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Li H, Wang Q, Han L, Chen Z, Wang G, Wang Q, Ma S, Ai B, Xi G. Quality characterization of tobacco flavor and tobacco leaf position identification based on homemade electronic nose. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19229. [PMID: 39164410 PMCID: PMC11336110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A set of nine unique tobacco extract samples was analyzed using a self-developed electronic nose (E-nose) system, a commercial E-nose, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The evaluation employed principal component analysis, statistical quality control, and soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA). These multifaceted statistical methods scrutinized the collected data. Subsequently, a quality control model was devised to assess the stability of the sample quality. The results showed that the custom E-nose system could successfully distinguish between tobacco extracts with similar odors. After further training and the development of a quality control model for accepted tobacco extracts, it was possible to identify samples with normal and abnormal quality. To further validate our E-nose and extend its use within the tobacco industry, we collected and accurately classified the flavors of different tobacco leaf positions, with a remarkable accuracy rate of 0.9744. This finding facilitates the practical application of our E-nose system for the efficient identification of tobacco leaf positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450016, China
- School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Qiuling Wang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Lu Han
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Zhifei Chen
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Genfa Wang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Qingfu Wang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450016, China.
| | - Bin Ai
- School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Gaolei Xi
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450016, China.
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2
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Zheng Y, Li F, Zhao C, Zhu J, Fang Y, Hang Y, Hu L. Analysis and application of volatile metabolic profiles of Escherichia coli: a preliminary GC-IMS-based study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:25316-25328. [PMID: 39139224 PMCID: PMC11320052 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03601h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial infections caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) may pose serious risks to patients, and early identification of pathogenic bacteria and drug sensitivity results can improve patient prognosis. In this study, we clarified the composition and relative content of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated by E. coli in tryptic soy broth (TSB) using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). We explored whether imipenem (IPM) could be utilized to differentiate between carbapenem-sensitive E. coli (CSEC) and carbapenem-resistant E. coli (CREC). The results revealed that 36 VOCs (alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters, ketones, pyrazines, heterocyclic compounds, and unknown compounds) were detected using GC-IMS. Besides, the results indicated that changes in the relative content of VOCs as well as changes in the signal intensity of fingerprints were able to assess the growth state of bacteria during bacterial growth and help identify E. coli. Lastly, under selective pressure of IPM, volatile fingerprints of E. coli could be employed as a model to distinguish CSEC from CREC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwei Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University Minde Road No. 1 Nanchang 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Fuxing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University Minde Road No. 1 Nanchang 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Chuwen Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University Minde Road No. 1 Nanchang 330006 Jiangxi China
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University Nanchang Jiangxi China
| | - Junqi Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University Minde Road No. 1 Nanchang 330006 Jiangxi China
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University Nanchang Jiangxi China
| | - Youling Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University Minde Road No. 1 Nanchang 330006 Jiangxi China
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University Nanchang Jiangxi China
| | - Yaping Hang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University Minde Road No. 1 Nanchang 330006 Jiangxi China
| | - Longhua Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University Minde Road No. 1 Nanchang 330006 Jiangxi China
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Pesaran S, Khalafinezhad A, Mohammad-Karimi V, Tashkhourian J, Shojaeifard Z, Ramzi M, Hemmateenejad B. Miniaturized Sniffing Device based on an Array of Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots and Metallic Nanoclusters Efficiently Identifies Hematologic Malignancy in Adults. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39045783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The study demonstrates the potential of an optical nose made by depositing an array of fluorescent nanomaterials on a paper substrate for the early detection of leukemia in adults. This is based on the fact that blood volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are useful leukemia biomarkers. The integrated design was miniaturized and comprised both sensing zones and a sample holding zone, which were installed on a small sheet of paper within a miniature cubic reaction chamber fabricated by using 3D printing technology. The sensing device, comprising seven fluorescent sensing elements, namely, metal nanoclusters, quantum dots, and carbon dots was capable of detecting VOCs in the blood headspace and providing a colorimetric signature that could discriminate between blood samples from healthy and cancerous individuals. A total of 70 new leukemia cases and 51 healthy controls aged 20-50 years were studied. The device required a 60 μL portion of the blood sample and reacted to blood VOCs after 3 h when kept at 50 °C. The imaging data from the device was processed by linear discriminant analysis, and the results confirmed efficient identification of patient samples from healthy samples with 100% accuracy. Overall, the array system is noninvasive (or minimally invasive), portable, fast, inexpensive, and requires only a small amount of blood sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Pesaran
- Chemistry Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84471, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Khalafinezhad
- Hematology Research Center, Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Vahid Mohammad-Karimi
- Hematology Research Center, Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | | | | | - Mani Ramzi
- Hematology Research Center, Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
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Long GA, Xu Q, Sunkara J, Woodbury R, Brown K, Huang JJ, Xie Z, Chen X, Fu XA, Huang J. A comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review of breath analysis in detection of COVID-19 through Volatile organic compounds. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116309. [PMID: 38692202 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic had profound global impacts on daily lives, economic stability, and healthcare systems. Diagnosis of COVID-19 infection via RT-PCR was crucial in reducing spread of disease and informing treatment management. While RT-PCR is a key diagnostic test, there is room for improvement in the development of diagnostic criteria. Identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath provides a fast, reliable, and economically favorable alternative for disease detection. METHODS This meta-analysis analyzed the diagnostic performance of VOC-based breath analysis in detection of COVID-19 infection. A systematic review of twenty-nine papers using the grading criteria from Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and PRISMA guidelines was conducted. RESULTS The cumulative results showed a sensitivity of 0.92 (95 % CI, 90 %-95 %) and a specificity of 0.90 (95 % CI 87 %-93 %). Subgroup analysis by variant demonstrated strong sensitivity to the original strain compared to the Omicron and Delta variant in detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. An additional subgroup analysis of detection methods showed eNose technology had the highest sensitivity when compared to GC-MS, GC-IMS, and high sensitivity-MS. CONCLUSION Overall, these results support the use of breath analysis as a new detection method of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Long
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Qian Xu
- Biometrics and Data Science, Fosun Pharma, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jahnavi Sunkara
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Reagan Woodbury
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Katherine Brown
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Zhenzhen Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Jiapeng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA..
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de Kroon RR, Frerichs NM, Struys EA, de Boer NK, de Meij TGJ, Niemarkt HJ. The Potential of Fecal Volatile Organic Compound Analysis for the Early Diagnosis of Late-Onset Sepsis in Preterm Infants: A Narrative Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3162. [PMID: 38794014 PMCID: PMC11124895 DOI: 10.3390/s24103162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Early diagnosis and treatment of late-onset sepsis (LOS) is crucial for survival, but challenging. Intestinal microbiota and metabolome alterations precede the clinical onset of LOS, and the preterm gut is considered an important source of bacterial pathogens. Fecal volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formed by physiologic and pathophysiologic metabolic processes in the preterm gut, reflect a complex interplay between the human host, the environment, and microbiota. Disease-associated fecal VOCs can be detected with an array of devices with various potential for the development of a point-of-care test (POCT) for preclinical LOS detection. While characteristic VOCs for common LOS pathogens have been described, their VOC profiles often overlap with other pathogens due to similarities in metabolic pathways, hampering the construction of species-specific profiles. Clinical studies have, however, successfully discriminated LOS patients from healthy individuals using fecal VOC analysis with the highest predictive value for Gram-negative pathogens. This review discusses the current advancements in the development of a non-invasive fecal VOC-based POCT for early diagnosis of LOS, which may potentially provide opportunities for early intervention and targeted treatment and could improve clinical neonatal outcomes. Identification of confounding variables impacting VOC synthesis, selection of an optimal detection device, and development of standardized sampling protocols will allow for the development of a novel POCT in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimke R. de Kroon
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nina M. Frerichs
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eduard A. Struys
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanne K. de Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim G. J. de Meij
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik J. Niemarkt
- Department of Neonatology, Maxima Medisch Centrum, De Run 4600, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, TU Eindhoven, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Abideen ZU, Arifeen WU, Bandara YMNDY. Emerging trends in metal oxide-based electronic noses for healthcare applications: a review. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:9259-9283. [PMID: 38680123 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00073k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
An electronic nose (E-nose) is a technology fundamentally inspired by the human nose, designed to detect, recognize, and differentiate specific odors or volatile components in complex and chaotic environments. Comprising an array of sensors with meticulously designed nanostructured architectures, E-noses translate the chemical information captured by these sensors into useful metrics using complex pattern recognition algorithms. E-noses can significantly enhance the quality of life by offering preventive point-of-care devices for medical diagnostics through breath analysis, and by monitoring and tracking hazardous and toxic gases in the environment. They are increasingly being used in defense and surveillance, medical diagnostics, agriculture, environmental monitoring, and product validation and authentication. The major challenge in developing a reliable E-nose involves miniaturization and low power consumption. Various sensing materials are employed to address these issues. This review presents the key advancements over the last decade in E-nose technology, specifically focusing on chemiresistive metal oxide sensing materials. It discusses their sensing mechanisms, integration into portable E-noses, and various data analysis techniques. Additionally, we review the primary metal oxide-based E-noses for disease detection through breath analysis. Finally, we address the major challenges and issues in developing and implementing a portable metal oxide-based E-nose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zain Ul Abideen
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Waqas Ul Arifeen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk-do, 38541, South Korea
| | - Y M Nuwan D Y Bandara
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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Dubey AK, Kaur I, Madaan R, Raheja S, Bala R, Garg M, Kumar S, Lather V, Mittal V, Pandita D, Gundamaraju R, Singla RK, Sharma R. Unlocking the potential of oncology biomarkers: advancements in clinical theranostics. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2024; 39:5-20. [PMID: 38469723 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2023-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer biomarkers have revolutionized the field of oncology by providing valuable insights into tumor changes and aiding in screening, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment prediction, and risk assessment. The emergence of "omic" technologies has enabled biomarkers to become reliable and accurate predictors of outcomes during cancer treatment. CONTENT In this review, we highlight the clinical utility of biomarkers in cancer identification and motivate researchers to establish a personalized/precision approach in oncology. By extending a multidisciplinary technology-based approach, biomarkers offer an alternative to traditional techniques, fulfilling the goal of cancer therapeutics to find a needle in a haystack. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK We target different forms of cancer to establish a dynamic role of biomarkers in understanding the spectrum of malignancies and their biochemical and molecular characterization, emphasizing their prospective contribution to cancer screening. Biomarkers offer a promising avenue for the early detection of human cancers and the exploration of novel technologies to predict disease severity, facilitating maximum survival and minimum mortality rates. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential of biomarkers in oncology and highlights their prospects in advancing cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Dubey
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, 34753 Sichuan University , Chengdu, P.R. China
- iGlobal Research and Publishing Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | - Ishnoor Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, 154025 Chitkara University Punjab , Rajpura, India
| | - Reecha Madaan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, 154025 Chitkara University Punjab , Rajpura, India
| | - Shikha Raheja
- Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Memorial College of Pharmacy, Sirsa, Haryana, India
| | - Rajni Bala
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, 154025 Chitkara University Punjab , Rajpura, India
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, 77282 Amity University, Sector-125 , Noida, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 429174 Punjabi University Patiala , Patiala, India
| | - Viney Lather
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, 77282 Amity University , Noida, India
| | - Vineet Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 29062 Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Deepti Pandita
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, PushpVihar, 633274 Govt. of NCT of Delhi , New Delhi, India
- Centre for Advanced Formulation and Technology (CAFT), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, PushpVihar, Govt. of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Gundamaraju
- ER Stress and Mucosal Immunology Lab, School of Health Sciences, 8785 University of Tasmania , Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rajeev K Singla
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, 34753 Sichuan University , Chengdu, P.R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 34753 Lovely Professional University , Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, 80095 Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Bastos ML, Benevides CA, Zanchettin C, Menezes FD, Inácio CP, de Lima Neto RG, Filho JGAT, Neves RP, Almeida LM. Breaking barriers in Candida spp. detection with Electronic Noses and artificial intelligence. Sci Rep 2024; 14:956. [PMID: 38200060 PMCID: PMC10781724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The timely and accurate diagnosis of candidemia, a severe bloodstream infection caused by Candida spp., remains challenging in clinical practice. Blood culture, the current gold standard technique, suffers from lengthy turnaround times and limited sensitivity. To address these limitations, we propose a novel approach utilizing an Electronic Nose (E-nose) combined with Time Series-based classification techniques to analyze and identify Candida spp. rapidly, using culture species of C. albicans, C.kodamaea ohmeri, C. glabrara, C. haemulonii, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei as control samples. This innovative method not only enhances diagnostic accuracy and reduces decision time for healthcare professionals in selecting appropriate treatments but also offers the potential for expanded usage and cost reduction due to the E-nose's low production costs. Our proof-of-concept experimental results, carried out with culture samples, demonstrate promising outcomes, with the Inception Time classifier achieving an impressive average accuracy of 97.46% during the test phase. This paper presents a groundbreaking advancement in the field, empowering medical practitioners with an efficient and reliable tool for early and precise identification of candidemia, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Bastos
- Centro de Informática, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Clayton A Benevides
- Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Nordeste, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Cleber Zanchettin
- Centro de Informática, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Frederico D Menezes
- Departamento de Mecânica, Instituto Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Cícero P Inácio
- Centro de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - José Gilson A T Filho
- Centro de Ciências Sociais e Aplicadas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Rejane P Neves
- Centro de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Leandro M Almeida
- Centro de Informática, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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Sharma A, James A, Kapoor DN, Kaurav H, Sharma AK, Nagraik R. An insight into biosensing platforms used for the diagnosis of various lung diseases: A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:71-81. [PMID: 37661712 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Many of the infectious diseases are ubiquitous in nature and pose a threat to global and public health. The original cause for such type of serious maladies can be summarized as the scarcity of appropriate analysis and treatment methods. Pulmonary diseases are considered one of the life-threatening lung diseases that affect millions of people globally. It consists of several types, namely, asthma, lung cancer, tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and several respiratory-related infections. This is due to the limited access to well-equipped healthcare facilities for early disease diagnosis. This needs the availability of processes and technologies that can help to stop this harmful disease-diagnosing practice. Various approaches for diagnosing various lung diseases have been developed over time, namely, autopsy, chest X-rays, low-dose CT scans, and so forth. The need of the hour is to develop a rapid, simple, portable, and low-cost method for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. So nowadays, biosensors have been becoming one of the highest priority research areas as a potentially useful tool for the early diagnosis and detection of many pulmonary lung diseases. In this review article, various types of biosensors and their applications in the diagnosis of lung-related disorders are expansively explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Sharma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Abija James
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak N Kapoor
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Hemlata Kaurav
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Sharma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rupak Nagraik
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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de Vries R, Farzan N, Fabius T, De Jongh FHC, Jak PMC, Haarman EG, Snoey E, In 't Veen JCCM, Dagelet YWF, Maitland-Van Der Zee AH, Lucas A, Van Den Heuvel MM, Wolf-Lansdorf M, Muller M, Baas P, Sterk PJ. Prospective Detection of Early Lung Cancer in Patients With COPD in Regular Care by Electronic Nose Analysis of Exhaled Breath. Chest 2023; 164:1315-1324. [PMID: 37209772 PMCID: PMC10635840 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with COPD are at high risk of lung cancer developing, but no validated predictive biomarkers have been reported to identify these patients. Molecular profiling of exhaled breath by electronic nose (eNose) technology may qualify for early detection of lung cancer in patients with COPD. RESEARCH QUESTION Can eNose technology be used for prospective detection of early lung cancer in patients with COPD? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS BreathCloud is a real-world multicenter prospective follow-up study using diagnostic and monitoring visits in day-to-day clinical care of patients with a standardized diagnosis of asthma, COPD, or lung cancer. Breath profiles were collected at inclusion in duplicate by a metal-oxide semiconductor eNose positioned at the rear end of a pneumotachograph (SpiroNose; Breathomix). All patients with COPD were managed according to standard clinical care, and the incidence of clinically diagnosed lung cancer was prospectively monitored for 2 years. Data analysis involved advanced signal processing, ambient air correction, and statistics based on principal component (PC) analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS Exhaled breath data from 682 patients with COPD and 211 patients with lung cancer were available. Thirty-seven patients with COPD (5.4%) demonstrated clinically manifest lung cancer within 2 years after inclusion. Principal components 1, 2, and 3 were significantly different between patients with COPD and those with lung cancer in both training and validation sets with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.83-0.95) and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.81-0.89). The same three PCs showed significant differences (P < .01) at baseline between patients with COPD who did and did not subsequently demonstrate lung cancer within 2 years, with a cross-validation value of 87% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.84-0.95). INTERPRETATION Exhaled breath analysis by eNose identified patients with COPD in whom lung cancer became clinically manifest within 2 years after inclusion. These results show that eNose assessment may detect early stages of lung cancer in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne de Vries
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Breathomix B.V, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Timon Fabius
- Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Patrick M C Jak
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric G Haarman
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Snoey
- Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Anke-Hilse Maitland-Van Der Zee
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Mirte Muller
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Baas
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Sterk
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Li Y, Wei X, Zhou Y, Wang J, You R. Research progress of electronic nose technology in exhaled breath disease analysis. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:129. [PMID: 37829158 PMCID: PMC10564766 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath analysis has attracted considerable attention as a noninvasive and portable health diagnosis method due to numerous advantages, such as convenience, safety, simplicity, and avoidance of discomfort. Based on many studies, exhaled breath analysis is a promising medical detection technology capable of diagnosing different diseases by analyzing the concentration, type and other characteristics of specific gases. In the existing gas analysis technology, the electronic nose (eNose) analysis method has great advantages of high sensitivity, rapid response, real-time monitoring, ease of use and portability. Herein, this review is intended to provide an overview of the application of human exhaled breath components in disease diagnosis, existing breath testing technologies and the development and research status of electronic nose technology. In the electronic nose technology section, the three aspects of sensors, algorithms and existing systems are summarized in detail. Moreover, the related challenges and limitations involved in the abovementioned technologies are also discussed. Finally, the conclusion and perspective of eNose technology are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
- Laboratory of Intelligent Microsystems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Xiangyang Wei
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
- Laboratory of Intelligent Microsystems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Yumeng Zhou
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022 China
| | - Rui You
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
- Laboratory of Intelligent Microsystems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192 China
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12
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Dalis C, Mesfin FM, Manohar K, Liu J, Shelley WC, Brokaw JP, Markel TA. Volatile Organic Compound Assessment as a Screening Tool for Early Detection of Gastrointestinal Diseases. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1822. [PMID: 37512994 PMCID: PMC10385474 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases have a high prevalence throughout the United States. Screening and diagnostic modalities are often expensive and invasive, and therefore, people do not utilize them effectively. Lack of proper screening and diagnostic assessment may lead to delays in diagnosis, more advanced disease at the time of diagnosis, and higher morbidity and mortality rates. Research on the intestinal microbiome has demonstrated that dysbiosis, or unfavorable alteration of organismal composition, precedes the onset of clinical symptoms for various GI diseases. GI disease diagnostic research has led to a shift towards non-invasive methods for GI screening, including chemical-detection tests that measure changes in volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are the byproducts of bacterial metabolism that result in the distinct smell of stool. Many of these tools are expensive, immobile benchtop instruments that require highly trained individuals to interpret the results. These attributes make them difficult to implement in clinical settings. Alternatively, electronic noses (E-noses) are relatively cheaper, handheld devices that utilize multi-sensor arrays and pattern recognition technology to analyze VOCs. The purpose of this review is to (1) highlight how dysbiosis impacts intestinal diseases and how VOC metabolites can be utilized to detect alterations in the microbiome, (2) summarize the available VOC analytical platforms that can be used to detect aberrancies in intestinal health, (3) define the current technological advancements and limitations of E-nose technology, and finally, (4) review the literature surrounding several intestinal diseases in which headspace VOCs can be used to detect or predict disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costa Dalis
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Fikir M Mesfin
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Krishna Manohar
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jianyun Liu
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - W Christopher Shelley
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - John P Brokaw
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Troy A Markel
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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13
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Grizzi F, Bax C, Hegazi MAAA, Lotesoriere BJ, Zanoni M, Vota P, Hurle RF, Buffi NM, Lazzeri M, Tidu L, Capelli L, Taverna G. Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: The Role of Scent. CHEMOSENSORS 2023; 11:356. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors11070356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) represents the cause of the second highest number of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and its clinical presentation can range from slow-growing to rapidly spreading metastatic disease. As the characteristics of most cases of PCa remains incompletely understood, it is crucial to identify new biomarkers that can aid in early detection. Despite the prostate-specific antigen serum (PSA) levels, prostate biopsy, and imaging representing the actual gold-standard for diagnosing PCa, analyzing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has emerged as a promising new frontier. We and other authors have reported that highly trained dogs can recognize specific VOCs associated with PCa with high accuracy. However, using dogs in clinical practice has several limitations. To exploit the potential of VOCs, an electronic nose (eNose) that mimics the dog olfactory system and can potentially be used in clinical practice was designed. To explore the eNose as an alternative to dogs in diagnosing PCa, we conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of available studies. PRISMA guidelines were used for the identification, screening, eligibility, and selection process. We included six studies that employed trained dogs and found that the pooled diagnostic sensitivity was 0.87 (95% CI 0.86–0.89; I2, 98.6%), the diagnostic specificity was 0.83 (95% CI 0.80–0.85; I2, 98.1%), and the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (sROC) was 0.64 (standard error, 0.25). We also analyzed five studies that used an eNose to diagnose PCa and found that the pooled diagnostic sensitivity was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.80–0.88; I2, 57.1%), the diagnostic specificity was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.84–0.91; I2, 66%), and the area under the sROC was 0.93 (standard error, 0.03). These pooled results suggest that while highly trained dogs have the potentiality to diagnose PCa, the ability is primarily related to olfactory physiology and training methodology. The adoption of advanced analytical techniques, such as eNose, poses a significant challenge in the field of clinical practice due to their growing effectiveness. Nevertheless, the presence of limitations and the requirement for meticulous study design continue to present challenges when employing eNoses for the diagnosis of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Bax
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mohamed A. A. A. Hegazi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Julia Lotesoriere
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Zanoni
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini, 21100 Castellanza, Italy
| | - Paolo Vota
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini, 21100 Castellanza, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Fausto Hurle
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Maria Buffi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Lazzeri
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tidu
- Italian Ministry of Defenses, “Vittorio Veneto” Division, 50136 Firenze, Italy
| | - Laura Capelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Taverna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini, 21100 Castellanza, Italy
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14
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Xu Y, Dong X, Qin C, Wang F, Cao W, Li J, Yu Y, Zhao L, Tan F, Chen W, Li N, He J. Metabolic biomarkers in lung cancer screening and early diagnosis (Review). Oncol Lett 2023; 25:265. [PMID: 37216157 PMCID: PMC10193366 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Late diagnosis is one of the major contributing factors to the high mortality rate of lung cancer, which is now the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. At present, low-dose CT (LDCT) screening in the high-risk population, in which lung cancer incidence is higher than that of the low-risk population is the predominant diagnostic strategy. Although this has efficiently reduced lung cancer mortality in large randomized trials, LDCT screening has high false-positive rates, resulting in excessive subsequent follow-up procedures and radiation exposure. Complementation of LDCT examination with biofluid-based biomarkers has been documented to increase efficacy, and this type of preliminary screening can potentially reduce potential radioactive damage to low-risk populations and the burden of hospital resources. Several molecular signatures based on components of the biofluid metabolome that can possibly discriminate patients with lung cancer from healthy individuals have been proposed over the past two decades. In the present review, advancements in currently available technologies in metabolomics were reviewed, with particular focus on their possible application in lung cancer screening and early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Xu
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Xuesi Dong
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Chao Qin
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Cao
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Li
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Yu
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Fengwei Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Wanqing Chen
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Ni Li
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
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15
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Kiss H, Örlős Z, Gellért Á, Megyesfalvi Z, Mikáczó A, Sárközi A, Vaskó A, Miklós Z, Horváth I. Exhaled Biomarkers for Point-of-Care Diagnosis: Recent Advances and New Challenges in Breathomics. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:391. [PMID: 36838091 PMCID: PMC9964519 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancers, chronic diseases and respiratory infections are major causes of mortality and present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for health care. There is an unmet medical need for non-invasive, easy-to-use biomarkers for the early diagnosis, phenotyping, predicting and monitoring of the therapeutic responses of these disorders. Exhaled breath sampling is an attractive choice that has gained attention in recent years. Exhaled nitric oxide measurement used as a predictive biomarker of the response to anti-eosinophil therapy in severe asthma has paved the way for other exhaled breath biomarkers. Advances in laser and nanosensor technologies and spectrometry together with widespread use of algorithms and artificial intelligence have facilitated research on volatile organic compounds and artificial olfaction systems to develop new exhaled biomarkers. We aim to provide an overview of the recent advances in and challenges of exhaled biomarker measurements with an emphasis on the applicability of their measurement as a non-invasive, point-of-care diagnostic and monitoring tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Kiss
- National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Koranyi F Street 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Örlős
- National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Koranyi F Street 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Áron Gellért
- National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Koranyi F Street 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Megyesfalvi
- National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Koranyi F Street 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Angéla Mikáczó
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anna Sárközi
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Vaskó
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Miklós
- National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Koranyi F Street 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Horváth
- National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Koranyi F Street 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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16
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Jenkins CL, Bean HD. Current Limitations of Staph Infection Diagnostics, and the Role for VOCs in Achieving Culture-Independent Detection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020181. [PMID: 36839453 PMCID: PMC9963134 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are broadly adaptable and their ability to grow in unique environments has been widely established, but the most common and clinically relevant staphylococcal niche is the skin and mucous membranes of mammals and birds. S. aureus causes severe infections in mammalian tissues and organs, with high morbidities, mortalities, and treatment costs. S. epidermidis is an important human commensal but is also capable of deadly infections. Gold-standard diagnostic methods for staph infections currently rely upon retrieval and characterization of the infectious agent through various culture-based methods. Yet, obtaining a viable bacterial sample for in vitro identification of infection etiology remains a significant barrier in clinical diagnostics. The development of volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles for the detection and identification of pathogens is an area of intensive research, with significant efforts toward establishing breath tests for infections. This review describes the limitations of existing infection diagnostics, reviews the principles and advantages of VOC-based diagnostics, summarizes the analytical tools for VOC discovery and clinical detection, and highlights examples of how VOC biomarkers have been applied to diagnosing human and animal staph infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L. Jenkins
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Heather D. Bean
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Correspondence:
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17
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Shuba A, Kuchmenko T, Umarkhanov R. Piezoelectric Gas Sensors with Polycomposite Coatings in Biomedical Application. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8529. [PMID: 36366226 PMCID: PMC9654775 DOI: 10.3390/s22218529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
When developing methods for diagnosing pathologies and diseases in humans and animals using electronic noses, one of the important trends is the miniaturization of devices, while maintaining significant information for diagnostic purposes. A combination of several sorbents that have unique sorption features of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on one transducer is a possible option for the miniaturization of sensors for gas analysis. This paper considers the principles of creating polycomposite coatings on the electrodes of piezoelectric quartz resonators, including the choice of sorbents for the formation of sensitive layers, determining the mass and geometry of the formation of sensitive layers in a polycomposite coating, as well as an algorithm for processing the output data of sensors to obtain maximum information about the qualitative and quantitative composition of the gas phase. A comparative analysis of the efficiency and kinetics of VOC vapor sorption by sensors with polycomposite coatings and a set of sensors with relevant single coatings has been carried out. Regression equations have been obtained to predict the molar-specific sensitivity of the microbalance of VOC vapors by a sensor with a polycomposite coating of three sorbents with an error of 5-15% based on the results of the microbalance of VOC vapors on single coatings. A method for creating "visual prints" of sensor signals with polycomposite coatings is shown, with results comparable to those from an array of sensors. The parameters Aij∑ are proposed for obtaining information on the qualitative composition of the gas phase when processing the output data of sensors with polycomposite coatings. A biochemical study of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples, a microbiological investigation of calf tracheal washes, and a clinical examination were conducted to assess the presence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). An analysis of the gas phase over EBC samples with an array of sensors with polycomposite coatings was also carried out. The "visual prints" of the responses of sensors with polycomposite coatings and the results of the identification of VOCs in the gas phase over EBC samples were compared to the results of bacteriological studies of tracheal washes of the studied calves. A connection was found between the parameters Aij∑ of a group of sensors with polycomposite coatings and the biochemical parameters of biosamples. The adequacy of replacing an array of piezoelectric sensors with single coatings by the sensors with polycomposite coatings is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Shuba
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394000 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Tatiana Kuchmenko
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394000 Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Sensors and Determination of Gas-Forming Impurities, Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ruslan Umarkhanov
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394000 Voronezh, Russia
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18
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Afonso HA, Farraia MV, Vieira MA, Cavaleiro Rufo J. Diagnosis of pathological conditions through electronic nose analysis of urine samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Porto Biomed J 2022; 7:e188. [PMID: 37152083 PMCID: PMC10158878 DOI: 10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently available urinalysis methods are often applied for screening and monitoring of several pathologies. However, traditionally analyzed biomarkers in urinalysis still lack sensitivity and specificity to accurately diagnose some diseases. Several studies have proposed the use of electronic noses (eNoses) for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in urine samples that may, directly or indirectly, correlate with certain pathologies. Hence, the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies concerning the use of portable electronic noses for diagnosis or monitoring of pathologies through analysis of urine samples. A systematic review of the literature was held according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Twenty-four articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The results of the revised studies showed that there are various volatile organic compound profiles, identified through eNose analysis, that may be applied for diagnosis or monitoring of several diseases, such as diabetes, urinary tract infection, inflammatory bowel disease, and kidney disease. A meta-analysis was conducted taking into consideration the data of 10 of the initial 24 articles. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio were 84% (95% CI, 0.72-0.92), 85% (95% CI, 0.75-0.91), and 24.17 (95% CI: 7.85-74.41), respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.897. These results suggest that eNose technology has adequate diagnostic accuracy for several pathologies and could be a promising screening tool for clinical settings. However, more studies are needed to reduce heterogeneity between results.
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19
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Liu WT, Liao WC, Griffith SM, Chang CC, Wu YC, Wang CH, Wang JL. Characterization of odorous industrial plumes by coupling fast and slow mass spectrometry techniques for volatile organic compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135304. [PMID: 35697108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a technique to chemically characterize odor issues in neighborhoods of designated industrial zones with pronounced emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Due to the elusive nature of odor plumes, speedy detection with sufficient sensitivity is required to capture the plumes. In this demonstration, proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) was used as the front-line detection tool in an industrial zone to guide sampling canisters for in-laboratory analysis of 106 VOCs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detector (GC-MS/FID). The fast but less accurate PTR-MS coupled with the slow but accurate GC-MS/FID method effectively eliminates the drawbacks of each instrument and fortifies the strength of both when combined. A 10-day PTR-MS field screening period was conducted to determine suitable trigger VOC species with exceedingly high mixing ratios that were likely the culprits of foul odors. Twenty canister samples were then collected, triggered by m/z 43, 61 (ethyl acetate, fragments, EA), m/z 73 (methyl ethyl ketone, MEK), or m/z 88 (morpholine) in all cases. Internal consistency was confirmed by the high correlation of critical species in the PTR-MS and trigger samples. Several long-lived halocarbons were exploited as the intrinsic internal reference for quality assurance. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) accounted for 15%-75% of the total VOC mixing ratios in the triggered samples. However, EA and MEK, the most prominent OVOC species, did not appear to have common sources with morpholine, which presented with PTR-MS peaks incoherent with the other OVOCs. Nevertheless, these distinctive OVOC plumes were consistent with the multiple types of odor reported by the local residents. In contrast with the triggered sampling, random samples in the same industrial zone and roadside samples in a major metropolitan area were collected. The pronounced OVOC content in the triggered samples highlighted the advantage over random grab sampling to address odor issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tzu Liu
- Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan.
| | - Yue-Chuen Wu
- Environmental Analysis Laboratory, Environmental Protection Administration, Executive Yuan, Taoyuan 320217, Taiwan
| | - Chieh Heng Wang
- Center for Environmental Studies, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320317, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan.
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20
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Highly multiplexed selection of RNA aptamers against a small molecule library. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273381. [PMID: 36107884 PMCID: PMC9477273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Applications of synthetic biology spanning human health, industrial bioproduction, and ecosystem monitoring often require small molecule sensing capabilities, typically in the form of genetically encoded small molecule biosensors. Critical to the deployment of greater numbers of these systems are methods that support the rapid development of such biosensors against a broad range of small molecule targets. Here, we use a previously developed method for selection of RNA biosensors against unmodified small molecules (DRIVER) to perform a selection against a densely multiplexed mixture of small molecules, representative of those employed in high-throughput drug screening. Using a mixture of 5,120 target compounds randomly sampled from a large diversity drug screening library, we performed a 95-round selection and then analyzed the enriched RNA biosensor library using next generation sequencing (NGS). From our analysis, we identified RNA biosensors with at least 2-fold change in signal in the presence of at least 217 distinct target compounds with sensitivities down to 25 nM. Although many of these biosensors respond to multiple targets, clustering analysis indicated at least 150 different small-molecule sensing patterns. We also built a classifier that was able to predict whether the biosensors would respond to a new compound with an average precision of 0.82. Since the target compound library was designed to be representative of larger diversity compound libraries, we expect that the described approach can be used with similar compound libraries to identify aptamers against other small molecules with a similar success rate. The new RNA biosensors (or their component aptamers) described in this work can be further optimized and used in applications such as biosensing, gene control, or enzyme evolution. In addition, the data presented here provide an expanded compendium of new RNA aptamers compared to the 82 small molecule RNA aptamers published in the literature, allowing further bioinformatic analyses of the general classes of small molecules for which RNA aptamers can be found.
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21
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Avian C, Mahali MI, Putro NAS, Prakosa SW, Leu JS. Fx-Net and PureNet: Convolutional Neural Network architecture for discrimination of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease from smokers and healthy subjects through electronic nose signals. Comput Biol Med 2022; 148:105913. [PMID: 35940164 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most reliable and significant indicators, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) becomes a robust predictor of lung cancer early detection, the world's leading cause of cancer death. One of the methods is to analyze the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath using electronic noses (E-noses), which have become emerging tools for analyzing breath because of their potential and promising technology for diagnosing. However, the signal processing of the E-Nose sensor becomes vital in exposing information about the subject condition, which most researchers strive to accomplish. We proposed a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture to classify COPD in smokers and non-smokers, healthy subjects, and smokers from E-Nose signals to contribute to this field. Two models were constructed following E-Nose signal processing state-of-the-arts. One was by combined feature extraction and classifier, and the second was by CNN, which directly processed the raw signal. In addition, various feature extraction and classifier (Machine Learning and CNN) used in prior research were investigated. Using 3K and 5K Fold cross-validation results demonstrated that our proposed models outperformed in Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) with Fx-ConvNet and Pure-ConvNet. They all reached maximum F1-Score with zero standard deviation values indicating a consistent result. Further experiments also showed that KPCA contributed to the increasing performance of some classifiers with average F1-Score 0.933 and 0.068 as standard deviation values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cries Avian
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad Izzuddin Mahali
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan; Department of Electronics and Informatics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nur Achmad Sulistyo Putro
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan; Department of Computer Science and Electronics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
| | - Setya Widyawan Prakosa
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Jenq-Shiou Leu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
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22
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Freddi S, Sangaletti L. Trends in the Development of Electronic Noses Based on Carbon Nanotubes Chemiresistors for Breathomics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12172992. [PMID: 36080029 PMCID: PMC9458156 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable potential of breath analysis in medical care and diagnosis, and the consequent development of electronic noses, is currently attracting the interest of the research community. This is mainly due to the possibility of applying the technique for early diagnosis, screening campaigns, or tracking the effectiveness of treatment. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are known to be good candidates for gas sensing, and they have been recently considered for the development of electronic noses. The present work has the aim of reviewing the available literature on the development of CNTs-based electronic noses for breath analysis applications, detailing the functionalization procedure used to prepare the sensors, the breath sampling techniques, the statistical analysis methods, the diseases under investigation, and the population studied. The review is divided in two main sections: one focusing on the e-noses completely based on CNTs and one reporting on the e-noses that feature sensors based on CNTs, along with sensors based on other materials. Finally, a classification is presented among studies that report on the e-nose capability to discriminate biomarkers, simulated breath, and animal or human breath.
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23
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Patial S, Nazim M, Khan AAP, Raizada P, Singh P, Hussain CM, Asiri AM. Sustainable solutions for indoor pollution abatement during COVID phase: A critical study on current technologies & challenges. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 7:100097. [PMID: 37520799 PMCID: PMC9126619 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of the contagious virus COVID-19, several revelations and environmental health experts punctually predicted the possibly disastrous public health complications of coexisting catching and airborne contamination-arbitrated disease. But much attention has been given on the outdoor-mediated interactions. Almost 3.8 million premature deaths occur every year globally due to the illness from indoor air pollution. Considering the human staying longer span indoors due to restricted human activities or work from home, the indoor air quality (IAQ) might show prominent role for individual health life. Currently, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ensures no regulation of indoor airborne pollution. Herein, the paper underlines the common bases of indoor air pollution, poor IAQ, and impacts of the aerosolized airborne particles on the human health. In order to address these challenges and collective contagion events in indoor environment, several emerging control techniques and preventive sustainable solutions are suggested. By this, more innovations need to be investigated in future to measure the impact of indoor air pollution on individual health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Patial
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan (HP) 173229, India
| | - Mohammed Nazim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi-si, Gyeongbuk-do 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pankaj Raizada
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan (HP) 173229, India
| | - Pardeep Singh
- School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan (HP) 173229, India
| | - Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States of America
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Virtanen J, Kontunen A, Numminen J, Oksala N, Rautiainen M, Roine A, Kivekäs I. Identifying chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps by analyzing aspirated nasal air with an electronic nose based on differential mobility spectrometry. Acta Otolaryngol 2022; 142:524-531. [PMID: 35787097 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2022.2093397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complicated procedure. An electronic nose (eNose) is a novel method that detects disease from gas-phase mixtures, such as human breath. AIMS/OBJECTIVES To determine whether an eNose based on differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) can detect chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) by analyzing aspirated nasal air. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult patients with CRSsNP were examined. The control group consisted of patients with septal deviation. Nasal air was aspirated into a collection bag and analyzed with DMS. The DMS data were classified using regularized linear discriminant analysis (LDA) models with 10-fold cross-validation. RESULTS The accuracy of the DMS to distinguish CRSsNP from patients with septal deviation was 69%. Sensitivity and specificity were 67 and 70%, respectively. Bonferroni-corrected statistical differences were clearly noted. When a subgroup with more severe inflammatory disease was compared to controls, the classification accuracy increased to 82%. CONCLUSIONS The results of this feasibility study demonstrate that CRSsNP can potentially be differentiated distinguished from patients with similar nasal symptoms by analyzing the aspirated nasal air using DMS. Further research is warranted to evaluate the ability of this novel method in the differential diagnostics of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Virtanen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anton Kontunen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Olfactomics Ltd, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jura Numminen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Niku Oksala
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Olfactomics Ltd, Tampere, Finland.,Vascular Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Rautiainen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Roine
- Olfactomics Ltd, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Hatanpää Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kivekäs
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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25
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Abstract
Fermented foods and beverages have become a part of daily diets in several societies around the world. Emitted volatile organic compounds play an important role in the determination of the chemical composition and other information of fermented foods and beverages. Electronic nose (E-nose) technologies enable non-destructive measurement and fast analysis, have low operating costs and simplicity, and have been employed for this purpose over the past decades. In this work, a comprehensive review of the recent progress in E-noses is presented according to the end products of the main fermentation types, including alcohol fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, acetic acid fermentation and alkaline fermentation. The benefits, research directions, limitations and challenges of current E-nose systems are investigated and highlighted for fermented foods and beverage applications.
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26
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Scheepers MHMC, Al-Difaie Z, Brandts L, Peeters A, van Grinsven B, Bouvy ND. Diagnostic Performance of Electronic Noses in Cancer Diagnoses Using Exhaled Breath: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2219372. [PMID: 35767259 PMCID: PMC9244610 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.19372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE There has been a growing interest in the use of electronic noses (e-noses) in detecting volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath for the diagnosis of cancer. However, no systematic evaluation has been performed of the overall diagnostic accuracy and methodologic challenges of using e-noses for cancer detection in exhaled breath. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the diagnostic accuracy and methodologic challenges of using e-noses for the detection of cancer. DATA SOURCES An electronic search was performed in the PubMed and Embase databases (January 1, 2000, to July 1, 2021). STUDY SELECTION Inclusion criteria were the following: (1) use of e-nose technology, (2) detection of cancer, and (3) analysis of exhaled breath. Exclusion criteria were (1) studies published before 2000; (2) studies not performed in humans; (3) studies not performed in adults; (4) studies that only analyzed biofluids; and (5) studies that exclusively used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze exhaled breath samples. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS PRISMA guidelines were used for the identification, screening, eligibility, and selection process. Quality assessment was performed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2. Generalized mixed-effects bivariate meta-analysis was performed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Main outcomes were sensitivity, specificity, and mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS This review identified 52 articles with a total of 3677 patients with cancer. All studies were feasibility studies. The sensitivity of e-noses ranged from 48.3% to 95.8% and the specificity from 10.0% to 100.0%. Pooled analysis resulted in a mean (SE) area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 94% (95% CI, 92%-96%), a sensitivity of 90% (95% CI, 88%-92%), and a specificity of 87% (95% CI, 81%-92%). Considerable heterogeneity existed among the studies because of differences in the selection of patients, endogenous and exogenous factors, and collection of exhaled breath. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results of this review indicate that e-noses have a high diagnostic accuracy for the detection of cancer in exhaled breath. However, most studies were feasibility studies with small sample sizes, a lack of standardization, and a high risk of bias. The lack of standardization and reproducibility of e-nose research should be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max H. M. C. Scheepers
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Zaid Al-Difaie
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lloyd Brandts
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Peeters
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Sensor Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole D. Bouvy
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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27
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Pan SW, Lu HC, Lo JI, Ho LI, Tseng TR, Ho ML, Cheng BM. Using an ATR-FTIR Technique to Detect Pathogens in Patients with Urinary Tract Infections: A Pilot Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22103638. [PMID: 35632048 PMCID: PMC9147530 DOI: 10.3390/s22103638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a leading hospital-acquired infection. Although timely detection of causative pathogens of UTIs is important, rapid and accurate measures assisting UTI diagnosis and bacterial determination are poorly developed. By reading infrared spectra of urine samples, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) may help detect urine compounds, but its role in UTI diagnosis remains uncertain. In this pilot study, we proposed a characterization method in attenuated total reflection (ATR)-FTIR spectra to evaluate urine samples and assessed the correlation between ATR-FTIR patterns, UTI diagnosis, and causative pathogens. We enrolled patients with a catheter-associated UTI in a subacute-care unit and non-UTI controls (total n = 18), and used urine culture to confirm the causative pathogens of the UTIs. In the ATR-FTIR analysis, the spectral variation between the UTI group and non-UTI, as well as that between various pathogens, was found in a range of 1800-900 cm-1, referring to the presence of specific constituents of the bacterial cell wall. The results indicated that the relative ratios between different area zones of vibration, as well as multivariate analysis, can be used as a clue to discriminate between UTI and non-UTI, as well as different causative pathogens of UTIs. This warrants a further large-scale study to validate the findings of this pilot research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wei Pan
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (S.-W.P.); (L.-I.H.)
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 12304, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hsiao-Chi Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd., Hualien City 97002, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (J.-I.L.)
| | - Jen-Iu Lo
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd., Hualien City 97002, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (J.-I.L.)
| | - Li-Ing Ho
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (S.-W.P.); (L.-I.H.)
| | - Ton-Rong Tseng
- Mastek Technologies, Inc., 4F-4, No. 13, Wuquan 1st Rd., Xinzhuang, New Taipei City 24892, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Lin Ho
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, No. 70, LinShih Rd., Shih-Lin, Taipei 11102, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Ming Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd., Hualien City 97002, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (J.-I.L.)
- Office of Research and Development, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, No. 880, Sec. 2, Chien-kuo Rd., Hualien City 97005, Taiwan
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28
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Taverna G, Grizzi F, Tidu L, Bax C, Zanoni M, Vota P, Lotesoriere BJ, Prudenza S, Magagnin L, Langfelder G, Buffi N, Casale P, Capelli L. Accuracy of a new electronic nose for prostate cancer diagnosis in urine samples. Int J Urol 2022; 29:890-896. [PMID: 35534435 PMCID: PMC9543199 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the accuracy of a new electronic nose to recognize prostate cancer in urine samples. Methods A blind, prospective study on consecutive patients was designed. Overall, 174 subjects were included in the study: 88 (50.6%) in prostate cancer group, and 86 (49.4%) in control group. Electronic nose performance for prostate cancer was assessed using sensitivity and specificity. The diagnostic accuracy of electronic nose was reported as area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results The electronic nose in the study population reached a sensitivity 85.2% (95% confidence interval 76.1–91.9; 13 false negatives out of 88), a specificity 79.1% (95% confidence interval 69.0–87.1; 18 false positives out of 86). The accuracy of the electronic nose represented as area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.821 (95% confidence interval 0.764–0.879). Conclusions The diagnostic accuracy of electronic nose for recognizing prostate cancer in urine samples is high, promising and susceptible to supplemental improvement. Additionally, further studies will be necessary to design a clinical trial to validate electronic nose application in diagnostic prostate cancer nomograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Taverna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tidu
- Italian Ministry of Defenses, "Vittorio Veneto" Division, Florence, Italy
| | - Carmen Bax
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Zanoni
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Paolo Vota
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Beatrice Julia Lotesoriere
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Prudenza
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Magagnin
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Langfelder
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Buffi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Casale
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Capelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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29
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Sukaram T, Tansawat R, Apiparakoon T, Tiyarattanachai T, Marukatat S, Rerknimitr R, Chaiteerakij R. Exhaled volatile organic compounds for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5326. [PMID: 35351916 PMCID: PMC8964758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile for diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic response of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been well studied. We determined VOCs profile in exhaled breath of 97 HCC patients and 111 controls using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Support Vector Machine algorithm. The combination of acetone, 1,4-pentadiene, methylene chloride, benzene, phenol and allyl methyl sulfide provided the highest accuracy of 79.6%, with 76.5% sensitivity and 82.7% specificity in the training set; and 55.4% accuracy, 44.0% sensitivity, and 75.0% specificity in the test set. This combination was correlated with the HCC stages demonstrating by the increased distance from the classification boundary when the stage advanced. For early HCC detection, d-limonene provided a 62.8% sensitivity, 51.8% specificity and 54.9% accuracy. The levels of acetone, butane and dimethyl sulfide were significantly altered after treatment. Patients with complete response had a greater decreased acetone level than those with remaining tumor post-treatment (73.38 ± 56.76 vs. 17.11 ± 58.86 (× 106 AU, p = 0.006). Using a cutoff of 35.9 × 106 AU, the reduction in acetone level predicted treatment response with 77.3% sensitivity, 83.3% specificity, 79.4%, accuracy, and AUC of 0.784. This study demonstrates the feasibility of exhaled VOCs as a non-invasive tool for diagnosis, monitoring of HCC progression and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanikan Sukaram
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rossarin Tansawat
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Innovation and Endoscopy in Gastrointestinal Oncology, Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Terapap Apiparakoon
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sanparith Marukatat
- Image Processing and Understanding Team, Artificial Intelligence Research Group, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungsun Rerknimitr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Innovation and Endoscopy in Gastrointestinal Oncology, Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roongruedee Chaiteerakij
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence for Innovation and Endoscopy in Gastrointestinal Oncology, Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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30
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Xuan W, Zheng L, Bunes BR, Crane N, Zhou F, Zang L. Engineering solutions to breath tests based on an e-nose system for silicosis screening and early detection in miners. J Breath Res 2022; 16. [PMID: 35303733 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac5f13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to develop an engineering solution to breath tests using an electronic nose (e-nose), and evaluate its diagnosis accuracy for silicosis. Influencing factors of this technique were explored. METHODS 398 non-silicosis miners and 221 silicosis miners were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Exhaled breath was analyzed by an array of 16 organic nanofiber sensors along with a customized sample processing system. Principal Component Analysis was used to visualize the breath data, and classifiers were trained by two improved cost-sensitive ensemble algorithms (RF and XGBoost) and two classical algorithms (KNN and SVM). All subjects were included to train the screening model, and an early detection model was run with silicosis cases in stage I. Both 5-fold cross-validation and external validation were adopted. Difference in classifiers caused by algorithms and subjects was quantified using a two-factor analysis of variance. The association between personal smoking habits and classification was investigated by the chi-square test. RESULTS Classifiers of ensemble learning performed well in both screening and early detection model, with an accuracy range of 0.817 to 0.987. Classical classifiers showed relatively worse performance. Besides, the ensemble algorithm type and silicosis cases inclusion had no significant effect on classification (p>0.05). There was no connection between personal smoking habits and classification accuracy. CONCLUSION Breath tests based on an e-nose consisted of 16x sensor array performed well in silicosis screening and early detection. Raw data input showed a more significant effect on classification compared with the algorithm. Personal smoking habits had little impact on models, supporting the applicability of models in large-scale silicosis screening. The e-nose technique and the breath analysis methods reported are expected to provide a quick and accurate screening for silicosis, and extensible for other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wufan Xuan
- China University of Mining and Technology, School of Safety Engineering, Xuzhou, 221116, CHINA
| | - Lina Zheng
- China University of Mining and Technology, School of Safety Engineering, Xuzhou, 221116, CHINA
| | - Benjamin R Bunes
- Vaporsens, Inc, 419 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108, UNITED STATES
| | - Nichole Crane
- Vaporsens, Inc, 419 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, Utah, UT 84108, UNITED STATES
| | - Fubao Zhou
- China University of Mining and Technology, School of Safety Engineering, Xuzhou, 221116, CHINA
| | - Ling Zang
- Nano Institute of Utah, 36 South Wasatch Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112-8924, UNITED STATES
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31
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Haworth JJ, Pitcher CK, Ferrandino G, Hobson AR, Pappan KL, Lawson JLD. Breathing new life into clinical testing and diagnostics: perspectives on volatile biomarkers from breath. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2022; 59:353-372. [PMID: 35188863 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2022.2038075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human breath offers several benefits for diagnostic applications, including simple, noninvasive collection. Breath is a rich source of clinically-relevant biological information; this includes a volatile fraction, where greater than 1,000 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been described so far, and breath aerosols that carry nucleic acids, proteins, signaling molecules, and pathogens. Many of these factors, especially VOCs, are delivered to the lung by the systemic circulation, and diffusion of candidate biomarkers from blood into breath allows systematic profiling of organismal health. Biomarkers on breath offer the capability to advance early detection and precision medicine in areas of global clinical need. Breath tests are noninvasive and can be performed at home or in a primary care setting, which makes them well-suited for the kind of public screening program that could dramatically improve the early detection of conditions such as lung cancer. Since measurements of VOCs on breath largely report on metabolic changes, this too aids in the early detection of a broader range of illnesses and can be used to detect metabolic shifts that could be targeted through precision medicine. Furthermore, the ability to perform frequent sampling has envisioned applications in monitoring treatment responses. Breath has been investigated in respiratory, liver, gut, and neurological diseases and in contexts as diverse as infectious diseases and cancer. Preclinical research studies using breath have been ongoing for some time, yet only a few breath-based diagnostics tests are currently available and in widespread clinical use. Most recently, tests assessing the gut microbiome using hydrogen and methane on breath, in addition to tests using urea to detect Helicobacter pylori infections have been released, yet there are many more applications of breath tests still to be realized. Here, we discuss the strengths of breath as a clinical sampling matrix and the technical challenges to be addressed in developing it for clinical use. Historically, a lack of standardized methodologies has delayed the discovery and validation of biomarker candidates, resulting in a proliferation of early-stage pilot studies. We will explore how advancements in breath collection and analysis are in the process of driving renewed progress in the field, particularly in the context of gastrointestinal and chronic liver disease. Finally, we will provide a forward-looking outlook for developing the next generation of clinically relevant breath tests and how they may emerge into clinical practice.
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Jońca J, Pawnuk M, Arsen A, Sówka I. Electronic Noses and Their Applications for Sensory and Analytical Measurements in the Waste Management Plants-A Review. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041510. [PMID: 35214407 PMCID: PMC8877425 DOI: 10.3390/s22041510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Waste management plants are one of the most important sources of odorants that may cause odor nuisance. The monitoring of processes involved in the waste treatment and disposal as well as the assessment of odor impact in the vicinity of this type of facilities require two different but complementary approaches: analytical and sensory. The purpose of this work is to present these two approaches. Among sensory techniques dynamic and field olfactometry are considered, whereas analytical methodologies are represented by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), single gas sensors and electronic noses (EN). The latter are the core of this paper and are discussed in details. Since the design of multi-sensor arrays and the development of machine learning algorithms are the most challenging parts of the EN construction a special attention is given to the recent advancements in the sensitive layers development and current challenges in data processing. The review takes also into account relatively new EN systems based on mass spectrometry and flash gas chromatography technologies. Numerous examples of applications of the EN devices to the sensory and analytical measurements in the waste management plants are given in order to summarize efforts of scientists on development of these instruments for constant monitoring of chosen waste treatment processes (composting, anaerobic digestion, biofiltration) and assessment of odor nuisance associated with these facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Jońca
- Department of Environment Protection Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (J.J.); (M.P.)
| | - Marcin Pawnuk
- Department of Environment Protection Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (J.J.); (M.P.)
| | - Adalbert Arsen
- calval.pl sp. z o.o., Emili Plater 7F/8, 65-395 Zielona Góra, Poland;
| | - Izabela Sówka
- Department of Environment Protection Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (J.J.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-320-25-60
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The potential of volatile organic compounds-based breath analysis for COVID-19 screening: a systematic review & meta-analysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 102:115589. [PMID: 34879323 PMCID: PMC8556067 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a major problem with an increasing incidence and mortality. The discovery of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) based on breath analysis offers a reliable, rapid, and affordable screening method. This study examined VOC-based breath analysis diagnostic performance for SARS-COV-2 infection compared to RT-PCR. A systematic review was conducted in 8 scientific databases based on the PRISMA guideline. Original English studies evaluating human breaths for COVID-19 screening and mentioning sensitivity and specificity value compared to RT-PCR were included. Six studies were included with a total of 4093 samples from various settings. VOCs-based breath analysis had the cumulative sensitivity of 98.2% (97.5% CI 93.1%-99.6%) and specificity of 74.3% (97.5% CI 66.4%-80.9%). Subgroup analysis on chemical analysis (GC-MS) and pattern recognition (eNose) revealed higher sensitivity in the eNose group. VOC-based breath analysis shows high sensitivity and promising specificity for COVID-19 public screening.
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Voss A, Schroeder R, Schulz S, Haueisen J, Vogler S, Horn P, Stallmach A, Reuken P. Detection of Liver Dysfunction Using a Wearable Electronic Nose System Based on Semiconductor Metal Oxide Sensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020070. [PMID: 35200331 PMCID: PMC8869535 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine whether liver dysfunction can be generally classified using a wearable electronic nose based on semiconductor metal oxide (MOx) gas sensors, and whether the extent of this dysfunction can be quantified. MOx gas sensors are attractive because of their simplicity, high sensitivity, low cost, and stability. A total of 30 participants were enrolled, 10 of them being healthy controls, 10 with compensated cirrhosis, and 10 with decompensated cirrhosis. We used three sensor modules with a total of nine different MOx layers to detect reducible, easily oxidizable, and highly oxidizable gases. The complex data analysis in the time and non-linear dynamics domains is based on the extraction of 10 features from the sensor time series of the extracted breathing gas measurement cycles. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for distinguishing compensated and decompensated cirrhosis patients from healthy controls was 1.00. Patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis could be separated with a sensitivity of 0.90 (correctly classified decompensated cirrhosis), a specificity of 1.00 (correctly classified compensated cirrhosis), and an accuracy of 0.95. Our wearable, non-invasive system provides a promising tool to detect liver dysfunctions on a functional basis. Therefore, it could provide valuable support in preoperative examinations or for initial diagnosis by the general practitioner, as it provides non-invasive, rapid, and cost-effective analysis results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Voss
- Institute of Innovative Health Technologies IGHT, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany; (R.S.); (S.S.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMTI), Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3677-69-2861
| | - Rico Schroeder
- Institute of Innovative Health Technologies IGHT, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany; (R.S.); (S.S.)
- UST Umweltsensortechnik GmbH, 99331 Geratal, Germany
| | - Steffen Schulz
- Institute of Innovative Health Technologies IGHT, Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany; (R.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Jens Haueisen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMTI), Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany;
| | - Stefanie Vogler
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.V.); (P.H.); (A.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Paul Horn
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.V.); (P.H.); (A.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.V.); (P.H.); (A.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Philipp Reuken
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.V.); (P.H.); (A.S.); (P.R.)
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Quantitative GC-TCD Measurements of Major Flatus Components: A Preliminary Analysis of the Diet Effect. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030838. [PMID: 35161583 PMCID: PMC8840200 DOI: 10.3390/s22030838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The impact of diet and digestive disorders in flatus composition remains largely unexplored. This is partially due to the lack of standardized sampling collection methods, and the easy atmospheric contamination. This paper describes a method to quantitatively determine the major gases in flatus and their application in a nutritional intervention. We describe how to direct sample flatus into Tedlar bags, and simultaneous analysis by gas chromatography–thermal conductivity detection (GC–TCD). Results are analyzed by univariate hypothesis testing and by multilevel principal component analysis. The reported methodology allows simultaneous determination of the five major gases with root mean measurement errors of 0.8% for oxygen (O2), 0.9% for nitrogen (N2), 0.14% for carbon dioxide (CO2), 0.11% for methane (CH4), and 0.26% for hydrogen (H2). The atmospheric contamination was limited to 0.86 (95% CI: [0.7–1.0])% for oxygen and 3.4 (95% CI: [1.4–5.3])% for nitrogen. As an illustration, the method has been successfully applied to measure the response to a nutritional intervention in a reduced crossover study in healthy subjects.
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Gupta P, Gholami Derami H, Mehta D, Yilmaz H, Chakrabartty S, Raman B, Singamaneni S. In Situ Grown Gold Nanoisland-Based Chemiresistive Electronic Nose for Sniffing Distinct Odor Fingerprints. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3207-3217. [PMID: 34995447 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemiresistors based on metal-insulator-metal structures are attractive transducers for rapid tracing of a wide repertoire of (bio)chemical species in the vapor phase. However, current fabrication techniques suffer greatly from sensor-to-sensor variability, limiting their reproducible and reliable application in real-world settings. We demonstrate a novel, facile, and ubiquitously applicable strategy for fabricating highly reliable and reproducible organothiol-functionalized gold nanoisland-based chemiresistors. The novel fabrication technique involves iterative in situ seeding, growth, and surface functionalization of gold nanoislands on an interdigitated electrode, which in turn generates a multi-layered densely packed continuous gold nanoisland film. The chemiresistors fabricated using the proposed strategy exhibited high sensor-to-sensor reproducibility owing to the controlled iterative seeding and growth-based fabrication technique, long-term stability, and specificity for detection and identification of a wide variety of volatile organic compounds. Upon exposure to a specific odor, the chemiresistor ensemble comprised nine different chemical functionalities and produced a unique and discernable odor fingerprint that is reproducible for at least up to 90 days. Integrating these odor fingerprints with a simple linear classifier was found to be sufficient for discriminating between all six odors used in this study. We believe that the fabrication strategy presented here, which is agnostic to chemical functionality, enables fabrication of highly reliable and reproducible sensing elements, and thereby an adaptable electronic nose for a wide variety of real-world gas sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Hamed Gholami Derami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Darshit Mehta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Huzeyfe Yilmaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Shantanu Chakrabartty
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Baranidharan Raman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Virtanen J, Anttalainen A, Ormiskangas J, Karjalainen M, Kontunen A, Rautiainen M, Oksala N, Kivekäs I, Roine A. Differentiation of aspirated nasal air from room air using analysis with a differential mobility spectrometry-based electronic nose: a proof-of-concept study. J Breath Res 2021; 16. [PMID: 34794137 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac3b39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, breath analysis using electronic nose (eNose) technology has become a topic of intense research, as it is both non-invasive and painless, and is suitable for point-of-care use. To date, however, only a few studies have examined nasal air. As the air in the oral cavity and the lungs differs from the air in the nasal cavity, it is unknown whether aspirated nasal air could be exploited with eNose technology. Compared to traditional eNoses, differential mobility spectrometry uses an alternating electrical field to discriminate the different molecules of gas mixtures, providing analogous information. This study reports the collection of nasal air by aspiration and the subsequent analysis of the collected air using a differential mobility spectrometer. We collected nasal air from ten volunteers into breath collecting bags and compared them to bags of room air and the air aspirated through the device. Distance and dissimilarity metrics between the sample types were calculated and statistical significance evaluated with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. After leave-one-day-out cross-validation, a shrinkage linear discriminant classifier was able to correctly classify 100% of the samples. The nasal air differed (p< 0.05) from the other sample types. The results show the feasibility of collecting nasal air by aspiration and subsequent analysis using differential mobility spectrometry, and thus increases the potential of the method to be used in disease detection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Virtanen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Jaakko Ormiskangas
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Automation Technology and Mechanical Engineering Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Karjalainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Olfactomics Ltd, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anton Kontunen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Olfactomics Ltd, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Rautiainen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Niku Oksala
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Olfactomics Ltd, Tampere, Finland.,Vascular Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kivekäs
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Roine
- Olfactomics Ltd, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Hatanpää Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Buma AIG, Muller M, de Vries R, Sterk PJ, van der Noort V, Wolf-Lansdorf M, Farzan N, Baas P, van den Heuvel MM. eNose analysis for early immunotherapy response monitoring in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2021; 160:36-43. [PMID: 34399166 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exhaled breath analysis by electronic nose (eNose) has shown to be a potential predictive biomarker before start of anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). We hypothesized that the eNose could also be used as an early monitoring tool to identify responders more accurately at early stage of treatment when compared to baseline. In this proof-of-concept study we aimed to definitely discriminate responders from non-responders after six weeks of treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a prospective observational study in patients with advanced NSCLC eligible for anti-PD-1 treatment. The efficacy of treatment was assessed by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1 at 3-month follow-up. We analyzed SpiroNose exhaled breath data of 94 patients (training cohort n = 62, validation cohort n = 32). Data analysis involved signal processing and statistics based on Independent Samples T-tests and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) followed by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS In the training cohort, a specificity of 73% was obtained at a 100% sensitivity level to identify objective responders. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) was 0.95 (CI: 0.89-1.00). In the validation cohort, these results were confirmed with an AUC of 0.97 (CI: 0.91-1.00). CONCLUSION Exhaled breath analysis by eNose early during treatment allows for a highly accurate, non-invasive and low-cost identification of advanced NSCLC patients who benefit from anti-PD-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirte Muller
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rianne de Vries
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Breathomix B.V. (www.breathomix.com), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Sterk
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Niloufar Farzan
- Breathomix B.V. (www.breathomix.com), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Baas
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Ghosh C, Leon A, Koshy S, Aloum O, Al-Jabawi Y, Ismail N, Weiss ZF, Koo S. Breath-Based Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: A Review of the Current Landscape. Clin Lab Med 2021; 41:185-202. [PMID: 34020759 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Various analytical methods can be applied to concentrate, separate, and examine trace volatile organic metabolites in the breath, with the potential for noninvasive, rapid, real-time identification of various disease processes, including an array of microbial infections. Although biomarker discovery and validation in microbial infections can be technically challenging, it is an approach that has shown great promise, especially for infections that are particularly difficult to identify with standard culture and molecular amplification-based approaches. This article discusses the current state of breath analysis for the diagnosis of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjit Ghosh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, MCP642, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Armando Leon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, MCP642, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Seena Koshy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, MCP642, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Obadah Aloum
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, MCP642, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yazan Al-Jabawi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, MCP642, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nour Ismail
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, MCP642, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zoe Freeman Weiss
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, MCP642, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sophia Koo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, MCP642, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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40
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Sola Martínez RA, Pastor Hernández JM, Yanes Torrado Ó, Cánovas Díaz M, de Diego Puente T, Vinaixa Crevillent M. Exhaled volatile organic compounds analysis in clinical pediatrics: a systematic review. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:1352-1363. [PMID: 32919397 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measured exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath also referred to as exhaled volatilome have been long claimed as a potential source of non-invasive and clinically applicable biomarkers. However, the feasibility of using exhaled volatilome in clinical practice remains to be demonstrated, particularly in pediatrics where the need for improved non-invasive diagnostic and monitoring methods is most urgent. This work presents the first formal evidence-based judgment of the clinical potential of breath volatilome in the pediatric population. METHODS A rigorous systematic review across Web of Science, SCOPUS, and PubMed databases following the PRISMA statement guidelines. A narrative synthesis of the evidence was conducted and QUADAS-2 was used to assess the quality of selected studies. RESULTS Two independent reviewers deemed 22 out of the 229 records initially found to satisfy inclusion criteria. A summary of breath VOCs found to be relevant for several respiratory, infectious, and metabolic pathologies was conducted. In addition, we assessed their associated metabolism coverage through a functional characterization analysis. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that current research remains stagnant in a preclinical exploratory setting. Designing exploratory experiments in compliance with metabolomics practice should drive forward the clinical translation of VOCs breath analysis. IMPACT What is the key message of your article? Metabolomics practice could help to achieve the clinical utility of exhaled volatilome analysis. What does it add to the existing literature? This work is the first systematic review focused on disease status discrimination using analysis of exhaled breath in the pediatric population. A summary of the reported exhaled volatile organic compounds is conducted together with a functional characterization analysis. What is the impact? Having noted challenges preventing the clinical translation, we summary metabolomics practices and the experimental designs that are closer to clinical practice to create a framework to guide future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A Sola Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B) and Immunology, University of Murcia and Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - José M Pastor Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B) and Immunology, University of Murcia and Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Óscar Yanes Torrado
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Metabolomics Platform, Reus, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Cánovas Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B) and Immunology, University of Murcia and Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa de Diego Puente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B) and Immunology, University of Murcia and Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
| | - María Vinaixa Crevillent
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Metabolomics Platform, Reus, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Neto MP, Soares AC, Oliveira ON, Paulovich FV. Machine Learning Used to Create a Multidimensional Calibration Space for Sensing and Biosensing Data. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mário Popolin Neto
- Federal Institute of São Paulo (IFSP), 14804-296 Araraquara, Brazil
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences (ICMC), University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Andrey Coatrini Soares
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N. Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Fernando V. Paulovich
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences (ICMC), University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil
- Faculty of Computer Science (FCS), Dalhousie University (DAL), B3H 4R2 Nova Scotia, Canada
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The Influence of Smoking Status on Exhaled Breath Profiles in Asthma and COPD Patients. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051357. [PMID: 33806279 PMCID: PMC7961431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Breath analysis using eNose technology can be used to discriminate between asthma and COPD patients, but it remains unclear whether results are influenced by smoking status. We aim to study whether eNose can discriminate between ever- vs. never-smokers and smoking <24 vs. >24 h before the exhaled breath, and if smoking can be considered a confounder that influences eNose results. We performed a cross-sectional analysis in adults with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and healthy controls. Ever-smokers were defined as patients with current or past smoking habits. eNose measurements were performed by using the SpiroNose. The principal component (PC) described the eNose signals, and linear discriminant analysis determined if PCs classified ever-smokers vs. never-smokers and smoking <24 vs. >24 h. The area under the receiver–operator characteristic curve (AUC) assessed the accuracy of the models. We selected 593 ever-smokers (167 smoked <24 h before measurement) and 303 never-smokers and measured the exhaled breath profiles of discriminated ever- and never-smokers (AUC: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.66–0.81), and no cigarette consumption <24h (AUC 0.54, 95% CI: 0.43–0.65). In healthy controls, the eNose did not discriminate between ever or never-smokers (AUC 0.54; 95% CI: 0.49–0.60) and recent cigarette consumption (AUC 0.60; 95% CI: 0.50–0.69). The eNose could distinguish between ever and never-smokers in asthma and COPD patients, but not recent smokers. Recent smoking is not a confounding factor of eNose breath profiles.
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43
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Esfahani S, Tiele A, Agbroko SO, Covington JA. Development of a Tuneable NDIR Optical Electronic Nose. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20236875. [PMID: 33271862 PMCID: PMC7729477 DOI: 10.3390/s20236875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Electronic nose (E-nose) technology provides an easy and inexpensive way to analyse chemical samples. In recent years, there has been increasing demand for E-noses in applications such as food safety, environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics. Currently, the majority of E-noses utilise an array of metal oxide (MOX) or conducting polymer (CP) gas sensors. However, these sensing technologies can suffer from sensor drift, poor repeatability and temperature and humidity effects. Optical gas sensors have the potential to overcome these issues. This paper reports on the development of an optical non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) E-nose, which consists of an array of four tuneable detectors, able to scan a range of wavelengths (3.1–10.5 μm). The functionality of the device was demonstrated in a series of experiments, involving gas rig tests for individual chemicals (CO2 and CH4), at different concentrations, and discriminating between chemical standards and complex mixtures. The optical gas sensor responses were shown to be linear to polynomial for different concentrations of CO2 and CH4. Good discrimination was achieved between sample groups. Optical E-nose technology therefore demonstrates significant potential as a portable and low-cost solution for a number of E-nose applications.
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Rodríguez-Hernández P, Cardador MJ, Arce L, Rodríguez-Estévez V. Analytical Tools for Disease Diagnosis in Animals via Fecal Volatilome. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:917-932. [PMID: 33180561 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1843130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Volatilome analysis is growing in attention for the diagnosis of diseases in animals and humans. In particular, volatilome analysis in fecal samples is starting to be proposed as a fast, easy and noninvasive method for disease diagnosis. Volatilome comprises volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are produced during both physiological and patho-physiological processes. Thus, VOCs from a pathological condition often differ from those of a healthy state and therefore the VOCs profile can be used in the detection of some diseases. Due to their strengths and advantages, feces are currently being used to obtain information related to health status in animals. However, they are complex samples, that can present problems for some analytical techniques and require special consideration in their use and preparation before analysis. This situation demands an effort to clarify which analytic options are currently being used in the research context to analyze the possibilities these offer, with the final objectives of contributing to develop a standardized methodology and to exploit feces potential as a diagnostic matrix. The current work reviews the studies focused on the diagnosis of animal diseases through fecal volatilome in order to evaluate the analytical methods used and their advantages and limitations. The alternatives found in the literature for sampling, storage, sample pretreatment, measurement and data treatment have been summarized, considering all the steps involved in the analytical process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M J Cardador
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - L Arce
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Bordbar MM, Barzegar H, Tashkhourian J, Bordbar M, Hemmateenejad B. A non-invasive tool for early detection of acute leukemia in children using a paper-based optoelectronic nose based on an array of metallic nanoparticles. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1141:28-35. [PMID: 33248659 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in blood samples can be used as useful biomarkers to diagnose various human diseases. This study describes the potential of a paper-based sensor array for detecting leukemia using blood VOCs. Blood samples were collected from 59 new leukemia cases and 47 healthy cases as a control group. Each blood sample was divided into two parts; one for a laboratory test and the other was used in our study. Samples were mixed with heparin and then transferred to a sterile container, and a sensor was stacked on its cap. This sensor array contains 16 nanoparticles deposited on a sheet of hydrophobic paper in a 4 × 4 array format. Containers were stored in an oven at 60 °C for 4.5 h. Then, the image of sensors was recorded by a scanner and compared to the image before exposing the blood vapor. The sensor responses were subjected to different multivariate statistical methods to develop models that discriminate between control and leukemia samples. The interaction of nanoparticles with the volatile metabolome of blood caused aggregation and consequently changing in the color of nanoparticles. The color changes resulted in a specific pattern for blood samples with leukemia, which is different from those obtained from healthy specimens. The discrimination analysis was approved by pattern recognition methods such as principal component analysis with 97% accuracy. Among 59 patients, the mean age was 6.02 ± 4.55 years (range 1-16 y). The mean total response was 652.83 ± 117.02. The rock curve showed an accuracy of 96% for classifying patients from the control group. The logistic regression model showed that 93.6% of healthy and 93.2% of patients were classified correctly by using this method. These statistics agree with the classification results obtained by principal component analysis. For every 5000-unit increase in platelet count, the chance of leukemia decreased by 9%. Additionally, the chance of being categorized as a patient decreased by 10% for every 20-unit increase in total response. The electronic nose using VOC's of blood is a non-invasive and inexpensive tool for detecting new cases of leukemia with high sensitivity and specificity. Platelet count is an essential para-clinical parameter determining the total response of the sensors. Follow up studies with a larger sample size are warranted to elucidate its clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamideh Barzegar
- Pediatric Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadreza Bordbar
- Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Bahram Hemmateenejad
- Chemistry Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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eNose breathprints as composite biomarker for real-time phenotyping of complex respiratory diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:995-996. [PMID: 32745557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Dospinescu VM, Tiele A, Covington JA. Sniffing Out Urinary Tract Infection-Diagnosis Based on Volatile Organic Compounds and Smell Profile. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E83. [PMID: 32717983 PMCID: PMC7460005 DOI: 10.3390/bios10080083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Current available methods for the clinical diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) rely on a urine dipstick test or culturing of pathogens. The dipstick test is rapid (available in 1-2 min), but has a low positive predictive value, while culturing is time-consuming and delays diagnosis (24-72 h between sample collection and pathogen identification). Due to this delay, broad-spectrum antibiotics are often prescribed immediately. The over-prescription of antibiotics should be limited, in order to prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance. As a result, there is a growing need for alternative diagnostic tools. This paper reviews applications of chemical-analysis instruments, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS), ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) and electronic noses (eNoses) used for the diagnosis of UTI. These methods analyse volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that emanate from the headspace of collected urine samples to identify the bacterial pathogen and even determine the causative agent's resistance to different antibiotics. There is great potential for these technologies to gain wide-spread and routine use in clinical settings, since the analysis can be automated, and test results can be available within minutes after sample collection. This could significantly reduce the necessity to prescribe broad-spectrum antibiotics and allow the faster and more effective use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akira Tiele
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
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Study of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids as Gas Sensing Materials in Quartz Crystal Microbalances. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20144026. [PMID: 32698487 PMCID: PMC7411987 DOI: 10.3390/s20144026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-eight quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors coated with different sensing films were tested and analyzed in this work; twenty-three sensors were coated in different room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) and five additional QCM sensors were coated with conventional films commonly used as stationary phases in gas chromatography. Four volatile organic compounds (VOCs), in gaseous phase—hexanol, butyl acetate, 2-hexanone, and hexanoic acid—were measured. Two transducer mechanisms were used; resonant frequency shift and resistance shift of a QCM Mason equivalent circuit. The sensors were characterized by their sensitivity to the VOCs and their discrimination power of the four VOCs. The highest separation among VOCs was obtained when frequency and resistance information of both RTIL and conventional films was used, a sensor array composed by two RTILs (1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) and two conventional films (tricresyl phosphate and apiezon-L) was found to improve the Wilks lambda separation for the tested gases two orders of magnitude compared to the Wilks lambda using only a conventional films array.
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