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Sharma AD, Grewal RK, Gorle S, Cuspoca AF, Kaushik V, Rajjak Shaikh A, Cavallo L, Chawla M. T cell epitope based vaccine design while targeting outer capsid proteins of rotavirus strains infecting neonates: an immunoinformatics approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4937-4955. [PMID: 37382214 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2226721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal diarrhea is majorly caused by the rotavirus (RV) in the children who generally are under the age group of 5 years. WHO estimates that ∼95% of the children contract RV infection, by this age. The disease is highly contagious; notably in many cases, it is proven fatal with high mortality rates especially in the developing countries. In India alone, an estimated 145,000 yearly deaths occurs due to RV related gastrointestinal diarrhea. WHO pre-qualified vaccines that are available for RV are all live attenuated vaccines with modest efficacy range between 40 and 60%. Further, the risk of intussusceptions has been reported in some children on RV vaccination. Thus, in a quest to develop alternative candidate to overcome challenges associated with these oral vaccines, we chose immunoinformatics approach to design a multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) while targeting the outer capsid viral proteinsVP4 and VP7 of the neonatal strains of rotavirus. Interestingly, ten epitopes, that is, six CD8+T-cells and four CD4+T-cell epitopes were identified which were predicted to be antigenic, non-allergic, non-toxic and stable. These epitopes were then linked to adjuvants, linkers, and PADRE sequences to create a multi-epitope vaccine for RV. The in silico designed RV-MEV and human TLR5 complex displayed stable interactions during molecular dynamics simulations. Further, the immune simulation studies of RV-MEV corroborated that the vaccine candidate emerges as a promising immunogen. Future investigations while performing in vitro and in vivo analyses with designed RV-MEV construct are highly desirable to warrant the potential of this vaccine candidate in protective immunity against different strains of RVs infecting neonates.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Das Sharma
- School of Bio-Engineering and Bio-Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Ravneet Kaur Grewal
- Department of Research and Innovation, STEMskills Research and Education Lab Private Limited, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Suresh Gorle
- Department of Research and Innovation, STEMskills Research and Education Lab Private Limited, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Andrés Felipe Cuspoca
- Grupo de Investigación Epidemiología Clínica de Colombia (GRECO), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
- Centro de Atención e Investigación Médica - CAIMED, Chía, Colombia
| | - Vikas Kaushik
- School of Bio-Engineering and Bio-Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Abdul Rajjak Shaikh
- Department of Research and Innovation, STEMskills Research and Education Lab Private Limited, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohit Chawla
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Sinha P, Yadav AK. In silico identification of cyclosporin derivatives as potential inhibitors for RdRp of rotavirus by molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:5001-5014. [PMID: 37517053 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2239918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus is one of the most common gastrointestinal viral diseases. Till date, there are only two vaccines available in the markets, which are specifically to be administered to young babies. In this study, VP1 RdRp is selected as potential target to carry out inhibitory activities. Cyclosporin A (Cys A) derivatives were designed via FBDD, pharmacokinetics, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and molecular mechanics generalized born surface area was applied on these compounds. The results from these investigations were analyzed and it was found that the considered derivatives in this study were nontoxic and docking results revealed that the derivatives made some important bonds inside the active site of the receptors within a catalytic triad (Serine-Histidine-Aspartate). After analyzing the mean values of root mean square density (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (RoG) and solvent accessible surface area (SASA) at 100 ns MD simulation of the selected compounds, it was found that compound 1 exhibits RMSD of 0.74 ± 0.10 Å, RMSF of 0.85 ± 0.15 Å, RoG of 16.45 ± 0.40 Å, SASA of 66.55 ± 0.35 nm2 and ΔGbind of -32.76 ± 0.02 kcal/mol. Therefore, the study revealed that amongst the designed and reported compounds, compound 1 was more stable within the active region of the RdRp and also this compound possesses lower binding free energy as compared to other selected compounds and Cys A as well.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashasti Sinha
- Department of Physics, School of Physical & Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Yadav
- Department of Physics, School of Physical & Decision Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Indrawan M, Chendana J, Handoko TGH, Widjaja M, Octavius GS. Clinical factors predicting rotavirus diarrhea in children: A cross-sectional study from two hospitals. World J Clin Pediatr 2023; 12:319-330. [PMID: 38178938 PMCID: PMC10762602 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v12.i5.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is still a significant contributing morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients. AIM To look at clinical signs and symptoms and laboratory findings that can predict rotavirus gastroenteritis compared to non-rotavirus gastroenteritis. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study with medical records obtained from December 2015 to December 2019. Inclusion criteria for this study include all hospitalised pediatric patients (0-18 years old) diagnosed with suspected rotavirus diarrhea. The receiver operating curve and Hosmer-Lemeshow test would be used to assess the final prediction findings' calibration (goodness of fit) and discrimination performance. RESULTS This study included 267 participants with 187 (70%) rotavirus-diarrhea cases. The patients were primarily male in both rotavirus (65.2%) and non-rotavirus (62.5%) groups. The median age is 1.33 years old (0.08-17.67 years old). Multivariate analysis shows that wet season (ORadj = 2.5; 95%CI: 1.3-4.8, Padj = 0.006), length of stay (LOS) ≥ 3 days (ORadj = 5.1; 95%CI: 1.4-4.8, Padj = 0.015), presence of abdominal pain (ORadj = 3.0; 95%CI: 1.3-6.8, Padj = 0.007), severe dehydration (ORadj = 2.9; 95%CI: 1.1-7.9, Padj = 0.034), abnormal white blood cell counts (ORadj = 2.8; 95%CI: 1.3-6.0, Padj = 0.006), abnormal random blood glucose (ORadj = 2.3; 95%CI: 1.2-4.4, Padj = 0.018) and presence of fecal leukocytes (ORadj = 4.1, 95%CI: 1.7-9.5, Padj = 0.001) are predictors of rotavirus diarrhea. The area under the curve for this model is 0.819 (95%CI: 0.746-0.878, P value < 0.001), which shows that this model has good discrimination. CONCLUSION Wet season, LOS ≥ 3 d, presence of abdominal pain, severe dehydration, abnormal white blood cell counts, abnormal random blood glucose, and presence of fecal leukocytes predict rotavirus diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Indrawan
- Department of Pediatric, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Banten 15811, Indonesia
| | - Jason Chendana
- Department of Pediatric, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Banten 15811, Indonesia
| | | | - Melanie Widjaja
- Department of Pediatric, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Banten 15811, Indonesia
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Damtie D, Gelaw A, Wondimeneh Y, Aleka Y, Tarekegn ZS, Sack U, Vlasova AN, Tessema B. Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of EpiTuub® Fecal Rotavirus Antigen Rapid Test Kit in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia: A multi-center cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295170. [PMID: 38033097 PMCID: PMC10688889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality due to acute gastroenteritis among children under five years globally. Early diagnosis of rotavirus infection minimizes its spread and helps to determine the appropriate management of diarrhea. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of EpiTuub® Fecal Rotavirus Antigen Rapid Test Kit for the diagnosis of rotavirus infection among diarrheic children under five years in Ethiopian healthcare settings. A total of 537 children with diarrhea were enrolled from three referral hospitals in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. The samples were tested using one-step RT-PCR and EpiTuub® Fecal Rotavirus Antigen Rapid Test Kit (KTR-917, Epitope Diagnostics, San Diego USA) in parallel. Diagnostic performance of the rapid test kit was evaluated using the one-step RT-PCR as a gold standard. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the rapid test kit were determined. Moreover, the agreement of the rapid test kit with one step RT-PCR was determined by kappa statistics and receiver operators' curve (ROC) analysis was done to assess the overall diagnostic accuracy of the rapid test kit. Fecal Rotavirus Antigen Rapid Test Kit has shown a sensitivity of 75.5% and specificity of 98.2%. The kit was also found to have 89.9% and 95.0% positive and negative predictive values, respectively. The Fecal Rotavirus Antigen Rapid Test Kit has shown a substantial agreement (78.7%, p = 0.0001) with one-step RT-PCR. The overall accuracy of the Fecal Rotavirus Antigen Rapid Test Kit was excellent with the area under the ROC curve of 86.9% (95% CI = 81.6, 92.1%) (p = .0001). Thus, Fecal Rotavirus Antigen Rapid Test is a sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid, and equipment-free option to be used at points of care in Ethiopian health care settings where resource is limited precluding the use of one step RT-PCR. Furthermore, the kit could be used in the evaluation and monitoring of rotavirus vaccine effectiveness in the aforementioned settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasu Damtie
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Ohio State University Global One Health Initiative LLC, Eastern Africa Regional Office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aschalew Gelaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yitayih Wondimeneh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yetemwork Aleka
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdu Siyoum Tarekegn
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America
| | - Belay Tessema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Phan T, Hikita T, Okitsu S, Akari Y, Komoto S, Hayakawa S, Ushijima H. Whole genome sequencing and genomic characterization of a DS-1-like G2P[4] group A rotavirus in Japan. Virus Genes 2023; 59:688-692. [PMID: 37405556 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
After rotavirus was discovered in 1973, it became the leading pathogen in causing acute gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. In this study, we performed whole genome sequencing and genomic characterization of a DS-1-like G2P[4] group A rotavirus in feces of a Japanese child with acute gastroenteritis who was fully Rotarix® vaccinated. The genomic investigation determined a genomic constellation G2-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2 of this rotavirus strain. Its antigenic epitopes of the VP7 and VP4 proteins had significant mismatches compared with the vaccine strains. Our study is the latest attempt to investigate the evolution of the VP7 and VP4 genes of emerging G2P[4] rotavirus in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Phan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Shoko Okitsu
- Division of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Akari
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
- Division of One Health, Research Center for Global and Local Infectious Diseases, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Yousefi P, Gholami A, Mehrjo M, Razizadeh MH, Akhavan M, Karampoor S, Tabibzadeh A. The role of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase in viral infections: Mechanisms and implications. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 249:154783. [PMID: 37660656 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections pose significant threats to human health, causing various diseases with varying severity. The intricate interactions between viruses and host cells determine the outcome of infection, including viral replication, immune responses, and disease progression. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a potent antiviral molecule. In recent years, increasing evidence has highlighted the critical involvement of CH25H in modulating immune responses and influencing viral infections. Notably, the review discusses the implications of CH25H in viral pathogenesis and the development of therapeutic strategies. It examines the interplay between CH25H and viral immune evasion mechanisms, highlighting the potential of viral antagonism of CH25H to enhance viral replication and pathogenesis. Furthermore, it explores the therapeutic potential of targeting CH25H or modulating its downstream signaling pathways as a strategy to control viral infections and enhance antiviral immune responses. This comprehensive review demonstrates the crucial role of CH25H in viral infections, shedding light on its mechanisms of action in viral entry, replication, and immune modulation. Understanding the complex interplay between CH25H and viral infections may pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches and the development of antiviral strategies aimed at exploiting the antiviral properties of CH25H and enhancing host immune responses against viral pathogens. In the current review, we tried to provide an overview of the antiviral activity and importance of CH25H in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Yousefi
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Gholami
- School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mehrjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Mandana Akhavan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Chang ES, Yeh PJ, Chen CC, Lai MW, Chao HC, Wu HK. Effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on pediatric emergency department visits for acute gastroenteritis evaluated using a validated clinical severity score. Pediatr Neonatol 2023; 64:381-387. [PMID: 36581524 PMCID: PMC9758062 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak that began in late 2019 has significantly affected quality of life and healthcare. Approaches to prevent the spread of COVID-19 have also affected the prevalence of other diseases. This retrospective review evaluated pediatric emergency department (PED) volume, in terms of children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE), and changes in AGE severity before versus during the COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary medical center in Taiwan. METHODS Patients who visited the PED and were diagnosed with AGE during the 70-day COVID-19 lockdown in 2021, or the identical period in 2020, were compared using a clinically validated AGE severity score, the modified Vesikari score (MVS), and additional parameters. RESULTS During the COVID-19 outbreak, there was a 61.4% reduction in the number of children with AGE visiting the PED. In that period, the AGE severity score was similar compared to the pre-pandemic period (9.00 vs. 8.57, p = 0.273). The mean C-reactive protein (CRP) level (55.7 vs. 40.6 mg/L, p < 0.001) and rate of antibiotics use (48% vs. 23.5%, p < 0.001) were higher during the outbreak than the pre-pandemic period. CONCLUSION The number of children with AGE visiting the PED decreased during the COVID-19 outbreak, while disease severity was unchanged compared to the pre-pandemic period. The use of antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Shuo Chang
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Jui Yeh
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Chen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Lai
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Chin Chao
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Kuan Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Keelung Branch, Keelung, Taiwan.
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Han S, Hyun SW, Son JW, Song MS, Lim DJ, Choi C, Park SH, Ha SD. Innovative nonthermal technologies for inactivation of emerging foodborne viruses. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3395-3421. [PMID: 37288815 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Various foodborne viruses have been associated with human health during the last decade, causing gastroenteritis and a huge economic burden worldwide. Furthermore, the emergence of new variants of infectious viruses is growing continuously. Inactivation of foodborne viruses in the food industry is a formidable task because although viruses cannot grow in foods, they can survive in the food matrix during food processing and storage environments. Conventional inactivation methods pose various drawbacks, necessitating more effective and environmentally friendly techniques for controlling foodborne viruses during food production and processing. Various inactivation approaches for controlling foodborne viruses have been attempted in the food industry. However, some traditionally used techniques, such as disinfectant-based or heat treatment, are not always efficient. Nonthermal techniques are considered a new platform for effective and safe treatment to inactivate foodborne viruses. This review focuses on foodborne viruses commonly associated with human gastroenteritis, including newly emerged viruses, such as sapovirus and Aichi virus. It also investigates the use of chemical and nonthermal physical treatments as effective technologies to inactivate foodborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangha Han
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Woo Hyun
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Won Son
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Song
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jae Lim
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hong Park
- Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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Jagirdhar GSK, Pulakurthi YS, Chigurupati HD, Surani S. Gastrointestinal tract and viral pathogens. World J Virol 2023; 12:136-150. [PMID: 37396706 PMCID: PMC10311582 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v12.i3.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis is the most common viral illness that affects the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, causing inflammation and irritation of the lining of the stomach and intestines. Common signs and symptoms associated with this condition include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and dehydration. The infections commonly involved in viral gastroenteritis are rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus, which spread through the fecal-oral and contact routes and cause non-bloody diarrhea. These infections can affect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Since the pandemic in 2019, coronavirus gastroenteritis has increased in incidence and prevalence. Morbidity and mortality rates from viral gastroenteritis have declined significantly over the years due to early recognition, treatment with oral rehydration salts, and prompt vaccination. Improved sanitation measures have also played a key role in reducing the transmission of infection. In addition to viral hepatitis causing liver disease, herpes virus, and cytomegalovirus are responsible for ulcerative GI disease. They are associated with bloody diarrhea and commonly occur in im-munocompromised individuals. Hepatitis viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, herpesvirus 8, and human papillomavirus have been involved in benign and malignant diseases. This mini review aims to list different viruses affecting the GI tract. It will cover common symptoms aiding in diagnosis and various important aspects of each viral infection that can aid diagnosis and management. This will help primary care physicians and hospitalists diagnose and treat patients more easily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Salim Surani
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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Du Y, Chen C, Zhang X, Yan D, Jiang D, Liu X, Yang M, Ding C, Lan L, Hecht R, Zhu C, Yang S. Global burden and trends of rotavirus infection-associated deaths from 1990 to 2019: an observational trend study. Virol J 2022; 19:166. [PMID: 36266651 PMCID: PMC9585833 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01898-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotavirus is the leading global pathogen of diarrhea-associated mortality and poses a great threat to public health in all age groups. This study aimed to explore the global burden and 30-year change patterns of rotavirus infection-associated deaths. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study (GBD 2019), we analyzed the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) of rotavirus infection by sex, geographical region, and sociodemographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2019. A Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the global trends in rotavirus infection over the 30 years, SaTScan software was used to detect the spatial and temporal aggregations, and a generalized linear model to explore the relationship between sociodemographic factors and death rates of rotavirus infection. Results Globally, rotavirus infection was the leading cause of diarrheal deaths, accounting for 19.11% of deaths from diarrhea in 2019. Rotavirus caused a higher death burden in African, Oceanian, and South Asian countries in the past three decades. The ASDR of rotavirus declined from 11.39 (95% uncertainty interval [95% UI] 5.46–19.48) per 100,000 people in 1990 to 3.41 (95% UI 1.60–6.01) per 100,000 people in 2019, with an average annual percentage change (AAPC) (− 4.07%, P < 0.05). However, a significant uptrend was found in high-income North America (AAPC = 1.79%, P < 0.05). The death rate was the highest among children under 5 years worldwide. However, the death rates of elderly individuals over 70 years were higher than those of children under 5 years in 2019 among high, high-middle, middle, and low-middle SDI regions. Current health expenditure, gross domestic product per capita, and the number of physicians per 1000 people were significantly negatively correlated with death rates of rotavirus. Conclusions Although the global trends in the rotavirus burden have decreased substantially over the past three decades, the burden of rotavirus remained high in Africa, Oceania, and South Asia. Children under 5 years and elderly individuals over 70 years were the populations most at risk for rotavirus infection-associated deaths, especially elderly individuals over 70 years in relatively high SDI regions. More attention should be paid to these areas and populations, and effective public health policies should be implemented in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01898-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Du
- Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Can Chen
- Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobao Zhang
- Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danying Yan
- Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daixi Jiang
- Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengya Yang
- Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Ding
- Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Lan
- Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Robert Hecht
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Changtai Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shigui Yang
- Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China.
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Bentes GA, Lanzarini NM, Guimarães JR, Heinemann MB, Volotão EDM, da Silva ADS, Heneine LGD, de Oliveira JM, Pinto MA. Production and Evaluation of Chicken Egg Yolk Immunoglobulin (IgY) against Human and Simian Rotaviruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091995. [PMID: 36146801 PMCID: PMC9502344 DOI: 10.3390/v14091995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Producing specific antibodies in chickens is an attractive approach for diagnosis or therapeutic applications. Besides the high immunoglobulin Y (IgY) yield transferred to the egg yolk and its suitability for large-scale production, such an approach is more bioethical for animal maintenance. The IgY technology offers new possibilities for application in human and veterinary diagnostics and therapeutics, including strategies for treating severe intestinal diseases in children, particularly in emerging countries. Herein, we describe the production and purification of polyclonal antibodies against rotavirus group A (RVA) in immunised hens aiming at its application in prophylaxis and treatment of rotavirus-induced diarrhoea. For this purpose, we inoculated Rhodia laying chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) with two or three doses of RVA combined with adjuvants or only adjuvants (control group). As the egg-laying period began, the yolk protein purification processes yielded a high concentration of specific IgY, the highest titre resulting from the group of hens that received three doses of the immunogen. The purified IgY blocked the functional activity of RVA in MA-104 cells, thus confirming the neutralisation ability. Therefore, anti-RVA IgY could be a promising candidate for pre- and post-exposure prevention or treatment of rotavirus-induced diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentil Arthur Bentes
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Correspondence: (G.A.B.); (J.M.d.O.)
| | - Natália Maria Lanzarini
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Juliana Rodrigues Guimarães
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Eduardo de Mello Volotão
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Alexandre dos Santos da Silva
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | | | - Jaqueline Mendes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Correspondence: (G.A.B.); (J.M.d.O.)
| | - Marcelo Alves Pinto
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
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Chen S, Zhang W, Zhai J, Chen X, Qi Y. Prevalence of bovine rotavirus among cattle in mainland China: A meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2022; 170:105727. [PMID: 35988882 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine rotavirus is the primary pathogen causing diarrhea in cattle and can be transmitted vertically through the placenta. It mainly presents with clinical signs such as depression, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the prevalence of BRV infection in mainland China. We conducted a literature search on the prevalence of BRV infection in pigs between Jan 1, 1979 and Dec 31, 2021 in English and Chinese databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, Clinical Trials, VIP, CNKI, and WanFang database. Selections were made based on the title and the abstract of the paper, Search strings included if they reported the cattle samples of more than 15 cattle and provided information that allowed us to establish the prevalence of BRV. Moreover, we excluded repeated studies, reviews, other hosts. Finally, we extracted the number of cattle with BRV infection from the obtained studies and provided information that permitted us to estimate the prevalence of BRV infection in cattle in mainland China. RESULTS The data of 29 articles (including data on 10677 cattle) are compliant with the standards. The pooled prevalence of BRV in cattle in China was 46%(6635/10677), the pooled prevalence of BRV in cattle from Northeast China (40%) was significantly lower than those from other regions. In addition, the prevalence of BRV was associated with publication time of paper, detection methods, age of cattle, and clinical symptoms(diarrhea, etc.). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that BRV infection is common among cattle in China. It is, therefore, necessary to carry out further research and monitor the prevalence of BRV infection. Furthermore, powerful and effective regulatory measures should be taken to prevent the transmission and spread of BRV among cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiyun Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 23310, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 23310, China
| | - Junjun Zhai
- Shanxi Province Engineering & Technology Research Center of Shanbei Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Shanxi Province, Yulin, 719000, China
| | - Xuelong Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 23310, China.
| | - Yanping Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 23310, China.
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Donaldson AL, Harris JP, Vivancos R, O’Brien SJ. Symptom profiling for infectious intestinal disease (IID): Do symptom profiles alter with age? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269676. [PMID: 35771750 PMCID: PMC9246150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptom profiles have previously been identified for infectious intestinal disease (IID) which distinguish bacterial from viral organisms. However, there is evidence that the seasonality, severity, and duration of IID may differ between children, adults and elderly. A secondary data analysis was undertaken to explore whether symptom profiles for bacterial and viral IID vary across different age groups. Data from 844 cases of IID were divided into three age categories: <16 years, 16–65 years and >65 years. Multivariable logistic regression modelling was used to compare the significance of different symptoms across the three age groups. The odds of bacterial IID in children were increased by onset in the summer, diarrhoea in the absence of vomiting and fever. These symptoms were also associated with lower odds of a viral pathogen. In adults, diarrhoea but no vomiting, bloody diarrhoea and diarrhoea lasting more than 3 days were associated with increased odds of a bacterial organism, whilst onset in the winter or spring and a loss of appetite were associated with viral IID. In the elderly, diarrhoea in the absence of vomiting and diarrhoea lasting more than 3 days were associated with higher odds of bacterial IID and lower odds of a viral cause. Only diarrhoea in the absence of vomiting emerged as a key symptom across all three age groups. Variation in symptom profiles by age has implications for clinicians, public health specialists and epidemiologists who use symptoms to guide presumptive diagnoses in the absence of microbiological confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Donaldson
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- National Infection Service: Field Epidemiology, Public Health England, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - John P. Harris
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Vivancos
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- National Infection Service: Field Epidemiology, Public Health England, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. O’Brien
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Zhang M, Ghosh S, Li M, Altan-Bonnet N, Shuai D. Vesicle-Cloaked Rotavirus Clusters are Environmentally Persistent and Resistant to Free Chlorine Disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8475-8484. [PMID: 35653550 PMCID: PMC9472322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent discovery of vesicle-cloaked virus clusters (i.e., viral vesicles) has greatly challenged the central paradigm of viral transmission and infection as a single virion. To understand the environmental transmission of viral vesicles, we used an in vivo model to investigate their environmental persistence and engineering control by disinfection. Murine rotavirus vesicles maintained both their integrity and infectivity after incubation in filtered freshwater and wastewater for at least 7 days, with 24.5-27.5% of the vesicles still intact at 16 weeks after exposure to both waters. Free chlorine disinfection at a dosage of 13.3 mg min L-1 did not decompose murine rotavirus vesicles, and it was much less effective in inactivating rotaviruses inside vesicles than free rotaviruses based on the quantification of rotavirus shedding in mouse stool and rotavirus replication in small intestines. Rotavirus vesicles may be more environmentally transmissible than free rotaviruses regardless of disinfection. Vesicle-mediated en bloc transmission could be responsible for vesicles' resistance to disinfection due to an increased multiplicity of infection and/or genetic recombination or reassortment to promote infection. Our work highlights the environmental, biological, and public health significance of viral vesicles, and the findings call for urgent action in advancing disinfection for pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Sourish Ghosh
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Mengqiao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
- Corresponding Author: Nihal Altan-Bonnet, Phone: 301-435-0817 , Website: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/science/host-pathogen-dynamics; Danmeng Shuai, Phone: 202-994-0506, Fax: 202-994-0127, , Website: http://materwatersus.weebly.com
| | - Danmeng Shuai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
- Corresponding Author: Nihal Altan-Bonnet, Phone: 301-435-0817 , Website: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/science/host-pathogen-dynamics; Danmeng Shuai, Phone: 202-994-0506, Fax: 202-994-0127, , Website: http://materwatersus.weebly.com
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15
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Kang MS, Park GY. In Vitro Inactivation of Respiratory Viruses and Rotavirus by the Oral Probiotic Strain Weissella cibaria CMS1. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:760-766. [PMID: 35536505 PMCID: PMC9086127 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Weissella cibaria CMS1 (oraCMS1) has been commercially used in Korea as an oral care probiotic for several years. Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the influenza A virus (H1N1) are representative viruses that cause infantile lower respiratory tract infections. Rotavirus A (RVA) is the most common cause of diarrhea in infants and young children. Here, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of oraCMS1 in inactivating RSV, H1N1, and RVA in suspension as per ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) E1052-20. The mixture of oraCMS1 and these viruses was evaluated at contact times of 1, 2, and 4 h. Virucidal activity was measured using a 50% tissue culture infective dose assay (log10TCID50) after infecting the host cells with the viruses. The CFS of oraCMS1 inactivated RSV by up to 99.0% after 1 h and 99.9% after 2 and 4 h, and H1N1 and RVA were inactivated by up to 99.9% and 99.0% at 2 h, respectively. Although these in vitro results cannot be directly interpreted as implying clinical efficacy, our findings suggest that oraCMS1 provides a protective barrier against RSV, H1N1, and RVA, and therefore, it can help decrease the risk of respiratory tract and intestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Kang
- R&D Center, OraPharm Inc, Seoul, 04782, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Ali K, Gadzama G, Zailani S, Mohammed Y, Daggash B, Yakubu Y, Sadiq B, Baba S, Usman K. The risk factors associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis among children under five years at university of maiduguri teaching hospital, Borno State, Nigeria. NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/njm.njm_114_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Yoon HS, Lim J, Sohn YH, Kim SY. Incidence, Clinical Characteristics, and Genotype Distribution of Rotavirus in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit 5 Years After Introducing Rotavirus Vaccine. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:850839. [PMID: 35252070 PMCID: PMC8893347 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.850839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus (RV) is a common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children worldwide. We aimed to investigate the incidence, symptoms, and genotype of RV infection in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in South Korea 5 years after the introduction of RV vaccination to evaluate its effect on newborn infants. METHODS A total of 431 fecal specimens were collected from patients admitted to NICU between April 20, 2012 and September 10, 2013. Enzyme-linked immunoassays were used to detect RV antigen. Nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction was used for genotyping. RESULTS The overall incidence of RV infection was 43.9% and was significantly higher in preterm infants, infants born in the study hospital, low birth weight infants, and cesarean births (P < 0.05). Symptoms of diarrhea, poor feeding, abdominal distension, and apnea were significantly higher in infants with RV infection than those without infection. RV infection gradually increased depending on infant care at home, postpartum clinic, or hospital (26.0, 45.1, and 60.2%, respectively; P = 0.000). The dominant RV genotype in the NICU was G4P[6] at 95.4%. CONCLUSION Current RV vaccines did not affect the incidence of RV infection in newborn and preterm infants in the NICU. Most RV-positive patients in the NICU had symptoms, and the incidence of RV infection was relatively higher in hospitals and postpartum clinics with group life than home. The dominant RV genotype was G4P[6] across study groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sun Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiseun Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Seung Yeon Kim
- Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Uijeongbu, South Korea
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Low Frequency of Adenovirus, Rotavirus, and Norovirus in Pediatric Diarrheal Samples from Central Iran. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.118470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Acute viral gastroenteritis is a disorder that affects children globally but mostly in developing countries. Adenoviruses, rotaviruses, and noroviruses are the leading viral causes of childhood gastroenteritis. Objectives: This study is the first to investigate the frequency of these viruses in diarrheal samples from pediatric patients living in central Iran. Methods: A total of 173 samples of pediatric diarrhea, from May 2015 to May 2016, were included in this descriptive cross-sectional study. The samples were analyzed using in-house developed PCR and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR methods to investigate the frequency of adenoviruses, rotaviruses, and noroviruses. Results: Out of 173 samples of pediatric diarrhea, eight were shown to contain enteric viruses (4.6%): (1) four with adenoviruses (2.3%); (2) three with rotaviruses (1.7%); and (3) one with a genogroup II norovirus (0.6%). Most of the positive samples were obtained from children under the age of seven. The most common additional clinical symptoms in pediatric patients with viral agents were fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Conclusions: In central Iran, adenoviruses and rotaviruses were rarely found as agents responsible for gastroenteritis. Although viral gastroenteritis in this area had less frequency than bacterial gastroenteritis, we need to monitor all enteropathogenic agents for longer periods to understand better real endemicity and the possibility of unexpected viral enteritis outbreaks.
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Fukuda Y, Tsugawa T, Nagaoka Y, Ishii A, Nawa T, Togashi A, Kunizaki J, Hirakawa S, Iida J, Tanaka T, Kizawa T, Yamamoto D, Takeuchi R, Sakai Y, Kikuchi M, Nagai K, Asakura H, Tanaka R, Yoshida M, Hamada R, Kawasaki Y. Surveillance in hospitalized children with infectious diseases in Japan: Pre- and post-coronavirus disease 2019. J Infect Chemother 2021; 27:1639-1647. [PMID: 34389224 PMCID: PMC8332734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly spread worldwide, and the various infection control measures have a significant influence on the spread of many infectious diseases. However, there have been no multicenter studies on how the number of hospitalized children with various infectious diseases changed before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 in Japan. Methods We conducted a multicenter, prospective survey for hospitalized pediatric patients in 18 hospitals in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan, from July 2019 to February 2021. We defined July 2019 to February 2020 as pre-COVID-19, and July 2020 to February 2021 as post-COVID-19. We surveyed various infectious diseases by sex and age. Results In total, 5300 patients were hospitalized during the study period. The number of patients decreased from 4266 in the pre-COVID-19 period to 701 (16.4%) post-COVID-19. Patients with influenza and RSV decreased from 308 to 795 pre-COVID-19 to zero and three (0.4%) post-COVID-19. However, patients with adenovirus (respiratory infection) only decreased to 60.9% (46–28) of pre-COVID levels. Patients with rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus gastroenteritis decreased markedly post-COVID-19 to 2.6% (38–1), 27.8% (97–27) and 13.5% (37–5). The number of patients with UTIs was similar across the two periods (109 and 90). KD patients decreased to 31.7% (161–51) post-COVID-19. Conclusions We suggest that current infection control measures for COVID-19 such as wearing masks, washing hands, and disinfecting hands with alcohol are effective against various infectious diseases. However, these effects vary by disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Fukuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Steel Memorial Muroran Hospital, 45-1, Chiribetsucho, Muroran, Hokkaido, 050-0076, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Tsugawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16 Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Nagaoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16 Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16 Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nawa
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Hokkaido Medical Center for Child Health and Rehabilitation, 6-240-1-1, Kanayama Teine-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 006-0041, Japan
| | - Atsuo Togashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Iwamizawa Municipal General Hospital, 2 West-7, 9-Jo, Iwamizawa, Hokkaido, 068-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Kunizaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Japan Red Cross Urakawa Hospital, 1-2-1, Chinomi, Higashimachi, Urakawagun Urakawacho, Hokkaido, 057-0007, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirakawa
- Department of Pediatrics, NTT Medical Center Sapporo, South-1, West-15, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0061, Japan
| | - Junya Iida
- Department of Pediatrics, Otaru Kyokai Hospital, 15-6-1, Suminoe, Otaru, Hokkaido, 047-8510, Japan
| | - Toju Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido Medical Center, 1-1-7-5, Yamanote, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 063-0005, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Kizawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Japan Community Health Care Organization Sapporo Hokushin Hospital, 1-2-6-2, Atsubetsuchuo, Atsubetsu-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 004-8618, Japan
| | - Dai Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Kushiro City General Hospital, 12-1, Shunkodai, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 085-0822, Japan
| | - Ryoh Takeuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nemuro City Hospital, 2-1, Ariisocho, Nemuro, Hokkaido, 087-8686, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, Hakodate Municipal Hospital, 1-10-1, Minatomachi, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8680, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sunagawa City Medical Center, 1-1, North-3, West-4, Sunagawa, Hokkaido, 073-0196, Japan
| | - Kazushige Nagai
- Department of Pediatrics, Takikawa Municipal Hospital, 34-2-2, Oomachi, Takikawa, Hokkaido, 073-0022, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Asakura
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido Esashi Hospital, 484, Fushikidocho, Hiyamagun Esashicho, Hokkaido, 043-0022, Japan
| | - Rina Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Tomakomai City Hospital, 20-5-1, Shimizucho, Tomakomai, Hokkaido, 053-8567, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Yakumo General Hospital, 50, Shinonomecho, Futamigun Yakumocho, Hokkaido, 049-3197, Japan
| | - Ryo Hamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Rumoi City Hospital, 1-16-2, Shinonomecho, Rumoi, Hokkaido, 077-8511, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Kawasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-16 Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
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Karimi Alavijeh M, Meyer AS, Gras SL, Kentish SE. Synthesis of N-Acetyllactosamine and N-Acetyllactosamine-Based Bioactives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7501-7525. [PMID: 34152750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) or more specifically β-d-galactopyranosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine is a unique acyl-amino sugar and a key structural unit in human milk oligosaccharides, an antigen component of many glycoproteins, and an antiviral active component for the development of effective drugs against viruses. LacNAc is useful itself and as a basic building block for producing various bioactive oligosaccharides, notably because this synthesis may be used to add value to dairy lactose. Despite a significant amount of information in the literature on the benefits, structures, and types of different LacNAc-derived oligosaccharides, knowledge about their effective synthesis for large-scale production is still in its infancy. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of existing production strategies for LacNAc and important LacNAc-based structures, including sialylated LacNAc as well as poly- and oligo-LacNAc. We conclude that direct extraction from milk is too complex, while chemical synthesis is also impractical at an industrial scale. Microbial routes have application when multiple step reactions are needed, but the major route to large-scale biochemical production will likely lie with enzymatic routes, particularly those using β-galactosidases (for LacNAc synthesis), sialidases (for sialylated LacNAc synthesis), and β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (for oligo-LacNAc synthesis). Glycosyltransferases, especially for the biosynthesis of extended complex LacNAc structures, could also play a major role in the future. In these cases, immobilization of the enzyme can increase stability and reduce cost. Processing parameters, such as substrate concentration and purity, acceptor/donor ratio, water activity, and temperature, can affect product selectivity and yield. More work is needed to optimize these reaction parameters and in the development of robust, thermally stable enzymes to facilitate commercial production of these important bioactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karimi Alavijeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A S Meyer
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology Division, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - S L Gras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - S E Kentish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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21
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Rotavirus in Calves and Its Zoonotic Importance. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:6639701. [PMID: 33968359 PMCID: PMC8081619 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6639701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is a major pathogen responsible for diarrheal disease in calves, resulting in loss of productivity and economy of farmers. However, various facets of diarrheal disease caused by rotavirus in calves in the world are inadequately understood, considering that diarrheal disease caused by rotavirus is a vital health problem in calves that interrupts production benefits with reduced weight gain and increased mortality, and its potential for zoonotic spread. The pathological changes made by rotavirus are almost exclusively limited to the small intestine that leads to diarrhea. It is environmentally distributed worldwide and was extensively studied. Reassortment is one of the important mechanisms for generating genetic diversity of rotaviruses and eventually for viral evolution. So, the primary strategy is to reduce the burden of rotavirus infections by practicing early colostrum's feeding in newborn calves, using vaccine, and improving livestock management. Rotaviruses have a wide host range, infecting many animal species as well as humans. As it was found that certain animal rotavirus strains had antigenic similarities to some human strains, this may be an indication for an animal to play a role as a source of rotavirus infection in humans. Groups A to C have been shown to infect both humans and animals. The most commonly detected strains in both human and animals are G2, G3, G4, and G9, P [6]. Therefore, this review was made to get overview epidemiology status and zoonotic importance of bovine rotavirus.
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Gómez-Carballa A, Barral-Arca R, Cebey-López M, Currás-Tuala MJ, Pischedda S, Gómez-Rial J, Habgood-Coote D, Herberg JA, Kaforou M, Martinón-Torres F, Salas A. Host Transcriptomic Response Following Administration of Rotavirus Vaccine in Infants' Mimics Wild Type Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:580219. [PMID: 33552046 PMCID: PMC7859632 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.580219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotavirus (RV) is an enteric pathogen that has devastating impact on childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. The immunologic mechanism underlying the protection achieved after RV vaccination is not yet fully understood. Methods We compared the transcriptome of children affected by community-acquired RV infection and children immunized with a live attenuated RV vaccine (RotaTeq®). Results RV vaccination mimics the wild type infection causing similar changes in children's transcriptome, including transcripts associated with cell cycle, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, intussusception, and abnormal morphology of midgut. A machine learning approach allowed to detect a combination of nine-transcripts that differentiates vaccinated from convalescent-naturally infected children (AUC: 90%; 95%CI: 70-100) and distinguishes between acute-infected and healthy control children (in both cases, AUC: 100%; 95%CI: 100-100). We identified a miRNA hsa-mir-149 that seems to play a role in the host defense against viral pathogens and may have an antiviral role. Discussion Our findings might shed further light in the understanding of RV infection, its functional link to intussusception causes, as well as guide development of antiviral treatments and safer and more effective vaccines. The nine-transcript signature may constitute a marker of vaccine protection and helps to differentiate vaccinated from naturally infected or susceptible children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gómez-Carballa
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS) and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ruth Barral-Arca
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS) and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miriam Cebey-López
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS) and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria José Currás-Tuala
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS) and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sara Pischedda
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS) and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Gómez-Rial
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS) and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Dominic Habgood-Coote
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jethro A Herberg
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Myrsini Kaforou
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS) and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Salas
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS) and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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The association between enteric viruses and necrotizing enterocolitis. Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180:225-232. [PMID: 32700232 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03746-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies on necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) have not largely focused on enteric viruses. In order to demonstrate the association between enteric viruses and NEC, stool specimens of 51 neonates with NEC and 39 "normal" neonates were collected to detect rotavirus (RV), astrovirus (ASV), sapovirus, enterovirus (EV), adenovirus (ADV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and human bocavirus (HBoV). Rotavirus A (RVA), ASV, EBV, and ADV were detected in both the NEC and control groups; however, EV and HBoV were detected only in the NEC group and CMV was not detected in either group. ASV was the most common enteric virus, but no significant differences were found between NEC and control groups, as was similarly the case for EBV and EV. The prevalence of ADV and HBoV was higher in the NEC group than in the control group (P = 0.011, P = 0.005, respectively) but RVA showed the opposite trend (P = 0.014). Virus positivity or negativity had no influence on the clinical manifestation of NEC.Conclusion: The roles of different viruses in NEC are not congruent. Some, such as ASV, may be regarded as commensal in neonates, while in NEC patients, the presence of ADV and EBV may be related to severity of disease. What is known: • The etiology of NEC remains unknown. Studies on necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) have not largely focused on enteric viruses and the conclusions were inconsistent. What is new: • Enteric viruses are common in the gut of neonates, but not all of them are pathogenic. • The existence of ADV and EBV may be related to the severity of NEC.
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De Grazia S, Bonura F, Bonura C, Mangiaracina L, Filizzolo C, Martella V, Giammanco GM. Assessing the burden of viral co-infections in acute gastroenteritis in children: An eleven-year-long investigation. J Clin Virol 2020; 129:104513. [PMID: 32575023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute gastroenteritis is an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. A number of pathogens are responsible for human acute gastroenteritis. The recent introduction of syndromic assays for the diagnosis of enteric infections, including a wide panel of enteric pathogens, has unveiled the frequency of mixed infections. This study was carried out to assess the burden of viral co-infections and the genetic diversity of the viruses detected in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Italy. METHODS A total of 4161 stool samples collected from diarrheic children over 11 years, from January 2008 to December 2018, were investigated for the presence of four enteric viruses, i.e. group A rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus. The samples were initially screened by either molecular or immunochromatographic assays and subsequently confirmed by Real-time PCR and sequence analyses. RESULTS At least one viral agent was detected in 48.6 %of specimens. Rotavirus was the most prevalent virus (24.7 %) followed by norovirus (19.6 %), adenovirus (5.3 %) and astrovirus (3%). Co-infections were detected in 8.3 % of virus-positive patients, with common viral combination being rotavirus with norovirus (70.6 % of co-infections) or with astrovirus (9.6 %). A variety of viral genotypes was detected in co-infections and in single infections. Using Real-time PCR cycle thresholds as a proxy measure of fecal viral load, rotavirus was generally detected at higher levels in co-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS Combining and deciphering measurable indicators of viral load and epidemiological information could be useful for an accurate interpretation of viral co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona De Grazia
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Floriana Bonura
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Celestino Bonura
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mangiaracina
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Filizzolo
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Giovanni M Giammanco
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Socioeconomic Impact of the Rotavirus Vaccine in Korea: Comparing the Epidemiologic and Economic Characteristics of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Before and After the Introduction of Vaccines. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:460-465. [PMID: 31990891 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the introduction of 2 rotavirus (RV) vaccines in Korea, the vaccination rate has reached over 80% with out-of-pocket spending in the private market. We investigated the socioeconomic impact of RV vaccines in Korea to assess their value and public health contribution. METHODS By using National Health Insurance Service claims data, we compared the epidemiologic and economic characteristics of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) before and after the introduction of RV vaccines. For each year of the study period, the annual prevalence and national costs of RVGE were estimated based on children under 5 years with at least 1 National Health Insurance Service claims record with a diagnosis of RVGE. RESULTS Compared with the prevaccination period, the prevalence of RVGE decreased in the postvaccination period by 48.9% from 2097 per 100,000 children in 2006 to 1072 per 100,000 children in 2015, implying an increase in the vaccination rate and the prevention effect of the vaccines. The highest reduction was observed among those 12 to <24 months of age (-73.4%), presumably due to the benefit of full vaccination, while children under 2 months, ineligible for the RV vaccine, showed an increase (41.7%). The number of hospitalized RVGE cases per year decreased by 69.0%. The national economic burden of RVGE decreased by 28.6%. CONCLUSIONS The substantial reduction in the socioeconomic burden of RVGE after the introduction of RV vaccines confirms their benefit to society. This study would help health policy makers make empirical decisions on incorporating the vaccination into national immunization programs.
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Kaszab E, Doszpoly A, Lanave G, Verma A, Bányai K, Malik YS, Marton S. Metagenomics revealing new virus species in farm and pet animals and aquaculture. GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN VETERINARY, POULTRY, AND FISHERIES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7149329 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816352-8.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Viral metagenomics is slowly taking over the traditional and widely used molecular techniques for the investigation of pathogenic viruses responsible for illness and inflicting great economic burden on the farm animal industry. Owing to the continued improvements in sequencing technologies and the dramatic reduction of per base costs of sequencing the use of next generation sequencing have been key factors in this progress. Discoveries linked to viral metagenomics are expected to be beneficial to the field of veterinary medicine starting from the development of better diagnostic assays to the design of new subunit vaccines with minimal investments. With these achievements the research has taken a giant leap even toward the better healthcare of animals and, as a result, the animal sector could be growing at an unprecedented pace.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare neonatal liver disease that causes cholestasis and is the leading indication for pediatric liver transplantation. Although the exact etiology of BA remains unknown, evidence from murine models supports the role of rotavirus infection in the development of BA. In 2006, universal rotavirus vaccination was implemented in the United States. The goal of this study was to determine if the prevalence of BA correlated with the number of annual rotavirus infections. METHODS We utilized data from the 1997 to 2012 Kids' Inpatient Database and the 1988 to 2015 Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network to determine the annual number of infant discharges with a primary diagnosis of BA and the number of infants with BA who received a liver transplant, respectively. We obtained the number of annual rotavirus infections from the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System and examined whether trends existed between the data from these 3 sources over time. RESULTS From 1997 to 2006, the number of positive rotavirus antigen tests remained steady, however a rapid decrease was observed from 2006 to 2012 (8774 to 1277), coinciding with the uptake of rotavirus immunizations nationwide. The number of BA discharges doubled from 1997 to 2003 and again increased from 2006 to 2012 (67 to 137 and 117 to 156), while the number of liver transplants for BA changed very little from 1997 to 2012. CONCLUSIONS The recent implementation of rotavirus vaccination has not had any substantial influence on the prevalence of BA in the United States.
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Mohamed MS, Sayed AI, Khedr MA, Nofal S, Soror SH. Evaluation of novel pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives as antiviral against gastroenteric viral infections. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 127:102-114. [PMID: 30366078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis is a major global public-health threat. All age groups are susceptible for this infection, but its most serious consequences affect children. Rotavirus, Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus are the most common viruses that cause gastroenteritis. Herein, we synthesized novel pyrrole, pyrrolo[2,3‑d]pyrimidine and pyrrolo[3,2‑e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‑c]pyrimidine derivatives. The non-toxic doses of these compounds were determined using BGM cell lines. We examined all the new compounds for their anti-viral activities against Rotavirus Wa strain and Coxsackievirus B4. Compounds 2a, 2d, 5a, 5c, 5d, 7b, 7j, 7n, 14b, 14c, 14e and 14f exhibited significant antiviral activity. We interpreted the action of these compounds using molecular docking against the homology models of viral polymerase enzymes of these viruses. RMSD value of 5d/Coxsackievirus was higher than the RMSD value for 5d/rotavirus and hence better as a stability parameter, which can be correlated to the biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaad S Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira I Sayed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Khedr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shahira Nofal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sameh H Soror
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt; Center for scientific excellence "Helwan Structural Biology Research (HSBR)", Cairo, Egypt..
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Seasonality and within-subject clustering of rotavirus infections in an eight-site birth cohort study. Epidemiol Infect 2018. [PMID: 29534766 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving understanding of the pathogen-specific seasonality of enteric infections is critical to informing policy on the timing of preventive measures and to forecast trends in the burden of diarrhoeal disease. Data obtained from active surveillance of cohorts can capture the underlying infection status as transmission occurs in the community. The purpose of this study was to characterise rotavirus seasonality in eight different locations while adjusting for age, calendar time and within-subject clustering of episodes by applying an adapted Serfling model approach to data from a multi-site cohort study. In the Bangladesh and Peru sites, within-subject clustering was high, with more than half of infants who experienced one rotavirus infection going on to experience a second and more than 20% experiencing a third. In the five sites that are in countries that had not introduced the rotavirus vaccine, the model predicted a primary peak in prevalence during the dry season and, in three of these, a secondary peak during the rainy season. The patterns predicted by this approach are broadly congruent with several emerging hypotheses about rotavirus transmission and are consistent for both symptomatic and asymptomatic rotavirus episodes. These findings have practical implications for programme design, but caution should be exercised in deriving inferences about the underlying pathways driving these trends, particularly when extending the approach to other pathogens.
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Pessia A, Corander J. Kpax3: Bayesian bi-clustering of large sequence datasets. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:2132-2133. [PMID: 29425273 PMCID: PMC9881668 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Estimation of the hidden population structure is an important step in many genetic studies. Often the aim is also to identify which sequence locations are the most discriminative between groups of samples for a given data partition. Automated discovery of interesting patterns that are present in the data can help to generate new biological hypotheses. Results We introduce Kpax3, a Bayesian method for bi-clustering multiple sequence alignments. Influence of individual sites will be determined in a supervised manner by using informative prior distributions for the model parameters. Our inference method uses an implementation of both split-merge and Gibbs sampler type MCMC algorithms to traverse the joint posterior of partitions of samples and variables. We use a large Rotavirus sequence dataset to demonstrate the ability of Kpax3 to generate biologically important hypotheses about differential selective pressures across a virus protein. Availability and implementation Kpax3 is implemented as a Julia package and released under the MIT license. Source code and documentation are available at: https://github.com/albertopessia/Kpax3.jl. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, CB10 1SA Hinxton, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Rotavirus vaccines are playing a pivotal role in improving lives of infants and young children in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Many of these countries have adopted the vaccine into their routine immunization, whereas others are considering introduction. This article provides an update on the impact of rotavirus vaccines in LMICs on morbidity and mortality in children aged less than 5 years, and their cost-effectiveness. RECENT FINDINGS The WHO, in 2013, updated its recommendation to prioritize introduction of rotavirus vaccines in the routine immunization schedule, without age restrictions. Despite the decreased efficacy of the vaccines in LMICs, data from Sub-Saharan Africa have demonstrated a decrease in rotavirus-related morbidity, with some sites reporting an indirect protective effect on children age ineligible to receive the vaccine. Even with improvements in sanitation, nutritional status in children, and other health-related indices in LMICs, the use of rotavirus vaccines will play an important role in preventing rotavirus-related gastroenteritis. Economic models predict a reduction in economic burden because of rotavirus-related health costs, making vaccine introduction cost-effective in resource-constrained settings. SUMMARY Increasing evidence from impact studies shows the significant impact of rotavirus vaccination on hospitalizations and economic burden because of rotavirus gastroenteritis in LMICs. Universal rotavirus vaccination is recommended, and introductions should be monitored by robust surveillance systems to measure effectiveness and impact.
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Zaki A, Abousekkien M, Alkholy UM, Eid A. Effectiveness and impact of rotavirus vaccines in Saudi Arabia: A single hospital-based study. Arab J Gastroenterol 2017; 18:140-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The Efficacy of Bifidobacterium longum BORI and Lactobacillus acidophilus AD031 Probiotic Treatment in Infants with Rotavirus Infection. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080887. [PMID: 28813007 PMCID: PMC5579680 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 57 infants hospitalized with rotavirus disease were included in this study. The children were randomly divided into the study's two treatment groups: three days of the oral administration of (i) a probiotics formula containing both Bifidobacterium longum BORI and Lactobacillus acidophilus AD031 (N = 28); or (ii) a placebo (probiotic-free skim milk, N = 29) and the standard therapy for diarrhea. There were no differences in age, sex, or blood characteristics between the two groups. When the 57 cases completed the protocol, the duration of the patients' diarrhea was significantly shorter in the probiotics group (4.38 ± 1.29, N = 28) than the placebo group (5.61 ± 1.23, N = 29), with a p-value of 0.001. Symptoms such as duration of fever (p = 0.119), frequency of diarrhea (p = 0.119), and frequency of vomiting (p = 0.331) tended to be ameliorated by the probiotic treatment; however, differences were not statistically significant between the two groups. There were no serious, adverse events and no differences in the frequency of adverse events in both groups.
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Hasegawa M, Wandera EA, Inoue Y, Kimura N, Sasaki R, Mizukami T, Shah MM, Shirai N, Takei O, Shindo H, Ichinose Y. Detection of rotavirus in clinical specimens using an immunosensor prototype based on the photon burst counting technique. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3383-3394. [PMID: 28717574 PMCID: PMC5508835 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a sensitive fluorescence sensor was developed for the detection of small, fluorescence-labeled particles dispersed in a solution. The prototype system comprises of a laser confocal optical system and a mechanical sample stage to detect photon bursting of fluorescence-labeled small particles in sample volumes less than 5 μL within 3 minutes. To examine the feasibility of the prototype system as a diagnostic tool, assemblages of rotavirus and fluorescence-labeled antibody were analyzed. The detection sensitivity for rotavirus was 1 × 104 pfu/mL. Rotavirus in stool samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis was also detected. The advantages and disadvantages of this immunosensor with respect to ELISA and RT-PCR, the current gold standards for virus detection, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama-shi, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Ernest Apondi Wandera
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama-shi, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Nanami Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama-shi, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Sasaki
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama-shi, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Tamio Mizukami
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama-shi, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Mohammad Monir Shah
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shirai
- Industrial Research Center of Shiga Prefecture, 232 Kami-Toyama, Ritto-shi, Shiga 520-3004, Japan
| | - Osamu Takei
- LIFETECH Co. Ltd., 4074, Miyadera, Iruma-shi, Saitama 358-0014, Japan
| | - Hironori Shindo
- Matsunami Glass IND. Ltd., 2-1-10 Yasaka, Kishiwada-shi, Osaka 596-0049, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Monavari SHR, Hadifar S, Mostafaei S, Miri A, Keshavarz M, Babaei F, Moghoofei M. Epidemiology of Rotavirus in the Iranian Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Glob Infect Dis 2017; 9:66-72. [PMID: 28584458 PMCID: PMC5452554 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.205173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is associated with increased risk for severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to determine the prevalence rate of rotavirus from different parts of Iran and provide an overall relative frequency (RF) for Iran. We performed a systematic literature review from several databases including PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, OVID, MAG IRAN, IranMedex, and Iranian Scientific Information Database. We searched the following keywords: "rotavirus," "rotavirus infection," "acute gastroenteritis," "diarrhea," "children," "infant," and "Iran." The purpose of this study was to report the prevalence of rotavirus with the application of meta-analysis. We selected 43 researches out of 1147 for our study. From all the samples, the pooled estimate of prevalence (95% confidence interval) =39.9% (0.396%-0.409%) were rotavirus positive. It should be noted that rotavirus infection's RF varied from 6.4% to 79.3% in Birjand and Tehran Provinces, respectively. Thereupon, it is divergent in different studies. According to our study result, rotavirus RF has a wide range in Iran and is associated with diarrhea in children. Thus, further researches should be taken to minimize the emergence and transmission of rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shima Hadifar
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Mostafaei
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Miri
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mohsen Keshavarz
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Babaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Phan TG, Leutenegger CM, Chan R, Delwart E. Rotavirus I in feces of a cat with diarrhea. Virus Genes 2017; 53:487-490. [PMID: 28255929 PMCID: PMC7089198 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A divergent rotavirus I was detected using viral metagenomics in the feces of a cat with diarrhea. The eleven segments of rotavirus I strain Felis catus encoded non-structural and structural proteins with amino acid identities ranging from 25 to 79% to the only two currently sequenced members of that viral species both derived from canine feces. No other eukaryotic viral sequences nor bacterial and protozoan pathogens were detected in this fecal sample suggesting the involvement of rotavirus I in feline diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung G Phan
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | | | | | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.
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Beards G. Rotavirus. WIKIJOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.15347/wjm/2017.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Rotavirus genotypes in children with gastroenteritis in Erzurum: first detection of G12P[6] and G12P[8] genotypes in Turkey. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2016; 12:122-127. [PMID: 28702101 PMCID: PMC5497125 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2016.59423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Rotavirus is one of the leading pathogens which cause acute gastroenteritis in children and is responsible for a substantial proportion of childhood deaths worldwide. Aim To determine the group A rotavirus (RVA) prevalence and genotypes of circulating RVA strains in 0–5-year-old children with complaints of vomiting and diarrhoea in Eastern Anatolia in Turkey. Material and methods RNA extracted from stool specimens of 329 children aged 0–5 years with acute diarrhoea was subjected to reverse transcription polymerase reaction (RT-PCR) and multiplex-nested PCR. The genotypes were identified based on the expected size of the amplicon, which was amplified with a genotype-specific primer. Results Out of 329 stool samples analyzed, 109 (33.1%) were positive for RVA. G1P[8] was the dominant genotype combination (42.2%), followed by G9P[8] (21.1%) and G12P[6] (11.0%). Mixed infections were identified in 5 cases: G3,9 in 2 cases, G1,9 in 1 case, P[4,8] in 1 case, and P[6,8] in 1 case. The P genotype could not be typed in two patients. Conclusions In the study, we detected six different rotavirus G genotypes, 3 different P genotypes, 11 different G-P combinations and 5 different mixed genotypes combinations. G1, G9, G12 and P[8] were found to be the predominant genotypes. G12P[6] and G12P[8] genotypes, showing an increase as new rotavirus genotypes in the world, are reported for the first time for our regions. We determined the dominant genotypes, mixed genotypes and unconventional genotypes of rotavirus in our region.
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Loganathan T, Jit M, Hutubessy R, Ng CW, Lee WS, Verguet S. Rotavirus vaccines contribute towards universal health coverage in a mixed public-private healthcare system. Trop Med Int Health 2016; 21:1458-1467. [PMID: 27503549 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate rotavirus vaccination in Malaysia from the household's perspective. The extended cost-effectiveness analysis (ECEA) framework quantifies the broader value of universal vaccination starting with non-health benefits such as financial risk protection and equity. These dimensions better enable decision-makers to evaluate policy on the public finance of health programmes. METHODS The incidence, health service utilisation and household expenditure related to rotavirus gastroenteritis according to national income quintiles were obtained from local data sources. Multiple birth cohorts were distributed into income quintiles and followed from birth over the first five years of life in a multicohort, static model. RESULTS We found that the rich pay more out of pocket (OOP) than the poor, as the rich use more expensive private care. OOP payments among the poorest although small are high as a proportion of household income. Rotavirus vaccination results in substantial reduction in rotavirus episodes and expenditure and provides financial risk protection to all income groups. Poverty reduction benefits are concentrated amongst the poorest two income quintiles. CONCLUSION We propose that universal vaccination complements health financing reforms in strengthening Universal Health Coverage (UHC). ECEA provides an important tool to understand the implications of vaccination for UHC, beyond traditional considerations of economic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharani Loganathan
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Mark Jit
- Modeling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, London, UK.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Raymond Hutubessy
- Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chiu-Wan Ng
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Julius Centre University of Malaya, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Way-Seah Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University Malaya Paediatrics and Child Health Research Group, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Stéphane Verguet
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Lappalainen S, Blazevic V, Malm M, Vesikari T. Rotavirus vaccination and infection induce VP6-specific IgA responses. J Med Virol 2016; 89:239-245. [PMID: 27431308 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis (GE) in young children, but RVGE has drastically been reduced with the introduction of live oral RV vaccines into childhood immunization program in many countries. Serum IgA antibody is a marker of clinical protection against severe RVGE after RV infection and vaccination. This study investigated VP6-specificity of anti-RV IgA antibody levels in Finnish children aged 6-23 months before and after introduction of RotaTeq® into national immunization program. Although RV inner capsid protein VP6 is considered as antigenic target in clinical and seroepidemiological studies, at present VP6 protein is not commonly employed as a primary ELISA-antigen. Thus, sera from 20 unvaccinated and 19 vaccinated children were examined in ELISA with recombinant VP6 (rVP6) protein, and the VP6-specific responses were compared to responses observed with human RV Wa and bovine RV WC3 cell culture antigens. Moreover, fecal antibodies were tested with rVP6 and Wa cell culture antigen. Equal levels of serum anti-RV IgA antibodies were detected by the three antigens. Fecal IgA titers against rVP6 and Wa antigen showed a correlation with the corresponding serum levels. The results suggest that the IgA response measured by virus-capture ELISA is mainly directed to VP6 protein, supporting the usage of rVP6 in detection of anti-RV IgA antibodies. Natural RV infections and vaccinations induced similar levels of serum VP6-specific IgA antibodies. Serum IgA antibodies after RotaTeq® vaccination showed sustained levels up to two years of age in line with long term protection. J. Med. Virol. 89:239-245, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Lappalainen
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesna Blazevic
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maria Malm
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
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Artiran S, Atalay A, Gökahmetoglu S, Ozturk MA, Balci N, Cakir N, Kilic H, Durmaz R. Investigation of Rotavirus with Various Methods in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis and Determination of Its Molecular Epidemiology in Kayseri Province, Turkey. J Clin Lab Anal 2016; 31. [PMID: 27451970 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the fresh stool samples from 254 children under 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis which were delivered between October 2012 and December 2013 were collected. METHODS In the stool samples, rotavirus antigens were investigated using two different immunochromatographic methods which are routinely used at different times, namely the RIDA® QUICK Rotavirus/Adenovirus Combi Test (R-Biopharm AG, Germany) and the Genx® Rotavirus Test (Diamed-Lab, Turkey), in addition to the Rotavirus Ag (Stool) ELISA (DRG, Germany) kit. The results were compared with reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS When the Genx® Rotavirus Test and RIDA® QUICK Rotavirus/Adenovirus Combi Test immunochromatographic methods were compared with RT-PCR, their sensitivity and specificity were found as 97.1%, 100%, and 80.4%, 72%, respectively. As to the Rotavirus Ag (Stool) ELISA method, on the other hand, its sensitivity was found to be 95.1% and its specificity was 86.5%. The most common genotype was G9P[8] (40%), which was followed by the G1P[8] (18.7%) and G3P[8] (9.6%) genotypes. CONCLUSION Consequently, it was revealed that the sensitivity of ELISA and immunochromatographic methods, which provide results in a short time and are used in the investigation of rotavirus antigen, was high and their specificity was low; further studies to determine the distribution of G and P genotypes will contribute to establishing strategies for vaccine development for rotavirus in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukran Artiran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Altay Atalay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Selma Gökahmetoglu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Adnan Ozturk
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nurgul Balci
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nuri Cakir
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Kilic
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Riza Durmaz
- Molecular Microbiology Research and Application Laboratory, Refik Saydam National Public Health Agency, Ankara, Turkey
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Gervasi G, Capanna A, Mita V, Zaratti L, Franco E. Nosocomial rotavirus infection: An up to date evaluation of European studies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2413-8. [PMID: 27185183 PMCID: PMC5027725 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1183858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is worldwide considered as the most important viral agent of acute gastroenteritis in children less than 5 y. Since 2006, the availability of anti-RV vaccines has deeply modified the incidence and economic burden of RV infection. In Europe, some countries have introduced an anti-RV vaccination program in the last 10 y. Although community acquired RV (CARV) disease is the most studied condition of RV infection, recently some authors have highlighted the importance of nosocomial RV (nRV) disease as an emerging public health issue. The aim of this review is to summarize the epidemiology of both CARV and nRV, in order to discuss the difficulty of a clear evaluation of the burden of the disease in absence of comparable data. In particular, we focused our attention to European studies regarding nRV in terms of divergences related to definition, report of incidence rate and methodological issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gervasi
- a Specialization School for Hygiene and Preventive Medicine , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - A Capanna
- a Specialization School for Hygiene and Preventive Medicine , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - V Mita
- b Department of Biomedicine and Prevention , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - L Zaratti
- b Department of Biomedicine and Prevention , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - E Franco
- b Department of Biomedicine and Prevention , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
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Schweitzer A, Pessler F, Akmatov MK. Impact of rotavirus vaccination on coverage and timing of pentavalent vaccination - Experience from 2 Latin American countries. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1250-6. [PMID: 26833132 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1127486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the coverage and timing of rotavirus vaccination and the impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on coverage and timing of the pentavalent vaccine. We used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys in Honduras (2011/2012) and Peru (2012). The samples were divided into 2 subcohorts: children born before and after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine. We compared coverage and timing of the pentavalent vaccine in the aforementioned subcohorts. Coverage with the first and second doses of rotavirus vaccination was 95% (95% confidence intervals: 93-97%) and 91% (89-95%) in Honduras and 79% (77-82%) and 72% (69-75%) in Peru, respectively. Coverage increased in both countries over the years. The proportion of children vaccinated according to age-appropriate vaccination schedules varied between 67% (second dose of rotavirus vaccinations in Peru) and 89% (first dose of rotavirus vaccination in Honduras). Coverage with the first and second doses of pentavalent vaccination remained constant over the years in Honduras, while in Peru there was a significant increase in coverage over the years (p for trend, <0.0001). In both countries, timing of pentavalent vaccination was better in post-rota-cohorts than in pre-rota-cohorts. Since its introduction, coverage of rotavirus vaccination has improved over time in both countries. An introduction of rotavirus vaccination in both countries appears to have improved the coverage and timing of other similarly scheduled vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schweitzer
- a TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research , Hannover , Germany
| | - F Pessler
- a TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research , Hannover , Germany.,b Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - M K Akmatov
- a TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research , Hannover , Germany.,b Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
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Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Porcine Rotavirus G9P[13] and Human Rotavirus Wa G1P[8]. J Virol 2015; 90:142-51. [PMID: 26468523 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02401-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The changing epidemiology of group A rotavirus (RV) strains in humans and swine, including emerging G9 strains, poses new challenges to current vaccines. In this study, we comparatively assessed the pathogenesis of porcine RV (PRV) G9P[13] and evaluated the short-term cross-protection between this strain and human RV (HRV) Wa G1P[8] in gnotobiotic pigs. Complete genome sequencing demonstrated that PRV G9P[13] possessed a human-like G9 VP7 genotype but shared higher overall nucleotide identity with historic PRV strains. PRV G9P[13] induced longer rectal virus shedding and RV RNAemia in pigs than HRV Wa G1P[8] and generated complete short-term cross-protection in pigs challenged with HRV or PRV, whereas HRV Wa G1P[8] induced only partial protection against PRV challenge. Moreover, PRV G9P[13] replicated more extensively in porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) than did HRV Wa G1P[8]. Cross-protection was likely not dependent on serum virus-neutralizing (VN) antibodies, as the heterologous VN antibody titers in the sera of G9P[13]-inoculated pigs were low. Thus, our results suggest that heterologous protection by the current monovalent G1P[8] HRV vaccine against emerging G9 strains should be evaluated in clinical and experimental studies to prevent further dissemination of G9 strains. Differences in the pathogenesis of these two strains may be partially attributable to their variable abilities to replicate and persist in porcine immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs). Additional studies are needed to evaluate the emerging G9 strains as potential vaccine candidates and to test the susceptibility of various immune cells to infection by G9 and other common HRV/PRV genotypes. IMPORTANCE The changing epidemiology of porcine and human group A rotaviruses (RVs), including emerging G9 strains, may compromise the efficacy of current vaccines. An understanding of the pathogenesis and genetic, immunological, and biological features of the new emerging RV strains will contribute to the development of new surveillance and prevention tools. Additionally, studies of cross-protection between the newly identified emerging G9 porcine RV strains and a human G1 RV vaccine strain in a susceptible host (swine) will allow evaluation of G9 strains as potential novel vaccine candidates to be included in porcine or human vaccines.
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MacDougall DM, Halperin BA, Langley JM, MacKinnon-Cameron D, Li L, Halperin SA. Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of parents and healthcare providers before and after implementation of a universal rotavirus vaccination program. Vaccine 2015; 34:687-695. [PMID: 26458809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Canada, rotavirus vaccine is recommended for all infants, but not all provinces/territories have publicly funded programs. We compared public and healthcare provider (HCP) knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in a province with a public health nurse-delivered, publicly funded rotavirus vaccination program to a province with a publicly funded, physician-delivered program. A third province with no vaccination program acted as a control. DESIGN Information about knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of parents whose children were eligible for the universal program and healthcare providers responsible for administering the vaccine were collected through the use of two validated surveys distributed in public health clinics, physicians' offices, and via e-mail. Early and postvaccine-program survey results were compared. RESULTS A total of 722 early implementation and 709 postimplementation parent surveys and 180 early and 141 postimplementation HCP surveys were analyzed. HCP and public attitudes toward rotavirus vaccination were generally positive and didn't change over time. More parents postprogram were aware of the NACI recommendation and the vaccination program and reported that their healthcare provider discussed rotavirus infection and vaccine with them. Prior to the program across all sites, more physicians than nurses were aware of the national recommendation regarding rotavirus vaccine. In the postprogram survey, however, more nurses were aware of the national recommendation and their provincial universal rotavirus vaccination program. Nurses had higher knowledge scores than physicians in the postprogram survey (p<0.001). Parents of young infants were also more knowledgeable about rotavirus and rotavirus vaccine in the two areas where universal programs were in place (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Implementation of a universal rotavirus vaccination program was associated with an increase in knowledge and more positive attitudes toward rotavirus vaccine amongst parents of eligible infants. Nurses involved in a public health-delivered vaccination program were more knowledgeable and had more positive attitudes toward the vaccine than physicians in a jurisdiction where vaccine was physician-delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M MacDougall
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and the Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada; School of Nursing, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
| | - Beth A Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and the Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada; School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Joanne M Langley
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and the Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Donna MacKinnon-Cameron
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and the Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Li Li
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and the Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Scott A Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and the Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Shirasu A, Ashida A, Matsumura H, Nakakura H, Tamai H. Clinical characteristics of rotavirus gastroenteritis with urinary crystals. Pediatr Int 2015; 57:917-21. [PMID: 25810216 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus gastroenteritis is severe and often results in dehydration and pre-renal azotemia. In addition, some patients with acute obstructive uropathy due to ammonium acid urate stones, developing approximately 6-7 days after the onset of rotavirus gastroenteritis, have been reported, mainly in Japan. The pathophysiological mechanism responsible for stone formation has not been clarified. In the present study, we investigated the clinical characteristics of these patients, and analyzed the pathophysiology underlying the formation of urinary stones. METHODS A total of 164 patients were enrolled. All had acute gastroenteritis due to rotavirus infection and were treated at Osaka Medical College Hospital and affiliated hospitals between January 2009 and May 2011. All were younger than 15 years of age, and their laboratory data, including urinalysis, were available. RESULTS Among the enrolled patients, 30 (20 boys and 10 girls aged 0.2-10 years; median, 1.5 years; interquartile range, 1-3 years) had crystals in their urine. Most of the patients were admitted approximately 2 days after onset of gastroenteritis and had hyperuricemia and aciduria. The crystals consisted mainly of uric acid, and rarely of ammonium acid urate. CONCLUSION In order for ammonium acid urate stones to form in patients with acute obstructive uropathy associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis, prolonged continuous acidosis with hyperuricemia, might be necessary. Therefore, normalization of metabolic acidosis is important in order to prevent the onset of obstructive uropathy associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Shirasu
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Ashida
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Matsumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hyogo Nakakura
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tamai
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Im K, Kim J, Min H. Ginseng, the natural effectual antiviral: Protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng against viral infection. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:309-314. [PMID: 27746682 PMCID: PMC5052424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a heat-processed ginseng developed by the repeated steaming and air-drying of fresh ginseng. Compared with fresh ginseng, KRG has been shown to possess greater pharmacological activities and stability because of changes that occur in its chemical constituents during the steaming process. In addition to anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory activities, KRG and its purified components have also been shown to possess protective effects against microbial infections. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the properties of KRG and its components on infections with human pathogenic viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human herpes virus, hepatitis virus, norovirus, rotavirus, enterovirus, and coxsackievirus. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of KRG as an antiviral and vaccine adjuvant is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyeyoung Min
- Corresponding author. College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseokro, Dongjakgu, Seoul 06974, Korea.
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Mohammed A, Immergluck L, Parker TC, Jain S, Leong T, Anderson EJ, Jerris RC. Association between mixed rotavirus vaccination types of infants and rotavirus acute gastroenteritis. Vaccine 2015; 33:5670-5677. [PMID: 26322843 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rotavirus remains the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5 years worldwide. In the US, Rotarix (RV1) and RotaTeq (RV5), have been associated with reductions in and severity of rotavirus disease. Studies have evaluated the impact of RV1 or RV5 but little is known about the impact of incomplete or mixed vaccination upon vaccine effectiveness. METHODS Case control study to examine association of combined RV1 and RV5 and rotavirus acute gastroenteritis, factoring severity of diarrheal disease. Children born after March 1, 2009 with acute gastroenteritis from three pediatric hospitals in Atlanta, Georgia were approached for enrollment. Survey was administered, stool specimen was collected, and vaccination records were obtained. RESULTS 891 of 1127 children with acute gastroenteritis were enrolled. Stool specimens were collected from 708 for rotavirus testing; 215 stool samples tested positively for rotavirus. Children >12 months of age were more likely to have rotavirus. Children categorized with Vesikari score of >11 were almost twice as likely to be rotavirus positive. Prior rotavirus vaccination decreased the mean Vesikari score, p<0.0001. Children with complete single type vaccination were protected against rotavirus (OR 0.21, 95% CI: 0.14-0.31, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION Complete rotavirus vaccination with a single vaccine type resulted in protection against rotavirus diarrhea and decrease in severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Incomplete rotavirus vaccination either with a single vaccine or mixed vaccination types also provided some protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaam Mohammed
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine Associates, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lilly Immergluck
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Departments of Microbiology/Biochemistry/Immunology and Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Trisha Chan Parker
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Departments of Microbiology/Biochemistry/Immunology and Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shabnam Jain
- Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Traci Leong
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory University, Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert C Jerris
- Emory University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abstract
Enteric viruses including norovirus and rotavirus are leading causes of gastroenteritis in Canada. However, only a small number of clinical cases are actually tested for these pathogens leading to systematic underestimation of attributed hospitalizations in administrative databases. The objective of this analysis was to estimate the number of hospitalizations due to norovirus and rotavirus in Canada. Hospitalization records for acute gastroenteritis-associated discharges at all acute-care hospitals in Canada between 2006 and 2011 were analysed. Cause-unspecified gastroenteritis hospitalizations were modelled using age-specific negative binomial models with cause-specified gastroenteritis admissions as predictors. The coefficients from the models were used to estimate the number of norovirus and rotavirus admissions. The total annual hospitalizations for rotavirus were estimated to be between 4500 and 10 000. Total annual hospitalizations for norovirus were estimated to be between 4000 and 11 000. The mean total annual cost associated with these hospitalizations was estimated to be at least $16 million for rotavirus and $21 million for norovirus (all figures in Canadian dollars). This study is the first comprehensive analysis of norovirus and rotavirus hospitalizations in Canada. These estimates provide a more complete assessment of the burden and economic costs of these pathogens to the Canadian healthcare system.
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