Transmembrane protein TMEM184B is necessary for interleukin-31-induced itch

Deletion of Transmembrane protein 184b leads to retina degeneration in mice

Transmembrane protein 184b (Tmem184b) has been implicated in axon degeneration and neuromuscular junction dysfunction. Notably, Tmem184b exhibits high expression levels in the retina; however, its specific function within this tissue remains poorly understood. To elucidate the role of Tmem184b in the mammalian visual system, we developed a Tmem184b knockout (KO) model for further investigation. Loss of Tmem184b led to significant decreases in both a and b wave amplitudes of scotopic electroretinogram (ERG) and reduced b wave amplitudes of photopic ERG, respectively, reflecting damage to both the photoreceptors and secondary neuronal cells of the retina. Histologic analyses showed a progressive retinal thinning accompanied by the significantly loss of retinal cells including cone, rod, bipolar, horizontal and retinal ganglion cells. The expression levels of photo-transduction-related proteins were down-regulated in KO retina. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated Uridine-5'-triphosphate [UTP] nick end labelling) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-labelling results suggested the increased cell death and inflammation in the KO mice. RNA-sequencing analysis and GO enrichment analysis revealed that Tmem184b deletion resulted in down-regulated genes involved in various biological processes such as visual perception, response to hypoxia, regulation of transmembrane transporter activity. Taken together, our study revealed essential roles of Tmem184b in the mammalian retina and confirmed the underlying mechanisms including cell death, inflammation and hypoxia pathway in the absence of Tmem184b, providing a potential target for therapeutic and diagnostic development.

Astrocyte-derived Interleukin-31 causes poor prognosis in elderly patients with intracerebral hemorrhage

The incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is increasing every year, with very high rates of mortality and disability. The prognosis of elderly ICH patients is extremely unfavorable. Interleukin, as an important participant in building the inflammatory microenvironment of the central nervous system after ICH, has long been the focus of neuroimmunology research. However, there are no studies on the role IL31 play in the pathologic process of ICH. We collected para-lesion tissue for immunofluorescence and flow cytometry from the elderly and young ICH patients who underwent surgery. Here, we found that IL31 expression in the lesion of elderly ICH patients was significantly higher than that of young patients. The activation of astrocytes after ICH releases a large amount of IL31, which binds to microglia through IL31R, causing a large number of microglia to converge to the hematoma area, leading to the spread of neuroinflammation, apoptosis of neurons, and ultimately resulting in poorer recovery of nerve function. Interfering with IL31 expression suppresses neuroinflammation and promotes the recovery of neurological function. Our study demonstrated that elderly patients release more IL31 after ICH than young patients. IL31 promotes the progression of neuroinflammation, leading to neuronal apoptosis as well as neurological decline. Suppression of high IL31 concentrations in the brain after ICH may be a promising therapeutic strategy for ICH.

Pathogenic variants in TMEM184B cause a neurodevelopmental syndrome via alteration of metabolic signaling

Transmembrane protein 184B (TMEM184B) is an endosomal 7-pass transmembrane protein with evolutionarily conserved roles in synaptic structure and axon degeneration. We report six pediatric patients who have de novo heterozygous variants in TMEM184B. All individuals harbor rare missense or mRNA splicing changes and have neurodevelopmental deficits including intellectual disability, corpus callosum hypoplasia, seizures, and/or microcephaly. TMEM184B is predicted to contain a pore domain, wherein many human disease-associated variants cluster. Structural modeling suggests that all missense variants alter TMEM184B protein stability. To understand the contribution of TMEM184B to neural development in vivo, we suppressed the TMEM184B ortholog in zebrafish and observed microcephaly and reduced anterior commissural neurons, aligning with patient symptoms. Ectopic TMEM184B expression resulted in dominant effects for K184E and G162R. However, in vivo complementation studies demonstrate that all other variants tested result in diminished protein function and indicate a haploinsufficiency basis for disease. Expression of K184E and other variants increased apoptosis in cell lines and altered nuclear localization of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, suggesting disrupted nutrient signaling pathways. Together, our data indicate that TMEM184B variants cause cellular metabolic disruption likely through divergent molecular effects that all result in abnormal neural development.

Transmembrane protein 184B (TMEM184B) promotes expression of synaptic gene networks in the mouse hippocampus

In Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and other dementias, hippocampal synaptic dysfunction and loss contribute to the progression of memory impairment. Recent analysis of human AD transcriptomes has provided a list of gene candidates that may serve as drivers of disease. One such candidate is the membrane protein TMEM184B. To evaluate whether TMEM184B contributes to neurological impairment, we asked whether loss of TMEM184B in mice causes gene expression or behavior alterations, focusing on the hippocampus. Because one major risk factor for AD is age, we compared young adult (5-month-old) and aged (15-month-old) wild type and Tmem184b-mutant mice to assess the dual contributions of age and genotype. TMEM184B loss altered expression of pre- and post-synaptic transcripts by 5 months and continued through 15 months, specifically affecting genes involved in synapse assembly and neural development. Wnt-activated enhancer elements were enriched among differentially expressed genes, suggesting an intersection with this pathway. Few differences existed between young adult and aged mutants, suggesting that transcriptional effects of TMEM184B loss are relatively constant. To understand how TMEM184B disruption may impact behaviors, we evaluated memory using the novel object recognition test and anxiety using the elevated plus maze. Young adult Tmem184b-mutant mice show normal object discrimination, suggesting a lack of memory impairment at this age. However, mutant mice showed decreased anxiety, a phenotype seen in some neurodevelopmental disorders. Taken together, our data suggest that TMEM184B is required for proper synaptic gene expression and anxiety-related behavior and is more likely to be linked to neurodevelopmental disorders than to dementia.

Sensory neuron-expressed TRPC3 mediates acute and chronic itch

ABSTRACT

Chronic pruritus is a prominent symptom of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and represents a huge unmet health problem. However, its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain largely unexplored. TRPC3 is highly expressed in primary sensory neurons and has been implicated in peripheral sensitization induced by proinflammatory mediators. Yet, the role of TRPC3 in acute and chronic itch is still not well defined. Here, we show that, among mouse trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons, Trpc3 mRNA is predominantly expressed in nonpeptidergic small diameter TG neurons of mice. Moreover, Trpc3 mRNA signal was present in most presumptively itch sensing neurons. TRPC3 agonism induced TG neuronal activation and acute nonhistaminergic itch-like and pain-like behaviors in naive mice. In addition, genetic deletion of Trpc3 attenuated acute itch evoked by certain common nonhistaminergic pruritogens, including endothelin-1 and SLIGRL-NH2. In a murine model of contact hypersensitivity (CHS), the Trpc3 mRNA expression level and function were upregulated in the TG after CHS. Pharmacological inhibition and global knockout of Trpc3 significantly alleviated spontaneous scratching behaviors without affecting concurrent cutaneous inflammation in the CHS model. Furthermore, conditional deletion of Trpc3 in primary sensory neurons but not in keratinocytes produced similar antipruritic effects in this model. These findings suggest that TRPC3 expressed in primary sensory neurons may contribute to acute and chronic itch through a histamine independent mechanism and that targeting neuronal TRPC3 might benefit the treatment of chronic itch associated with ACD and other inflammatory skin disorders.

TMEM184B promotes proliferation, migration and invasion, and inhibits apoptosis in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Several members of the transmembrane protein family are associated with the biological processes of human malignancies; however, the expression pattern and biological function of one family member, TMEM184B, in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPSCC) are not fully understood. The expression between HPSCC tumours and adjacent normal tissues was determined by the Immunohistochemistry (IHC). A bioinformatics analysis was performed to verify the expression pattern of TMEM184B in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Furthermore, in vitro assays on cell proliferation, invasion, migration and in vivo experiments on tumour growth and apoptosis of TMEM184B in HPSCC were performed. We found that the HPSCC tissues had a significantly higher expression of TMEM184B than the adjacent normal tissues. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed the different expression of TMEM184B expression in HPSCC. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that TMEM184B promotes HPSCC cell growth, cell invasion and migration in FaDu cells, whereas flow cytometry assay showed that TMEM184B inhibited cell apoptosis. Our study revealed for the first time that TMEM184B might serve an oncogenic function in HPSCC and could be a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HPSCC.

Cytokines and chemokines modulation of itch

Itch (pruritus) is a common cutaneous symptom widely associated with many skin complaints, and chronic itch can be a severe clinical problem. The onset and perpetuation of itch are linked to cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-31, IL-4, IL-13, IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and chemokines, such as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10. This review highlights research that has attempted to determine the attributes of various cytokines and chemokines concerning the development and modulation of itch. Through such research, clinical approaches targeting cytokines and/or chemokines may arise, which may further the development of itch therapeutics.

Connections between Immune-Derived Mediators and Sensory Nerves for Itch Sensation

Although histamine is a well-known itch mediator, histamine H1-receptor blockers often lack efficacy in chronic itch. Recent molecular and cellular based studies have shown that non-histaminergic mediators, such as proteases, neuropeptides and cytokines, along with their cognate receptors, are involved in evocation and modulation of itch sensation. Many of these molecules are produced and secreted by immune cells, which act on sensory nerve fibers distributed in the skin to cause itching and sensitization. This understanding of the connections between immune cell-derived mediators and sensory nerve fibers has led to the development of new treatments for itch. This review summarizes current knowledge of immune cell-derived itch mediators and neuronal response mechanisms, and discusses therapeutic agents that target these systems.