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Da Silva A, Dalmasso G, Larabi A, Hoang MHT, Billard E, Barnich N, Nguyen HTT. Identification of autophagy receptors for the Crohn's disease-associated adherent-invasive Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1268243. [PMID: 38606299 PMCID: PMC11007067 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1268243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, of which the etiology involves genetic, environmental and microbial factors. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) and polymorphisms in autophagy-related genes have been implicated in CD etiology. Autophagy is a key process for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which allows the degradation of damaged cytoplasmic components and pathogens via lysosome. We have shown that a functional autophagy is necessary for AIEC clearance. Here, we aimed at identifying the autophagy receptor(s) responsible to target AIEC to autophagy for degradation. Methods The levels of autophagy receptors p62, NDP52, NBR1, TAX1BP1 and Optineurin were knocked down in human intestinal epithelial cells T84 using siRNAs. The NDP52 knock-out (KO) and p62 KO HeLa cells, as well as NDP52 KO HeLa cells expressing the wild-type NDP52 or the mutated NDP52Val248Ala protein were used. Results and discussion We showed that, among the tested autophagy receptors (p62, NDP52, NBR1, TAX1BP1 and Optineurin), diminished expression of p62 or NDP52 increased the number of the clinical AIEC LF82 strain inside epithelial cells. This was associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Moreover, p62 or NDP52 directly colocalized with AIEC LF82 and LC3, an autophagy marker. As the NDP52Val248Ala polymorphism has been associated with increased CD susceptibility, we investigated its impact on AIEC control. However, in HeLa cell and under our experimental condition, no effect of this polymorphism neither on AIEC LF82 intracellular number nor on pro-inflammatory cytokine production was observed. Together, our results suggest that p62 and NDP52 act as autophagy receptors for AIEC recognition, controlling AIEC intracellular replication and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Da Silva
- M2iSH (Microbes, Intestine, Inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE USC 1382, CNRH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Dalmasso
- M2iSH (Microbes, Intestine, Inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE USC 1382, CNRH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anaïs Larabi
- M2iSH (Microbes, Intestine, Inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE USC 1382, CNRH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - My Hanh Thi Hoang
- M2iSH (Microbes, Intestine, Inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE USC 1382, CNRH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Elisabeth Billard
- M2iSH (Microbes, Intestine, Inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE USC 1382, CNRH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- M2iSH (Microbes, Intestine, Inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE USC 1382, CNRH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- M2iSH (Microbes, Intestine, Inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE USC 1382, CNRH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Mobarak H, Javid F, Narmi MT, Mardi N, Sadeghsoltani F, Khanicheragh P, Narimani S, Mahdipour M, Sokullu E, Valioglu F, Rahbarghazi R. Prokaryotic microvesicles Ortholog of eukaryotic extracellular vesicles in biomedical fields. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:80. [PMID: 38291458 PMCID: PMC10826215 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Every single cell can communicate with other cells in a paracrine manner via the production of nano-sized extracellular vesicles. This phenomenon is conserved between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, exosomes (Exos) are the main inter-cellular bioshuttles with the potential to carry different signaling molecules. Likewise, bacteria can produce and release Exo-like particles, namely microvesicles (MVs) into the extracellular matrix. Bacterial MVs function with diverse biological properties and are at the center of attention due to their inherent therapeutic properties. Here, in this review article, the comparable biological properties between the eukaryotic Exos and bacterial MVs were highlighted in terms of biomedical application. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halimeh Mobarak
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzin Javid
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Taghavi Narmi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Mardi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghsoltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Khanicheragh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Narimani
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahdipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Emel Sokullu
- Biophysics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferzane Valioglu
- Technology Development Zones Management CO, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Kuang H, Dou G, Cheng L, Wang X, Xu H, Liu X, Ding F, Yang X, Liu S, Bao L, Liu H, Liu Y, Li B, Jin Y, Liu S. Humoral regulation of iron metabolism by extracellular vesicles drives antibacterial response. Nat Metab 2023; 5:111-128. [PMID: 36658400 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Immediate restriction of iron initiated by the host is a critical process to protect against bacterial infections and has been described in the liver and spleen, but it remains unclear whether this response also entails a humoral mechanism that would enable systemic sequestering of iron upon infection. Here we show that upon bacterial invasion, host macrophages immediately release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that capture circulating iron-containing proteins. Mechanistically, in a sepsis model in female mice, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in macrophages and activates inositol-requiring enzyme 1α signaling, triggering lysosomal dysfunction and thereby promoting the release of EVs, which bear multiple receptors required for iron uptake. By binding to circulating iron-containing proteins, these EVs prevent bacteria from iron acquisition, which inhibits their growth and ultimately protects against infection and related tissue damage. Our findings reveal a humoral mechanism that can promptly regulate systemic iron metabolism during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Geng Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Linfeng Cheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Haokun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Feng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xiaoshan Yang
- Stomatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Siying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Lili Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Bei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Shiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
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Xu Y, Qian W, Huang L, Wen W, Li Y, Guo F, Zhu Z, Li Z, Gong J, Yu Z, Zhou Y, Lu N, Zhu W, Guo Z. Crohn's disease-associated AIEC inhibiting intestinal epithelial cell-derived exosomal let-7b expression regulates macrophage polarization to exacerbate intestinal fibrosis. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2193115. [PMID: 36945126 PMCID: PMC10038049 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2193115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) and intestinal macrophages is implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). However, its role in intestinal fibrogenesis and the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In addition, miRNAs such as let-7b may participate in AIEC-macrophage interactions. In this study, we identified that the colonization of AIEC in the ileum was associated with enhanced intestinal fibrosis and reduced let-7b expression by enrolling a prospective cohort of CD patients undergoing ileocolectomy. Besides, AIEC-infected IL-10-/- mice presented more severe intestinal fibrosis and could be improved by exogenous let-7b. Mechanistically, intestinal macrophages were found to be the main target of let-7b. Transferring let-7b-overexpressing macrophages to AIEC-infected IL-10-/- mice significantly alleviated intestinal fibrosis. In vitro, AIEC suppressed exosomal let-7b derived from intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), instead of the direct inhibition of let-7b in macrophages, to promote macrophages to a fibrotic phenotype. Finally, TGFβR1 was identified as one target of let-7b that regulates macrophage polarization. Overall, the results of our work indicate that AIEC is associated with enhanced intestinal fibrosis in CD. AIEC could inhibit exosomal let-7b from IECs to promote intestinal macrophages to a fibrotic phenotype and then contributed to fibrogenesis. Thus, anti-AIEC or let-7b therapy may serve as novel therapeutic approaches to ameliorate intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwei Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangyu Huang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiwei Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feilong Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfeng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zeqian Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Qu M, Zhu H, Zhang X. Extracellular vesicle-mediated regulation of macrophage polarization in bacterial infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1039040. [PMID: 36619996 PMCID: PMC9815515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1039040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane-enveloped vesicles secreted by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, which are commonly defined as membrane vesicles (MVs) and exosomes, respectively. They play critical roles in the bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host interactions. In infectious diseases caused by bacteria, as the first line of defense against pathogens, the macrophage polarization mode commonly determines the success or failure of the host's response to pathogen aggression. M1-type macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory factors that support microbicidal activity, while alternative M2-type macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory factors that perform an antimicrobial immune response but partially allow pathogens to replicate and survive intracellularly. Membrane vesicles (MVs) released from bacteria as a distinctive secretion system can carry various components, including bacterial effectors, nucleic acids, or lipids to modulate macrophage polarization in host-pathogen interaction. Similar to MVs, bacteria-infected macrophages can secrete exosomes containing a variety of components to manipulate the phenotypic polarization of "bystander" macrophages nearby or long distance to differentiate into type M1 or M2 to regulate the course of inflammation. Exosomes can also repair tissue damage associated with the infection by upregulating the levels of anti-inflammatory factors, downregulating the pro-inflammatory factors, and regulating cellular biological behaviors. The study of the mechanisms by which EVs modulate macrophage polarization has opened new frontiers in delineating the molecular machinery involved in bacterial pathogenesis and challenges in providing new strategies for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China,Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, China,*Correspondence: Xingxiao Zhang, ✉
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6
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Li DF, Yang MF, Xu J, Xu HM, Zhu MZ, Liang YJ, Zhang Y, Tian CM, Nie YQ, Shi RY, Wang LS, Yao J. Extracellular Vesicles: The Next Generation Theranostic Nanomedicine for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:3893-3911. [PMID: 36092245 PMCID: PMC9462519 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s370784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent rapid development in the field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) based nanotechnology has provided unprecedented opportunities for nanomedicine platforms. As natural nanocarriers, EVs such as exosomes, exosome-like nanoparticles and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), have unique structure/composition/morphology characteristics, and show excellent physical and chemical/biochemical properties, making them a new generation of theranostic nanomedicine. Here, we reviewed the characteristics of EVs from the perspective of their formation and biological function in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Moreover, EVs can crucially participate in the interaction and communication of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs)-immune cells-gut microbiota to regulate immune response, intestinal inflammation and intestinal homeostasis. Interestingly, based on current representative examples in the field of exosomes and exosome-like nanoparticles for IBD treatment, it is shown that plant, milk, and cells-derived exosomes and exosome-like nanoparticles can exert a therapeutic effect through their components, such as proteins, nucleic acid, and lipids. Moreover, several drug loading methods and target modification of exosomes are used to improve their therapeutic capability. We also discussed the application of exosomes and exosome-like nanoparticles in the treatment of IBD. In this review, we aim to better and more clearly clarify the underlying mechanisms of the EVs in the pathogenesis of IBD, and provide directions of exosomes and exosome-like nanoparticles mediated for IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Feng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Feng Yang
- Department of Hematology, Yantian District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital (School of Medicine of South China University of Technology), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital (School of Medicine of South China University of Technology), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Zheng Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital (School of Medicine of South China University of Technology), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jie Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Medical Administration, Huizhou Institute of Occupational Diseases Control and Prevention, Huizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Mei Tian
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qiang Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital (School of Medicine of South China University of Technology), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Yue Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Sheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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Chang R, Chen J, Zhong Z, Li Y, Wu K, Zheng H, Yang Y. Inflammatory bowel disease-associated Escherichia coli strain LF82 in the damage of gut and cognition of honeybees. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:983169. [PMID: 36093189 PMCID: PMC9453226 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.983169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are often accompanied with some cognitive impairment, but the mechanism is unclear. By orally exposing honeybees (Apis mellifera) to IBD-associated Escherichia coli LF82 (LF82), and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli MG1655 (MG1655) as the normal strain, we investigated whether and how LF82 induces enteritis-like manifestations and cognitive behavioral modifications in honeybees using multiparametric analysis. LF82 significantly increased gut permeability, impaired learning and memory ability in olfactory proboscis extension response conditioning, and shortened the lifespan of honeybees. Compared to MG1655, LF82 reduced the levels of tryptophan metabolism pathway substances in the honeybee gut. LF82 also upregulated genes involved in immune and apoptosis-related pathways and downregulated genes involved in G protein-coupled receptors in the honeybee brain. In conclusion, LF82 can induce enteritis-like manifestations and cognition impairment through gut metabolites and brain transcriptome alteration in honeybees. Honeybees can serve as a novel potential model to study the microbiota-gut-brain interaction in IBD condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqi Chang
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jieteng Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaopeng Zhong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyuan Li
- Microbiota Division, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hao Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunsheng Yang
- Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Microbiota Division, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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The Role of Exosomes in Inflammatory Diseases and Tumor-Related Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061005. [PMID: 35326456 PMCID: PMC8947057 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a decisive role in inducing tumorigenesis, promoting tumor development, tumor invasion and migration. The interaction of cancer cells with their surrounding stromal cells and inflammatory cells further forms an inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME). The large number of cells present within the TME, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), macrophages, neutrophils, etc., play different roles in the changing TME. Exosomes, extracellular vesicles released by various types of cells, participate in a variety of inflammatory diseases and tumor-related inflammation. As an important communication medium between cells, exosomes continuously regulate the inflammatory microenvironment. In this review, we focused on the role of exosomes in inflammatory diseases and tumor-related inflammation. In addition, we also summarized the functions of exosomes released by various cells in inflammatory diseases and in the TME during the transformation of inflammatory diseases to tumors. We discussed in depth the potential of exosomes as targets and tools to treat inflammatory diseases and tumor-related inflammation.
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Li KL, Huang HY, Ren H, Yang XL. Role of exosomes in the pathogenesis of inflammation in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1898-1906. [PMID: 35142665 PMCID: PMC8848593 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory responses, including glial cell activation and peripheral immune cell infiltration, are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). These inflammatory responses appear to be closely related to the release of extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes. However, the relationships among different forms of glial cell activation, synuclein dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and exosomes are complicated. This review discusses the multiple roles played by exosomes in PD-associated inflammation and concludes that exosomes can transport toxic α-synuclein oligomers to immature neurons and into the extracellular environment, inducing the oligomerization of α-synuclein in normal neurons. Misfolded α-synuclein causes microglia and astrocytes to activate and secrete exosomes. Glial cell-derived exosomes participate in communications between glial cells and neurons, triggering anti-stress and anti-inflammatory responses, in addition to axon growth. The production and release of mitochondrial vesicles and exosomes establish a new mechanism for linking mitochondrial dysfunction to systemic inflammation associated with PD. Given the relevance of exosomes as mediators of neuron-glia communication in neuroinflammation and neuropathogenesis, new targeted treatment strategies are currently being developed that use these types of extracellular vesicles as drug carriers. Exosome-mediated inflammation may be a promising target for intervention in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Lu Li
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hong-Yan Huang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xing-Long Yang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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Organ-on-a-Chip for Studying Gut-Brain Interaction Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles in the Gut Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413513. [PMID: 34948310 PMCID: PMC8707342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a group of membrane vesicles that play important roles in cell-to-cell and interspecies/interkingdom communications by modulating the pathophysiological conditions of recipient cells. Recent evidence has implied their potential roles in the gut–brain axis (GBA), which is a complex bidirectional communication system between the gut environment and brain pathophysiology. Despite the evidence, the roles of EVs in the gut microenvironment in the GBA are less highlighted. Moreover, there are critical challenges in the current GBA models and analyzing techniques for EVs, which may hinder the research. Currently, advances in organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technologies have provided a promising solution. Here, we review the potential effects of EVs occurring in the gut environment on brain physiology and behavior and discuss how to apply OOCs to research the GBA mediated by EVs in the gut microenvironment.
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11
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Exploring the Inflammatory Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9040079. [PMID: 34842660 PMCID: PMC8628792 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide. Traditionally, mechanisms of colorectal cancer formation have focused on genetic alterations including chromosomal damage and microsatellite instability. In recent years, there has been a growing body of evidence supporting the role of inflammation in colorectal cancer formation. Multiple cytokines, immune cells such T cells and macrophages, and other immune mediators have been identified in pathways leading to the initiation, growth, and metastasis of colorectal cancer. Outside the previously explored mechanisms and pathways leading to colorectal cancer, initiatives have been shifted to further study the role of inflammation in pathogenesis. Inflammatory pathways have also been linked to some traditional risk factors of colorectal cancer such as obesity, smoking and diabetes, as well as more novel associations such as the gut microbiome, the gut mycobiome and exosomes. In this review, we will explore the roles of obesity and diet, smoking, diabetes, the microbiome, the mycobiome and exosomes in colorectal cancer, with a specific focus on the underlying inflammatory and metabolic pathways involved. We will also investigate how the study of colon cancer from an inflammatory background not only creates a more holistic and inclusive understanding of this disease, but also creates unique opportunities for prevention, early diagnosis and therapy.
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12
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Exosomes as a New Delivery Vehicle in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101644. [PMID: 34683937 PMCID: PMC8539337 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a type of chronic relapsing inflammatory disease. The pathogenesis of IBD is still unclear, which may involve environmental factors, genetic factors, intestinal microbiota disorder, and abnormal immune responses. Exosomes (30–150 nm) are found in various body fluids, including blood, saliva, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. Exosomes mediate intercellular communication and regulate cell biological activity by carrying non-coding RNAs, proteins, and lipids. There is evidence that exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. In view of the important roles of exosomes in the pathogenesis of IBD, this work systematically reviews the latest research progress of exosomes in IBD, especially the roles of exosomes as non-coding RNA delivery systems in the pathogenesis of IBD, including a disordered immune response, barrier function, and intestinal microbiota. The review will help to clarify the pathogenesis of IBD and explore new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for patients with IBD.
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13
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Arteaga-Blanco LA, Bou-Habib DC. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles from Human Macrophages on Host-Pathogen Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910262. [PMID: 34638604 PMCID: PMC8508751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nano-sized membrane enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by virtually all cell types play an essential role in intercellular communication via delivering bio-molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and other molecules to recipient cells. By mediating an active and steady-state cell-to-cell communication, EVs contribute to regulating and preserving cellular homeostasis. On the other hand, EVs can also spread pathogen-derived molecules during infections, subverting the host immune responses during infections and thus worsening pathophysiological processes. In recent years, the biological functioning of EVs has become a widespread research field in basic and clinical branches of medical sciences due to their potential role in therapeutic applications for several diseases. This review aims to summarize the main recent findings regarding the implication of EVs shed by human macrophages (MΦ-EVs) and how they can modulate the host immune response to control or increase the damage caused by infectious agents. We will also present the methods used to describe MΦ-EVs, as well as the potential of these EVs as disease diagnostic tools for some human pathogens. We believe that an in-depth understanding of the host–pathogen interactions mediated by MΦ-EVs may trigger the development of innovative therapeutic strategies against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Arteaga-Blanco
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.A.A.-B.); or (D.C.B.-H.)
| | - Dumith Chequer Bou-Habib
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.A.A.-B.); or (D.C.B.-H.)
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14
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Wang H, Ye C, Wu Y, Yang P, Chen C, Liu Z, Wang X. Exosomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: What Have We Learned So Far? Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:1448-1455. [PMID: 32342815 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200428102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease. Although the etiology is uncertain, there is marked disbalance of mucosal immune responses in part shaped by genetic susceptibility and intestinal microbial dysbiosis. Suppressing inflammatory activity adequately and maintaining this suppression are the main goals of current therapies. However, corticosteroids are only suitable for therapy of active disease, and the effects of immunosuppressive agents are mainly limited to maintenance of remission. Biologics have become widely available and provide therapeutic benefits to IBD patients. However, only a part of patients benefits from them. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of new substances in the therapy of IBD. Exosomes are nanosized lipid vesicles identified recently. They are secreted from all living cells and then distributed in various human body fluids. The components, such as microRNAs and functional proteins, secreted by exosomes in different cells have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. Therefore, exosomes have the potential to become appealing particles in treating IBD as a cell-free therapeutic approach as well as biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring disease status. Further studies are needed to investigate the practicality, safety and desirable effects of exosomes in clinical applications in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Yaling Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Pengyu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Chunqiu Chen
- Center for Difficult and Complicated Abdominal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
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15
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Zhao F, Zheng T, Gong W, Wu J, Xie H, Li W, Zhang R, Liu P, Liu J, Wu X, Zhao Y, Ren J. Extracellular vesicles package dsDNA to aggravate Crohn's disease by activating the STING pathway. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:815. [PMID: 34453041 PMCID: PMC8397775 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is an intestinal immune-dysfunctional disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles full of functional molecules, e.g., nuclear acids. Recently, EVs have been shown to participate in the development of CD by realizing intercellular communication among intestinal cells. However, the role of EVs carrying double-strand DNA (dsDNA) shed from sites of intestinal inflammation in CD has not been investigated. Here we isolated EVs from the plasma or colon lavage of murine colitis and CD patients. The level of exosomal dsDNA, including mtDNA and nDNA, significantly increased in murine colitis and active human CD, and was positively correlated with the disease activity. Moreover, the activation of the STING pathway was verified in CD. EVs from the plasma of active human CD triggered STING activation in macrophages in vitro. EVs from LPS-damaged colon epithelial cells were also shown to raise inflammation in macrophages via activating the STING pathway, but the effect disappeared after the removal of exosomal dsDNA. These findings were further confirmed in STING-deficient mice and macrophages. STING deficiency significantly ameliorated colitis. Besides, potential therapeutic effects of GW4869, an inhibitor of EVs release were assessed. The application of GW4869 successfully ameliorated murine colitis by inhibiting STING activation. In conclusion, exosomal dsDNA was found to promote intestinal inflammation via activating the STING pathway in macrophages and act as a potential mechanistic biomarker and therapeutic target of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhao
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Gong
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haohao Xie
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Li
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peizhao Liu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanhan Liu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianan Ren
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Shen Q, Huang Z, Yao J, Jin Y. Extracellular vesicles-mediated interaction within intestinal microenvironment in inflammatory bowel disease. J Adv Res 2021; 37:221-233. [PMID: 35499059 PMCID: PMC9039646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
EVs derived from different sources play modulatory functions in the intestine, especially interaction associated with microbiota. An EV-mediated interaction system was established to describe the possible mechanism of IBD pathogenesis and its cure. EVs-based treatments show great potential of clinical applications in IBD diagnosis and therapy.
Background The intestinal tract is a complicated ecosystem with dynamic homeostasis via interaction of intestine and microbiota. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is chronic intestinal inflammation involving dysbiosis of intestinal microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as vital characteristics of cell–cell and cell-organism communication, contribute to homeostasis in intestine. Recently, EVs showed excellent potential for clinical applications in disease diagnoses and therapies. Aim of Review Our current review discusses the modulatory functions of EVs derived from different sources in intestine, especially their effects and applications in IBD clinical therapy. EV-mediated interaction systems between host intestine and microbiota were established to describe possible mechanisms of IBD pathogenesis and its cure. Key Scientific Concepts of Review EVs are excellent vehicles for delivering molecules containing genetic information to recipient cells. Multiple pieces of evidence have illustrated that EVs participate the interaction between host and microbiota in intestinal microenvironment. In inflammatory intestine with dysbiosis of microbiota, EVs as regulators target promoting immune response and microbial reconstruction. EVs-based immunotherapy could be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of IBD in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichen Shen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhuizui Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jiachen Yao
- Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Corresponding author at: 18, Chaowang Road, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
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17
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Walsh SA, Hoyt BW, Rowe CJ, Dey D, Davis TA. Alarming Cargo: The Role of Exosomes in Trauma-Induced Inflammation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040522. [PMID: 33807302 PMCID: PMC8065643 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe polytraumatic injury initiates a robust immune response. Broad immune dysfunction in patients with such injuries has been well-documented; however, early biomarkers of immune dysfunction post-injury, which are critical for comprehensive intervention and can predict the clinical course of patients, have not been reported. Current circulating markers such as IL-6 and IL-10 are broad, non-specific, and lag behind the clinical course of patients. General blockade of the inflammatory response is detrimental to patients, as a certain degree of regulated inflammation is critical and necessary following trauma. Exosomes, small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles, found in a variety of biofluids, carry within them a complex functional cargo, comprised of coding and non-coding RNAs, proteins, and metabolites. Composition of circulating exosomal cargo is modulated by changes in the intra- and extracellular microenvironment, thereby serving as a homeostasis sensor. With its extensively documented involvement in immune regulation in multiple pathologies, study of exosomal cargo in polytrauma patients can provide critical insights on trauma-specific, temporal immune dysregulation, with tremendous potential to serve as unique biomarkers and therapeutic targets for timely and precise intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Walsh
- USU Walter Reed Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (S.A.W.); (B.W.H.); (C.J.R.); (D.D.)
| | - Benjamin W. Hoyt
- USU Walter Reed Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (S.A.W.); (B.W.H.); (C.J.R.); (D.D.)
| | - Cassie J. Rowe
- USU Walter Reed Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (S.A.W.); (B.W.H.); (C.J.R.); (D.D.)
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Devaveena Dey
- USU Walter Reed Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (S.A.W.); (B.W.H.); (C.J.R.); (D.D.)
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Thomas A. Davis
- USU Walter Reed Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (S.A.W.); (B.W.H.); (C.J.R.); (D.D.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Yersiniabactin Siderophore of Crohn's Disease-Associated Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli Is Involved in Autophagy Activation in Host Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073512. [PMID: 33805299 PMCID: PMC8037853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) have been implicated in the etiology of Crohn’s disease. The AIEC reference strain LF82 possesses a pathogenicity island similar to the high pathogenicity island of Yersinia spp., which encodes the yersiniabactin siderophore required for iron uptake and growth of the bacteria in iron-restricted environment. Here, we investigated the role of yersiniabactin during AIEC infection. Methods: Intestinal epithelial T84 cells and CEABAC10 transgenic mice were infected with LF82 or its mutants deficient in yersiniabactin expression. Autophagy was assessed by Western blot analysis for p62 and LC3-II expression. Results: Loss of yersiniabactin decreased the growth of LF82 in competitive conditions, reducing the ability of LF82 to adhere to and invade T84 cells and to colonize the intestinal tract of CEABAC10 mice. However, yersiniabactin deficiency increased LF82 intracellular replication. Mechanistically, a functional yersiniabactin is necessary for LF82-induced expression of HIF-1α, which is implicated in autophagy activation in infected cells. Conclusion: Our study highlights a novel role for yersiniabactin siderophore in AIEC–host interaction. Indeed, yersiniabactin, which is an advantage for AIEC to growth in a competitive environment, could be a disadvantage for the bacteria as it activates autophagy, a key host defense mechanism, leading to bacterial clearance.
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19
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Circulating exosomes express α4β7 integrin and compete with CD4+ T cells for the binding to Vedolizumab. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242342. [PMID: 33180848 PMCID: PMC7661055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vedolizumab (VDZ) is a therapeutic monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). VDZ selectively binds to the α4β7 integrin and blocks trafficking of a specific subset of gastrointestinal-homing T-lymphocytes to inflamed tissue. Although VDZ has shown promising results in numerous clinical studies a subgroup of patients do not respond adequately. Mechanistic insights and prognostic biomarkers able to predict which patients might benefit from VDZ therapy are currently lacking. Circulating exosomes were isolated from serum of blood donors and VDZ-treated patients by polymer-based precipitation. The surface expression of α4β7 integrin was evaluated by flow cytometry and the levels of exosome-bound VDZ were investigated by Promonitor-VDZ ELISA kit. The capacity of exosomes to interfere with the adhesion of VDZ-treated CD4+ T cells was assessed by adhesion assay. In this study, we showed that serum exosomes isolated from both blood donor and ulcerative colitis patients express on their surface the VDZ target α4β7 integrin. We observed an increased exosomal sequestration of VDZ in anti-TNF exposed patients compared to anti- TNFα naïve patients, according to a greater expression of α4β7 integrin on vesicles surface. Circulating exosomes could compete for VDZ binding with CD4+ T cells since we found that the amount of VDZ bound to T cells was impaired in the presence of exosomes. In addition, we demonstrated that exosomes bind VDZ, which consequently becomes unable to block MadCAM-1-mediated adhesion of lymphocytes. Circulating exosomes might contribute to drug sequestration, possibly affecting the therapeutic efficacy of VDZ in IBD patients. Our data suggest that previous biologic therapy may have altered the sequestration capacity of circulating exosomes, thus reducing the efficacy of VDZ in patients who failed anti-TNF agents.
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20
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Larabi A, Dalmasso G, Delmas J, Barnich N, Nguyen HTT. Exosomes transfer miRNAs from cell-to-cell to inhibit autophagy during infection with Crohn's disease-associated adherent-invasive E. coli. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1677-1694. [PMID: 32583714 PMCID: PMC7524154 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1771985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC), which abnormally colonize the intestinal mucosa of Crohn's disease (CD) patients, are able to adhere to and invade intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), survive and replicate within macrophages and induce a pro-inflammatory response. AIEC infection of IECs induces secretion of exosomes that increase AIEC replication in exosome-receiving IECs and macrophages. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying the increased AIEC replication in cells receiving exosomes from AIEC-infected cells. Exosomes released by uninfected human intestinal epithelial T84 cells (Exo-uninfected) or by T84 cells infected with the clinical AIEC LF82 strain (Exo-LF82), the nonpathogenic E. coli K12 strain (Exo-K12) or the commensal E. coli HS strain (Exo-HS) were purified and used to stimulate T84 cells. Stimulation of T84 cells with Exo-LF82 inhibited autophagy compared with Exo-uninfected, Exo-K12 and Exo-HS. qRT-PCR analysis revealed increased levels of miR-30c and miR-130a in Exo-LF82 compared to Exo-uninfected, Exo-K12 and Exo-HS. These miRNAs were transferred via exosomes to recipient cells, in which they targeted and inhibited ATG5 and ATG16L1 expression and thereby autophagy response, thus favoring AIEC intracellular replication. Inhibition of these miRNAs in exosome-donor cells infected with AIEC LF82 abolished the increase in miR-30c and miR-130a levels in the released Exo-LF82 and in Exo-LF82-receiving cells, thus suppressing the inhibitory effect of Exo-LF82 on ATG5 and ATG16L1 expression and on autophagy-mediated AIEC clearance in Exo-LF82-receiving cells. Our study shows that upon AIEC infection, IECs secrete exosomes that can transfer specific miRNAs to recipient IECs, inhibiting autophagy-mediated clearance of intracellular AIEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Larabi
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Dalmasso
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Delmas
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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21
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Ocansey DKW, Zhang L, Wang Y, Yan Y, Qian H, Zhang X, Xu W, Mao F. Exosome-mediated effects and applications in inflammatory bowel disease. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1287-1307. [PMID: 32410383 PMCID: PMC7540363 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gut mucosal barriers, including chemical and physical barriers, spatially separate the gut microbiota from the host immune system to prevent unwanted immune responses that could lead to intestinal inflammation. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there is mucosal barrier dysfunction coupled with immune dysregulation and dysbiosis. The discovery of exosomes as regulators of vital functions in both physiological and pathological processes has generated much research interest. Interestingly, exosomes not only serve as natural nanocarriers for the delivery of functional RNAs, proteins, and synthetic drugs or molecules, but also show potential for clinical applications in tissue repair and regeneration as well as disease diagnosis and prognosis. Biological or chemical modification of exosomes can broaden, change and enhance their therapeutic capability. We review the modulatory effects of exosomal proteins, RNAs and lipids on IBD components such as immune cells, the gut microbiota and the intestinal mucosal barrier. Mechanisms involved in regulating these factors towards attenuating IBD have been explored in several studies employing exosomes derived from different sources. We discuss the potential utility of exosomes as diagnostic markers and drug delivery systems, as well as the application of modified exosomes in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson K. W. Ocansey
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of MedicineJiangsu University301 Xuefu RoadZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
- Directorate of University Health Services, University of Cape Coast, PMBCape CoastGhana
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of MedicineJiangsu University301 Xuefu RoadZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
- Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui BranchSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsu211200China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of MedicineJiangsu University301 Xuefu RoadZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
| | - Yongmin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of MedicineJiangsu University301 Xuefu RoadZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
| | - Hui Qian
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of MedicineJiangsu University301 Xuefu RoadZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of MedicineJiangsu University301 Xuefu RoadZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of MedicineJiangsu University301 Xuefu RoadZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
| | - Fei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of MedicineJiangsu University301 Xuefu RoadZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
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22
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Auguste M, Balbi T, Ciacci C, Canesi L. Conservation of Cell Communication Systems in Invertebrate Host-Defence Mechanisms: Possible Role in Immunity and Disease. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E234. [PMID: 32824821 PMCID: PMC7464772 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is continuously revealing multiple and highly conserved host-defence mechanisms. Studies on mammalian immunocytes are showing different communication systems that may play a role in coordinating innate immune responses also in invertebrates. Extracellular traps (ETs) are an immune response by which cells release net-like material, including DNA, histones and proteins. ETs are thought to immobilise and kill microorganisms, but are also involved in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Immune cells are also known to communicate through extracellular vesicles secreted in the extracellular environment or exosomes, which can carry a variety of different signalling molecules. Tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs) represent a direct cell-to-cell communication over a long distance, that allow for bi- or uni-directional transfer of cellular components between cells. Their functional role in a number of physio-pathological processes, including immune responses and pathogen transfer, has been underlined. Although ETs, exosomes, and TNTs have been described in invertebrate species, their possible role in immune responses is not fully understood. In this work, available data on these communication systems are summarised, in an attempt to provide basic information for further studies on their relevance in invertebrate immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Auguste
- Department of Earth Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16136 Genoa, Italy; (M.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Teresa Balbi
- Department of Earth Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16136 Genoa, Italy; (M.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Caterina Ciacci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DIBS), University “Carlo Bo” of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy;
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16136 Genoa, Italy; (M.A.); (T.B.)
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Differential miRNA-Gene Expression in M Cells in Response to Crohn's Disease-Associated AIEC. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081205. [PMID: 32784656 PMCID: PMC7466023 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), which abnormally colonize the ileal mucosa of Crohn’s disease (CD) patients, are able to invade intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and translocate through M cells overlying Peyer’s patches. The levels of microRNA (miRNA) and gene expression in IECs and M cells upon AIEC infection have not been investigated. Here, we used human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 monolayers and an in vitro M-cell model of AIEC translocation to analyze comprehensive miRNA and gene profiling under basal condition and upon infection with the reference AIEC LF82 strain. Our results showed that AIEC LF82 translocated through M cells but not Caco-2 monolayers. Both differential gene expression and miRNA profile in M cells compared to Caco-2 cells were obtained. In addition, AIEC infection induces changes in gene and miRNA profiles in both Caco-2 and M cells. In silico analysis showed that certain genes dysregulated upon AIEC infection were potential targets of AIEC-dysregulated miRNAs, suggesting a miRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression during AIEC infection in Caco-2, as well as M cells. This study facilitates the discovery of M cell-specific and AIEC response-specific gene-miRNA signature and enhances the molecular understanding of M cell biology under basal condition and in response to infection with CD-associated AIEC.
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24
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Chervy M, Barnich N, Denizot J. Adherent-Invasive E. coli: Update on the Lifestyle of a Troublemaker in Crohn's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3734. [PMID: 32466328 PMCID: PMC7279240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors, the intestinal microbiota is an important factor in the etiology of Crohn's disease (CD). Among microbiota alterations, a particular pathotype of Escherichia coli involved in the pathogenesis of CD abnormally colonizes the intestinal mucosa of patients: the adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) pathobiont bacteria, which have the abilities to adhere to and to invade intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), as well as to survive and replicate within macrophages. AIEC have been the subject of many studies in recent years to unveil some genes linked to AIEC virulence and to understand the impact of AIEC infection on the gut and consequently their involvement in CD. In this review, we describe the lifestyle of AIEC bacteria within the intestine, from the interaction with intestinal epithelial and immune cells with an emphasis on environmental and genetic factors favoring their implantation, to their lifestyle in the intestinal lumen. Finally, we discuss AIEC-targeting strategies such as the use of FimH antagonists, bacteriophages, or antibiotics, which could constitute therapeutic options to prevent and limit AIEC colonization in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Chervy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRAE 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l’Hôte (M2iSH), 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRAE 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l’Hôte (M2iSH), 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.C.); (N.B.)
- Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Génie Biologique, 63172 Aubière, France
| | - Jérémy Denizot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRAE 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l’Hôte (M2iSH), 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (M.C.); (N.B.)
- Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Génie Biologique, 63172 Aubière, France
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25
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Larabi A, Barnich N, Nguyen HTT. Emerging Role of Exosomes in Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051111. [PMID: 32365813 PMCID: PMC7290936 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To communicate with each other, cells release exosomes that transfer their composition, including lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, to neighboring cells, thus playing a role in various pathophysiological processes. During an infection with pathogenic bacteria, such as adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) associated with Crohn disease, exosomes secreted by infected cells can have an impact on the innate immune responses of surrounding cells to infection. Furthermore, inflammation can be amplified via the exosomal shuttle during infection with pathogenic bacteria, which could contribute to the development of the associated disease. Since these vesicles can be released in various biological fluids, changes in exosomal content may provide a means for the identification of non-invasive biomarkers for infectious and inflammatory bowel diseases. Moreover, evidence suggests that exosomes could be used as vaccines to prime the immune system to recognize and kill invading pathogens, and as therapeutic components relieving intestinal inflammation. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of exosomes in bacterial infections and highlight their potential use as biomarkers, vaccines and conveyers of therapeutic molecules in inflammatory bowel diseases.
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26
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Cell-Free Nucleic Acids and their Emerging Role in the Pathogenesis and Clinical Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153662. [PMID: 31357438 PMCID: PMC6696129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free nucleic acids (cfNAs) are defined as any nucleic acids that are present outside the cell. They represent valuable biomarkers in various diagnostic protocols such as prenatal diagnostics, the detection of cancer, and cardiovascular or autoimmune diseases. However, in the current literature, little is known about their implication in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a group of multifactorial, autoimmune, and debilitating diseases with increasing incidence worldwide. Despite extensive research, their etiology and exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Since cfNAs were observed in other autoimmune diseases and appear to be relevant in inflammatory processes, their role in the pathogenesis of IBD has also been suggested. This review provides a summary of knowledge from the available literature about cfDNA and cfRNA and the structures involving them such as exosomes and neutrophil extracellular traps and their association with IBD. Current studies showed the promise of cfNAs in the management of IBD not only as biomarkers distinguishing patients from healthy people and differentiating active from inactive disease state, but also as a potential therapeutic target. However, the detailed biological characteristics of cfNAs need to be fully elucidated in future experimental and clinical studies.
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27
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Chan BD, Wong WY, Lee MML, Cho WCS, Yee BK, Kwan YW, Tai WCS. Exosomes in Inflammation and Inflammatory Disease. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800149. [PMID: 30758141 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles released by all cell types and involved in local and systemic intercellular communication. In the past decade, research into exosomes has swelled as their important role in the mediation of health and disease has been increasingly established and acknowledged. Exosomes carry a diverse range of cargo including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids derived from their parental cell that, when delivered to the recipient cell, can confer pathogenic or therapeutic effects through modulation of immunity and inflammation. In this review, the role of exosomes on mediation of immune and inflammatory responses, and their participation in diseases with a significant inflammatory component is discussed. The considerable potential for exosomes in therapy and diagnosis of inflammatory diseases is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Dow Chan
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Wing-Yan Wong
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Magnolia Muk-Lan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - William Chi-Shing Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Benjamin K Yee
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yiu Wa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - William Chi-Shing Tai
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
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28
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Palmela C, Chevarin C, Xu Z, Torres J, Sevrin G, Hirten R, Barnich N, Ng SC, Colombel JF. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2018; 67:574-587. [PMID: 29141957 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal microbiome dysbiosis has been consistently described in patients with IBD. In the last decades, Escherichia coli, and the adherent-invasive E coli (AIEC) pathotype in particular, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. Since the discovery of AIEC, two decades ago, progress has been made in unravelling these bacteria characteristics and its interaction with the gut immune system. The mechanisms of adhesion of AIEC to intestinal epithelial cells (via FimH and cell adhesion molecule 6) and its ability to escape autophagy when inside macrophages are reviewed here. We also explore the existing data on the prevalence of AIEC in patients with Crohn's disease and UC, and the association between the presence of AIEC and disease location, activity and postoperative recurrence. Finally, we highlight potential therapeutic strategies targeting AIEC colonisation of gut mucosa, including the use of phage therapy, bacteriocins and antiadhesive molecules. These strategies may open new avenues for the prevention and treatment of IBD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Palmela
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - Caroline Chevarin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Zhilu Xu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Science, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joana Torres
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - Gwladys Sevrin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Robert Hirten
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Siew C Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Science, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
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29
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Rider MA, Hurwitz SN, Meckes DG. ExtraPEG: A Polyethylene Glycol-Based Method for Enrichment of Extracellular Vesicles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23978. [PMID: 27068479 PMCID: PMC4828635 DOI: 10.1038/srep23978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially thought to be a means for cells to eliminate waste, secreted extracellular vesicles, known as exosomes, are now understood to mediate numerous healthy and pathological processes. Though abundant in biological fluids, purifying exosomes has been challenging because their biophysical properties overlap with other secreted cell products. Easy-to-use commercial kits for harvesting exosomes are now widely used, but the relative low-purity and high-cost of the preparations restricts their utility. Here we describe a method for purifying exosomes and other extracellular vesicles by adapting methods for isolating viruses using polyethylene glycol. This technique, called ExtraPEG, enriches exosomes from large volumes of media rapidly and inexpensively using low-speed centrifugation, followed by a single small-volume ultracentrifugation purification step. Total protein and RNA harvested from vesicles is sufficient in quantity and quality for proteomics and sequencing analyses, demonstrating the utility of this method for biomarker discovery and diagnostics. Additionally, confocal microscopy studies suggest that the biological activity of vesicles is not impaired. The ExtraPEG method can be easily adapted to enrich for different vesicle populations, or as an efficient precursor to subsequent purification techniques, providing a means to harvest exosomes from many different biological fluids and for a wide variety of purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Rider
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, 32306, FL, USA
| | - Stephanie N. Hurwitz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, 32306, FL, USA
| | - David G. Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, 32306, FL, USA
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30
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Carrière J, Barnich N, Nguyen HTT. Exosomes: From Functions in Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Diagnostic and Therapeutic Opportunities. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 172:39-75. [PMID: 27600934 DOI: 10.1007/112_2016_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since their first description in the 1980s, exosomes, small endosomal-derived extracellular vesicles, have been involved in innate and adaptive immunity through modulating immune responses and mediating antigen presentation. Increasing evidence has reported the role of exosomes in host-pathogen interactions and particularly in the activation of antimicrobial immune responses. The growing interest concerning exosomes in infectious diseases, their accessibility in various body fluids, and their capacity to convey a rich content (e.g., proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) to distant recipient cells led the scientific community to consider the use of exosomes as potential new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. In this review, we summarize current understandings of exosome biogenesis and their composition and highlight the function of exosomes as immunomodulators in pathological states such as in infectious disorders. The potential of using exosomes as diagnostic and therapeutic tools is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Carrière
- University of Clermont Auvergne, M2iSH, UMR 1071 INSERM/University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63001, France.,INRA USC 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, 63001, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- University of Clermont Auvergne, M2iSH, UMR 1071 INSERM/University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63001, France.,INRA USC 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, 63001, France
| | - Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- University of Clermont Auvergne, M2iSH, UMR 1071 INSERM/University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63001, France. .,INRA USC 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, 63001, France.
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