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Hsu CC, Chuang HK, Hsiao YJ, Chiang PH, Chen SW, Luo WT, Yang YP, Tsai PH, Chen SJ, Hsieh AR, Chiou SH. Predicting Risks of Dry Eye Disease Development Using a Genome-Wide Polygenic Risk Score Model. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:13. [PMID: 38767906 PMCID: PMC11114613 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.5.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to conduct a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) and construct a polygenic risk score (PRS) for risk stratification in patients with dry eye disease (DED) using the Taiwan Biobank (TWB) databases. Methods This retrospective case-control study involved 40,112 subjects of Han Chinese ancestry, sourced from the publicly available TWB. Cases were patients with DED (n = 14,185), and controls were individuals without DED (n = 25,927). The patients with DED were further divided into 8072 young (<60 years old) and 6113 old participants (≥60 years old). Using PLINK (version 1.9) software, quality control was carried out, followed by logistic regression analysis with adjustments for sex, age, body mass index, depression, and manic episodes as covariates. We also built PRS prediction models using the standard clumping and thresholding method and evaluated their performance (area under the curve [AUC]) through five-fold cross-validation. Results Eleven independent risk loci were identified for these patients with DED at the genome-wide significance levels, including DNAJB6, MAML3, LINC02267, DCHS1, SIRPB3P, HULC, MUC16, GAS2L3, and ZFPM2. Among these, MUC16 encodes mucin family protein. The PRS model incorporated 932 and 740 genetic loci for young and old populations, respectively. A higher PRS score indicated a greater DED risk, with the top 5% of PRS individuals having a 10-fold higher risk. After integrating these covariates into the PRS model, the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) increased from 0.509 and 0.537 to 0.600 and 0.648 for young and old populations, respectively, demonstrating the genetic-environmental interaction. Conclusions Our study prompts potential candidates for the mechanism of DED and paves the way for more personalized medication in the future. Translational Relevance Our study identified genes related to DED and constructed a PRS model to improve DED prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chien Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Kai Chuang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jer Hsiao
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Hsuan Chiang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Luo
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hsing Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ru Hsieh
- Department of Statistics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Choi M, Tichenor AA. Regional Conjunctival Differences in Glycocalyx Mucin Expression in Dry Eye and Normal Subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:20. [PMID: 38334701 PMCID: PMC10860684 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.2.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare regional conjunctival expression of membrane-associated mucins (MAMs) MUC1, MUC4, and MUC16 in normal and dry eye (DE) subjects. Methods Adults with and without signs and symptoms of DE were recruited. Impression cytology was performed to collect MAMs from four bulbar and upper eyelid palpebral conjunctival regions of both eyes. After protein extraction, samples from both eyes of a single subject were pooled by region, and expression was analyzed using a capillary electrophoresis nano-immunoassay system. The chemiluminescence intensity of each antigen binding signal was calculated after normalization to the total protein amount. Statistical analyses were conducted using GraphPad Prime 9. Results Samples from thirteen to sixteen DE and seven to eleven normal subjects were analyzed. In normal samples, MUC1 expression from the nasal bulbar conjunctiva was significantly greater than superior (P = 0.004) and inferior (P = 0.005). In DE samples, MUC1 expression was highest superiorly. Significant differences in MUC4 and MUC16 expression were not seen in normal samples. MUC4 and MUC16 expression was upregulated superiorly (P < 0.0001) and inferiorly (P < 0.0001) in DE compared with those regions in normal samples. Conclusions Although MAMs form a hydrophilic barrier called the glycocalyx, each mucin may have unique functions that are currently unexplored. All MAMs were expressed in the upper palpebral conjunctiva. Increased MUC1 expression nasally in healthy subjects suggests a functional need for increased protection. When comparing DE with normal eyes, upregulation of MUC1 superiorly, and in both MUC4 and MUC16 both superiorly and inferiorly, may indicate a need to decrease eyelid friction during blinking, especially in DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonjung Choi
- New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Duan H, Yang T, Zhou Y, Ma B, Zhao L, Chen J, Qi H. Comparison of mucin levels at the ocular surface of visual display terminal users with and without dry eye disease. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:189. [PMID: 37106448 PMCID: PMC10139827 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-02931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term use of visual display terminals (VDT) is linked to an increased risk of dry eye disease (DED). Numerous studies have indicated that ocular mucins play a vital role in the pathogenesis of DED. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate (1) whether mRNA levels of membrane-associated mucins (MAMs), including MUC1, MUC4, MUC16, and MUC20, as well as MUC5AC are altered in conjunctival cells of VDT users with and without DED and (2) the relationship between mucin levels and subjective and objective tests of DED in VDT users. METHODS Seventy-nine VDT users were enrolled and divided into DED (n = 53) and control (n = 26) groups. All participants were evaluated for parameters of DED using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, tear breakup time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), lissamine green (LG) staining, and tear meniscus height (TMH). Based on the conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) method, differences in MUC1, MUC4, MUC16, MUC20, and MUC5AC mRNA expression levels were observed between the DED and control groups, and between symptomatic and asymptomatic participants. RESULTS The DED group showed significantly decreased MUC1, MUC16, and MUC20 expressions (all P < 0.05) compared to the control group. In addition, these mucin levels were lower in subjects with frequent ocular symptoms (foreign body sensation, blurred vision and painful or sore eyes) than in asymptomatic participants (all P < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that MUC1, MUC16, and MUC20 levels in VDT users were positively correlated with TBUT or TMH, or both. However, no significant relationship was found between MUC4 and MUC5AC levels and the DED parameters. CONCLUSION VDT users with an increased frequency of ocular discomfort or a diagnosis of DED had a decreased MUC1, MUC16 and MUC20 mRNA expression in their conjunctival cells. MAMs deficiency in the conjunctival epithelium may be one of the mechanisms leading to tear film instability and DED in VDT users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Baikai Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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Hao R, Zhang M, Zhao L, Liu Y, Sun M, Dong J, Xu Y, Wu F, Wei J, Xin X, Luo Z, Lv S, Li X. Impact of Air Pollution on the Ocular Surface and Tear Cytokine Levels: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:909330. [PMID: 35872759 PMCID: PMC9301315 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.909330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess air pollution-induced changes on ocular surface and tear cytokine levels. Methods As a prospective multicenter cohort study, 387 dry eye disease (DED) participants were recruited from five provinces in China and underwent measurements of ocular surface disease index (OSDI), Schirmer’s I test (ST), tear meniscus height (TMH), tear film break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), meibomian gland (MG) function, and tear cytokines. The associations between ocular surface parameters and exposure to particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) for 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month before the examination were analyzed in single- and multi-pollutant models adjusted for confounding factors. Results In the multi-pollutant model, the OSDI score was positively correlated with PM with diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), O3, and SO2 exposure [PM2.5: β (1 week/month) = 0.229 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.035–0.424)/0.211 (95% CI: 0.160–0.583); O3: β (1 day/week/month) = 0.403 (95% CI: 0.229–0.523)/0.471 (95% CI: 0.252–0.693)/0.468 (95% CI: 0.215–0.732); SO2: β (1 day/week) = 0.437 (95% CI: 0.193–0.680)/0.470 (95% CI: 0.040–0.901)]. Tear secretion was negatively correlated with O3 and NO2 exposures but positively correlated with PM2.5 levels. Air pollutants were negatively correlated with TBUT and positively related with CFS score. Besides SO2, all other pollutants were associated with aggravated MG dysfunction (MG expression, secretion, and loss) and tear cytokines increasement, such as PM2.5 and interleukin-8 (IL-8) [β (1 day) = 0.016 (95% CI: 0.003–0.029)], PM with diameter ≤10 μm (PM10) and IL-6 [β (1 day) = 0.019 (95% CI: 0.006–0.033)], NO2 and IL-6 [β (1 month) = 0.045 (95% CI: 0.018–0.072)], among others. The effects of air pollutants on DED symptoms/signs, MG functions and tear cytokines peaked within 1 week, 1 month, and 1 day, respectively. Conclusion Increased PM2.5, O3, and SO2 exposures caused ocular discomfort and damage with tear film instability. PM10 exposure led to tear film instability and ocular injury. PM, O3, and NO2 exposures aggravated MG dysfunction and upregulated tear cytokine levels. Therefore, each air pollutant may influence DED via different mechanisms within different time windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhou Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Fengtai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huabei Petroleum General Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yanhui Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hebei Provincial Eye Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fuyang Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, China
| | - Jinwen Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Xilingol League Hospital, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiangyang Xin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhongping Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongliao City Ke’erqin Zuoyi Zhongqi People’s Hospital, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Shuxuan Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yongqing People’s Hospital, Langfang, China
| | - Xuemin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xuemin Li, , orcid.org/0000-0001-7822-4694
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Proteomic Profiling of Saliva and Tears in Radiated Head and Neck Cancer Patients as Compared to Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073714. [PMID: 35409074 PMCID: PMC8998953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) and patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) may exhibit similar symptoms of dry mouth and dry eyes, as a result of radiotherapy (RT) or a consequence of disease progression. To identify the proteins that may serve as promising disease biomarkers, we analysed saliva and tears from 29 radiated HNC patients and 21 healthy controls, and saliva from 14 pSS patients by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. The study revealed several upregulated, and in some instances overlapping, proteins in the two patient groups. Histone H1.4 and neutrophil collagenase were upregulated in whole saliva of both patient groups, while caspase-14, histone H4, and protein S100-A9 were upregulated in HNC saliva only. In HCN tear fluid, the most highly upregulated protein was mucin-like protein 1. These overexpressed proteins in saliva and tears play central roles in inflammation, host cell injury, activation of reactive oxygen species, and tissue repair. In conclusion, the similarities and differences in overexpressed proteins detected in saliva from HNC and pSS patients may contribute to the overall understanding of the different pathophysiological mechanisms inducing dry mouth. Thus, the recurring proteins identified could possibly serve as future promising biomarkers.
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Sun YC, Hung KF, Li TY, Chang YA, Yeh PT, Hu FR. Transmembrane Mucin 1 Blocks Fluorescein Ingress to Corneal Epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:31. [PMID: 35212722 PMCID: PMC8883176 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.2.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the role of transmembrane mucins in blocking fluorescein ingress to the corneal epithelium and its deficiency in contributing to corneal fluorescein punctate staining. Methods A dry eye model was established by extirpating lacrimal and Harderian glands in rabbits to correlate the expression of mucins with fluorescein-stained areas on the corneal button using immunofluorescence. Expression of transmembrane mucins was promoted in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) by culturing with the mucin-promoting medium (MPM) or diquafosol treatment. Conversely, the expression of mucins was downregulated by knockdown with short hairpin RNA. The role of mucin1 extracellular domain in fluorescein ingress was further verified by overexpression of N-terminally truncated mucin1 in HCECs. Results In the rabbit dry eye model, the expression level of mucin1 was significantly decreased in superficial corneal epithelial cells where fluorescein punctate staining was observed. Upregulation of mucin1 and mucin16 in HCECs promoted by MPM or by diquafosol treatment impeded intracellular fluorescein ingress. Downregulation of mucin1 and mucin16 enhanced fluorescence ingress in HCECs after fluorescein staining. Overexpression of truncated mucin1 did not alter the fluorescein intensity of fluorescein-stained HCECs, supporting the notion that the ability of mucin1 to block fluorescein ingress was primarily mediated by its extracellular domain. Minimal inherent expression of mucin16 in the rabbit cornea limited the validation of its role in blocking fluorescein ingress in vivo. Conclusion Transmembrane mucin1 blocks fluorescein ingress in the corneal epithelium, explaining how fluorescein staining is positive when the level of transmembrane mucins is disturbed in dry eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Feng Hung
- Department of Medical Research, Division of Translational Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu-Yun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Chang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ting Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Rong Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Argüeso P. Human ocular mucins: The endowed guardians of sight. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114074. [PMID: 34875287 PMCID: PMC8724396 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucins are an ancient group of glycoproteins that provide viscoelastic, lubricating and hydration properties to fluids bathing wet surfaced epithelia. They are involved in the protection of underlying tissues by forming a barrier with selective permeability properties. The expression, processing and spatial distribution of mucins are often determined by organ-specific requirements that in the eye involve protecting against environmental insult while allowing the passage of light. The human ocular surface epithelia have evolved to produce an extremely thin and watery tear film containing a distinct soluble mucin product secreted by goblet cells outside the visual axis. The adaptation to the ocular environment is notably evidenced by the significant contribution of transmembrane mucins to the tear film, where they can occupy up to one-quarter of its total thickness. This article reviews the tissue-specific properties of human ocular mucins, methods of isolation and detection, and current approaches to model mucin systems recapitulating the human ocular surface mucosa. This knowledge forms the fundamental basis to develop applications with a promising biological and clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Chatterjee S, Agrawal D. Short tear film breakup time-type of dry eye in India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 69:3463-3468. [PMID: 34826975 PMCID: PMC8837354 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_327_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and risk factors of short tear film break-up time (TBUT) type of dry eye disease and compare it with other types of dry eye diseases. Methods This cross-sectional study included 570 patients (≥ 20 years) from the outpatient department using systematic random sampling. Results The age-adjusted prevalence of short TBUT type of dry eye disease was 5.4% (95% confidence interval: 3.2-6.8%). There was no difference (P > 0.05) between the total and subscale scores of the Ocular Surface Disease Index® questionnaire between patients with short TBUT and those with aqueous tear deficiency. Both these groups differed significantly (P < 0.05) in the findings of TBUT, Schirmer I test, and Lissamine green staining score. The common symptoms in patients with short TBUT type of dry eye disease were eye fatigue (25.4%), heaviness in the eye (19.7%), and an uncomfortable sensation (14.1%). The symptoms in the aqueous tear deficiency group were light sensitivity (28.2%), dryness (19.2%), burning (13.0%), foreign body sensation (12.8%), and blurring of vision (14.1%). The risk factors associated with short TBUT type of dry eye disease were the presence of meibomian gland dysfunction (odds ratio: 3.759 [95% confidence interval: 2.135-6.618], P < 0.0001) and female sex [odds ratio: 1.954 (95% confidence interval: 1.042-3.667), P = 0.037]. Conclusion Patients with short TBUT type of dry eye disease have symptom severity similar to aqueous tear-deficient dry eyes, but the pattern is different. The finding of this type of dry eye disease in India indicates its global presence, and ophthalmologists should consider it in their differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Chatterjee
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Deepshikha Agrawal
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, MGM Eye Institute, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Rolando M, Barabino S. Are there Clinical Ways to Assess Inflammation in Dry Eye Disease? Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021; 29:1183-1189. [PMID: 34227903 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1916540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the diagnostic process of dry eye disease, the detection of inflammatory activity is critical in order to evaluate the risk of progression and immunologic shift of the disease, to predict patient response to treatment, and to design an efficient therapeutic strategy, including artificial tear replacement, punctal occlusion or anti-inflammatory therapy.Even if it is difficult to quantify, some indicators of the presence of inflammation are collectible during the examination of the ocular surface in a first-line clinical setting. This review presents and critically discusses the assessment of inflammation in dry eye disease in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Rolando
- Ocular Surface and Dry Eye Clinic, ISPRE Ophthalmica, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Barabino
- Ocular Surface and Dry Eye Center, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Sacco Hospital-University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Geoffrion D, Robert MC, Di Polo A, Koenekoop RK, Agoumi Y, Harissi-Dagher M. Tear Film Cytokine Profile of Patients With the Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 1: Comparing Patients With and Without Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:20. [PMID: 33856415 PMCID: PMC8054627 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.4.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inflammatory cytokines are involved in glaucoma pathogenesis. The purpose is to compare cytokine levels in the tear film of Boston keratoprosthesis (KPro) patients with and without glaucoma, relative to controls, and correlate levels with clinical parameters. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 58 eyes (58 patients): 41 KPro eyes with glaucoma, 7 KPro eyes without glaucoma, and 10 healthy controls. Twenty-seven cytokines were measured by multiplex bead immunoassay. Intraocular pressure (IOP), cup-to-disk ratio (CDR), retinal nerve fiber layer, visual acuity, topical medications, and angle closure were assessed in all KPro eyes. Cytokine levels between groups were analyzed by nonparametric tests, and correlations with clinical parameters by Spearman's test. Results Levels of TNF-ɑ, IL-1β, FGF-basic, and IFN-ɣ were significantly higher in KPro with glaucoma compared to KPro without (P = 0.020; 0.008; 0.043; 0.018, respectively). KPro groups had similar characteristics and topical antibiotic/steroid regimen. Levels of IL-1Ra, IL-15, VEGF, and RANTES were significantly higher in KPro with glaucoma compared to controls (P < 0.001; = 0.034; < 0.001; = 0.001, respectively). IL-1β and IFN-ɣ levels were positively correlated with CDR (r = 0.309, P = 0.039 and r = 0.452, P = 0.006, respectively) and IOP (r = 0.292, P = 0.047 and r = 0.368, P = 0.023, respectively). TNF-α and FGF-basic levels were positively correlated with CDR (r = 0.348, P = 0.022 and r = 0.344, P = 0.021, respectively). Conclusions TNF-α, IL-1β, FGF-basic, IFN-ɣ are elevated in tears of KPro patients with glaucoma and correlate with CDR and IOP. These results show, for the first time in humans, concordance with documented elevations of TNF-α and IL-1β in the murine KPro model. Ocular surface inflammation may reflect inflammatory processes of KPro glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Geoffrion
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Robert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert K Koenekoop
- Departments of Experimental Surgery, Paediatric Surgery, Adult Ophthalmology, and Human Genetics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Younes Agoumi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mona Harissi-Dagher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Liu YC, Yam GHF, Lin MTY, Teo E, Koh SK, Deng L, Zhou L, Tong L, Mehta JS. Comparison of tear proteomic and neuromediator profiles changes between small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and femtosecond laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK). J Adv Res 2021; 29:67-81. [PMID: 33842006 PMCID: PMC8020296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The tear proteomics and neuromediators are associated with clinical dry eye parameters following refractive surgery. Purpose To investigate and compare the tear proteomic and neuromediator profiles following small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) versus laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Methods In this randomized controlled trial with paired-eye design, 70 patients were randomized to receive SMILE in one eye and LASIK in the other eye. Tear samples were collected preoperatively, and 1 week, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively, and were examined for protein concentration changes using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS). The data were analyzed with DAVID Bioinformatics Resources for enriched gene ontology terms and over-represented pathways. Tear neuromediators levels were correlated with clinical parameters. Results Post-SMILE eyes had significantly better Oxford staining scores and tear break-up time (TBUT) than post-LASIK eyes at 1 and 3 months, respectively. Tear substance P and nerve growth factor levels were significantly higher in the LASIK group for 3 months and 1 year, respectively. SMILE and LASIK shared some similar biological responses postoperatively, but there was significant up-regulation in leukocyte migration and wound healing at 1 week, humoral immune response and apoptosis at 1 month, negative regulation of endopeptidase activity at 3 to 6 months, and extracellular structure organization at 1 year in the post-LASIK eyes. Tear mucin-like protein 1 and substance P levels were significantly correlated with TBUT (r = -0.47, r = -0.49, respectively). Conclusion Significant differences in the tear neuromediators and proteomics were observed between SMILE and LASIK, even though clinical dry eye signs have subsided and became comparable between 2 procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Liu
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Department of Cornea and External Eye Disease, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Gary Hin-Fai Yam
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Molly Tzu-Yu Lin
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Ericia Teo
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Siew-Kwan Koh
- Ocular Proteomics, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Lu Deng
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhou
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Ocular Proteomics, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis Tong
- Department of Cornea and External Eye Disease, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Ocular Surface Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Jodhbir S. Mehta
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Department of Cornea and External Eye Disease, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Gene expression profiles of pro-inflammatory mediators in the conjunctiva of patients with epiblepharon. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:2027-2033. [PMID: 33544178 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in the conjunctiva of pediatric patients with epiblepharon in a case-control study. METHODS Twenty healthy controls and 15 pediatric patients with epiblepharon were enrolled from April 23, 2020 to June 15, 2020. Epiblepharon severity was divided into class I-III (least to moderate severity) and class IV (most severe). We obtained impression cytologic specimens from the medial palpebral conjunctiva of the participants to measure the gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The mean age in the epiblepharon group was 9 years (range 7.5-11 years), and that in the healthy control group was 9.5 years (range 8-11.3 years). IL-1β, IL-6, and MMP9 expression levels were 2.08 (p < 0.05), 2.11 (p < 0.05), and 2.48 (p < 0.05) fold higher, respectively, in the epiblepharon group than in the healthy control group. However, MUC5AC gene expression was not different between healthy subjects and patients with epiblepharon. IL-1β, IL-6, and MMP9 expression levels in class IV patients were 1.32 (p < 0.05), 1.77 (p < 0.05), and 1.98 (p < 0.05) fold higher, respectively, than in class I-III patients. CONCLUSION Epiblepharon may induce chronic inflammatory changes in the conjunctiva in addition to corneal epithelial damage. Therefore, early corrective surgery should be considered to prevent conjunctival inflammation.
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Abstract
The glycocalyx is a dense and diverse coat of glycans and glycoconjugates responsible for maintaining cell surface integrity and regulating the interaction of cells with the external environment. Transmembrane mucins such as MUC1 and MUC16 comprise a major component of the epithelial glycocalyx and are currently used to monitor disease progression in cancer. At the ocular surface, multiple lines of evidence indicate that abnormal expression of the enzymes responsible for glycan biosynthesis during pathological conditions impairs the glycosylation of transmembrane mucins. It is now becoming clear that these changes contribute to modify the interaction of mucins with galectin-3, a multimeric lectin crucial for preserving the ocular surface epithelial barrier. This review highlights the potential of using the epithelial glycocalyx as a reliable source for the generation of biomarkers to diagnose and monitor ocular surface disease.
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Sex and age differences in symptoms and signs of dry eye disease in a Norwegian cohort of patients. Ocul Surf 2020; 19:68-73. [PMID: 33246035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate sex and age differences in symptoms and signs in a Norwegian clinic-based cohort of patients with dry eye disease (DED). METHODS Visitors at the Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic were examined using Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire score, tear osmolarity, tear break-up time (TFBUT), ocular surface staining, corneal sensitivity, Schirmer I test, and meibum expressibility (ME) and quality (MQ). A diagnosis of DED was made by an ophthalmologist based on symptoms and signs, and only DED patients were enrolled in the study: 1823 patients (338 males; mean age 51.2 ± 16.2 years; 1485 females; mean age 52.5 ± 16.0 years). The patients were divided into age subgroups: 20-39 years, 40-59 years and ≥60 years. Sex differences in the aforementioned tests were analyzed. Values were reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and intergroup comparisons were performed using Mann-Whitney U test. Multiple regression was used to analyze sex and age influences on symptoms and signs. RESULTS When patients of all ages were analyzed, females had increased osmolarity, shorter TFBUT, reduced MQ and ME and higher corneal sensitivity. OSDI, Schirmer I test, ocular surface staining and corneal staining were not significantly different between the sexes. Only with TFBUT and ME were the sex difference present in all age subgroups. Multiple regression showed that all parameters were influenced by either sex or age, but only TFBUT and ME were influenced by both sex and age. (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Sex and age differences in dry eye were most consistent in TFBUT and ME, that indicate differences in meibomian gland functionality. Sex and age subgroup stratification is important in future studies investigating DED in other populations.
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Crooke A, Martínez-Alberquilla I, García-Montero M, Rico-Del-Viejo L, Ruiz-Alcocer J, Madrid-Costa D. Impact of contact lens wear on NLRP3 gene expression: Implications for ocular frailty in middle-aged adults. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108356. [PMID: 33197452 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory process plays a crucial role in frailty syndrome, which can appear in middle age and is associated with a poor health outcome. Consequently, gerontologists recommend screening inflammatory biomarkers in middle-aged adults to detect frailty and, therefore, prevent chronic diseases and mortality. External factors could be a risk factor for frailty because they can generate and extend the inflammatory process. For these reasons, we analysed the effect of long-term contact lens wear on mRNA level of genes linked to inflammation (IL-6, NLRP3, NK1R, CD73, MUC16 and TRPV1 genes) in conjunctival cells of middle-aged individuals, by quantitative PCR. Middle-aged contact lens wearers presented a significant increase of NLRP3 and MUC16 mRNA level as well as a decrease of CD73 mRNA level, in comparison with non-contact lens wearers. Additionally, we checked for a potential correlation between these transcript levels and clinical changes of the participants' ocular surface. Unlike molecular analysis, clinical examination fails to detect inflammation in contact lens wearers. These data suggest that long-term contact lens wear could trigger an inflammatory response in middle age orchestrated by NLRP3 inflammasome and modulated by CD73 and MUC16 proteins. Further studies are needed to confirm our gene expression findings at the protein level as well as to investigate the potential role of long-term CL wear in the onset of ocular frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Crooke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irene Martínez-Alberquilla
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Montero
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rico-Del-Viejo
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Alcocer
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Madrid-Costa
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Hyun SW, Song SJ, Park B, Lee TG, Kim CS. Toxicological effects of urban particulate matter on corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. Toxicol Res 2020; 36:311-318. [PMID: 33005590 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-019-00034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to urban particulate matter (UPM) is a high-risk factor for various ocular surface diseases, including dry eye syndrome. However, the effects of UPM on corneal and conjunctival epithelium damage have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the toxicological effects of UPM exposure at high concentrations by using in vitro cultures. The cell viability, mucin expression, and the secreted inflammatory mediators of corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells was observed at 24 h after exposure to UPM. The progression of cell cycle was also examined by flow cytometry at 24 h after exposure to UPM. UPM reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and increased cell population in S and G2 phase. The expression of mucin-1 was attenuated by UPM exposure, but that of mucin-4 was not. UPM increased interleukin (IL)-6 release and decreased IL-8 release. The intensity of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) was highest at 4 h of UPM exposure. In conclusion, these results suggest that UPM causes the disruption of corneal and conjunctival epithelium by decreasing cell viability, altering cell cycle, disrupting mucin, and regulating inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Wang Hyun
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054 Korea.,Present Address: Medicinal Evaluation Team, Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator (GBSA), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16229 Korea
| | - Su Jeong Song
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054 Korea
| | - Bongkyun Park
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yusengdae-ro, Daejeon, 34054 Korea
| | - Tae Gu Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yusengdae-ro, Daejeon, 34054 Korea
| | - Chan-Sik Kim
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yusengdae-ro, Daejeon, 34054 Korea.,Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34054 Korea
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Matsuda M, Braga ALF, Marquezini MV, Monteiro MLR, Saldiva PHN, de Santos U. Occupational effect of sugarcane biomass burning on the conjunctival mucin profile of harvest workers and residents of an adjacent town - A Brazilian panel study. Exp Eye Res 2019; 190:107889. [PMID: 31801686 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pre-harvest burning of sugarcane fields produces large amounts of air pollutants which are known to cause health problems, including ocular surface abnormalities. In this study, we evaluated the effect of biomass burning on mucus quality and mucin gene expression (MUC1, MUC5AC, MUC16) in the conjunctiva of sugarcane workers (SWs) and residents of an adjacent town (RTs). Impression cytology samples of the inferior tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva of 78 SWs and 32 RTs were collected before (T1) and immediately after (T2) a 6-month harvest period. The neutral, acid and total mucus content of goblet cells was determined by PAS and AB staining. The levels of MUC5AC, MUC1 and MUC16 mRNA in the conjunctiva were measured by real-time PCR. Compared to RTs, SWs had higher levels of bulbar acid mucus and MUC16 mRNA and tarsal MUC5AC mRNA at T2 and lower levels of neutral mucus at T1 and T2. In the SW group, MUC1 mRNA levels were higher at T2 than at T1, but the levels of neutral and acid mucus were similar. In the RT group, acid mucus decreased and neutral mucus increased in the bulbar and tarsal conjunctiva at T2. In conclusion, our findings show that sugarcane harvesting is associated with abnormalities in mucus quality and content and changes in mucin mRNA levels on the ocular surface. This may help explain the ocular inflammatory signs and symptoms observed in subjects exposed to air pollutants and high temperatures from sugarcane biomass burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Matsuda
- Laboratory for Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo. Av.Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2nd Floor, 2113, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alfésio L F Braga
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution (LPAE), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 1st Floor, 1304, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Environmental Exposure and Risk Assessment Group, Collective Health Post-Graduation Program, Catholic University of Santos, Av. Conselheiro Nébias 300, Office 106, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica Valeria Marquezini
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution (LPAE), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 1st Floor, 1304, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mário L R Monteiro
- Laboratory for Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo. Av.Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2nd Floor, 2113, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo H N Saldiva
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution (LPAE), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo. Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 1st Floor, 1304, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ubiratan de Santos
- Pulmonary Division - Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 44, 8th Floor, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Taniguchi J, Sharma A. Fluorometholone modulates gene expression of ocular surface mucins. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:e1082-e1088. [PMID: 30963711 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mucins are vital to keep the ocular surface hydrated. Genes encoding for mucins contain a glucocorticoid response element. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of fluorometholone, a glucocorticoid receptor agonist used in the management of dry eye, on the gene expression of conjunctival and corneal epithelial cell mucins. METHODS Stratified cultures of human conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells were exposed to 25, 50 and 100 nM of fluorometholone alone or in presence of mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist. The mRNA was isolated from the cells and reverse transcribed to cDNA. The cDNA was used for quantification of gene expression of mucin (MUC) 1, 4, 16 and 19 using real-time PCR. RESULTS Fluorometholone caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in the gene expression of MUC1, MUC4, MUC16 and MUC19 in the conjunctival as well as corneal epithelial cells. Mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, inhibited fluorometholone-mediated increase in the gene expression of conjunctival and corneal mucins. At the tested concentration, neither fluorometholone nor mifepristone caused any notable changes in the cellular phenotype or viability of conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells. CONCLUSION Fluorometholone increases the gene expression of MUC1, MUC4, MUC16 and MUC19 in the conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells through activation of glucocorticoid receptors. The increased expression of mucins can be an additional possible mechanism contributing to the beneficial effects of fluorometholone in dry eye in addition to its well-known anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Taniguchi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Chapman University School of Pharmacy Chapman University Irvine CA USA
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Chapman University School of Pharmacy Chapman University Irvine CA USA
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Lee H, Jeon S, Kim CE, Park YJ, Yang J. A New Ophthalmic Pharmaceutical Formulation, Topical Sulglycotide, Enhances the Ocular Mucin Secretion in Desiccation Stress-Mediated Dry Eye Disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1076-1087. [PMID: 30901389 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was the investigation of the effect of sulglycotide (SOS), a polysulfated glycopeptide derived from porcine duodenal mucin, for the treatment of dry eye disease. Methods NOD.B10.H2b mice were exposed to an air draft for 10 days, and, simultaneously, scopolamine hydrobromide was injected subcutaneously. The mice were randomly divided into nine groups as follows: four kinds of SOS formulations and three kinds of commercial medicine. After 10 days of treatment, we estimated the effect of treatment on tear production, epithelium stabilization, mucin secretion, and inflammation. Results The desiccation stress significantly decreased tear production and corneal epithelium stabilization, as well as markedly decreased the numbers of goblet cells and mucin-stained cells in conjunctiva. However, the topical 4% SOS eye drops markedly increased tear production and corneal stabilization, which recovered to baseline levels. In addition, topical 4% SOS significantly induced an increase in the numbers of goblet cells and the expression of membrane-associated mucins including MUC1, MUC4, and MUC16, as well as the gel-forming mucin, MUC5AC. Furthermore, SOS formulations provided anti-inflammatory improvement in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions In summary, we suggest that a new ophthalmic pharmaceutical formulation, topical sulglycotide, enhances the ocular mucin secretion in dry eye disease and can be used as a new ophthalmic pharmaceutical material to treat dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Lee
- T2B Infrastructure Center for Ocular Diseases, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busanjin-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon City, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Eun Kim
- T2B Infrastructure Center for Ocular Diseases, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busanjin-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon City, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewook Yang
- T2B Infrastructure Center for Ocular Diseases, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busanjin-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busanjin-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Uchino Y. The Ocular Surface Glycocalyx and its Alteration in Dry Eye Disease: A Review. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:DES157-DES162. [PMID: 30481821 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have revealed that transmembrane mucins, large glycoproteins with heavily glycosylated glycans, are essential for maintaining ocular surface epithelium lubrication and wettability. Recent reports indicate that transmembrane mucins and galectin-3, a chimera type of galectin that binds β-galactoside in the glycan, play a crucial role in maintaining the epithelial glycocalyx barrier. This review summarizes current evidence regarding the role of galectin-3, the role of the three major transmembrane mucins (i.e., MUC1, MUC4, and MUC16), in the maintenance of ocular surface wettability and transcellular barrier. Pathological mechanisms of glycocalyx barrier disruption and epithelial surface wettability decreases in dry eye disease are also summarized. Lastly, new ophthalmic drugs that target transmembrane mucin are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Uchino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Hyun SW, Kim J, Park B, Jo K, Lee TG, Kim JS, Kim CS. Apricot Kernel Extract and Amygdalin Inhibit Urban Particulate Matter-Induced Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030650. [PMID: 30759852 PMCID: PMC6384987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter is a risk factor for various ocular surface diseases, including keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). In this study, we investigated the protective effects of apricot kernel extract (AKE) and its bioactive compound, amygdalin, on KCS induced by exposure to urban particulate matter (UPM). In the in vivo experiments, eye drops containing 0.5 mg/mL AKE (AKE-0.5) or 1 mg/mL AKE (AKE-1) were administered directly into the eyes of female rats after UPM exposure. Additionally, the effect of AKE and amygdalin on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity and the expressions of inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, was investigated in conjunctival epithelial cells in vitro. Topical administration of AKE-1 attenuated UPM exposure-induced reduction of tear secretion. Both AKE-0.5 and AKE-1 inhibited UPM exposure-induced corneal epithelial damage and irregularity. AKE also protected against UPM exposure-induced disruption of the mucin-4 layer on the ocular surface. In addition, AKE and amygdalin prevented UPM-induced activation of MMPs and upregulation of TNF-α and IL-6 in conjunctival epithelial cells. Therefore, AKE may have protective effects against UPM exposure-induced KCS via the inhibition of MMPs and inflammation. The pharmacological activities of AKE may be in part due to its bioactive compound, amygdalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Wang Hyun
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Bongkyun Park
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Kyuhyung Jo
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Tae Gu Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Jin Sook Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Chan-Sik Kim
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
- Korean Medicine Life Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34054, Korea.
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Byun YS, Yoo YS, Kang MJ, Whang WJ, Na KS, Mok JW, Joo CK. Marked infiltration of neutrophils at the upper palpebral conjunctiva in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease. Ocul Surf 2018; 17:295-302. [PMID: 30578957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neutrophils may be involved in the local pathophysiology of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). We evaluated neutrophil infiltration in cGVHD using conjunctival impression cytology (IC) and its clinical correlation with ocular surface status and neutrophil enzyme levels in tears. METHODS This cross-sectional observational study included 76 patients with cGVHD. The ocular surface was assessed for the tear break-up time, Schirmer I test, corneal and conjunctival staining score, meiboscore, and the ocular surface disease index questionnaire. Conjunctival IC was performed at the temporal, superior bulbar, and upper palpebral conjunctiva, and the number of neutrophils (cells/high power field [HPF]) was calculated. Neutrophil elastase (NE), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and matrix metalloperoxidase-8 and -9 levels in tear washes were measured in 20 patients. RESULTS The number of neutrophils was significantly greater at the upper palpebral conjunctiva (median [range], 16.5 [0 to 147] cells/HPF) than at the temporal and superior bulbar conjunctiva (0 [0 to 70] and 0 [0 to 105] cells/HPF; P < 0.0001). The number of neutrophils at the upper palpebral conjunctiva showed moderate correlations with the corneal staining score and the NE and MPO levels in tears (r = 0.668, 0.553, and 0.563, respectively; P < 0.0001, P = 0.014, and 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that neutrophils at the upper palpebral conjunctiva associate with the clinical manifestations and inflammatory status of the ocular surface in cGVHD. Conjunctival neutrophils should be addressed when assessing the inflammatory activity of ocular cGVHD and exploring its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soo Byun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea; Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sik Yoo
- Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea; Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Joo Whang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yeuido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Na
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yeuido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Won Mok
- Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Choun-Ki Joo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea; Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea.
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Baudouin C, Rolando M, Benitez Del Castillo JM, Messmer EM, Figueiredo FC, Irkec M, Van Setten G, Labetoulle M. Reconsidering the central role of mucins in dry eye and ocular surface diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 71:68-87. [PMID: 30471351 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mucins are key actors in tear film quality and tear film stability. Alteration of membrane-bound mucin expression on corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells and/or gel-forming mucin secretion by goblet cells (GCs) promotes in ocular surface diseases and dry eye disease (DED). Changes in the mucin layer may lead to enhanced tear evaporation eventually contributing to tear hyperosmolarity which has been associated with ocular surface inflammation. Inflammatory mediators in turn may have a negative impact on GCs differentiation, proliferation, and mucin secretion. This sheds new light on the position of GCs in the vicious circle of DED. As contributor to ocular surface immune homeostasis, GC loss may contribute to impaired ocular surface immune tolerance observed in DED. In spite of this, there are no tools in routine clinical practice for exploring ocular surface mucin deficiency/dysregulation. Therefore, when selecting the most appropriate treatment options, there is a clear unmet need for a better understanding of the importance of mucins and options for their replacement. Here, we comprehensively revisited the current knowledge on ocular surface mucin biology, including functions, synthesis, and secretion as well as the available diagnostic tools and treatment options to improve mucin-associated homeostasis. In particular, we detailed the potential link between mucin dysfunction and inflammation as part of the uncontrolled chronic inflammation which perpetuates the vicious circle in DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Baudouin
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Paris, France.
| | - Maurizio Rolando
- Ocular Surface & Dry Eye Center, ISPRE Ophthalmics, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Francisco C Figueiredo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Murat Irkec
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Marc Labetoulle
- Hôpital Bicêtre, APHP, South Paris University, Ophthalmology, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Yu V, Bhattacharya D, Webster A, Bauskar A, Flowers C, Heur M, Chintala SK, Itakura T, Wilson MR, Barr JT, Jeong S, Wang M, Fini ME. Clusterin from human clinical tear samples: Positive correlation between tear concentration and Schirmer strip test results. Ocul Surf 2018; 16:478-486. [PMID: 30077709 PMCID: PMC6175631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between tear concentration of the homeostatic protein clusterin (CLU) and dry eye signs and symptoms, and to characterize tear CLU protein. METHODS Two independent studies were conducted, one in Tucson (44 subjects), the other in Los Angeles (52 subjects). A cohort study design was employed to enroll patients without regard to dry eye diagnosis. Dry eye signs and symptoms were assessed using clinical tests. Tear samples were collected by Schirmer strip, and also by micropipette at slit lamp when possible. CLU from both sample types was quantified by immunoassay. The relationship between CLU concentration and clinical test scores was determined by Pearson's correlation coefficient (for individual eyes) and multiple linear regression analysis (including both eyes). CLU was also evaluated biochemically by western blotting. RESULTS In the Tucson cohort, a positive correlation was observed between tear CLU concentration and results of the Schirmer strip test, a measure of tear flow (p = 0.021 includes both eyes). This result was corroborated in the Los Angeles cohort (p = 0.013). The mean tear CLU concentration was 31 ± 14 μg/mL (n = 18 subjects, 33 eyes; range = 7-48 μg/mL). CLU from clinical tear samples appeared biochemically similar to CLU from a non-clinical tear sample and from blood plasma. CONCLUSIONS Results support the hypothesis that an optimal concentration of tear CLU is important for ocular surface health, and that this drops below the effective threshold in dry eye. Tear CLU measurement might identify patients that could benefit from supplementation. Information about concentration will aid development of therapeutic dosage parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Yu
- MD Program, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dhruva Bhattacharya
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew Webster
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aditi Bauskar
- PhD Program in Medical Biology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles Flowers
- USC Roski Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martin Heur
- USC Roski Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shravan K Chintala
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tatsuo Itakura
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark R Wilson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph T Barr
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shinwu Jeong
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, USC Roski Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mingwu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Fini
- USC Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Changes in Distribution of Dry Eye Disease by the New 2016 Diagnostic Criteria from the Asia Dry Eye Society. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1918. [PMID: 29382858 PMCID: PMC5789837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19775-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a disorder of the tear film. Here, we delineate the changes in distribution of DED after diagnostic criteria changes from the 2006 Japanese Diagnostic Criteria to the 2016 Asia Dry Eye Society criteria. We included 250 right eyes of 250 patients and all patients completed ophthalmic assessments for DED. The 2006 criteria classified patients into definite DED, probable DED, and non-DED based on subjective symptoms, tear function, and/or vital staining. The 2016 criteria eliminated probable DED and classified patients into definite DED or non-DED based on subjective symptoms and decreased tear break-up time. We examined how probable DED patients were reclassified by the 2016 criteria. By the 2006 criteria, 38.8% (97/250) of patients had definite DED, 35.6% (89/250) had probable DED, and 25.6% (64/250) had non-DED. By the 2016 criteria, 66.8% (167/250) had definite DED and 33.2% (83/250) had non-DED. Among patients with probable DED using the 2006 criteria, 79.8% (71/89) were reclassified as definite DED and 20.2% (18/89) were reclassified as non-DED using the 2016 criteria. Our data revealed that prevalence of definite DED increased because most probable DED patients were reclassified as definite DED after changes in the diagnostic criteria.
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Jiang N, Ye LH, Ye L, Yu J, Yang QC, Yuan Q, Zhu PW, Shao Y. Effect of mistletoe combined with carboxymethyl cellulose on dry eye in postmenopausal women. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1669-1677. [PMID: 29181309 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.11.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the protective effect of mistletoe combined with carboxymethyl cellulose eye drops on dry eye in postmenopausal women. METHODS Sixty postmenopause female patients diagnosed of dry eye were assigned randomly to mistletoe combined with carboxymethyl cellulose eye drops treatment group (n=30) and control group treated with normal saline eye drops (n=30). The subjective symptoms of ocular surface, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), tear film function tests, tear protein and corneal morphology by confocal scanning microscopy were analyzed before treatment and at 1, 2, 4 and 8wk after treatment respectively. To ensure the safety of the trial, all patients were examined with systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, urine creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen at 8wk after treatment. RESULTS There were no obvious differences between two groups before the treatment (P>0.05). In two months after the treatment, the symptoms of ocular surface, OSDI, tear protein, and tear film function were only slightly changed in normal saline eye drops group. However, all indices were improved after the treatment of mistletoe combined with carboxymethyl cellulose eye drops group (P<0.05). In addition, the average amount of corneal epithelium basal cells and inflammatory cells of mistletoe treated group were 3174±379 and 38±25 cells/mm2, significantly decreased as compared to the control group with 4309±612 and 158± 61 cells/mm2, respectively. In the control group, although nerves still maintained straight under corneal epithelium, the number of nerves were significantly decreased, as compared with normal female. In the mistletoe treated group, the number of nerves was only slightly reduced, compared with normal female. CONCLUSION Mistletoe combined with carboxymethyl cellulose eye drops can alleviate the symptoms and signs of dry eye symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lin-Hong Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.,Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hangzhou TCM Hospital, Hangzhou 310007, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qi-Chen Yang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Pei-Wen Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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Bhattacharya D, Yu L, Wang M. Expression patterns of conjunctival mucin 5AC and aquaporin 5 in response to acute dry eye stress. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187188. [PMID: 29112967 PMCID: PMC5675386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between aquaporin (AQP) 5 and mucin (MUC) 5AC in the conjunctiva was investigated in response to acute dry eye (DE) stress. A mixed-mechanism rabbit DE model, in which the main lacrimal gland, Harderian gland, and nictitating membrane were resected, was further explored in this study. Conjunctival impression cytology specimens were harvested before excision (BE) and up to 3 months after excision (AE) in 8 (16 eyes) male New Zealand White rabbits, and immunoblotting was employed to assess the expression of AQP5 and MUC5AC. It was observed that AQP5 and MUC5AC showed a positive, synchronous expression pattern with progressive upregulation at protein level up to 2 months AE. At 3 months, the expression of both proteins decreased, but was still higher than that of BE. Such a synchronous relationship was further observed in mouse conjunctiva epithelium primary cells under hyperosmotic condition. Moreover, the co-immunoprecipitation of AQP5 and MUC5AC suggested a possible physical interaction between the two molecules. Our data indicates that conjunctival AQP5 and MUC5AC act synchronously in response to acute DE stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruva Bhattacharya
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Li Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Jinan University Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
- Shenzhen Ocular Trauma and Stem Cell Differentiation Service, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
- Shenzhen University College of Optometry, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Mingwu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- NeuVision Medical Institute, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ablamowicz AF, Nichols JJ. Concentrations of MUC16 and MUC5AC using three tear collection methods. Mol Vis 2017; 23:529-537. [PMID: 28761326 PMCID: PMC5534489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the optimal tear collection method for analysis of ocular surface mucins MUC5AC and MUC16. METHODS Fifteen subjects without ocular surface disease were recruited. Subjects presented for tear collection on three separate days for three different tear collection methods with the order of method randomized. Methods used to collect tears from right and left eyes included Schirmer's strip, basal tear collection, and flush tear collection. All samples from the right eyes were individually analyzed for MUC5AC whereas the left eye samples were individually analyzed for MUC16. For each individual sample, 10 μg of protein were loaded per lane into a 1% (w/v) agarose gel and run in electrophoresis buffer for 2 h. After overnight capillary transfer, membranes were incubated with either MUC5AC antibody CLH2 or MUC16 antibody OC125 for western blot analysis. Blots were developed with enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) and signals captured with the Odyssey Fc (LI-COR). The relative amounts of MUC5AC and MUC16 were quantified with densitometry using software and compared for statistically significant differences between tear collection methods using the Kruskal-Wallis test in SPSS 22 and GraphPad Prism 7.02. Dunn's multiple comparisons test was used for pairwise post-hoc comparisons. RESULTS Samples containing less than 10 μg of total protein were not used for analysis which left eight samples (out of 45) unusable. The calculated MUC5AC median signal intensities from Schirmer's strip, basal tears, and flush tears were 2.86 (n = 15, the interquartile range [IQR] = 2.54-3.21), 1.65 (n = 14, IQR = 1.34-3.1), and 1.67 (n = 9, IQR = 1.42-1.72), respectively (H = 9.5, p = 0.009). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons showed a statistically significant difference between Schirmer's strip and flush tears (p = 0.01). The calculated MUC16 median signal intensities from Schirmer's strip, basal tears, and flush tears were 1.88 (n = 14, IQR = 1.43-2.61), 5.24 (n = 15, IQR = 4.16-6.21), and 2.45 (n = 7, IQR = 1.85-2.48), respectively (H = 18.1, p = 0.001). Post-hoc pairwise comparison showed statistically significant differences between basal tears and Schirmer's strip (p = 0.0003) and between basal tears and flush tears (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS MUC5AC and MUC16 are present in human tear fluid and can be captured using various tear collection methods. Although basal tear collection yielded the highest relative concentration of MUC16, Schirmer's strip tear collection yielded the highest MUC5AC concentration. Therefore, the tear collection method chosen depends on the mucin of interest.
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Bron AJ, de Paiva CS, Chauhan SK, Bonini S, Gabison EE, Jain S, Knop E, Markoulli M, Ogawa Y, Perez V, Uchino Y, Yokoi N, Zoukhri D, Sullivan DA. TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:438-510. [PMID: 28736340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 975] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The TFOS DEWS II Pathophysiology Subcommittee reviewed the mechanisms involved in the initiation and perpetuation of dry eye disease. Its central mechanism is evaporative water loss leading to hyperosmolar tissue damage. Research in human disease and in animal models has shown that this, either directly or by inducing inflammation, causes a loss of both epithelial and goblet cells. The consequent decrease in surface wettability leads to early tear film breakup and amplifies hyperosmolarity via a Vicious Circle. Pain in dry eye is caused by tear hyperosmolarity, loss of lubrication, inflammatory mediators and neurosensory factors, while visual symptoms arise from tear and ocular surface irregularity. Increased friction targets damage to the lids and ocular surface, resulting in characteristic punctate epithelial keratitis, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, filamentary keratitis, lid parallel conjunctival folds, and lid wiper epitheliopathy. Hybrid dry eye disease, with features of both aqueous deficiency and increased evaporation, is common and efforts should be made to determine the relative contribution of each form to the total picture. To this end, practical methods are needed to measure tear evaporation in the clinic, and similarly, methods are needed to measure osmolarity at the tissue level across the ocular surface, to better determine the severity of dry eye. Areas for future research include the role of genetic mechanisms in non-Sjögren syndrome dry eye, the targeting of the terminal duct in meibomian gland disease and the influence of gaze dynamics and the closed eye state on tear stability and ocular surface inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Bron
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunil K Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute & Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric E Gabison
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild & Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erich Knop
- Departments of Cell and Neurobiology and Ocular Surface Center Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yoko Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Victor Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yuichi Uchino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Yokoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute & Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
The members of the Tear Film Subcommittee reviewed the role of the tear film in dry eye disease (DED). The Subcommittee reviewed biophysical and biochemical aspects of tears and how these change in DED. Clinically, DED is characterized by loss of tear volume, more rapid breakup of the tear film and increased evaporation of tears from the ocular surface. The tear film is composed of many substances including lipids, proteins, mucins and electrolytes. All of these contribute to the integrity of the tear film but exactly how they interact is still an area of active research. Tear film osmolarity increases in DED. Changes to other components such as proteins and mucins can be used as biomarkers for DED. The Subcommittee recommended areas for future research to advance our understanding of the tear film and how this changes with DED. The final report was written after review by all Subcommittee members and the entire TFOS DEWS II membership.
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Arafat SN, Robert MC, Abud T, Spurr-Michaud S, Amparo F, Dohlman CH, Dana R, Gipson IK. Elevated Neutrophil Elastase in Tears of Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease Patients. Am J Ophthalmol 2017; 176:46-52. [PMID: 28073648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the levels of neutrophil elastase (NE), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in tear washes of patients with ocular graft-vs-host disease (oGVHD). DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS Based on established criteria, oGVHD patients (n = 14; 28 eyes) and age-/sex-matched healthy controls (n = 14; 28 eyes) were enrolled. Tear washes were collected and analyzed for NE using a single-analyte enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MMPs (1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12), MPO, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 were analyzed using multianalyte bead-based ELISA assays. Total MMP activity was measured using a fluorimetric assay. Correlation studies were performed between NE, MMP-8, MMP-9, and MPO within study groups. RESULTS NE, MMP-8, MMP-9, and MPO levels were elevated in oGVHD tears when compared with controls (P < .0001). NE was the most elevated analyte. MMP activity was higher and TIMP-1 levels were lower in oGVHD than in control (P < .0001). In oGVHD, NE significantly correlated with MMP-8 (r = 0.92), MMP-9 (r = 0.90), and MPO (r = 0.79) (P < .0001). MMP-8 correlated with MMP-9 (r = 0.96, P < .0001), and MPO (r = 0.60, P = .001). MMP-9 correlated with MPO (r = 0.55, P = .002). In controls, NE, MMP-9, and MPO significantly correlated with each other (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS The marked increase in NE in oGVHD tears that correlated strongly with elevated MMP-8, MMP-9, and MPO suggests a common neutrophilic source and provides evidence of neutrophil activity on the ocular surface of oGVHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer N Arafat
- Schepens Eye Research Institute-Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marie-Claude Robert
- Schepens Eye Research Institute-Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tulio Abud
- Schepens Eye Research Institute-Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo-UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Spurr-Michaud
- Schepens Eye Research Institute-Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francisco Amparo
- Schepens Eye Research Institute-Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Claes H Dohlman
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute-Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ilene K Gipson
- Schepens Eye Research Institute-Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Tear Matrix Metalloproteinases and Myeloperoxidase Levels in Patients With Boston Keratoprosthesis Type I. Cornea 2017; 35:1008-14. [PMID: 27191670 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the tear levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in eyes after Boston keratoprosthesis type I (B-KPro) implantation and to correlate these markers with the established B-KPro prognostic categories. METHODS Tear washes were collected from 40 patients (7 with autoimmune disease, 2 with chemical burn, and 31 with other noncicatrizing diagnoses). Tear levels of MMPs, MPO, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 were quantified using multianalyte bead-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The total MMP activity was determined using a fluorimetric assay. The analytes were compared to the underlying diagnosis and other clinical factors. RESULTS The MMP-8, MMP-9, and MPO levels were markedly elevated in the eyes with B-KPro (80 ± 31, 291 ± 77, and 244 ± 33 pg/μg, respectively). Chemical burn was associated with significantly higher tear MMP-8 (474 ± 376 pg/μg) and MMP-9 levels (1300 ± 635 pg/μg) compared with noncicatrizing diseases (MMP-8: 41 ± 15 pg/μg, P = 0.02 and MMP-9: 196 ± 57 pg/μg, P = 0.02) and higher MMP-9 levels compared with autoimmune diseases (MMP-8: 96 ± 65 pg/μg, P = 0.21 and MMP-9: 306 ± 196 pg/μg, P = 0.04). Similar analyte levels were observed in the B-KPro eye and the contralateral non-B-KPro eye of patients with bilateral diseases. MMP-8, MMP-9, and total MMP activities correlated strongly with each other. CONCLUSIONS In the eyes with B-KPro, tear MMP-8 and MMP-9 levels seem to be related to the underlying ocular surface pathology and not significantly influenced by the presence of the prosthesis.
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Uchino Y, Woodward AM, Argüeso P. Differential effect of rebamipide on transmembrane mucin biosynthesis in stratified ocular surface epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2016; 153:1-7. [PMID: 27725198 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mucins are a group of highly glycosylated glycoproteins responsible for the protection of wet-surfaced epithelia. Recent data indicate that transmembrane mucins differ in their contribution to the protective function of the ocular surface, with MUC16 being the most effective barrier on the apical surface glycocalyx. Here, we investigated the role of the mucoprotective drug rebamipide in the regulation of transmembrane mucin biosynthesis using stratified cultures of human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. We find that the addition of rebamipide to corneal, but not conjunctival, epithelial cells increased MUC16 protein biosynthesis. Rebamipide did not affect the levels of MUC1, 4 and 20 compared to control. In these experiments, rebamipide had no effect on the expression levels of Notch intracellular domains, suggesting that the rebamipide-induced increase in MUC16 biosynthesis in differentiated corneal cultures is not regulated by Notch signaling. Overall these findings indicate that rebamipide induces the differential upregulation of MUC16 in stratified cultures of human corneal epithelial cells, which may have implications to the proper restoration of barrier function in ocular surface disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Uchino
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ashley M Woodward
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Ablamowicz AF, Nichols JJ. Ocular Surface Membrane-Associated Mucins. Ocul Surf 2016; 14:331-41. [PMID: 27154035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ocular surface epithelial cells produce and secrete mucins that form a hydrophilic barrier for protection and lubrication of the eye. This barrier, the glycocalyx, is formed by high molecular weight heavily glycosylated membrane-associated mucins (MAMs) that include MUC1, MUC4, and MUC16. These mucins extend into the tear film from the anterior surfaces of the conjunctiva and cornea, and, through interactions with galectin-3, prevent penetrance of pathogens into the eye. Due primarily to the glycosylation of the mucins, the glycocalyx also creates less friction during blinking and enables the tear film to maintain wetting of the eye. The secretory mucins include soluble MUC7 and gel-forming MUC5AC. These mucins, particularly MUC5AC, assist with removal of debris from the tear film and contribute to the hydrophilicity of the tear film. While new methodologies and cell culture models have expanded our understanding of mucin structure and function on the ocular surface, there is still a paucity of studies characterizing the glycosylation of MAMs on a normal ocular surface and a diseased ocular surface. Although studies have shown alterations in mucin production and expression in dry eye diseases, the relationship between changes in mucins and functional consequences is unclear. This review focuses on comparing what is known about MAMs in wet-surfaced epithelia of the body to what has been studied on the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna F Ablamowicz
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jason J Nichols
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Gipson IK. Goblet cells of the conjunctiva: A review of recent findings. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 54:49-63. [PMID: 27091323 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Goblet cells within the conjunctival epithelium are specialized cells that secrete mucins onto the surface of the eye. Recent research has demonstrated new characteristics of the cells, including factors influencing their differentiation, their gene products and their functions at the ocular surface. The following review summarizes the newly discovered aspects of the role of Spdef, a member of the Ets transcription factor family in conjunctival goblet cell differentiation, the newly discovered goblet cell products including claudin2, the Wnt inhibitor Frzb, and the transmembrane mucin Muc16. The current concepts of conjunctival goblet cell function, including debris removal and immune surveillance are reviewed, as are changes in the goblet cell population in ocular surface diseases. Major remaining questions regarding conjunctival cell biology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilene K Gipson
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Gipson IK, Spurr-Michaud S, Tisdale A. Human conjunctival goblet cells express the membrane associated mucin MUC16: Localization to mucin granules. Exp Eye Res 2015; 145:230-234. [PMID: 26731719 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
MUC16 is an extraordinarily large 22,152 amino acid membrane spanning mucin that has been shown to be present in the glycocalyx of the apical cells of the human cornea and conjunctiva where it interfaces with the tear film. The ectodomain of the molecule has been demonstrated in tears, where it has been presumed to be from surface epithelial cells. Data presented here from multiple assays, including immunohistochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy, in situ hybridization, and RT-PCR of RNA isolated from goblet cells isolated by laser capture microdissection, demonstrate that the membrane tethered mucin is also expressed by conjunctival goblet cells both in humans and in mice. The mucin is present in mucin granules and appears to be localized to the mucin granule membrane. Correlation analyses of the amounts of the goblet cell secreted mucin MUC5AC and the amounts of MUC16 and of MUC1 another membrane tethered mucin ectodomain found in human tear samples demonstrated that MUC5AC amounts correlated to the amounts of MUC16 but not to MUC1. These data suggest that goblet cells are a second source of the mucin in tears. The function of the membrane tethered mucin in the mucin granule remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilene K Gipson
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA.
| | - Sandra Spurr-Michaud
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Ann Tisdale
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
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Arslan SY, Yu Y, Burdette JE, Pavone ME, Hope TJ, Woodruff TK, Kim JJ. Novel three dimensional human endocervix cultures respond to 28-day hormone treatment. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1602-9. [PMID: 25635622 PMCID: PMC4399320 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The endocervix has both anatomical and biological functions that participate in the delicate balance between tolerance necessary for conception and protection from pathogens. Our goal was to develop a robust 3-dimensional (3D) endocervix model that was a reliable representation of the in vivo tissues and to identify the physiological responses to changing levels of steroid hormones during a 28-day time period. Human endocervical cells were grown on polystyrene scaffolds, and the morphologic and hormonal responses of cultured cells were assessed in response to fluctuating levels of estradiol (E2) or progesterone (P4). Morphologically, the 3D cultures were composed of a mixed population of cells, including epithelial and stromal cells. Treatment with E2 and P4 (d 28) increased cell growth and proliferation as compared with no treatment control. Cells expressed estrogen receptor and P4 receptor and produced both neutral and acidic mucins, including Mucin 16. In addition, a 45-plex Luminex assay identified numerous factors secreted and regulated by hormones. Specifically, IL-1β and leukemia inhibitory factor significantly decreased in the presence of E2 and P4 as compared with the no hormone control at day 26. Cotreatment with RU486 (mifepristone) attenuated the inhibition of IL-1β and leukemia inhibitory factor secretion. In summary, a robust, novel 3D endocervical culture was developed, and physiologic responses to the menstrual cycle mimic of E2 and P4 levels for a period of 28 days were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Yildiz Arslan
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine (S.Y.A., Y.Y., M.E.P., T.K.W., J.J.K.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (T.J.H.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (J.E.B.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607; and Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (M.E.P.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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D’Souza S, Tong L. Practical issues concerning tear protein assays in dry eye. EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 1:6. [PMID: 26605353 PMCID: PMC4604107 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-014-0006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye is a common clinical condition diagnosed by cumulative evidence of symptoms and signs. Many new treatments in dry eye are either expensive, invasive, have potential for side effects, or are not easily accessible. In severe dry eye, the ideal modality of treatment to begin with is often not clear as specific molecular disturbances are not evident from just examination of clinical manifestations. Assessing the effects of ongoing treatment is not straight forward since there is lack of agreement between clinical signs and symptoms. There is a need to have more objective methods of selecting treatment for dry eye and monitoring the effect of treatment. Recently, there are many new technologies applied to the discovery of tear biomarkers, for e.g., mass spectrometry based proteomics techniques and multiplex assays such as the bead-based sandwich indirect immunofluorescent assays. Tear proteins assays have even been made available as point-of-care devices. This review focuses on the evidence for the involvements of tear proteins in dry eye, possible changes in tear concentrations with therapy and the strength of evidence regarding dry eye pathology. Much remains to be done in terms of developing office-based assays and ascertaining their reliability, but current evidence suggests that tear proteins have a role in the clinical practice of dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon D’Souza
- />Narayana Nethralaya Superspeciality Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Louis Tong
- />Singapore Eye Research Institute, 11, Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751 Singapore
- />Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore
- />Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- />Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Traipe-Castro L, Salinas-Toro D, López D, Zanolli M, Srur M, Valenzuela F, Cáceres A, Toledo-Araya H, López-Solís R. Dynamics of tear fluid desiccation on a glass surface: a contribution to tear quality assessment. Biol Res 2014; 47:25. [PMID: 25026954 PMCID: PMC4144120 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fern-like crystalloids form when a microvolume of tear is allowed to dry out at ambient conditions on a glass surface. Presence of crystalloids in tear "microdesiccates" is used to evaluate patients with Dry-Eye disease. This study aims to examine morphologically the desiccation process of normal tear fluid and to identify changes associated with accelerated tear evaporation. Tear microdesiccates from healthy (Non-Dry Eye) and Dry Eye subjects were produced at ambient conditions. Microdesiccate formation was monitored continuously by dark-field video microscopy. Additionally, accelerated desiccation of tear samples from healthy subjects was conducted under controlled experimental conditions. Particular morphological domains of tear microdesiccates and their progressive appearance during desiccation were compared. RESULTS In normal tear microdesiccates, four distinctive morphological domains (zones I, II, III and transition band) were recognized. Stepwise formation of those domains is now described. Experimentally accelerated desiccation resulted in marked changes in some of those zones, particularly involving either disappearance or size reduction of fern-like crystalloids of zones II and III. Tear microdesiccates from Dry Eye subjects may also display those differences and be the expression of a more synchronous formation of microdesiccate domains. CONCLUSION Morphological characteristics of tear microdesiccates can provide insights into the relative rate of tear evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas Traipe-Castro
- />Fundación Oftalmológica Los Andes Ophthalmology Clinic (FOLA), Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Salinas-Toro
- />Fundación Oftalmológica Los Andes Ophthalmology Clinic (FOLA), Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
- />School of Medical Technology-Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela López
- />Fundación Oftalmológica Los Andes Ophthalmology Clinic (FOLA), Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Zanolli
- />Fundación Oftalmológica Los Andes Ophthalmology Clinic (FOLA), Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Srur
- />Fundación Oftalmológica Los Andes Ophthalmology Clinic (FOLA), Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Valenzuela
- />Fundación Oftalmológica Los Andes Ophthalmology Clinic (FOLA), Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aníbal Cáceres
- />Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine-ICBM, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Postcode 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor Toledo-Araya
- />Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine-ICBM, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Postcode 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Remigio López-Solís
- />Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine-ICBM, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Postcode 8380453 Santiago, Chile
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New testing options for diagnosing and grading dry eye disease. Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 157:1122-9. [PMID: 24631478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe new options for diagnosis and severity grading of dry eye disease. DESIGN Perspective on technological advancements to identify tear dysfunction and their value in diagnosing and grading dry eye disease. METHODS Evidence is presented on new and evolving technologies to measure tear stability, composition, and meniscus height and their role in dry eye diagnosis and therapeutic efficacy grading is assessed. RESULTS Evolving concepts regarding pathogenesis and new technologies to evaluate the tears and ocular surface have improved the ability to diagnose, classify, and grade the severity of dry eye disease. New technologies include noninvasive imaging of tear stability and tear meniscus height as a measure of tear volume and tear composition (osmolarity, lacrimal factors, inflammatory mediators, growth and differentiation factors). Approved tests, such as tear osmolarity and tear imaging, are being integrated into clinical practice and may eventually supplant certain traditional tests that have greater variability and less sensitivity. Other tests, such as molecular assays of tears and conjunctival cells, are currently being used in studies investigating pathogenesis and therapeutic mechanism of action. They may eventually translate to routine clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS New technologies have emerged that can noninvasively evaluate the tears and measure disease-associated compositional changes. These tests are being integrated into clinical practice and therapeutic trials for diagnosis, classification, and severity grading of dry eye disease.
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McMahon A, Lu H, Butovich IA. A role for ELOVL4 in the mouse meibomian gland and sebocyte cell biology. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:2832-40. [PMID: 24677106 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The meibum lipidome contains lipids with extremely long chain fatty acid (ELCFA) residues, longer than C28. Particular lipids based on extremely long chain (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFA) are found in all mammal meibum and are proposed to stabilize the tear film by forming the interphase between its lipid and aqueous sublayers. The enzyme ELOVL4 is required for synthesis of ELCFA. We investigated whether Stgd3 mice, harboring mutations in ELOVL4 that have been shown to decrease the levels of its biosynthetic lipid products, would represent a model system in which to define the role of such lipids in meibum. METHODS Ocular phenotypes of wild-type mice were compared with those of Stgd3 mice. ELOVL4 expression in eyelid and back skin was characterized by immunohistochemical analysis. Anatomical changes within the eyelids of mutant mice were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining of paraffin-embedded tissue. RESULTS Mutant mice had increased eyelid blink rates, a reluctance to maintain their eyes fully open, protruding meibomian gland (MG) orifices, and anatomical changes within the MG. In wild-type mice, ELOVL4 was strongly expressed within the holocrine meibomian and sebaceous glands. The enzyme localized to structures encircling lipid deposits within cells in both the early and late stages of differentiation. No ELOVL4 was detected within the central meibomian duct. CONCLUSIONS Stgd3 mice show changes that resemble clinical findings in patients with the evaporative type of dry eye disease, suggesting that further studies in this mouse model will provide a basis for better understanding of the causes of human dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne McMahon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
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Torricelli AAM, Matsuda M, Novaes P, Braga ALF, Saldiva PHN, Alves MR, Monteiro MLR. Effects of ambient levels of traffic-derived air pollution on the ocular surface: analysis of symptoms, conjunctival goblet cell count and mucin 5AC gene expression. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 131:59-63. [PMID: 24657517 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify ocular symptoms, goblet cells (GC) and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) gene expression on the conjunctiva of healthy subjects exposed to ambient levels of traffic-derived air pollution and to estimate its correlation with NO2 and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) levels. METHODS Twenty-one taxi drivers or traffic controllers were assessed with the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire and conjunctival impression cytology. MUC5AC mRNA levels were determined based on the cytology of the right eye, and GC density was assessed based on the cytology of the left eye. Mean individual levels of 24-h NO2 and PM2.5 exposure were assessed the day before examination. Possible associations between NO2 or PM2.5 levels, OSDI scores, GC densities and MUC5AC mRNA levels were verified. RESULTS The subjects were exposed to mean PM2.5 levels of 35±12 μg/m(3) and mean NO2 levels of 189±47 μg/m(3). OSDI scores were low (7.4±8) and GC densities were 521±257 and 782±322 cell/mm(2) on the bulbar and tarsal conjunctivas, respectively. The mean GC-derived MUC5AC mRNA expression was 14±7 fM/μg of total RNA. A significant and positive correlation was observed between MUC5AC mRNA levels and tarsal GC density (p=0.018). A trend toward association between PM2.5 levels and tarsal GC cell density (p=0.052) was found. CONCLUSION Exposure to ambient levels of air pollution impacts conjunctival GC density. An increase in MUC5AC mRNA levels may be part of an adaptive ocular surface response to long-term exposure to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Augusto Miranda Torricelli
- Division of Ophthalmology and the Laboratory for Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 5th floor, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Monique Matsuda
- Division of Ophthalmology and the Laboratory for Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 5th floor, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Novaes
- Division of Ophthalmology and the Laboratory for Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 5th floor, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alfésio Luiz Ferreira Braga
- Environmental Epidemiology Study Group, Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
- Environmental Epidemiology Study Group, Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton Ruiz Alves
- Division of Ophthalmology and the Laboratory for Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 5th floor, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário Luiz Ribeiro Monteiro
- Division of Ophthalmology and the Laboratory for Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 5th floor, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE Membrane-associated mucins (MAMs) play important roles in barrier function and tear stability, and their expression on the ocular surface is altered in dry eye disease. Rebamipide is a mucin secretagogue that promotes the production of mucin-like glycoproteins in human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. However, the expression of MAMs on the corneal epithelia (MUC1, MUC4, MUC16), which is induced by rebamipide, is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of rebamipide on the regulation of MAM expression in HCE cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS MUC16, Ki67 and PCNA expression levels in HCE cells isolated at confluence and at 24 hours after confluence were examined by Western blotting to assess cell proliferation. HCE cells isolated at 24 hours after confluence were cultured in medium supplemented with 1-10 µM rebamipide or 0.3-30 nM of epidermal growth factor (EGF). Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis of MAMs were performed to evaluate the effect of rebamipide. Western blot analysis of cells treated with an EGF receptor inhibitor (AG1478) or MEK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) was performed to reveal the relationship between EGF receptor activation and rebamipide-induced MAM expression. RESULTS HCE cells isolated at 24 hours after confluence had lower cell proliferation activity and increased MUC16 expression compared with cells isolated at confluence. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis revealed that rebamipide increased MAM gene expression for 2 hours and protein expression for 24 hours in HCE cells. EGF inhibitor treatment led to reduced levels of all three MAMs that are normally induced by rebamipide, whereas EGF induced the expression of all three MAMs. CONCLUSIONS We suggested that rebamipide increased MUC1, MUC4 and MUC16 expression levels through signals involved in EGF receptor activation in the human corneal epithelia. These data suggest that rebamipide may improve subjective symptoms of dry eye disease by upregulating MAM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsaku Itoh
- Ako Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. , Hyogo , Japan
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Neutrophil collagenase, gelatinase, and myeloperoxidase in tears of patients with stevens-johnson syndrome and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Ophthalmology 2013; 121:79-87. [PMID: 23962653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in tears of patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP). DESIGN Prospective, noninterventional cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Four SJS patients (7 eyes), 19 OCP patients (37 eyes), and 20 healthy controls who underwent phacoemulsification (40 eyes). METHODS Tear washes were collected from all patients and were analyzed for levels of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-12, MPO, and TIMP-1 using multianalyte bead-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Total MMP activity was determined using a fluorometric assay. Correlation studies were performed between the various analytes within study groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Levels of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-12, MPO, and TIMP-1 (in nanograms per microgram of protein) and total MMP activity (in relative fluorescent units per minute per microgram of protein) in tears; MMP-8-to-TIMP-1 ratio; MMP-9-to-TIMP-1 ratio; and the correlations between MMP-8 and MMP-9 and both MMP and MPO. RESULTS MMP-8, MMP-9, and MPO levels were elevated significantly in SJS and OCP tears (SJS>OCP) when compared with controls. The MMP activity was highest in SJS patients, whereas OCP patients and controls showed lower and similar activities. The TIMP-1 levels were decreased in SJS and OCP patients when compared with those in controls, with levels in OCP patients reaching significance. The MMP-8-to-TIMP-1 and MMP-9-to-TIMP-1 ratios were markedly elevated in SJS and OCP tears (SJS>OCP) when compared with those of controls. Across all study groups, MMP-9 levels correlated strongly with MMP-8 and MPO levels, and MMP-8 correlated with MPO, but it did not reach significance in SJS patients. There was no relationship between MMP-7 and MPO. CONCLUSIONS Because MMP-8 and MPO are produced by inflammatory cells, particularly neutrophils, the correlation data indicate that they may be the common source of elevated enzymes, including MMP-9, in SJS and OCP tears. Elevated MMP-to-TIMP ratios and MMP activity suggest an imbalance in tear MMP regulation that may explain the predisposition of these patients to demonstrate corneal melting and chronic complications associated with persistent inflammation. Myeloperoxidase in tears may be a sensitive and specific marker for the quantification of ocular inflammation.
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Hodges RR, Dartt DA. Tear film mucins: front line defenders of the ocular surface; comparison with airway and gastrointestinal tract mucins. Exp Eye Res 2013; 117:62-78. [PMID: 23954166 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ocular surface including the cornea and conjunctiva and its overlying tear film are the first tissues of the eye to interact with the external environment. The tear film is complex containing multiple layers secreted by different glands and tissues. Each layer contains specific molecules and proteins that not only maintain the health of the cells on the ocular surface by providing nourishment and removal of waste products but also protect these cells from environment. A major protective mechanism that the corneal and conjunctival cells have developed is secretion of the innermost layer of the tear film, the mucous layer. Both the cornea and conjunctiva express membrane spanning mucins, whereas the conjunctiva also produces soluble mucins. The mucins present in the tear film serve to maintain the hydration of the ocular surface and to provide lubrication and anti-adhesive properties between the cells of the ocular surface and conjunctiva during the blink. A third function is to contribute to the epithelial barrier to prevent pathogens from binding to the ocular surface. This review will focus on the different types of mucins produced by the corneal and conjunctival epithelia. Also included in this review will be a presentation of the structure of mucins, regulation of mucin production, role of mucins in ocular surface diseases, and the differences in mucin production by the ocular surface, airways and gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Analysis of the Correlations of Mucins, Inflammatory Markers, and Clinical Tests in Dry Eye. Cornea 2013; 32:928-32. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3182801622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Surfactant protein D contributes to ocular defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a murine model of dry eye disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65797. [PMID: 23762428 PMCID: PMC3675081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease can cause ocular surface inflammation that disrupts the corneal epithelial barrier. While dry eye patients are known to have an increased risk of corneal infection, it is not known whether there is a direct causal relationship between these two conditions. Here, we tested the hypothesis that experimentally-induced dry eye (EDE) increases susceptibility to corneal infection using a mouse model. In doing so, we also examined the role of surfactant protein D (SP-D), which we have previously shown is involved in corneal defense against infection. Scopolamine injections and fan-driven air were used to cause EDE in C57BL/6 or Black Swiss mice (wild-type and SP-D gene-knockout). Controls received PBS injections and were housed normally. After 5 or 10 days, otherwise uninjured corneas were inoculated with 10(9) cfu of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1. Anesthesia was maintained for 3 h post-inoculation. Viable bacteria were quantified in ocular surface washes and corneal homogenates 6 h post-inoculation. SP-D was measured by Western immunoblot, and corneal pathology assessed from 6 h to 4 days. EDE mice showed reduced tear volumes after 5 and 10 days (each by ∼75%, p<0.001) and showed fluorescein staining (i.e. epithelial disruption). Surprisingly, there was no significant difference in corneal pathology between EDE mice and controls (∼10-14% incidence). Before bacterial inoculation, EDE mice showed elevated SP-D in ocular washes. After inoculation, fewer bacteria were recovered from ocular washes of EDE mice (<2% of controls, p = 0.0004). Furthermore, SP-D knockout mice showed a significant increase in P. aeruginosa corneal colonization under EDE conditions. Taken together, these data suggest that SP-D contributes to corneal defense against P. aeruginosa colonization and infection in EDE despite the loss of barrier function to fluorescein.
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Spdef null mice lack conjunctival goblet cells and provide a model of dry eye. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:35-48. [PMID: 23665202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Goblet cell numbers decrease within the conjunctival epithelium in drying and cicatrizing ocular surface diseases. Factors regulating goblet cell differentiation in conjunctival epithelium are unknown. Recent data indicate that the transcription factor SAM-pointed domain epithelial-specific transcription factor (Spdef) is essential for goblet cell differentiation in tracheobronchial and gastrointestinal epithelium of mice. Using Spdef(-/-) mice, we determined that Spdef is required for conjunctival goblet cell differentiation and that Spdef(-/-) mice, which lack conjunctival goblet cells, have significantly increased corneal surface fluorescein staining and tear volume, a phenotype consistent with dry eye. Microarray analysis of conjunctival epithelium in Spdef(-/-) mice revealed down-regulation of goblet cell-specific genes (Muc5ac, Tff1, Gcnt3). Up-regulated genes included epithelial cell differentiation/keratinization genes (Sprr2h, Tgm1) and proinflammatory genes (Il1-α, Il-1β, Tnf-α), all of which are up-regulated in dry eye. Interestingly, four Wnt pathway genes were down-regulated. SPDEF expression was significantly decreased in the conjunctival epithelium of Sjögren syndrome patients with dry eye and decreased goblet cell mucin expression. These data demonstrate that Spdef is required for conjunctival goblet cell differentiation and down-regulation of SPDEF may play a role in human dry eye with goblet cell loss. Spdef(-/-) mice have an ocular surface phenotype similar to that in moderate dry eye, providing a new, more convenient model for the disease.
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