.001). In the linear mixed model, single factor analysis showed that an increase in humidity resulted in decreased SANDE scores (p = 0.043), and an increase in temperature led to a decrease in SANDE score (p = 0.007), ocular staining score (p = 0.007), and tear osmolarity (p = 0.012). In the multifactor analysis, changes in humidity had no significant effect on dry eye parameters, but an increase in temperature was significantly correlated with decreased SANDE score (p = 0.026), ocular staining score (p = 0.024), and tear osmolarity (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Lower temperature led to aggravated symptoms and signs of DED and the effect of temperature on DED was more pronounced than humidity. Tear osmolarity was the most sensitive clinical parameter to be affected by climate factors in DED patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Sun Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yunjin Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Hae Jung Paik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
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Chaturvedi P, Kaushik J, Mathur V, Kumar P, Chauhan N. Determining the effect of climate and profession on dry eye disease: A prevalence study among young males in north, north-west and central India. Med J Armed Forces India 2023; 79:S75-S83. [PMID: 38144639 PMCID: PMC10746808 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ocular tear film and the ocular surface together represent a dynamic playground of various protective factors against environmental influencers. Surrounding environment and geoclimatic milieu are the pertinent and continuous influencing factors. Prevalence study of Dry eye disease (DED) in various climatic conditions and professions provides an insight into this peculiar aspect of DED and human geography. Methods This was a hospital based, cross-sectional, comparative, analytical observational study. 1840 young soldiers between 25 and 45 years of age were studied. Divided in five climate groups based on Köppen-Geiger climate classification system the subjects were sub-grouped into professions exposed to known aggravating environmental factors. The ocular surface was examined for signs and symptoms of DED and its prevalence and risk ratio for different climates and professions were calculated. Results Highest prevalence of DED was found in cold desert climate and among visual display unit (VDU) users. Least prevalence was seen in highland type of climate and among people involved in professional exposed to high temperature. Prevalence of DED based upon the signs and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) was calculated and stratified with risk ratio for climatic conditions and professions. Conclusion Different climatic conditions and professions had different prevalence of signs, symptoms of OSD and DED which indicated its influence on prevalence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.K. Chaturvedi
- Associate Professor (Ophthalmology), Base Hospital, Delhi Cantt, India
| | - Jaya Kaushik
- Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Vijay Mathur
- Consultant & Professor (Ophthalmology), Command Hospital (Northern Command), Udhampur, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Associate Professor (Ophthalmology), Army Hospital (Research & Referral), New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Chauhan
- Resident (Ophthalmlogy), Command Hospital (Western Command), Chandimandir, India
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Gui SY, Wang F, Qiao JC, Wang XC, Huang ZH, Yang F, Hu CY, Tao FB, Tao LM, Liu DW, Yi XL, Jiang ZX. Short-term effect of meteorological factors and extreme weather events on daily outpatient visits for dry eye disease between 2013 and 2020: a time-series study in Urumqi, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:111967-111981. [PMID: 37821738 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a common disorder of tear secretion on the ocular surface caused by multiple factors with dry eyes as the main symptom, but until now studies focusing on relationship between local meteorological factors and ocular surface diseases in Urumqi are very limited. Besides, the effects of long-term and extreme meteorological factors on DED and the lag effect have not been fully evaluated. Electronic case information of 9970 DED outpatients from the Ophthalmology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Urumqi, Xinjiang, China) between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2020, was screened and analyzed. We used a time-series analysis design and a quasi-Poisson generalized linear regression model combined with a distributed lagged nonlinear model (DLNM) to fit the effects of exposure to different meteorological factors and extreme weather on DED outpatient visits. Subgroup analyses were further performed for gender, age, and season. The results showed that exposure to extremely low mean temperature (P1:RR = 1.18), atmospheric pressure (P1:RR = 1.11), and extremely high relative humidity (P99:RR = 1.35) were the risk factors, while extremely high atmospheric pressure (P90:RR = 0.883) and extremely low humidity (P10:RR = 0.856) appeared to have a positive effect on reduced risk of DED. Relative humidity exhibited a 1-day lag effect (RR = 1.06). Increased mean temperature positively affected female DED patients (RR = 0.761) with similar effects in the cold season (RR = 0.926). However, elevated relative humidity had a negative effect on female patients (RR = 1.14). We conducted the first large sample size time-series analysis study in this major city at the farthest distance from the ocean in the world and in northwest China, confirming the association of DED outpatient visits with the remaining three meteorological factors except wind speed in Urumqi, and a larger sample size multi-center epidemiological study with a longer duration is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Gui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jian-Chao Qiao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xin-Chen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Cheng-Yang Hu
- Department of Humanistic Medicine, School of Humanistic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Li-Ming Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Dong-Wei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiang-Long Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Liyu Shan Road, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Zheng-Xuan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, China.
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12
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Patel S, Mittal R, Kumar N, Galor A. The environment and dry eye-manifestations, mechanisms, and more. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1173683. [PMID: 37681211 PMCID: PMC10482047 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1173683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial condition that often presents with chronic symptoms of pain (that can be characterized as "dryness," "burning," and "irritation," to name a few) and/or fluctuating or poor-quality vision. Given its multifactorial nature, several pathophysiologic mechanisms have been identified that can underlie symptoms, including tear film, ocular surface, and/or corneal somatosensory nerve abnormalities. Research has focused on understanding how environmental exposures can increase the risk for DED flares and negatively impact the tear film, the ocular surface, and/or nerve health. Given that DED is a common condition that negatively impacts physical and mental functioning, managing DED requires multiple strategies. These can include both medical approaches and modulating adverse environmental conditions, the latter of which may be a cost-effective way to avoid DED flares. Thus, an understanding of how environmental exposures relate to disease is important. This Review summarizes research on the relationships between environmental exposures and DED, in the hope that this information will engage healthcare professionals and patients to consider environmental manipulations in their management of DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Patel
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rhiya Mittal
- University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anat Galor
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Ophthalmology and Research Services, Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
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13
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Martin R. Symptoms of dry eye related to the relative humidity of living places. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101865. [PMID: 37208284 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2023.101865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the impact of relative humidity (RH) and climate variables of the place of residence on symptoms of dry eye disease (DED) in primary eye care practice. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) dry eye classification of 1.033 patients [classified as non-DED (OSDI ≤22) and DED (OSDI >22)] was conducted in a multicentre study in Spain. Participants were classified according to the 5-year RH value (data from the Spanish Climate Agency -www.aemet.es) into two groups: those who lived in low RH (<70%) places and those who lived in high RH (≥70%) places. Additionally, differences in daily climate records (EU Copernicus Climate Change Service) were assessed. RESULTS The prevalence of DED symptoms was 15.5% (95% CI 13.2%-17.6%). Participants who lived in places with <70% RH showed a higher prevalence of DED (17.7%; 95% CI 14.5%-21.1%; P < 0.01 adjusted for age and sex) than those who lived in places with ≥70% RH (13.6%; 95% CI 11.1%-16.7%) and a closer, but not statistically significant, risk for DED (OR = 1.34, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.89; P = 0.09) than previously described DED risk factors [age older than 50 years (OR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.16; P = 0.02) and female sex (OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.36 to 2.90; P < 0.01)]. Some climate data showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between participants with DED and non-DED (mean wind gusts; atmospheric pressure; mean and minimum relative humidity); these variables did not significantly increase DED risk (OR close to 1.0 and P > 0.05). CONCLUSION This study is the first to describe the impact of climate data on dryness symptomatology in Spain, confirming that participants who live in locations with RH <70% have a higher prevalence (corrected for age and sex) of DED. These findings support the use of climate databases in DED research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martin
- Universidad de Valladolid, Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Paseo de Belén, 17 - Campus Miguel Delibes, Valladolid 47011, España; Universidad de Valladolid, Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Paseo de Belén, 7 - Campus Miguel Delibes, Valladolid 47011, España; Optometry Research Group, IOBA Eye Institute, School of Optometry, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
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14
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Lu CW, Fu J, Liu XF, Cui ZH, Chen WW, Guo L, Li XL, Ren Y, Shao F, Chen LN, Hao JL. Impacts of air pollution and meteorological conditions on dry eye disease among residents in a northeastern Chinese metropolis: a six-year crossover study in a cold region. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:186. [PMID: 37495595 PMCID: PMC10372063 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the associations among dry eye disease (DED), air pollution, and meteorological conditions in the cold region of a northeastern Chinese metropolis (i.e., Changchun). Data on ambient air pollutants and meteorological parameters as well as diagnosed DED outpatients during 2015-2021 were collected. The associations between DED and environmental factors were analysed at multiple time scales using various statistical methods (i.e., correlation, regression and machine learning). Among the 10,809 DED patients (21,617 eyes) studied, 64.60% were female and 35.40% were male. A higher frequency of DED was observed in March and April, followed by January, August and October. Individual and multiple factor models showed the positive importance of particles with aerodynamic diameters <10 μm (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) among normal air pollutants and air pressure (AP), air temperature (AT) and wind speed (WS) among normal meteorological parameters. Air pollutants (PM10, nitrogen dioxide: NO2) and meteorological parameters (AT, AP) have combined impacts on DED occurrence. For the first time, we further explored the associations of detailed components of atmospheric particles and DED, suggesting potential emission sources, including spring dust from bare soil and roads and precursor pollutants of summer O3 formation from vehicles and industry in Northeast China. Our results revealed the quantitative associations among air pollutants, meteorological conditions and DED outpatients in cold regions, highlighting the importance of coordinated policies in air pollution control and climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Lu
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Jing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Xiu-Fen Liu
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Cui
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China.
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Li Guo
- China College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Li
- Shenyang Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, Shenyang, 110166, China
| | - Yu Ren
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Fei Shao
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ji-Long Hao
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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15
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Alves M, Asbell P, Dogru M, Giannaccare G, Grau A, Gregory D, Kim DH, Marini MC, Ngo W, Nowinska A, Saldanha IJ, Villani E, Wakamatsu TH, Yu M, Stapleton F. TFOS Lifestyle Report: Impact of environmental conditions on the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:1-52. [PMID: 37062427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risk factors that have an impact on the ocular surface were reviewed and associations with age and sex, race/ethnicity, geographical area, seasonality, prevalence and possible interactions between risk factors are reviewed. Environmental factors can be (a) climate-related: temperature, humidity, wind speed, altitude, dew point, ultraviolet light, and allergen or (b) outdoor and indoor pollution: gases, particulate matter, and other sources of airborne pollutants. Temperature affects ocular surface homeostasis directly and indirectly, precipitating ocular surface diseases and/or symptoms, including trachoma. Humidity is negatively associated with dry eye disease. There is little data on wind speed and dewpoint. High altitude and ultraviolet light exposure are associated with pterygium, ocular surface degenerations and neoplastic disease. Pollution is associated with dry eye disease and conjunctivitis. Primary Sjögren syndrome is associated with exposure to chemical solvents. Living within a potential zone of active volcanic eruption is associated with eye irritation. Indoor pollution, "sick" building or house can also be associated with eye irritation. Most ocular surface conditions are multifactorial, and several environmental factors may contribute to specific diseases. A systematic review was conducted to answer the following research question: "What are the associations between outdoor environment pollution and signs or symptoms of dry eye disease in humans?" Dry eye disease is associated with air pollution (from NO2) and soil pollution (from chromium), but not from air pollution from CO or PM10. Future research should adequately account for confounders, follow up over time, and report results separately for ocular surface findings, including signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Alves
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Penny Asbell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, USA
| | - Murat Dogru
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Giannaccare
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Cantanzaro, Italy
| | - Arturo Grau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Darren Gregory
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - William Ngo
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Anna Nowinska
- Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ian J Saldanha
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edoardo Villani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Eye Clinic, San Giuseppe Hospital, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Tais Hitomi Wakamatsu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo Hospital, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mitasha Yu
- Sensory Functions, Disability and Rehabilitation Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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16
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Amano S, Shimazaki J, Yokoi N, Hori Y, Arita R. Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Clinical Practice Guidelines. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2023; 67:448-539. [PMID: 37351738 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-023-00995-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Amano
- Ochanomizu Inoue Eye Clinic, 4-3 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Jun Shimazaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Norihiko Yokoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Ballesteros-Sánchez A, Gargallo-Martínez B, Gutiérrez-Ortega R, Sánchez-González JM. Intraobserver Repeatability Assessment of the S390L Firefly WDR Slitlamp in Patients With Dry Eye Disease: Objective, Automated, and Noninvasive Measures. Eye Contact Lens 2023; 49:283-291. [PMID: 37171516 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000001001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the intraobserver repeatability of automated, objective, and noninvasive measures obtained with the S390L Firefly WDR slitlamp. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 50 eyes of patients with dry eye disease with a mean age of 55.06±12.96 years. Three consecutively repeated measures of the following variables were obtained: first noninvasive break-up time (F-NIBUT), average noninvasive break-up time (A-NIBUT), tear meniscus height, tear meniscus area (TMA), nasal ciliary hyperemia (NCIH), temporal ciliary hyperemia (TCIH), nasal conjunctival hyperemia (NCOH), temporal conjunctival hyperemia (TCOH), upper loss area meibomian gland (U-LAMG), lower loss area meibomian gland (L-LAMG), upper meibomian gland dysfunction grade (U-MGD grade), and lower meibomian gland dysfunction grade (L-MGD grade). Intraobserver repeatability was estimated with coefficient of variation (CoV), intrasubject standard deviation (SD) (S w ), and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS All variables showed no statistically significant differences in the repeated-measures analysis except for L-MGD grade ( P =0.045). F-NIBUT and A-NIBUT obtained the highest CoV with an average value of 0.48±0.41 [0.02-1.00] and 0.34±0.25 [0.02-1.00], respectively. The remaining variables showed CoVs between 0.04±0.11 [0.00-0.43] and 0.18±0.16 [0.00-0.75]. A-NIBUT, TMA, NCOH, and L-LAMG obtained an S w of 2.78s, 0.21 mm 2 , <0.001, and 4.11%, respectively. Bland-Altman plots showed a high level of agreement between pairs of repeated measures. CONCLUSION The S390L Firefly WDR slitlamp has moderate intraobserver repeatability for F-NIBUT and A-NIBUT, which suggests that F-NIBUT and A-NIBUT are tests with high variability. The remaining variables show satisfactory intraobserver repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ballesteros-Sánchez
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter (A.B.-S., J.M.S.G), Optics Area, University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology (A.B.-S., B.G.M., R.G.O), Clínica Novovisión, Murcia, Spain; and Department of Ophthalmology, Optometry, Otorhinolaryngology, and Anatomic Pathology (B.G.M., R.G.O), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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18
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de Sampaio MOB, Moore BA, de Seabra NM, Bortolini M, Vieira TC, Martins CB, de Souza ALG, Martins CM, Montiani-Ferreira F. The development of the normal Schirmer tear test results during the dog's first year of life. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:184-190. [PMID: 36943769 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between lacrimation and age in a homogeneous group of healthy beagle dogs during the first year of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS Schirmer tear test I (STT I) was performed at an interval of 12-15 days in both eyes of 16 clinically healthy beagle dogs (eight males and eight females) from 94 to 361 days of age. Three different quadratic polynomial regression equations were estimated for the variation in lacrimation: (1) for the entire period (19 observations), (2) for observations 1-4 (days 94-136), and (3) for observations 5-19 (days 150-361). RESULTS By fitting quadratic regression equations to different phases of tear production during the dog's first year of life, it was possible to see that with each day of life, lacrimation increased 0.08 times (8%). From days 94 to 136, however, lacrimal production fell 1.1 times with each day of life. From day 150 to 361, production increased by 0.02 (2%) each day of life. In addition, there was a positive significant and moderate linear correlation between body weight and STT I values (p = .01). CONCLUSION In dogs, during the first year of life, STT I data distribution is parabolic in shape. Age significantly affected tear production. STT I decreased at approximately 108-121 days of age and increased thereafter. Body weight was a significant factor for STT I in young dogs. The establishment of this normal pattern of lacrimation is important for both clinical practitioners and laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bret A Moore
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Mariza Bortolini
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Camila Marinelli Martins
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
- AAC&T Consultoria em Pesquisa LTDA, Curitiba, Brazil
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Alkhaldi SA, Allam KH, Radwan MA, Sweeney LE, Alshammeri S. Estimates of dry eye disease in Saudi Arabia based on a short questionnaire of prevalence, symptoms, and risk factors: The Twaiq Mountain Eye Study I. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101770. [PMID: 36210288 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2022.101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of dry eye disease (DED) among the citizens of Saudi Arabia. METHODS A cross-sectional prevalence survey was administered to 4066 healthy adults from the five main regions of Saudi Arabia. Initial estimates of the prevalence and associated risk factors of DED were calculated for the general population and then stratified by demographic characteristics such as age, sex, and location. DED was assessed by a short, validated dry-eye questionnaire. RESULTS The overall prevalence of DED was 49.5 % (n = 2016), including 33.1 % (n = 1347) of participants who reported a previous DED diagnosis and 16.4 % (n = 669) who reported severe symptoms; 14.7 % reported severe symptoms and a previous DED diagnosis (n = 598). The DED prevalence among men was 49.8 % (n = 1005) compared with 50.2 % (n = 1011) for women. The multivariate model analysis confirmed the increased prevalence of DED in women (OR 1.48; 95 % CI 1.30-1.88), those ≥60 years of age (OR 1.99; 95 % CI 1.60-2.81), those who had undergone refractive surgery (OR 1.79; 95 % CI 1.50-2.59), those having undergone acne treatment (OR 1.51; 95 % CI 1.34-1.97), contact lens wearers (OR 1.77; 95 % CI 1.40-2.48), those having taken antiallergy drugs (OR 2.23; 95 % CI 1.55-2.78) or antidepressants (OR 1.60; 95 % CI 1.14-2.44), and those who reported computer use of >6 h per day (OR 1.66; 95 % CI 1.41-2.52). CONCLUSION Dry eye is a common disease among the Saudi Arabian population. Prevalence is found to be high and vary significantly across the country. DED could be attributed to dry weather, low annual rainfall, low humidity, widespread use of air conditioners, air pollution, high temperature, and exposure to sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh A Alkhaldi
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid H Allam
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Radwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laura E Sweeney
- Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Saleh Alshammeri
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.
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20
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Monfared N, Murphy PJ. Features and influences on the normal tear evaporation rate. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101809. [PMID: 36621341 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2022.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tear evaporation is a normal physiological phenomenon that has an important role in regulating blink activity and tear production. An altered tear evaporation rate (TER) is a defining characteristic of evaporative dry eye disease (DED), and the measurement of tear evaporation is a useful clinical test for diagnosis. Reported values for a normal TER cover a broad range, which may be due to the influence of ocular, environmental, and systemic factors. For improved disease diagnosis, a fuller understanding of the normal TER range is essential. This paper reports on a literature review of the current knowledge of these normal influences on TER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeimeh Monfared
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
| | - Paul J Murphy
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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21
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Gui SY, Qiao JC, Wang XC, Yang F, Hu CY, Tao FB, Yi XL, Jiang ZX. Long-term effects of meteorological factors and extreme weather on daily outpatient visits for conjunctivitis from 2013 to 2020: a time-series study in Urumqi, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:58041-58057. [PMID: 36977878 PMCID: PMC10047460 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Conjunctivitis is a common multifactorial inflammatory ocular surface disease characterized by symptoms such as congestion, edema, and increased secretion of conjunctival tissue, and the potential effects of meteorological factors as well as extreme meteorological factors on conjunctivitis and their lagging effects have not been fully evaluated. We obtained the electronic case information of 59,731 outpatients with conjunctivitis from the Ophthalmology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Urumqi, Xinjiang, China) for the period from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2020. Meteorological data for daily mean temperature (°C), daily relative humidity (%), daily average wind speed (m/s), and atmospheric pressure (hPa) were obtained from the China Meteorological Data Sharing Service. The air pollutant data were obtained from 11 standard urban background fixed air quality monitors. A time-series analysis design and a quasi-Poisson generalized linear regression model combined with a distributed lagged nonlinear model (DLNM) were used to fit the effects of exposure to different meteorological factors and extreme weather on conjunctivitis outpatient visits. Subgroup analyses were performed on gender, age and season, and type of conjunctivitis. Univariate and multifactorial model results indicated that each 10-unit increase in mean temperature and relative humidity was associated with an increased risk of conjunctivitis outpatient visits, while each 10-unit increase in atmospheric pressure was associated with a decreased risk. The results of the extreme weather analysis suggested that extremely low levels of atmospheric pressure and relative humidity as well as extreme levels of temperature were associated with an increased risk of outpatient conjunctivitis visits, and extreme wind speeds were associated with a decreased risk. The results of the subgroup analysis suggested gender, age, and seasonal differences. We conducted the first large sample size time-series analysis in the large city furthest from the ocean in the world and confirmed for the first time that elevated mean temperature and extreme low levels of relative humidity in Urumqi were risk factors for local conjunctivitis outpatient visits, while elevated atmospheric pressure and extreme low levels of wind speed were protective factors, and there were lagged effects of temperature and atmospheric pressure. Multicenter studies with larger sample sizes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Gui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jian-Chao Qiao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xin-Chen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Cheng-Yang Hu
- Department of Humanistic Medicine, School of Humanistic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xiang-Long Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Liyu Shan Road, Ürümqi, 830011, China
| | - Zheng-Xuan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, China.
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Zhou J, Fan L, Lin H, Zheng D, Yang L, Zhuo D, Zhuoma J, Li H, Zhang S, Ruan Z. Size-specific particulate matter and outpatient visits for allergic conjunctivitis in children: a time-stratified case-crossover study in Guangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:33949-33959. [PMID: 36502478 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This time-stratified case-crossover study aims to quantify the risk of allergic conjunctivitis (AC) associated with short-term exposure to PMs (i.e., PM1, PM2.5, PMc, and PM10) among children in Guangzhou, China. We collected data on children's daily AC outpatient visits from the Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center during February 20, 2016 to December 31, 2018, and also extracted air pollution and meteorological data in the same time frame. We used conditional logistic regression model to estimate the associations between PMs and AC outpatient visits, and conducted subgroup analyses stratified by sex, age, and season. During the study period, we recorded 39,330 children's outpatient visits for AC, including 27,638 boys and 11,692 girls. The associations between PMs and AC were general linear with no clear threshold, which were largest at the current days but remained positive for lag 1 to 3 days. For every 10 μg/m3 increase in daily PM1, PM2.5, PMc, and PM10 concentrations, the estimated risks of AC outpatient visits at the current days increased by 2.5% (OR = 1.025, 95% CI: 1.011-1.039), 1.8% (OR = 1.018, 95% CI: 1.009-1.027), 2.1% (OR = 1.021, 95% CI: 1.004-1.039), and 1.3% (OR = 1.013, 95% CI: 1.007-1.020), respectively. In addition, our stratified analyses revealed that girls and children aged 1 to 6 years were more sensitive to PM exposure, and the PM-associated risks for AC were more apparent in autumn and winter. Our study suggests that short-term exposure to PMs may induce AC in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Jiangsu, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Hualiang Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangdong, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dehui Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihong Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Jiangsu, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayang Zhuoma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Jiangsu, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangdong, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangdong, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zengliang Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Jiangsu, 210096, Nanjing, China.
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangdong, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
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Sánchez-Brau M, Seguí-Crespo M, Cantó-Sancho N, Tauste A, Ramada JM. What Are the Dry Eye Questionnaires Available in the Scientific Literature Used for? A Scoping Review. Am J Ophthalmol 2023; 246:174-191. [PMID: 36336073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dry eye disease (DED) is a frequent chronic ophthalmic condition. Its diagnosis includes tests and patient reported outcomes (PRO) questionnaires. Although many PRO dry eye questionnaires (PRO-DEQs) are available, they differ greatly from each other and not all have been validated. The purpose of this study was to retrieve the PRO-DEQs present in the scientific literature by performing a descriptive analysis of them and identifying those with known validity and reliability characteristics and to perform a descriptive analysis of the geographic area, year of publication, and characteristics of the target population of the clinical studies that have used validated PRO-DEQs. DESIGN Scoping review of the literature. METHODS Searches were conducted in PubMed to retrieve PRO-DEQs published up to July 2018 and written in English, French, Italian or Spanish. RESULTS One thousand six hundred two records were identified and 973 were included in the final analysis. Of these, 56 provided information on the design and validation of PRO-DEQs and 49 PRO-DEQs were identified. Twenty-two PRO-DEQs were validated (17 original and 5 modified) and 27 had no associated design, validity, and reliability studies. Most of the validated PRO-DEQs were designed in English, the number of items varies from 1 to 57, the dimensions are generally not specified, and they are self-administered. The greatest use of validated PRO-DEQs in clinical studies has been in Asia since 2010, with the Ocular Surface Disease Index being the most used. These questionnaires have been used mostly in adults, retired professionals, and people with visual diseases to diagnose DED. CONCLUSIONS This study aims to encourage the use of validated PRO-DEQs to guarantee the quality of the results obtained and the comparability and replicability among studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Sánchez-Brau
- Doctoral Programme in Health Sciences (M.S-B., N.C-S.), University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Mar Seguí-Crespo
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy (M.S-C., N.C-S.), University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; Public Health Research Group (M.S-C.), University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain.
| | - Natalia Cantó-Sancho
- Doctoral Programme in Health Sciences (M.S-B., N.C-S.), University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy (M.S-C., N.C-S.), University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Ana Tauste
- Department of Optics, Optometry and Vision Sciences (A.T.), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Ramada
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (J.M.R.), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (J.M.R.), Madrid, Spain
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Ballesteros-Sánchez A, Gargallo-Martínez B, Sánchez-González MC, Sánchez-González JM. Intense Pulse Light Combined With Low-Level Light Therapy in Dry Eye Disease: A Systematic Review. Eye Contact Lens 2023; 49:8-13. [PMID: 36455215 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the improvement in symptoms and signs associated with intense pulse light (IPL) combined with low-level light therapy (LLLT) in the treatment of dry eye disease (DED). METHODS A systematic review of full-length original studies reporting the effects of IPL combined with LLLT for DED in two databases, PubMed and Scopus, was performed according to the PRISMA statement. The quality assessment tool for case series studies from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute was used to analyze the quality of the studies selected. RESULTS The search provided a total of 393 articles, of which six were included. Significant decreases in the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) score, MGD grade, and meiboscore and increases in tear film stability, lipid layer thickness, and loss area of the meibomian gland have been reported. Concerning tear volume, tear meniscus height, and Schirmer test remained unchanged. In relation to tear osmolarity and corneal fluorescein staining, contradictory outcomes were found. CONCLUSIONS Intense pulse light combined with LLLT for the treatment of dry eye improves OSDI, tear film stability, and meibomian gland function; thus, this treatment may be recommended for DED patients due to MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ballesteros-Sánchez
- Department of Ophthalmology (A.B.S., B.G.M), Clínica Novovisión, Murcia, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry (B.G.M.), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; and Department of Physics of Condensed Matter (J.M.S.G., M.C.S.G.), Optics Area, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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25
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Kim JY, Han MG, Chun JH, Huh EA, Lee SJ. Developing a diagnosis model for dry eye disease in dogs using object detection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21351. [PMID: 36494436 PMCID: PMC9734108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop an object detection method for the diagnosis of dry eye disease (DED) in dogs. To this end, a methodology was designed to evaluate ocular surface video images using the YOLOv5 model, which is an object detection algorithm that has been widely used because of its simple network structure and fast detection speed. Because the cornea is a transparent organ, an illuminator plate with grid squares was used to provide grid lines, which were analyzed as the reflected straight lines of the light source representing the precorneal tear film (PTF) stability. The original video consisted of the number of 12 normal images(normal, [Formula: see text] = 17) and the number of 15 abnormal images(abnormal, [Formula: see text] = 17), converted to JPEG images for labeling, learning, and model validation. The labeled image data were divided into a training image data set (normal, [Formula: see text] = 15,276; abnormal, [Formula: see text] = 26,196) to a validation image data set (normal, [Formula: see text] = 6546; abnormal, [Formula: see text] = 11,228). As a result of the experiment, the mean average precision ([Formula: see text]) achieved 0.995. This study proposes a method to effectively determine ocular surface status in dogs by using YOLOv5 and concludes that an object detection model can be used in the veterinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Young Kim
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea ,grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Gyun Han
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Heon Chun
- grid.411202.40000 0004 0533 0009Division of Business Administration, College of Business, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun A. Huh
- AIFORPET Corp, Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Jun Lee
- grid.411202.40000 0004 0533 0009Division of Business Administration, College of Business, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897 Republic of Korea
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26
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King-Smith PE, Begley C, Braun RJ. A Perspective on the Use of Fluorescent Imaging to Reveal Mechanisms of Breakup. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1355-1361. [PMID: 35861694 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2098981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Tear film instability, which can lead to rapid tear film breakup (TBU), is considered to be a major etiological factor in dry eye. However, experimental support for many of the proposed theories for TBU mechanisms is relatively scarce. The major aim of this perspective is to show that fluorescence studies of TBU can be used to provide experimental evidence for two proposed underlying mechanisms of TBU, evaporation and divergent flow.Methods: To understand the effects of TBU on tear film fluorescence, we show that local fluorescence is the product of three main factors: tear film thickness, fluorescein concentration and fluorescent efficiency. In divergent tear flow, tear film thickness is reduced without change in fluorescein concentration and fluorescent efficiency, thus leading to reduced fluorescence intensity. Evaporation causes decreased fluorescence mainly by self-quenching due to high fluorescein concentration. Fluorescent efficiency is reduced by quenching at high fluorescein concentration but is independent of concentration for very low fluorescein concentration; thus, comparison of high and very low concentrations of fluorescein can be used to discriminate between divergent flow and evaporation. Finally, it is shown how the fluorescent pattern can change greatly during the development of breakup.Conclusions: This analysis demonstrates that the study of tear film fluorescence in TBU and dry eye may be underutilized as additional information pertinent to clinical practice may be obtained. A better understanding of TBU mechanisms may lead to improved diagnosis and treatment of dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn Begley
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Richard J Braun
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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27
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Montani G, Landini L, Martino M. Short- and long-term effects of a multi-component, artificial tear on preocular tear film stability, tear evaporation and tear film optical dynamic: a prospective randomized double-phase study. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1252-1258. [PMID: 35749148 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2093381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the short- (within 90 minutes) and long-term (after 21 days of treatment) effects of an artificial tear containing carbomer, hyaluronic acid, glycerol, and medium-chain triglycerides in patients with mild-to-moderate dry eye symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHODS Subjects received the tested artificial tears in the right eye and control artificial tears in the left eye and were assessed 10, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after instillation in the short-term study phase. They received the study product in both eyes in the long-term phase. Non-invasive break-up time (NIBUT), tear lipid layer pattern, tear evaporation, and tear film objective optical dynamics (TFOOD) were measured in controlled environmental conditions. RESULTS In total, 32 patients (10 males, mean age 42 ± 11 years) were enrolled. During the short-term phase, NIBUT increased significantly in the right eyes at all time points compared with baseline (all p < 0.05). Conversely, in the left eyes, NIBUT increased significantly at 10 and 30 min (p < 0.05). The tear evaporation values increased at 10 minutes and decreased at 30 and 60 minutes (p < 0.05) in the right eyes, while they increased only at 10 minutes (p < 0.05) in the left eyes. Compared with baseline, the TFOOD was significantly more stable at all time points in the right eyes (p < 0.05), while it was more stable at 10 and 30 min in the left eyes (p < 0.05). In the long-term phase, treated eyes showed a significant increase in NIBUT values, a significant reduction of tear evaporation, a significant improvement of tear lipid layer pattern, and a more stable TFOOD compared with baseline (all p < 0.05). Symptoms, measured with the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, were also significantly reduced compared with baseline (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The tested product increased tear film stability and reduced tear evaporation, normalizing lipid layer pattern and reducing symptoms in the short- and long-term observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Montani
- Mathematics and Physics Department "Ennio De Giorgi," Salento University, Lecce, Italy.,Ce.R.C.A. Salento University, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Martino
- Mathematics and Physics Department "Ennio De Giorgi," Salento University, Lecce, Italy.,Ce.R.C.A. Salento University, Lecce, Italy
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The Effect of Face Masks during COVID-19 Pandemic on Ocular Surface Temperature-A Clinical Thermographic Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12061431. [PMID: 35741241 PMCID: PMC9221900 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the center for disease control and prevention (CDC) recommends face-mask wearing for all people above the age of two years. The wearing of face masks creates a unique airflow towards the ocular surface which may influence the normal physiological conditions of the ocular and periocular surface. Healthy subjects with no ocular history were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The Therm-App thermal imaging camera was used for ocular surface temperature (OST) measurements during inspirium and expirium. Five regions of interest (ROIs) were used to measure OST: medial conjunctive, cornea, lateral conjunctive, upper eyelid and entire orbital area. Additional measurements in the same locations were made with the upper margin of the mask taped with micropore surgical tape. Thirty-one patients were included in this study. OST during expirium was significantly higher compared to the temperature during inspirium in all locations measured (p < 0.001, paired samples t-test). The temperature of the upper eyelid was higher by more than 0.5 °C during expirium. Taping the mask’s upper edges to the skin resulted in non-significant temperature changes in inspirium vs. expirium. In conclusion, wearing a face mask creates air flow towards the periocular and ocular surface, which changes the OST mostly on the eyelids.
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The effects of short-term and long-term air pollution exposure on meibomian gland dysfunction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6710. [PMID: 35468976 PMCID: PMC9038913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We aim to assess the effects of different air pollutants on meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). As a prospective multicenter study, 864 patients were recruited from four different regions (i.e., coal, oil, steel, and living). The oil region had a significantly lower temperature and higher O3 and SO2 concentrations than other regions. Notably, participants in oil region presented with more frequent and serious MGD signs and higher cytokine levels (median interleukin 6 [IL-6] in oil: 2.66, steel: 0.96, coal: 0.38, living: 0.56; IL-8 in oil: 117.52, steel: 46.94, coal: 26.89, living: 33; vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] in oil: 25.09, steel: 14.02, coal: 14.02, living: 28.47). The short-term fluctuations of cytokine levels were associated with the changes in gas levels (PM2.5 and IL-8: β = 0.016 [0.004–0.029]; O3 and IL-6: β = 0.576 [0.386–0.702]; O3 and IL-8: β = 0.479 [0.369–0.890]; SO2 and VEGF: β = 0.021 [0.001–0.047]). After long-term exposure, lid margin neovascularization (r = 0.402), meibomian gland (MG) expression (r = 0.377), MG secretion (r = 0.303), MG loss (r = 0.404), and tear meniscus height (r = − 0.345) were moderately correlated with air quality index (AQI). Individuals in oil region had more serious MGD signs and higher cytokine levels. MGD is susceptible to long-term exposure to high AQI.
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Vera J, Redondo B, Molina R, Jiménez R. Effects of wearing swimming goggles on non-invasive tear break-up time in a laboratory setting. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2022; 15:154-159. [PMID: 33478924 PMCID: PMC9068525 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of swimming goggles (SG) has demonstrated to alter different ocular parameters, however, the impact of wearing SG on the tear film stability remain unknown. The main objective of this study was to determine the short-term effects of wearing SG on tear film surface quality break-up time (TFSQ-BUT). METHODS Twenty-eight young healthy adults (14 men and 14 women) wore a drilled SG, and TFSQ-BUT was measured before, during and after SG use. Dynamic-area high-speed videokeratoscopy was used for the non-invasive assessment of TFSQ-BUT. RESULTS TFSQ-BUT was significantly reduced while SG wear in comparison to the baseline measurement (4.8 ± 4.5 s vs. 8.8 ± 6.9 s; corrected p-value = 0.017, d = 0.57, mean difference = 4.0 [0.6, 7.3]; 45% reduction). Immediately after SG removal, TFSQ-BUT rapidly recovered baseline levels (8.2 ± 5.9 s vs. 8.8 ± 6.9 s; corrected p-value = 0.744). The impact of wearing SG on TFSQ-BUT were independent of the gender of the participants (p = 0.934). CONCLUSION The use of SG induces a TFSQ-BUT reduction, with these changes returning to baseline levels immediately after SG removal. These data may be of relevance for the management of dry eye patients, who need to avoid circumstances that exacerbate tear film instability. Nevertheless, these results must be interpreted with caution since the experiment did not entirely mimic real-life conditions (e.g., eye cup piece drilled, time of exposure, environmental conditions). Future studies should consider the inclusion of dry eye patients and older individual in order to explore the generalizability of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Vera
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Beatríz Redondo
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - Rubén Molina
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Raimundo Jiménez
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
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Chang SW, Ho WT, Chiu CY. Low ambient temperature correlates with the severity of dry eye symptoms. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2022; 12:191-197. [PMID: 35813789 PMCID: PMC9262028 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo_25_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: The symptoms of dry eye disease (DED) are influenced by environmental factors, but the effect of ambient temperature is less certain. Our purpose was to investigate the relationship between the severity of DED symptoms and the ambient temperature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed the symptom scores, including ocular surface disease index (OSDI) and standardized patient evaluation of eye dryness (SPEED), as well as tear film parameters of first-time DED patients between June 2018 and June 2019. The contribution of tear film parameters and environmental factors, including ambient temperature, humidity, wind speed, and the concentration of air pollutants, to the severity of dry eye symptoms was evaluated by univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. RESULTS: There were 351 patients included aged 52.8 ± 13.6 years, and 257 (73.2%) were female. The average tear film break-up time, Schirmer test value, and lipid layer thickness were 2.6 ± 0.7 s, 5.5 ± 4.3 mm, and 64.1 ± 6.0 μm, respectively. The average OSDI and SPEED were 41.8 ± 19.8 and 12.1 ± 5.1, respectively. In winter, the patients reported higher OSDI and SPEED. Both scores were significantly correlated with low ambient temperature. Regression analysis showed that low ambient temperature and Schirmer test value contributed to higher OSDI, while low ambient temperature and younger age contributed to higher SPEED. CONCLUSION: Low ambient temperature plays a significant role in DED symptom severity.
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Patel S, Kaplan C, Galor A, Kumar N. The Role of Temperature Change, Ambient Temperature, and Relative Humidity in Allergic Conjunctivitis in a US Veteran Population. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 230:243-255. [PMID: 33991518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies have implicated temperature and humidity in the pathogenesis of allergic conjunctivitis (AC), as these conditions facilitate air particulate and aeroallergen dispersion and tear film instability. Research also suggests that variation in temperature is associated with risk of asthma, but similar data are limited for AC. This study examined associations between several meteorologic conditions, including temperature variation, and AC visit risk. DESIGN Retrospective, case-crossover study. METHODS Data on individuals diagnosed with AC (via International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Edition [ICD-9]) at a Veterans Affairs clinic from January 2010-December 2013 was extracted. Local climate data were obtained from the National Climactic Data Center. Utilizing a case-crossover design, all cases were assigned a random control date 90-250 days prior to diagnosis. Daily time-lagged exposures were computed for 30-day lags. The associations between temperature, temperature variation (standard deviation [SD] of temperature), relative humidity (RH), and temperature-RH interaction with visit risk were examined via multivariate logistic regression models both at the national level and across domestic climate regions. RESULTS Overall, 74,951 subjects made 116,162 visits for AC. Prevalence was highest in spring (>10% April-May) in the Northeast (NE) and Southeast (SE) (>15%), and lowest in winter (<6.1% December-February) in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) (<5%). AC visit risk was positively associated with temperature (OR 1.028, P < .001), SD of temperature (OR 1.054, P < .01), and temperature-RH interaction (OR 1.0003, P < .01), whereas it was negatively associated with RH (OR 0.998, P < .001). Regionally, the PNW, NE, and Lower Midwest (LMW) accounted for the strongest associations. CONCLUSION Temperature, temperature variation, and RH associated with AC visit risk. Observed associations were strongest in northern regions, like the PNW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Patel
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center (S.P., A.G.); Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami (S.P., A.G.)
| | - Carol Kaplan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Health, and Wellness, Miami Dade College (C.K.), Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Anat Galor
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center (S.P., A.G.); Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami (S.P., A.G.)
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Environmental Health Division, University of Miami (N.K.).
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Gokul KC, Kandel H, Valiño L, Kaiti R, Roy P, Sohail M, Gurung DB. Computational study for temperature distribution in ArF excimer laser corneal refractive surgeries using different beam delivery techniques. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:1709-1716. [PMID: 34564765 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Refractive errors are the most common causes of vision impairment worldwide and laser refractive surgery is one of the most frequently performed ocular surgeries. Clinical studies have reported that approximately 10.5% of patients need an additional procedure after the surgery. The major complications of laser surgery are over/under correction and dry eye. An increase in temperature may be a cause for these complications. The purpose of this study was to estimate the increase in temperature during laser refractive surgery and its relationship with the complications observed for different surgical techniques. In this paper, a finite element model was applied to investigate the temperature distribution of the cornea when subjected to ArF excimer laser at a single spot using various beam delivery systems (broad beam, scanning slit, and flying spot). The Pennes bio-heat equation was used to predict the temperature values at different laser pulse energies and frequencies. The maximum temperature increase by ArF laser ([Formula: see text] frequency and [Formula: see text] pulse energy) at a single spot was [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] diopter correction ([Formula: see text] of ablation of corneal stroma) using broad beam, scanning slit, and flying spot beam delivery approaches respectively. The peak temperature due to a single pulse was estimated to be [Formula: see text]. Although the peak temperature (sufficient energy to break intermolecular bonds) exists for a very short time ([Formula: see text]) compared to the thermal relaxation time ([Formula: see text]), there is some thermal energy exchange between corneal tissues during a laser refractive surgery. Heating may cause collagen denaturation, collagen shrinkage, and more evaporation and hence proposed to be a risk factor for over/under correction and dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Gokul
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal.
| | - Himal Kandel
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luis Valiño
- LIFTEC (CSIC), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raju Kaiti
- Nepal Eye Hospital, Tripureshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Prosun Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Dil Bahadur Gurung
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
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Palmer S, Ramos RV, Rodriguez Galarza RM. Clinical comparison of tear film breakup time measurements in normal dogs using three different methods of fluorescein solution administration. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:503-508. [PMID: 34553819 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the method of fluorescein administration affects the results of tear film breakup time (TFBUT) measurement in normal dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED Thirty-seven client and hospital staff owned dogs over 1 year of age with no known comorbidities or administration of systemic or topical ophthalmic medications. PROCEDURES A prospective randomized three-way crossover study was conducted. All dogs received an abbreviated ophthalmic examination to rule out ocular surface disease. Using a 30-min washout interval period, each dog's right eye was received: (a) direct application of fluorescein stain strip with one drop of sterile eyewash, (b) direct application of fluorescein stain strip with two drops of sterile eyewash, or (c) application of one drop from a premade fluorescein solution (dilution of one strip in 0.3 mL sterile eyewash). Eyes were assessed using the cobalt blue filter of a slit lamp biomicroscope. TFBUT measurements were summarized as means ± standard deviation. The methods were compared using mixed model analysis of variance. All analyses were performed using sas version 9.4. RESULTS Thirty-seven dogs met the inclusion criteria. Mean TFBUT ± standard deviation (SD) for the three described methods were: (a) 16.58s ± 6.9, (b) 15.98s ± 7.1, and (c) 16.43s ± 8.1. No differences between fluorescein stain application techniques were observed (p = .92). CONCLUSION The technique of fluorescein solution administration did not affect TFBUT measurement in this population of healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Palmer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Renata V Ramos
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Roxanne M Rodriguez Galarza
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Ewurum A, Veligandla SR, Swindle JS, Clark JD, Borchman D. A spectroscopic approach to measuring meibum lipid composition and conformation in donors with Sjӧgren's syndrome. Exp Eye Res 2021; 210:108713. [PMID: 34363797 PMCID: PMC8429180 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Sjӧgren's syndrome (SS) have dry eye associated with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). The meibum from donors with dry eye due to MGD but without SS (MMGD) presents with lower levels of cholesteryl ester, less straight chains, and more ordered hydrocarbon chains compared with meibum from donors without MGD (Mn). The aim of the current study was to compare the composition and hydrocarbon chain conformation of meibum from donors with Sjögren's syndrome (Mss) to Mn and MMGD. Meibum was expressed from patients with SS using an ILUX instrument (Alcon Inc., Fort Worth TX). All of the nine meibum donors with SS were female. Meibum composition was characterized using 1H-NMR and meibum hydrocarbon chain conformation was measured using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Meibum from every donor with SS measured contained a significantly (P < 0.01) higher cholesteryl ester/wax ester ratio and more straight chains compared with donors without SS or dry eye. None of the nine phase transitional parameters were significantly different, P > 0.05, for Mss compared with Mn. Nor was the CH3/CH2 band height ratio used to estimate the number of hydrocarbon CH3 and CH2 moieties different, P = 0.22, for Mss compared with Mn. In conclusion, the compositional differences between Mss compared with Mn did not result in differences in any of the nine meibum lipid phase transitional parameters measured. The compositional differences observed between Mss and Mn could be markers for or contribute to SS as the differences could lead to tear film lipid packing differences other than conformational differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ewurum
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Sravya R Veligandla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jordan S Swindle
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jeremy D Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Douglas Borchman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Exposure to Ambient NO 2 Increases the Risk of Dry Eye Syndrome in Females: An 11-Year Population-Based Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136860. [PMID: 34206755 PMCID: PMC8296916 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that women suffer from dry eye syndrome (DES) more significantly than men. Therefore, we specifically explore the associations between air pollutant levels and the risks of DES for women. The study obtained 27,605 participants from the 29 recruitment centers of the Taiwan Biobank, which was established in October 2012. A large scale cross-sectional study involving DES sufferers and age- and education-matched control groups without DES was designed. Based on the municipality of residence, the predicted concentration levels of various air pollutants, including PM2.5, sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were estimated by using hybrid kriging/LUR model. Multiple logistic regressions were applied to estimate the prevalence ratios (PR) of DES and 95% confidence interval. Hormone supplementations, DBP, allergies, and arthritis were considered as important comorbidities for increased PR risk of DES. In addition, with each standard deviation (SD) increment of PM2.5 and temperature, women had significant increases in PRs of DES of 1.09- and 1.07-fold, respectively; conversely, each SD increment of relative humidity (RH) had a protective effect against the risk of DES. After considering hormone supplementation, arthritis, and allergy, the SD increment of NO2 and temperature were associated with the PRs of DES. In conclusion, significant associations of ambient NO2 concentration, RH and temperature with DES indicated the importance of increased environmental protection in the female population. Female exposure to high levels of NO2 when receiving hormone supplementation, or suffering with allergies or arthritis, had significantly increased risk of DES.
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Marshev V, Bolloc'h J, Pallamin N, de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye JL, Cochener B, Nourrit V. Impact of virtual reality headset use on eye blinking and lipid layer thickness. J Fr Ophtalmol 2021; 44:1029-1037. [PMID: 34045106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blinking plays an important role in protecting the eyes, and the use of computers has been associated with a reduction in the blink rate. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of a virtual reality headset on blinking and lipid layer thickness and to compare these data to those associated with a conventional desktop monitor. METHODS Two experiments were performed to compare the effect of 20minutes of use of a virtual reality headset (FOVE) and 20minutes of use of a desktop monitor on the frequency and length of blinks (experiment 1, 15 participants) and on the thickness of the lipid layer as measured by Lipiview (experiment 2, 12 participants). RESULTS In the first experiment, the blink rate [F(1.83)=4.3, P=0.04, β=0.36] and duration [F(1.83)=13, P=0.001, β=0.35] increased with time under both conditions, but no statistical difference was found between the two conditions (headset vs. desktop monitor) either for blink rate [rmANOVA F(1.11)=0.01, P=0.92; headset: 15.1 blinks, 95% CI: 12.6 to 17.6 blinks; desktop: 14.6 blinks, 95% CI: 13.6 to 15.7 blinks] or for blink duration [rmANOVA F(1.11)=4.534, P=0.06; headset: 205.75ms, 95% CI: 200.9 to 210.6ms; desktop: 202.82ms, 95% CI: 198.2 to 207.5ms]. However, strong individual variations were observed. Evaluation of simulator sickness and visual fatigue by questionnaire showed no significant differences between the two conditions (SSQ simulator sickness questionnaire: V=46, P=0.62; VFQ visual fatigue questionnaire: V=15.5, P=0.13). In the second experiment, the lipid layer thickness increased significantly after use of the VR headset [F(1.18)=11.03, P=0.004, headset: 76.2nm, desktop: 58.8nm]. CONCLUSION In terms of recommendations, the effect of virtual reality headsets on blink duration and frequency during a moderate exposure (20minutes) is comparable to that of a conventional desktop monitor. However, the strong individual variations observed, the lack of reliable tests to evaluate this individual sensitivity, and the significant increase in lipid layer thickness in experiment 2 suggest the value of a more detailed investigation, in particular with consideration of a longer exposure time and other tear film parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Marshev
- Optics department, IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire, Campus de Brest, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, CS 83818, 29238 Brest cedex 03, France; Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM-UBO UMR 1101, Bâtiment 1, CHRU Morvan, 2, avenue Foch, 29609 Brest cedex, France; UBO, 3, rue des Archives, 29238 Brest, France.
| | - J Bolloc'h
- Optics department, IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire, Campus de Brest, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, CS 83818, 29238 Brest cedex 03, France; Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM-UBO UMR 1101, Bâtiment 1, CHRU Morvan, 2, avenue Foch, 29609 Brest cedex, France
| | - N Pallamin
- Uses and Acceptability Lab, b-com, 25, rue Claude-Chappe, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - J-L de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye
- Optics department, IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire, Campus de Brest, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, CS 83818, 29238 Brest cedex 03, France; Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM-UBO UMR 1101, Bâtiment 1, CHRU Morvan, 2, avenue Foch, 29609 Brest cedex, France
| | - B Cochener
- Service d'ophtalmologie, CHRU Morvan, 2, avenue Foch, 29609 Brest cedex, France
| | - V Nourrit
- Optics department, IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire, Campus de Brest, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, CS 83818, 29238 Brest cedex 03, France; Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM-UBO UMR 1101, Bâtiment 1, CHRU Morvan, 2, avenue Foch, 29609 Brest cedex, France
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Wolffsohn JS, Dumbleton K, Huntjens B, Kandel H, Koh S, Kunnen CME, Nagra M, Pult H, Sulley AL, Vianya-Estopa M, Walsh K, Wong S, Stapleton F. CLEAR - Evidence-based contact lens practice. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:368-397. [PMID: 33775383 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based contact lens -->practice involves finding, appraising and applying research findings as the basis for patient management decisions. These decisions should be informed by the strength of the research study designs that address the question, as well as by the experience of the practitioner and the preferences and environment of the patient. This reports reviews and summarises the published research evidence that is available to inform soft and rigid contact lens history and symptoms taking, anterior eye health examination (including the optimised use of ophthalmic dyes, grading scales, imaging techniques and lid eversion), considerations for contact lens selection (including the ocular surface measurements required to select the most appropriate lens parameter, lens modality and material selection), evaluation of lens fit, prescribing (teaching self-application and removal, adaptation, care regimen and cleaning instructions, as well as -->minimising risks of lens wear through encouraging compliance) and an aftercare routine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathy Dumbleton
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Division of Optometry and Visual Sciences at City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Himal Kandel
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shizuka Koh
- Department of Innovative Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Manbir Nagra
- Vision and Eye Research Institute, ARU, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heiko Pult
- Optometry and Vision Research, Weinheim, Germany
| | | | - Marta Vianya-Estopa
- Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen Walsh
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Stephanie Wong
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Australia
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Wolkoff P, Azuma K, Carrer P. Health, work performance, and risk of infection in office-like environments: The role of indoor temperature, air humidity, and ventilation. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 233:113709. [PMID: 33601136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies have revealed the effects of the room temperature, indoor air humidity, and ventilation on human health, work and cognitive performance, and risk of infection. In this overview, we integrate the influence of these important microclimatic parameters and assess their influence in offices based on literature searches. The dose-effect curves of the temperature describe a concave shape. Low temperature increases the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and elevated temperature increases the risk of acute non-specific symptoms, e.g., dry eyes, and respiratory symptoms. Cognitive and work performance is optimal between 22 °C and 24 °C for regions with temperate or cold climate, but both higher and lower temperatures may deteriorate the performances and learning efficiency. Low temperature may favor virus viability, however, depending on the status of the physiological tissue in the airways. Low indoor air humidity causes vulnerable eyes and airways from desiccation and less efficient mucociliary clearance. This causes elevation of the most common mucous membrane-related symptoms, like dry and tired eyes, which deteriorates the work performance. Epidemiological, experimental, and clinical studies support that intervention of dry indoor air conditions by humidification alleviates symptoms of dry eyes and airways, fatigue symptoms, less complaints about perceived dry air, and less compromised work performance. Intervention of dry air conditions by elevation of the indoor air humidity may be a non-pharmaceutical treatment of the risk of infection by reduced viability and transport of influenza virus. Relative humidity between 40 and 60% appears optimal for health, work performance, and lower risk of infection. Ventilation can reduce both acute and chronic health outcomes and improve work performance, because the exposure is reduced by the dilution of the indoor air pollutants (including pathogens, e.g., as virus droplets), and in addition to general emission source control strategies. Personal control of ventilation appears an important factor that influences the satisfaction of the thermal comfort due to its physical and positive psychological impact. However, natural ventilation or mechanical ventilation can become sources of air pollutants, allergens, and pathogens of outdoor or indoor origin and cause an increase in exposure. The "health-based ventilation rate" in a building should meet WHO's air quality guidelines and dilute human bio-effluent emissions to reach an acceptable perceived indoor air quality. Ventilation is a modifying factor that should be integrated with both the indoor air humidity and the room temperature in a strategic joint control to satisfy the perceived indoor air quality, health, working performance, and minimize the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Kenichi Azuma
- Dept Environmental Medicine and Behavioral Science, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Paolo Carrer
- Dept Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, 20157, Milan, Italy.
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Shah AM, Galor A. Impact of Ocular Surface Temperature on Tear Characteristics: Current Insights. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2021; 13:51-62. [PMID: 33623465 PMCID: PMC7894805 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s281601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) thermographic assessment of ocular surface temperature (OST) is gaining interest as an adjuvant method to evaluate the ocular surface. It is a quick, non-invasive test that causes minimal, if any, discomfort to patients. The purpose of this article was to summarize research on how OST relates to tear film parameters and dry eye disease (DED). PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus searches for specific terms were carried out and eligible articles reviewed. OST of the central cornea is ~34-35°C when measured as a single time-point (typically right after a blink). Dynamically, OST values decrease over time at a rate of ~ -0.01 °C/s in healthy eyes. Single time-point OST values are impacted by temperature, with positive correlations noted with both ambient (1°C↓ results in ~0.16°C↓ in OST) and body (1°C↑ results in ~0.98°C↑ in OST) temperature. Single time-point OST values are also impacted by tear parameters, with negative correlations noted with tear break-up time (TBUT; r=-0.61) and positive correlations with lipid layer thickness (~r=0.50). Dynamically, the rate of OST cooling over the interblink period correlates with various tear parameters including Schirmer's test scores (r=-0.39), tear meniscus height (r=-0.52) and the rate of tear film break-up (r=-0.74). These data imply that OST decreases more rapidly in individuals with greater tear production, larger tear volumes, and shorter tear break-up times (faster rates of tear film break-up). There are discrepancies in relationships between OST and DED across studies, which is not surprising given that DED encompasses a number of different phenotypic presentations. However, most studies found that OST decreases at a more rapid rate in DED vs. control groups. As such, cooling rate may have utility as a screening tool in DED in combination with established point-of-care tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit M Shah
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anat Galor
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Surgical Services, Miami Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
- Correspondence: Anat Galor Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, 900 NW 17th St, Miami, FL, 33136, USA Email
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Impact of Air Pollution and Weather on Dry Eye. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113740. [PMID: 33233863 PMCID: PMC7699870 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution has broad effects on human health involving many organ systems. The ocular surface is an excellent model with which to study the effects of air pollution on human health as it is in constant contact with the environment, and it is directly accessible, facilitating disease monitoring. Effects of air pollutants on the ocular surface typically manifest as dry eye (DE) symptoms and signs. In this review, we break down air pollution into particulate matter (organic and inorganic) and gaseous compounds and summarize the literature regarding effects of various exposures on DE. Additionally, we examine the effects of weather (relative humidity, temperature) on DE symptoms and signs. To do so, we conducted a PubMed search using key terms to summarize the existing literature on the effects of air pollution and weather on DE. While we tried to focus on the effect of specific exposures on specific aspects of DE, environmental conditions are often studied concomitantly, and thus, there are unavoidable interactions between our variables of interest. Overall, we found that air pollution and weather conditions have differential adverse effects on DE symptoms and signs. We discuss these findings and potential mitigation strategies, such as air purifiers, air humidifiers, and plants, that may be instituted as treatments at an individual level to address environmental contributors to DE.
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Talens-Estarelles C, García-Marqués JV, Cervino A, García-Lázaro S. Use of digital displays and ocular surface alterations: A review. Ocul Surf 2020; 19:252-265. [PMID: 33053438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Digital display use has been accepted to be implicated as a contributing factor for dry eye disease (DED). Abnormal blinking during computer operation, including a reduced blink rate and an incomplete eyelid closure, increased palpebral fissure as consequence of high visualization angles, and meibomian gland dysfunction associated to long-term display use, are behind the increased prevalence of dry eye signs and symptoms found in digital display users. Previous research reveals significant reductions in tear volume and stability, alterations in tear film composition, including increased osmolarity, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers and reduced mucin secretion, eyelid abnormalities and ocular surface damage, encompassing corneal and conjunctival staining and bulbar redness, as a direct consequence of digital display use. In this regard, individual differences in the way that the various digital displays are typically set up and used may account for differences in their effects on induced dryness signs and symptoms. Furthermore, factors such as the use of contact lenses or inappropriate working environments, usually accompanying the use of displays, may significantly increase the prevalence and the severity of induced dry eye. Other factors, such as old age and female gender are also relevant in the appearance of associated alterations. Finally, clinicians should adopt a treatment strategy based on a multidirectional approach, with various treatments being applied in conjunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Talens-Estarelles
- Department of Optics & Optometry & Vision Sciences. University of Valencia. Dr. Moliner, 50 46100, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - José Vicente García-Marqués
- Department of Optics & Optometry & Vision Sciences. University of Valencia. Dr. Moliner, 50 46100, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Alejandro Cervino
- Department of Optics & Optometry & Vision Sciences. University of Valencia. Dr. Moliner, 50 46100, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Santiago García-Lázaro
- Department of Optics & Optometry & Vision Sciences. University of Valencia. Dr. Moliner, 50 46100, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain.
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Correlation between Blood Flow and Temperature of the Ocular Anterior Segment in Normal Subjects. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10090695. [PMID: 32942653 PMCID: PMC7554717 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10090695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To determine a correlation between temperature and blood flow in the ocular anterior segment, and their effects on corneal temperature. Methods: In experiment 1, we recruited 40 eyes and measured the temperature and blood flow in the ocular anterior-segment (upper/lower eyelid skin, palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, and cornea) before and after application of warm compresses. In experiment 2, we recruited 20 eyes and measured the same tissues before and during stimulation using water and capsaicin solution in the oral cavity. Results: In experiment 1, the temperatures of the upper/lower eyelid skin and cornea increased significantly until 15 min after the application of the warm compress; the temperatures of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva increased significantly until 10 min. The blood flow in the upper/lower eyelid skin and bulbar conjunctiva increased significantly until 10 min, and that of the palpebral conjunctiva increased significantly until 15 min. In experiment 2, the temperatures were correlated significantly with the blood flow in the upper and lower eyelid skin and palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva. The temperature of all locations and palpebral conjunctival blood flow contributed independently to the corneal temperature. Conclusions: In the ocular anterior segment, the temperature and blood flow were correlated significantly, and contributed to the corneal temperature.
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Tandon R, Vashist P, Gupta N, Gupta V, Sahay P, Deka D, Singh S, Vishwanath K, Murthy GVS. Association of dry eye disease and sun exposure in geographically diverse adult (≥40 years) populations of India: The SEED (sun exposure, environment and dry eye disease) study - Second report of the ICMR-EYE SEE study group. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:718-730. [PMID: 32783926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the prevalence and determine risk factors for dry eye disease (DED) in geographically diverse regions of India. METHOD A population based cross-sectional study was conducted on people aged ≥40 years in plain, hilly and coastal areas. Dry eye assessment by objective [tear film break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer I, corneal staining] and subjective [Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI)] parameters was performed with questionnaire-based assessment of exposure to sunlight, cigarette smoke, indoor smoke. The prevalence of DED with age, sex, occupation, location, smoking, exposure to sunlight, indoor smoke, diabetes, hypertension, was subjected to logistic regression analysis. RESULTS 9,735 people (age 54.5 ± 0.1 years; range 40-99, males 45.5%) were included. The prevalence of DED was 26.2%, was higher in plains (41.3%) compared to hilly (24.0%) and coastal area (9.9%) (p < 0.001) and increased with age (p < 0.001), female gender (p < 0.001), smoking (p < 0.001), indoor smoke (p < 0.001), diabetes (p-0.02), hypertension (0.001), occupations with predominant outdoor activity (p-0.013) and increasing exposure to sunlight (trend). Multi-logistic regression showed a positive association with female sex (OR-1.2, CI-1.01, 1.4), exposure to indoor smoke (OR-1.3, CI-1.1, 1.5), smoking (OR-1.2; CI-1.03, 1.3), prolonged exposure to sunlight (OR-1.8, CI-1.5, 2.2), hypertension (OR 1.3, CI-1.2, 1.4), diabetes (OR-1.2, CI-1, 1.5) and negative association with region - hilly (OR-0.5, CI-0.4, 0.6) and coastal (OR-0.2; CI-0.1, 0.2), and BMI (OR-0.8, CI-0.7, 0.9). CONCLUSION DED is common in population ≥40 years of age. Its prevalence is affected by extrinsic (geographic location, exposure to sunlight, smoking, indoor smoke) and intrinsic (age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, BMI) factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Tandon
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
| | - Praveen Vashist
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Noopur Gupta
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Pranita Sahay
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Dipali Deka
- Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Guwahati, India
| | | | - K Vishwanath
- Pushpagiri Vitreo Retina Institute, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - G V S Murthy
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India
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Yoon A, Liu CC, Carter RT, Lewin AC. Environmental relative humidity affects Schirmer tear test results in normal dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:923-926. [PMID: 32573896 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of environmental temperature and relative humidity on tear test results in dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED 22 normal dogs. PROCEDURES Routine Schirmer tear tests (STT1) and phenol red thread tests (PRTT) were administered to normal dogs in four environmental conditions with different relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T). Environmental conditions (mean ± SD) included the following: normal indoor (RH = 49 ± 4%, T = 72 ± 2°F), outdoor (RH = 62 ± 11%, T = 85 ± 6°F), indoor high humidity (RH = 85 ± 6%, T = 71 ± 1°F), and indoor low humidity (RH = 39 ± 2%, T = 76 ± 1°F). ANCOVA models were used to assess for significant associations between tear test readings and RH/T (P < .05). RESULTS A significant, direct positive relationship between RH and STT1 results was detected (y = 0.04909*X + 19.11, P = .006) but not between T and STT1. There was no significant relationship between PRTT and RH or T. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that STT1 but not PRTT is affected by RH and that T does not influence STT1 or PRTT results in normal dogs. RH is unlikely, however, to cause clinically significant effects on STT1 readings in normal dogs when performed in average indoor conditions. Future studies should investigate the influence of RH on STT1 readings obtained in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Lesão de superfície ocular em unidade de terapia intensiva: ensaio clinico auto-pareado. ACTA PAUL ENFERM 2020. [DOI: 10.37689/acta-ape/2020ao0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Tan J, Jia T, Liao R, Stapleton F. Effect of a formulated eye drop with Leptospermum spp honey on tear film properties. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 104:1373-1377. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-315160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AimTo evaluate the effects of a proprietary formulated eye drop with Leptospermum spp honey versus a conventional lubricant eye drop on tear film properties in subjects with symptoms related to dry eye disease after 28 days of treatment.MethodsForty-six subjects with symptoms related to dry eye (Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score >12) were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either the test formulated eye drop (Optimel by Melcare Biomedical Pty Ltd) or control eye drops (Alcon, USA) in this double-masked study. Inferior lipid layer thickness (LLT), tear film evaporation rate (TER), fluorescein tear film break-up time (TBUT), corneal staining and subjective symptoms (OSDI and visual analogue scales (VAS)) were measured before and after 28 days of instilling the eye drops.ResultsForty-two subjects completed the study (21 subjects in each group). After 28 days of treatment, TER showed a significantly greater reduction with the formulated eye drop compared with the control (p=0.01). TBUT showed a slight but not statistically significant increase with the formulated eye drop compared with the control (p=0.06), and a significantly greater reduction (improvement) in OSDI scores was observed with the formulated eye drop compared with the control (p=0.01). No significant differences were found between the two groups for inferior LLT, corneal staining and any of the VAS scores.ConclusionsThe formulated eye drops were effective in reducing tear film evaporation rate and were more effective for improving symptoms of dry eye compared with the control eye drops after 28 days of treatment.Trial registration numberNCT03622619.
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Abstract
Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film, and accompanied by ocular symptoms, in which tear film instability and hyperosmolarity, ocular surface inflammation and damage, and neurosensory abnormalities play etiological roles. The clinical manifestations of DES can be highly variable, so its diagnosing is typically based on a combination of symptoms, signs, and clinical tests. Majority of the techniques involved in the diagnosis of this disease has a large degree of subjectivity. The present article reviews current dry eye diagnostic tests and presents a new tear film stability assessment technique that may potentially become the objective method for establishing DES diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Safonova
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11A Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
| | - E I Sikach
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11A Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
| | - I A Ozheredov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
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Elhusseiny AM, Khalil AA, El Sheikh RH, Bakr MA, Eissa MG, El Sayed YM. New approaches for diagnosis of dry eye disease. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1618-1628. [PMID: 31637199 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.10.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed the literature for different diagnostic approaches for dry eye disease (DED) including the most recent advances, contradictions and promising diagnostic tools and technique. We performed a broad literature search for articles discussing different methods for diagnosis of DED including assessment of tear osmolarity, tear film stability, ocular biomarkers and others. Articles indexed in PubMed and google scholar were included. With the growing cosmetic industry, environmental pollution, and booming of digital screens, DED is becoming more prevalent. Its multifactorial etiology renders the diagnosis challenging and invites the emergence of new diagnostic tools and tests. Diagnostic tools can be classified, based on the parameter they measure, into tear film osmolarity, functional visual acuity, tear volume, tear turnover, tear film stability, tear film composition, ocular biomarkers and others. Although numerous methods exist, the most accurate diagnosis can be reached through combining the results of more than one test. Many reported tests have shown potential as diagnostic/screening tools, however, require more research to prove their diagnostic power, alone or in combination. Future research should focus on identifying and measuring parameters that are the most specific to DED diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman M Elhusseiny
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasr Al Ainy School of medicine, Cairo University, Dokki 12611, Egypt.,Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 900 NW 17 Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ali A Khalil
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 2341, Lebanon
| | - Reem H El Sheikh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasr Al Ainy School of medicine, Cairo University, Dokki 12611, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A Bakr
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasr Al Ainy School of medicine, Cairo University, Dokki 12611, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Gaber Eissa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasr Al Ainy School of medicine, Cairo University, Dokki 12611, Egypt
| | - Yasmine M El Sayed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasr Al Ainy School of medicine, Cairo University, Dokki 12611, Egypt
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