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Muniraj T, Desir G, Gorelick FS, Guo X, Ciarleglio MM, Deng Y, Jamidar PA, Farrell J, Aslanian HR, Laine L. Clinical predictive value of renalase in post-ERCP pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2024; 99:822-825.e1. [PMID: 38103747 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2023.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plasma levels of renalase decrease in acute experimental pancreatitis. We aimed to determine if decreases in plasma renalase levels after ERCP predict the occurrence of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). METHODS In this prospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary hospital, plasma renalase was determined before ERCP (baseline) and at 30 and 60 minutes after ERCP. Native renalase levels, acidified renalase, and native-to-acidified renalase proportions were analyzed over time using a longitudinal regression model. RESULTS Among 273 patients, 31 developed PEP. Only 1 PEP patient had a baseline native renalase >6.0 μg/mL, whereas 38 of 242 without PEP had a native renalase > 6.0 μg/mL, indicating a sensitivity of 97% (30/31) and specificity of 16% (38/242) in predicting PEP. Longitudinal models did not show differences over time between groups. CONCLUSIONS Baseline native renalase levels are very sensitive for predicting PEP. Further studies are needed to determine the potential clinical role of renalase in predicting and preventing PEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruvengadam Muniraj
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gary Desir
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fred S Gorelick
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiaojia Guo
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maria M Ciarleglio
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yanhong Deng
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Priya A Jamidar
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - James Farrell
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Harry R Aslanian
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Loren Laine
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Żórawik A, Hajdusianek W, Markiewicz-Górka I, Jaremków A, Pawlas K, Martynowicz H, Mazur G, Poręba R, Gać P. Coexistence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Blood Renalase Concentration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16666. [PMID: 38068986 PMCID: PMC10705922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the biggest health challenges facing health systems around the world. There are certain risk factors (CVRFs) that contribute to CVD. Risk factors associated with lifestyle such as tobacco consumption are particularly essential. Renalase is a recently discovered flavoprotein that may be involved in the progression of cardiometabolic diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between CVRFs and blood renalase concentration (BRC). The study group consisted of 96 people (51% women) who were hospitalized in the internal medicine department. CVRFs were measured using the AHA Life 7 scale. The E3109Hu ELISA kit was used to assess BRC. We found higher BRC in groups with a lower number of CVRFs (p < 0.05). We found a negative correlation between BRC and the number of CVRFs (r = -0.41). With the regression analysis, obesity, smoking, and a lack of physical activity (LoPE) were independently associated with lower blood renalase concentration. ROC analysis indicated the highest accuracy of BRC < 38.98 ng/mL in patients with ≥5 CVRFs. In conclusion, patients with a higher number of CVRFs had lower BRCs. The CVRFs particularly associated with a lower BRC were obesity, smoking, and LoPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Żórawik
- Department of Population Health, Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Hajdusianek
- Department of Population Health, Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Markiewicz-Górka
- Department of Population Health, Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jaremków
- Department of Population Health, Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pawlas
- Department of Population Health, Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Helena Martynowicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, PL 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Mazur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, PL 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Poręba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, PL 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Gać
- Department of Population Health, Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
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Mao X, Wang G, Wang Z, Duan C, Wu X, Xu H. Theranostic Lipid Nanoparticles for Renal Cell Carcinoma. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2306246. [PMID: 37747365 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common urological malignancy and represents a leading threat to healthcare. Recent years have seen a series of progresses in the early diagnosis and management of RCC. Theranostic lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are increasingly becoming one of the focuses in this field, because of their suitability for tumor targeting and multimodal therapy. LNPs can be precisely fabricated with desirable chemical compositions and biomedical properties, which closely match the physiological characteristics and clinical needs of RCC. Herein, a comprehensive review of theranostic LNPs is presented, emphasizing the generic tool nature of LNPs in developing advanced micro-nano biomaterials. It begins with a brief overview of the compositions and formation mechanism of LNPs, followed with an introduction to kidney-targeting approaches, such as passive, active, and stimulus responsive targeting. With examples provided, a series of modification strategies for enhancing the tumor targeting and functionality of LNPs are discussed. Thereafter, research advances on applications of these LNPs for RCC including bioimaging, liquid biopsy, drug delivery, physical therapy, and gene therapy are summarized and discussed from an interdisciplinary perspective. The final part highlights the milestone achievements of translation medicine, current challenges as well as future development directions of LNPs for the diagnosis and treatment of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongmin Mao
- Department of Urology, Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment and Translational Medicine Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guanyi Wang
- Department of Urology, Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment and Translational Medicine Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- Department of Urology, Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment and Translational Medicine Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chen Duan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment and Translational Medicine Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
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Kiewa J, Mortlock S, Meltzer-Brody S, Middeldorp C, Wray NR, Byrne EM. A Common Genetic Factor Underlies Genetic Risk for Gynaecological and Reproductive Disorders and Is Correlated with Risk to Depression. Neuroendocrinology 2023; 113:1059-1075. [PMID: 37544299 PMCID: PMC10614513 DOI: 10.1159/000533413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sex steroid hormone fluctuations may underlie both reproductive disorders and sex differences in lifetime depression prevalence. Previous studies report high comorbidity among reproductive disorders and between reproductive disorders and depression. This study sought to assess the multivariate genetic architecture of reproductive disorders and their loading onto a common genetic factor and investigated whether this latent factor shares a common genetic architecture with female depression, including perinatal depression (PND). METHOD Using UK Biobank and FinnGen data, genome-wide association meta-analyses were conducted for nine reproductive disorders, and genetic correlation between disorders was estimated. Genomic Structural Equation Modelling identified a latent genetic factor underlying disorders, accounting for their significant genetic correlations. SNPs significantly associated with both latent factor and depression were identified. RESULTS Excellent model fit existed between a latent factor underlying five reproductive disorders (χ2 (5) = 6.4; AIC = 26.4; CFI = 1.00; SRMR = 0.03) with high standardised loadings for menorrhagia (0.96, SE = 0.05); ovarian cysts (0.94, SE = 0.05); endometriosis (0.83, SE = 0.05); menopausal symptoms (0.77, SE = 0.10); and uterine fibroids (0.65, SE = 0.05). This latent factor was genetically correlated with PND (rG = 0.37, SE = 0.15, p = 1.4e-03), depression in females only (rG = 0.48, SE = 0.06, p = 7.2e-11), and depression in both males and females (MD) (rG = 0.35, SE = 0.03, p = 1.8e-30), with its top locus associated with FSHB/ARL14EP (rs11031006; p = 9.1e-33). SNPs intronic to ESR1, significantly associated with the latent factor, were also associated with PND, female depression, and MD. CONCLUSION A common genetic factor, correlated with depression, underlies risk of reproductive disorders, with implications for aetiology and treatment. Genetic variation in ESR1 is associated with reproductive disorders and depression, highlighting the importance of oestrogen signalling for both reproductive and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kiewa
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sally Mortlock
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Christel Middeldorp
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Youth and Family and Department of Research, Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Levvel, Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi R. Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Enda M. Byrne
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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5
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Wang M, Weiss FU, Guo X, Kolodecik T, Bewersdorf JP, Laine L, Lerch MM, Desir G, Gorelick FS. Plasma renalase levels are associated with the development of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2023; 23:158-162. [PMID: 36697349 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Severe acute pancreatitis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Identifying factors that affect the risk of developing severe disease could influence management. Plasma levels of renalase, an anti-inflammatory secretory protein, dramatically decrease in a murine acute pancreatitis model. We assessed this response in hospitalized acute pancreatitis patients to determine if reduced plasma renalase levels occur in humans. METHODS Plasma samples were prospectively and sequentially collected from patients hospitalized for acute pancreatitis. Two forms of plasma renalase, native (no acid) and acidified, were measured by ELISA and RNLS levels were compared between healthy controls and patients with mild and severe disease (defined as APACHE-II score ≥7) using nonparametric statistical analysis. RESULTS Control (33) and acute pancreatitis (mild, 230 (76.7%) and severe, 70 (23.3%) patients were studied. Acidified RNLS levels were lower in pancreatitis patients: Control: 10.1 μg/ml, Mild 5.1 μg/ml, Severe 6.0 μg/ml; p < 0.001. Native RNLS levels were increased in AP: Control: 0.4 μg/ml, Mild 0.9 μg g/ml, Severe 1.2 μg/ml p < 0.001; those with severe AP trended to have higher native RNLS levels than those with mild disease (p = 0.056). In patients with severe AP, higher APACHE-II scores at 24 h after admission correlated with lower acid-sensitive RNLS levels on admission (r = -0.31, p = 0.023). CONCLUSION Low plasma acidified RNLS levels, and increased native RNLS levels are associated with AP. Additional studies should assess the clinical correlation between plasma RNLS levels and AP severity and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Wang
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Xiaojia Guo
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, USA
| | - Thomas Kolodecik
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, USA
| | | | - Loren Laine
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, USA
| | | | - Gary Desir
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, USA
| | - Fred S Gorelick
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, USA.
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6
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Shen WC, Sun ZJ, Chou CY, Chou YT, Lu FH, Yang YC, Chang CJ, Wu JS. Association of simple renal cysts with metabolic syndrome in adults. Front Public Health 2022; 10:951638. [PMID: 36408037 PMCID: PMC9669605 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.951638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Metabolic syndrome is common nowadays and may increase risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular complications and even mortality. Renal cysts are also frequently found during routine examination. However, the relationship between simple renal cysts (SRCs) and metabolic syndrome remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association of SRCs with metabolic syndrome. Methods A total of 16,216 subjects aged ≥18 years were enrolled in this study. SRCs were diagnosed with ultrasonography by finding: sharp, thin posterior walls, a round/oval shape, absence of internal echoes, and posterior enhancement. SRCs were categorized by number (0, 1, and ≥2) and size (<2 and ≥2 cm). Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the consensus statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Results In multivariate analysis, SRCs were positively related to metabolic syndrome (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.06-1.34). The risk of metabolic syndrome was higher for SRCs with a number ≥2 (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.08-1.68) and size ≥2 cm (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.10-1.61). When considering the SRC number and size concomitantly, SRCs with a number ≥2/size ≥2 cm (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.02-1.98) or <2/size ≥2 cm (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.04-1.62) were positively related to metabolic syndrome. Conclusions Simple renal cysts were found to be related to a higher risk of metabolic syndrome, and the association is more significant in those with larger (sizes ≥2cm) or plural (numbers ≥2) SRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Shen
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Jie Sun
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Division of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital Dou-Liou Branch, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Ying Chou
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tsung Chou
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Department of Health Management Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Hwa Lu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Yang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Department of Family Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Shang Wu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Division of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital Dou-Liou Branch, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Yunlin, Taiwan,Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,*Correspondence: Jin-Shang Wu
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7
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Renalase: a novel regulator of cardiometabolic and renal diseases. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:1582-1598. [PMID: 35941358 PMCID: PMC9358379 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Renalase is a ~38 kDa flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) domain-containing protein that can function as a cytokine and an anomerase. It is emerging as a novel regulator of cardiometabolic diseases. Expressed mainly in the kidneys, renalase has been reported to have a hypotensive effect and may control blood pressure through regulation of sympathetic tone. Furthermore, genetic variations in the renalase gene, such as a functional missense polymorphism (Glu37Asp), have implications in the cardiovascular and renal systems and can potentially increase the risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Research on the physiological functions and biochemical actions of renalase over the years has indicated a role for renalase as one of the key proteins involved in various disease states, such as diabetes, impaired lipid metabolism, and cancer. Recent studies have identified three transcription factors (viz., Sp1, STAT3, and ZBP89) as key positive regulators in modulating the expression of the human renalase gene. Moreover, renalase is under the post-transcriptional regulation of two microRNAs (viz., miR-29b, and miR-146a), which downregulate renalase expression. While renalase supplementation may be useful for treating hypertension, inhibition of renalase signaling may be beneficial to patients with cancerous tumors. However, more incisive investigations are required to unravel the potential therapeutic applications of renalase. Based on the literature pertaining to the function and physiology of renalase, this review attempts to consolidate and comprehend the role of renalase in regulating cardiometabolic and renal disorders. ![]()
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Rocco E, Grimaldi MC, Maino A, Cappannoli L, Pedicino D, Liuzzo G, Biasucci LM. Advances and Challenges in Biomarkers Use for Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction: From Bench to Clinical Practice. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11072055. [PMID: 35407662 PMCID: PMC8999821 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11072055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is related to a broad variety of clinical scenarios in which cardiac microvasculature is morphologically and functionally affected, and it is associated with impaired responses to vasoactive stimuli. Although the prevalence of CMD involves about half of all patients with chronic coronary syndromes and more than 20% of those with acute coronary syndrome, the diagnosis of CMD is often missed, leading to the underestimation of its clinical importance. The established and validated techniques for the measurement of coronary microvascular function are invasive and expensive. An ideal method to assess endothelial dysfunction should be accurate, non-invasive, cost-effective and accessible. There are varieties of biomarkers available, potentially involved in microvascular disease, but none have been extensively validated in this heterogeneous clinical population. The investigation of potential biomarkers linked to microvascular dysfunction might improve the assessment of the diagnosis, risk stratification, disease progression and therapy response. This review article offers an update about traditional and novel potential biomarkers linked to CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Rocco
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Cardiology Unit, ICOT Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04110 Latina, Italy;
| | - Maria Chiara Grimaldi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pneumological Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (L.C.); (D.P.); (G.L.); (L.M.B.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandro Maino
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pneumological Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (L.C.); (D.P.); (G.L.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Luigi Cappannoli
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pneumological Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (L.C.); (D.P.); (G.L.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Daniela Pedicino
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pneumological Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (L.C.); (D.P.); (G.L.); (L.M.B.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Liuzzo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pneumological Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (L.C.); (D.P.); (G.L.); (L.M.B.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Marzio Biasucci
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pneumological Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (L.C.); (D.P.); (G.L.); (L.M.B.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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9
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Guo X, Jessel S, Qu R, Kluger Y, Chen TM, Hollander L, Safirstein R, Nelson B, Cha C, Bosenberg M, Jilaveanu LB, Rimm D, Rothlin CV, Kluger HM, Desir GV. Inhibition of renalase drives tumour rejection by promoting T cell activation. Eur J Cancer 2022; 165:81-96. [PMID: 35219026 PMCID: PMC8940682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors have revolutionised treatment for advanced melanoma, not all patients respond. We previously showed that inhibition of the flavoprotein renalase (RNLS) in preclinical melanoma models decreases tumour growth. We hypothesised that RNLS inhibition promotes tumour rejection by effects on the tumour microenvironment (TME). METHODS We used two distinct murine melanoma models, studied in RNLS knockout (KO) or wild-type (WT) mice. WT mice were treated with the anti-RNLS antibody, m28, with or without anti-PD-1. 10X single-cell RNA-sequencing was used to identify transcriptional differences between treatment groups, and tumour cell content was interrogated by flow cytometry. Samples from patients treated with immunotherapy were examined for RNLS expression by quantitative immunofluorescence. RESULTS RNLS KO mice injected with wild-type melanoma cells reject their tumours, supporting the importance of RNLS in cells in the TME. This effect was blunted by anti-cluster of differentiation 3. However, MØ-specific RNLS ablation was insufficient to abrogate tumour formation. Anti-RNLS antibody treatment of melanoma-bearing mice resulted in enhanced T cell infiltration and activation and resulted in immune memory on rechallenging mice with injection of melanoma cells. At the single-cell level, treatment with anti-RNLS antibodies resulted in increased tumour density of MØ, neutrophils and lymphocytes and increased expression of IFNγ and granzyme B in natural killer cells and T cells. Intratumoural Forkhead Box P3 + CD4 cells were decreased. In two distinct murine melanoma models, we showed that melanoma-bearing mice treated with anti-RNLS antibodies plus anti-PD-1 had superior tumour shrinkage and survival than with either treatment alone. Importantly, in pretreatment samples from patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors, high RNLS expression was associated with decreased survival (log-rank P = 0.006), independent of other prognostic variables. CONCLUSIONS RNLS KO results in melanoma tumour regression in a T-cell-dependent fashion. Anti-RNLS antibodies enhance anti-PD-1 activity in two distinct aggressive murine melanoma models resistant to PD-1 inhibitors, supporting the development of anti-RNLS antibodies with PD-1 inhibitors as a novel approach for melanomas poorly responsive to anti-PD-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Guo
- Department of Medicine Section of Nephrology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shlomit Jessel
- Department of Medicine Section of Medical Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rihao Qu
- Department of Medicine Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Medicine Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tian-Min Chen
- Department of Medicine Section of Nephrology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lindsay Hollander
- Department of Medicine Section of Nephrology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert Safirstein
- Department of Medicine Section of Nephrology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Medicine VACHS, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bryce Nelson
- Department of Medicine Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles Cha
- Department of Medicine Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Department of Medicine Section of Medical Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lucia B Jilaveanu
- Department of Medicine Section of Medical Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Rimm
- Department of Medicine Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Medicine Immunology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Harriet M Kluger
- Department of Medicine Section of Medical Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gary V Desir
- Department of Medicine Section of Nephrology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Medicine VACHS, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Medicine Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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10
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Guo X, Xu L, Velazquez H, Chen TM, Williams RM, Heller DA, Burtness B, Safirstein R, Desir GV. Kidney-Targeted Renalase Agonist Prevents Cisplatin-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease by Inhibiting Regulated Necrosis and Inflammation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:342-356. [PMID: 34921111 PMCID: PMC8819981 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated administration of cisplatin causes CKD. In previous studies, we reported that the kidney-secreted survival protein renalase (RNLS) and an agonist peptide protected mice from cisplatin-induced AKI. METHODS To investigate whether kidney-targeted delivery of RNLS might prevent cisplatin-induced CKD in a mouse model, we achieved specific delivery of a RNLS agonist peptide (RP81) to the renal proximal tubule by encapsulating the peptide in mesoscale nanoparticles (MNPs). We used genetic deletion of RNLS, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, and Western blotting to determine efficacy and to explore underlying mechanisms. We also measured plasma RNLS in patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma receiving their first dose of cisplatin chemotherapy. RESULTS In mice with CKD induced by cisplatin, we observed an approximate 60% reduction of kidney RNLS; genetic deletion of RNLS was associated with significantly more severe cisplatin-induced CKD. In this severe model of cisplatin-induced CKD, systemic administration of MNP-encapsulated RP81 (RP81-MNP) significantly reduced CKD as assessed by plasma creatinine and histology. It also decreased inflammatory cytokines in plasma and inhibited regulated necrosis in kidney. Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses revealed that RP81-MNP preserved epithelial components of the nephron and the vasculature and suppressed inflammatory macrophages and myofibroblasts. In patients receiving their first dose of cisplatin chemotherapy, plasma RNLS levels trended lower at day 14 post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS Kidney-targeted delivery of RNLS agonist RP81-MNP protects against cisplatin-induced CKD by decreasing cell death and improving the viability of the renal proximal tubule. These findings suggest that such an approach might mitigate the development of CKD in patients receiving cisplatin cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Guo
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Leyuan Xu
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Heino Velazquez
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tian-Min Chen
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ryan M. Williams
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Robert Safirstein
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gary V. Desir
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
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11
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The Effect of Renalase rs2576178 and rs10887800 Polymorphisms on Ischemic Stroke Susceptibility in Young Patients (<50 Years): A Case-Control Study and In Silico Analysis. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:5542292. [PMID: 34603559 PMCID: PMC8483926 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5542292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke (IS) is the most common form of cerebrovascular accident which its precise etiology remains mysterious. Renalase is a catecholamine-degrading enzyme playing a major role in blood pressure control. Recent studies show the effect of renalase activity on various diseases like IS. In the current study, we examined the possible effects of renalase gene (RNLS) rs2576178 and rs10887800 variants at the 5′-flanking and intron 6 regions on IS, respectively. Methods One hundred and fifty-four IS patients younger than 50 years and 165 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited in the study. For genotyping of rs2576178 and rs10887800 variants, the PCR-RFLP method was used. Results The RNLS rs10887800 AG genotype was more repeated in IS patients, but the difference was marginally nonsignificant (P = 0.054). This variant was associated with IS in the overdominant model, and the AG genotype is associated with a1.6-fold increased risk of IS compared to AA+ GG genotypes (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1-2.5, P = 0.033). No relationship was observed between RNLS rs2576178 polymorphism and IS in all genetic models. The findings of the haplotype and combination effects of rs10887800 and rs2576178 variants on IS showed no significant association. The in silico analysis showed no effect of rs2576178 and rs10887800 polymorphisms in the RNA structure, but the alteration of RNA sequence in rs2576178 results in the lack of a MBNL1 protein binding site. Conclusions RNLS rs10887800 but not rs2576178 polymorphism was associated with IS susceptibility in the overdominant model (AG vs AA+ GG genotypes).
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12
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Pointer TC, Gorelick FS, Desir GV. Renalase: A Multi-Functional Signaling Molecule with Roles in Gastrointestinal Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082006. [PMID: 34440775 PMCID: PMC8391834 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival factor renalase (RNLS) is a recently discovered secretory protein with potent prosurvival and anti-inflammatory effects. Several evolutionarily conserved RNLS domains are critical to its function. These include a 20 aa site that encodes for its prosurvival effects. Its prosurvival effects are shown in GI disease models including acute cerulein pancreatitis. In rodent models of pancreatic cancer and human cancer tissues, increased RNLS expression promotes cancer cell survival but shortens life expectancy. This 37 kD protein can regulate cell signaling as an extracellular molecule and probably also at intracellular sites. Extracellular RNLS signals through a specific plasma membrane calcium export transporter; this interaction appears most relevant to acute injury and cancer. Preliminary studies using RNLS agonists and antagonists, as well as various preclinical disease models, suggest that the immunologic and prosurvival effects of RNLS will be relevant to diverse pathologies that include acute organ injuries and select cancers. Future studies should define the roles of RNLS in intestinal diseases, characterizing the RNLS-activated pathways linked to cell survival and developing therapeutic agents that can increase or decrease RNLS in relevant clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Pointer
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (T.C.P.); (F.S.G.)
| | - Fred S. Gorelick
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (T.C.P.); (F.S.G.)
- VA Connecticut Health Care System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Gary V. Desir
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (T.C.P.); (F.S.G.)
- VA Connecticut Health Care System, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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Wiśniewska M, Serwin N, Dziedziejko V, Marchelek-Myśliwiec M, Dołęgowska B, Domański L, Ciechanowski K, Safranow K, Gołębiowski T, Pawlik A. The Effect of Bilateral Nephrectomy on Renalase and Catecholamines in Hemodialysis Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126282. [PMID: 34200667 PMCID: PMC8296035 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aims: Renalase is an enzyme with monoamine oxidase activity that metabolizes catecholamines; therefore, it has a significant influence on arterial blood pressure regulation and the development of cardiovascular diseases. Renalase is mainly produced in the kidneys. Nephrectomy and hemodialysis (HD) may alter the production and metabolism of renalase. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of bilateral nephrectomy on renalase levels in the serum and erythrocytes of hemodialysis patients. Methods: This study included 27 hemodialysis patients post-bilateral nephrectomy, 46 hemodialysis patients without nephrectomy but with chronic kidney disease and anuria and 30 healthy subjects with normal kidney function. Renalase levels in the serum and erythrocytes were measured using an ELISA kit. Results: Serum concentrations of renalase were significantly higher in post-bilateral nephrectomy patients when compared with those of control subjects (101.1 ± 65.5 vs. 19.6 ± 5.0; p < 0.01). Additionally, renalase concentrations, calculated per gram of hemoglobin, were significantly higher in patients after bilateral nephrectomy in comparison with those of healthy subjects (994.9 ± 345.5 vs. 697.6 ± 273.4, p = 0.015). There were no statistically significant differences in plasma concentrations of noradrenaline or adrenaline. In contrast, the concentration of dopamine was significantly lower in post-nephrectomy patients when compared with those of healthy subjects (116.8 ± 147.7 vs. 440.9 ± 343.2, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Increased serum levels of renalase in post-bilateral nephrectomy hemodialysis patients are likely related to production in extra-renal organs as a result of changes in the cardiovascular system and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Wiśniewska
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.W.); (M.M.-M.); (L.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Natalia Serwin
- Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (N.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Violetta Dziedziejko
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (V.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Marchelek-Myśliwiec
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.W.); (M.M.-M.); (L.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (N.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Leszek Domański
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.W.); (M.M.-M.); (L.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Kazimierz Ciechanowski
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.W.); (M.M.-M.); (L.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (V.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Tomasz Gołębiowski
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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14
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Wisniewska M, Serwin N, Dziedziejko V, Marchelek-Mysliwiec M, Dołegowska B, Domanski L, Ciechanowski K, Safranow K, Pawlik A. Renalase in Haemodialysis Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040680. [PMID: 33578719 PMCID: PMC7916481 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an inflammatory disease leading to kidney insufficiency and uremia. Renalase is a novel flavoprotein with enzymatic activities. Previous studies have shown that chronic kidney disease may influence renalase serum levels. Renalase metabolises catecholamines and therefore may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and other diseases of the circulatory system. In this study, we examined renalase levels in serum, erythrocytes and urine from haemodialysis CKD patients. The study enrolled 77 haemodialysis CKD patients and 30 healthy subjects with normal kidney function as the control group. Renalase serum and urine concentrations in CKD patients were significantly increased when compared with control subjects (185.5 ± 64.3 vs. 19.6 ± 5.0 ng/mL; p < 0.00001 and 207.1 ± 60.5 vs. 141.6 ± 41.3 ng/mL; p = 0.00040, respectively). In contrast, renalase levels in erythrocytes were significantly lower in CKD patients when compared with control subjects (176.5 ± 60.9 vs. 233.2 ± 83.1 ng/mL; p = 0.00096). Plasma levels of dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline were also significantly lower in CKD patients when compared with controls. Conclusions: Increased serum and urine concentrations of renalase in haemodialysis CKD patients are likely related to compensatory production in extrarenal organs as a result of changes in the cardiovascular system and hypertension. The decreased plasma concentrations of catecholamines may be due to their increased degradation by plasma renalase. Decreased renalase levels in erythrocytes may be probably due to lower renalase synthesis by the kidneys in CKD. The results indicate the presence of renalase in erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Wisniewska
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.W.); (M.M.-M.); (L.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Natalia Serwin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (N.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Violetta Dziedziejko
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (V.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Marchelek-Mysliwiec
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.W.); (M.M.-M.); (L.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Barbara Dołegowska
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (N.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Leszek Domanski
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.W.); (M.M.-M.); (L.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Kazimierz Ciechanowski
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.W.); (M.M.-M.); (L.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (V.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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15
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Li Y, Wu W, Liu W, Zhou M. Roles and mechanisms of renalase in cardiovascular disease: A promising therapeutic target. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110712. [PMID: 32916539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is prevalent worldwide and remains a leading cause of death. Although substantial progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of CVD, the prognosis remains unsatisfactory. Renalase is a newly discovered cytokine that is synthesized by the kidney and then secreted into blood. Numerous studies have suggested the efficacy of renalase in treating CVD by metabolizing catecholamines in the circulatory system. As a new biomarker of heart disease, renalase is normally recognized as a signalling molecule that activates cytoprotective intracellular signals to lower blood pressure, protect ischaemic heart muscle and promote atherosclerotic plaque stability in CVD, which subsequently improves cardiac function. Due to its important regulatory role in the circulatory system, renalase has gradually become a potential target in the treatment of CVD. This review summarizes the structure, mechanism and function of renalase in CVD, thereby providing preclinical evidence for alternative approaches and new prospects in the development of renalase-related drugs against CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- London Metropolitan University, London, N7 8DB, United Kingdom
| | - Weihong Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Mingxue Zhou
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010, China.
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16
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Chang J, Guo X, Rao V, Gromisch E, Chung S, Kluger H, Cha C, Gorelick F, Testani J, Safirstein R, Crowley S, Peixoto A, Desir G. Identification of Two Forms of Human Plasma Renalase, and Their Association With All-Cause Mortality. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 5:362-368. [PMID: 32154458 PMCID: PMC7056858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Chang
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health System, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - X. Guo
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - V. Rao
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - E.S. Gromisch
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health System, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Mandell Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Mount Sinai Rehabilitation Hospital, Trinity Health of New England, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - S. Chung
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - H.M. Kluger
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - C. Cha
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - F. Gorelick
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health System, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - J. Testani
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - R. Safirstein
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health System, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - S. Crowley
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health System, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - A.J. Peixoto
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - G.V. Desir
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health System, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Renalase Attenuates Mouse Fatty Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through Mitigating Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage via Activating SIRT1. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7534285. [PMID: 31949882 PMCID: PMC6948337 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7534285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is a severe complication of liver surgery. Moreover, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients are particularly vulnerable to IR injury, with higher rates of postoperative morbidity and mortality after liver surgeries. Our previous study found that renalase (RNLS) was highly sensitive and responsive to oxidative stress, which may be a promising biomarker for the evaluation of the severity of liver IR injury. However, the role of RNLS in liver IR injury remains unclear. In the present study, we intensively explored the role and mechanism of RNLS in fatty liver IR injury in vivo and in vitro. C57BL/6 mice were divided into 2 groups feeding with high-fat diet (HFD) and control diet (CD), respectively. After 20 weeks' feeding, they were suffered from portal triad blockage and reflow to induce liver IR injury. Additionally, oleic acid (OA) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) were used in vitro to induce steatotic hepatocytes and to simulate ROS burst and mimic cellular oxidative stress following portal triad blockage and reflow, respectively. Our data showed that RNLS was downregulated in fatty livers, and RNLS administration effectively attenuated IR injury by reducing ROS production and improving mitochondrial function through activating SIRT1. Additionally, the downregulation of RNLS in the fatty liver was mediated by a decrease of signal transduction and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) expression under HFD conditions. These findings make RNLS a promising therapeutic strategy for the attenuation of liver IR injury.
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18
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Association of Plasma Renalase and Left Ventricle Mass Index in Heart Failure Patients Stratified to the Category of the Ejection Fraction: A Pilot Study. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:7265160. [PMID: 31737132 PMCID: PMC6815612 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7265160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure represents a growing health problem, with increasing morbidity and mortality globally. According to the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure, many biomarkers have been proposed for the timely diagnosis and prognostication of patients with heart failure, but other than natriuretic peptides, none of them has gained enough clinical significance. Renalase, a new protein derived from kidneys was demonstrated to metabolize catecholamines and to have a cardioprotective role. The aim of the study was to determine whether renalase and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentration could be used to differentiate heart failure patients stratified to the category of the ejection fraction and whether plasma renalase could be used as a biomarker for left ventricle hypertrophy in all subgroups of heart failure patients. We included patients diagnosed with heart failure and stratified them to the three subgroups according to the ejection fraction. Regarding echocardiographic parameters, HFmrEF had an intermediate profile in between HFrEF and HFpEF, with statistical significance in most evaluated parameters. BNP concentration was significantly different in all three subgroups (p < 0.001), and renalase was statistically higher in HFrEF (p = 0.007) compared to the HFmrEF and HFpEF, where its results were similar, without statistical significance. Renalase plasma concentration was demonstrated to be highly and positively associated with left ventricle mass index in HFrEF (p = 0.029), as well as increased plasma concentration of BNP (p = 0.006). In the HFmrEF group of patients, body mass index was positively associated with LVMI (p = 0.05), while in the patients with HFpEF, diabetes mellitus was demonstrated to have a positive association with LVMI (p = 0.043). These findings suggest that renalase concentration may be measured in order to differentiate patients with reduced ejection fraction. Plasma renalase concentrations positively correlated with left ventricle hypertrophy in patients with reduced ejection fraction, being strongly associated with increased left ventricular mass index.
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19
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Baek SH, Cha RH, Kang SW, Park CW, Cha DR, Kim SG, Yoon SA, Kim S, Han SY, Park JH, Chang JH, Lim CS, Kim YS, Na KY. Circulating renalase predicts all-cause mortality and renal outcomes in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. Korean J Intern Med 2019; 34:858-866. [PMID: 29172403 PMCID: PMC6610203 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2017.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been found to show markedly increased rates of end-stage renal disease, major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), and mortality. Therefore, new biomarkers are required for the early detection of such clinical outcomes in patients with CKD. We aimed to determine whether the level of circulating renalase was associated with CKD progression, MACCEs, and all-cause mortality, using data from a prospective randomized controlled study, Kremezin STudy Against Renal disease progression in Korea (K-STAR; NCT00860431). METHODS A retrospective analysis of the K-STAR data was performed including 383 patients with CKD (mean age, 56.4 years; male/female, 252/131). We measured circulating renalase levels and examined the effects of these levels on clinical outcomes. RESULTS The mean level of serum renalase was 75.8 ± 34.8 μg/mL. In the multivariable analysis, lower hemoglobin levels, higher serum creatinine levels, and diabetes mellitus were significantly associated with a higher renalase levels. Over the course of a mean follow-up period of 56 months, 25 deaths and 61 MACCEs occurred. Among 322 patients in whom these outcomes were assessed, 137 adverse renal outcomes occurred after a mean follow-up period of 27.8 months. Each 10- μg/mL increase in serum renalase was associated with significantly greater hazards of all-cause mortality and adverse renal outcomes (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.112, p = 0.049; HR = 1.052, p = 0.045). However, serum renalase level was not associated with the rate of MACCEs in patients with CKD. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that circulating renalase might be a predictor of mortality and adverse renal outcomes in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ha Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Ran-hui Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Whee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Sung Gyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Sun Ae Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Sejoong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Youb Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Chun Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Young Na
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Ki Young Na, M.D. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea Tel: +82-31-787-7014 Fax: +82-31-787-4051 E-mail:
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Safdar B, Guo X, Johnson C, D'Onofrio G, Dziura J, Sinusas AJ, Testani J, Rao V, Desir G. Elevated renalase levels in patients with acute coronary microvascular dysfunction - A possible biomarker for ischemia. Int J Cardiol 2019; 279:155-161. [PMID: 30630613 PMCID: PMC6482834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We explored the relationship between inflammation, renalase an anti-inflammatory protein, and acute chest pain with coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). METHODS AND RESULTS We used cardiac Rb-82 PET/CT imaging to diagnose coronary artery disease (CAD/CALC) (defect or coronary calcification) and CMD (depressed coronary flow reserve without CAD) in patients with chest pain in an emergency department (ED). Blood samples were collected pre-imaging within 24 h of ED presentation and were analyzed for renalase and inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein, interleukins, interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and metalloproteinases. Exclusions were age ≤30 years, myocardial infarction, hemodynamic instability, hypertensive crisis, heart failure or dialysis. Between 6/2014 and 11/2015, 80 patients undergoing PET/CT provided blood and were categorized as normal (18%), CAD/CALC (27%) and CMD (55%). Median renalase values were highest in patients with CMD (5503 ng/ml; IQR 3070) compared to patients with normal flows (4266 ng/ml; IQR 1503; p = 0.02) or CAD/CALC (4069 ng/ml IQR 1850; p = 0.004). CMD patients had similar median values for inflammatory markers as normal patients (p > 0.05). Renalase remained an independent predictor of CMD (OR 1.34; 95% CI = 1.1-1.7, per 1000 ng/ml) after adjustment for smoking, family history, obesity and Framingham risk score. In a model for CMD diagnosis with Framingham risk score, typical angina history and CRP, renalase improved discrimination from C-statistic = 0.60 (95% CI 0.47, 0.73) to 0.70 (95% CI, 0.59-0.82). CONCLUSION We found elevated renalase in response to ischemia from acute CMD. Its role as a biomarker needs validation in larger trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basmah Safdar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America.
| | - Xiaojia Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Nephrology), New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Caitlin Johnson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Gail D'Onofrio
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - James Dziura
- Yale Center for Analytical Sciences, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Albert J Sinusas
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiology), New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Testani
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiology), New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Veena Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Nephrology), New Haven, CT, United States of America; Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Cardiology), New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Gary Desir
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Nephrology), New Haven, CT, United States of America
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21
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Chokchaiwong S, Kuo YT, Lin SH, Hsu YC, Hsu SP, Liu YT, Chou AJ, Kao SH. Coenzyme Q10 serves to couple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid β-oxidation, and attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1445-1455. [PMID: 30003820 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1500695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder of fatty acid metabolism, is mostly caused by mutations in the ETFA, ETFB or ETFDH genes that result in dysfunctions in electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone dehydrogenase (ETFDH). In β-oxidation, fatty acids are processed to generate acyl-CoA, which is oxidised by flavin adenine dinucleotide and transfers an electron to ETF and, through ETFDH, to mitochondrial respiratory complex III to trigger ATP synthesis. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is believed to be a potential treatment that produces symptom relief in some MADD patients. CoQ10 acts as a key regulator linking ETFDH and mitochondrial respiratory complex III. Our aim is to investigate the effectiveness of CoQ10 in serving in the ETF/ETFDH system to improve mitochondrial function and to reduce lipotoxicity. In this study, we used lymphoblastoid cells with an ETFDH mutation from MADD patients. ETFDH dysfunction caused insufficient β-oxidation, leading to increasing lipid droplet and lipid peroxide accumulation. In contrast, supplementation with CoQ10 significantly recovered mitochondrial function and concurrently decreased the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides, inhibited the accumulation of lipid droplets and the formation of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing three (NLRP3) inflammasome, and reduced interleukin-1β release and cell death. These results clarify the causal role of CoQ10 in coupling the electron transport chain with β-oxidation, which may promote the development of CoQ10-directed therapies for MADD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suphannee Chokchaiwong
- a Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology , College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ting Kuo
- b Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine , College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan.,c Department of Pediatrics , Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiang Lin
- d School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology , College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Hsu
- d School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology , College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Sung-Po Hsu
- e Department of Physiology, School of Medicine , College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Liu
- f Taipei First Girls' High School , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - An-Je Chou
- f Taipei First Girls' High School , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Shu-Huei Kao
- a Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology , College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan.,d School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology , College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
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22
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Musialowska D, Zbroch E, Koc-Zorawska E, Musialowski P, Malyszko J. Endocan Concentration in Patients With Primary Hypertension. Angiology 2017; 69:483-489. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319717736158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction may play an important role in the multifactorial pathogenesis of hypertension. Endocan is also thought to play a role in cell adhesion and inflammatory disorders. The aim of the study was to compare endocan concentrations in patients with primary hypertension and healthy volunteers. There were 104 patients with hypertension (study group) and 21 healthy volunteers (control group). The correlation between endocan, catecholamines, and blood pressure control in patients with primary hypertension and the control group was analyzed. The median endocan concentration in the study group (2.03 ng/mL) was significantly higher than in the control group (1.09 ng/mL, P = .0001). Endocan concentration was correlated positively with renalase ( r = .2, P = .047) and norepinephrine ( r = .25, P = .02). Negative correlation was observed between endocan and body mass index ( r = −.25, P = .016) and leukocyte count ( r = −.36, P = .0004). The present study reports higher plasma endocan concentration in patients with treated, well-controlled primary hypertension compared with healthy volunteers. The higher endocan concentration in the study group may reflect endothelial dysfunction in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Musialowska
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Edyta Zbroch
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Koc-Zorawska
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Musialowski
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jolanta Malyszko
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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23
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Moran GR, Hoag MR. The enzyme: Renalase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 632:66-76. [PMID: 28558965 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the last two years catalytic substrates for renalase have been identified, some 10 years after its initial discovery. 2- and 6-dihydronicotinamide (2- and 6-DHNAD) isomers of β-NAD(P)H (4-dihydroNAD(P)) are rapidly oxidized by renalase to form β-NAD(P)+. The two electrons liberated are then passed to molecular oxygen by the renalase FAD cofactor forming hydrogen peroxide. This activity would appear to serve an intracellular detoxification/metabolite repair function that alleviates inhibition of primary metabolism dehydrogenases by 2- and 6-DHNAD molecules. This activity is supported by the complete structural assignment of the substrates, comprehensive kinetic analyses, defined species specific substrate specificity profiles and X-ray crystal structures that reveal ligand complexation consistent with this activity. This apparently intracellular function for the renalase enzyme is not allied with the majority of the renalase research that holds renalase to be a secreted mammalian protein that functions in blood to elicit a broad array of profound physiological changes. In this review a description of renalase as an enzyme is presented and an argument is offered that its enzymatic function can now reasonably be assumed to be uncoupled from whole organism physiological influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211-3209, United States.
| | - Matthew R Hoag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211-3209, United States
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24
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Stec A. Rs10887800 renalase gene polymorphism influences the level of circulating renalase in patients undergoing hemodialysis but not in healthy controls. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:118. [PMID: 28372594 PMCID: PMC5379720 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human renalase (RNLS), a recently identified flavoprotein with oxidoreductase activity, is secreted into blood by kidneys and metabolizes circulating catecholamines. Recent studies have revealed that common polymorphisms in RNLS gene might affect the risk of several cardiovascular conditions in hemodialyzed patients. However, the exact mechanism underlying this link remains unclear. The study aims to investigate the association between RNLS gene polymorphisms and plasma renalase level in ESKD patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD group) and healthy controls (HC). Methods A total of 309 hemodialyzed patients and 90 controls were enrolled in the study. All the participants were genotyped for two RNLS SNPs (rs2576178 and rs10887800) using PCR-RFLP method. Plasma renalase concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (USCN Life Science Inc., Wuhan, China). The IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analyses. Results Genotype distribution and allele frequencies of studied SNPs did not differ between two analyzed groups, p > .050. RNLS concentration in HD group (33.54 μg/mL) was significantly higher than in HC (13.16 μg/mL), p < .001. HD patients with rs10887800AA genotype had lower renalase level (29.32 μg/mL) compared to those with AG (34.52 μg/mL), p < .010 and GG genotype (35.91 μg/mL), p < .010. No significant differences in plasma RNLS between rs10887800AG and GG carriers were observed, p > .050. Interestingly, in HC group rs10887800 polymorphism did not influence RNLS concentration. Rs2576178 SNP did not affect the level of plasma RNLS either in HD group or in HC. Conclusion Rs10887800 polymorphic variant of RNLS gene influences the level of circulating RNLS in patients undergoing hemodialysis, and thus elucidates the potentially functional relevance of this polymorphism in HD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stec
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Jaczewskiego Street, 20954, Lublin, Poland.
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25
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Ibrahim IA, Sayed HA, Mohammed AA. Plasma renalase as a biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.4103/1110-7782.200966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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26
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Fatima SS, Jamil Z, Alam F, Malik HZ, Madhani SI, Ahmad MS, Shabbir T, Rehmani MN, Rabbani A. Polymorphism of the renalase gene in gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocrine 2017; 55:124-129. [PMID: 27507673 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Renalase is considered as a novel candidate gene for type 2 diabetes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship of serum renalase and two single nucleotide polymorphisms with gestational diabetes mellitus. One hundred and ninety-eight normotensive pregnant females (n = 99 gestational diabetes mellitus; n = 99 euglycemic pregnant controls) were classified according to the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study criteria. Fasting and 2-h post glucose load blood levels and anthropometric assessment was performed. Serum renalase was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas DNA samples were genotyped for renalase single nucleotide polymorphisms rs2576178 and rs10887800 using Polymerase chain reaction-Restriction fragment length polymorphism method. In an age-matched case control study, no difference was observed in the serum levels of renalase (p > 0.05). The variant rs10887800 showed an association with gestational diabetes mellitus and remained significant after multiple adjustments (p < 0.05), whereas rs2576178 showed weak association (p = 0.030) that was lost after multiple adjustments (p = 0.09). We inferred a modest association of the rs10887800 polymorphism with gestational diabetes. Although gestational diabetes mellitus is self-reversible, yet presence of this minor G allele might predispose to metabolic syndrome phenotypes in near the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Sadia Fatima
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Zehra Jamil
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Alam
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amna Rabbani
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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27
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Beaupre BA, Roman JV, Hoag MR, Meneely KM, Silvaggi NR, Lamb AL, Moran GR. Ligand binding phenomena that pertain to the metabolic function of renalase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 612:46-56. [PMID: 27769837 PMCID: PMC5522708 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Renalase catalyzes the oxidation of isomers of β-NAD(P)H that carry the hydride in the 2 or 6 positions of the nicotinamide base to form β-NAD(P)+. This activity is thought to alleviate inhibition of multiple β-NAD(P)-dependent enzymes of primary and secondary metabolism by these isomers. Here we present evidence for a variety of ligand binding phenomena relevant to the function of renalase. We offer evidence of the potential for primary metabolism inhibition with structures of malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase bound to the 6-dihydroNAD isomer. The previously observed preference of renalase from Pseudomonas for NAD-derived substrates over those derived from NADP is accounted for by the structure of the enzyme in complex with NADPH. We also show that nicotinamide nucleosides and mononucleotides reduced in the 2- and 6-positions are renalase substrates, but bind weakly. A seven-fold enhancement of acquisition (kred/Kd) for 6-dihydronicotinamide riboside was observed for human renalase in the presence of ADP. However, generally the addition of complement ligands, AMP for mononucleotide or ADP for nucleoside substrates, did not enhance the reductive half-reaction. Non-substrate nicotinamide nucleosides or nucleotides bind weakly suggesting that only β-NADH and β-NADPH compete with dinucleotide substrates for access to the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A. Beaupre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer St, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209
| | - Joseph V. Roman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer St, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209
| | - Matthew R. Hoag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer St, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209
| | - Kathleen M. Meneely
- Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence, KS 66049
| | - Nicholas R. Silvaggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer St, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209
| | - Audrey L. Lamb
- Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence, KS 66049
| | - Graham R. Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer St, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Ph: (414) 940 0059, Fax: (414) 229 5530,
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28
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Renalase as a Novel Biomarker for Evaluating the Severity of Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3178562. [PMID: 27867452 PMCID: PMC5102749 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3178562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious complication in clinical practice. However, no efficient biomarkers are available for the evaluation of the severity of I/R injury. Recently, renalase has been reported to be implicated in the I/R injury of various organs. This protein is secreted into the blood in response to increased oxidative stress. To investigate the responsiveness of renalase to oxidative stress, we examined the changes of renalase in cell and mouse models. We observed a significant increase of renalase expression in HepG2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner when treated with H2O2. Renalase expression also increased significantly in liver tissues that underwent the hepatic I/R process. The increased renalase levels could be efficiently suppressed by antioxidants in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, serum renalase levels were significantly increased in the mouse models and also efficiently suppressed by antioxidants treatment. The variation trends are consistent between renalase and liver enzymes in the mouse models. In conclusion, renalase is highly sensitive and responsive to oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, renalase can be detected in the blood. These properties make renalase a highly promising biomarker for the evaluation of the severity of hepatic I/R injury.
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Yin J, Lu Z, Wang F, Jiang Z, Lu L, Miao N, Wang N. Renalase attenuates hypertension, renal injury and cardiac remodelling in rats with subtotal nephrectomy. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1106-17. [PMID: 26923216 PMCID: PMC4882988 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular complication and this interaction can lead to accelerated dysfunction in both organs. Renalase, a kidney-derived cytokine, not only protects against various renal diseases but also exerts cardio-protective effects. Here, we investigated the role of renalase in the progression of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) after subtotal nephrectomy. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly subjected to sham operation or subtotal (5/6) nephrectomy (STNx). Two weeks after surgery, sham rats were intravenously injected with Hanks' balanced salt solution (sham), and STNx rats were randomly intravenously injected with adenovirus-β-gal (STNx+Ad-β-gal) or adenovirus-renalase (STNx+Ad-renalase) respectively. After 4 weeks of therapy, Ad-renalase administration significantly restored plasma, kidney and heart renalase expression levels in STNx rats. We noticed that STNx rats receiving Ad-renalase exhibited reduced proteinuria, glomerular hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis after renal ablation compared with STNx rats receiving Ad-β-gal; these changes were associated with significant decreased expression of genes for fibrosis markers, proinflammatory cytokines and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase components. At the same time, systemic delivery of renalase attenuated hypertension, cardiomyocytes hypertrophy and cardiac interstitial fibrosis; prevented cardiac remodelling through inhibition of pro-fibrotic genes expression and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2. In summary, these results indicate that renalase protects against renal injury and cardiac remodelling after subtotal nephrectomy via inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress and phosphorylation of ERK-1/2. Renalase shows potential as a therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of CRS in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Yin
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyuan Lu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Jiang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Naijun Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Niansong Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Wang F, Yin J, Lu Z, Zhang G, Li J, Xing T, Zhuang S, Wang N. Limb ischemic preconditioning protects against contrast-induced nephropathy via renalase. EBioMedicine 2016; 9:356-365. [PMID: 27333047 PMCID: PMC4972520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials shows that remote ischemic preconditioning (IPC) can protect against contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) in risky patients, however, the exact mechanism is unclear. In this study, we explored whether renalase, an amine oxidase that has been previously shown to mediate reno-protection by local IPC, would also mediate the same effect elicited by remote IPC in animal model. Limb IPC was performed for 24 h followed by induction of CIN. Our results indicated that limb IPC prevented renal function decline, attenuated tubular damage and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidney. All those beneficial effects were abolished by silencing of renalase with siRNA. This suggests that similar to local IPC, renalase is also critically involved in limb IPC-elicited reno-protection. Mechanistic studies showed that limb IPC increased TNFα levels in the muscle and blood, and up-regulated renalase and phosphorylated IκBα expression in the kidney. Pretreatment with TNFα antagonist or NF-κB inhibitor, largely blocked renalase expression. Besides, TNFα preconditioning increased expression of renal renalase in vivo and in vitro, and attenuated H2O2 induced apoptosis in renal tubular cells. Collectively, our results suggest that limb IPC-induced reno-protection in CIN is dependent on increased renalase expression via activation of the TNFα/NF-κB pathway. Limb ischemic preconditioning (IPC) leads to renalase upregulation in kidney tissue. Renalase is critically involved in limb IPC-elicited renal protection in contrast induced nephropathy. Limb IPC induces renalase upregulation via activation of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)/ nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway.
Renalase, a kidney-secreted protein, serves as extracellular pro-survival signals and has been reported to participate in the local ischemic preconditioning (IPC) induced renal protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Whether renalase contributes to the beneficial effects of limb IPC on contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) remains unknown. This study revealed that limb IPC induced reno-protection in CIN was at least in part dependent on increased renalase expression, which is evidenced by our observations that knockdown of renalase abolished reno-protective effects conferred by limb IPC. The upregulation of renalase elicited by limb IPC may be mediated by activation of TNFα/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Jianyong Yin
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zeyuan Lu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Junhui Li
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Tao Xing
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
| | - Niansong Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
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Hollander L, Guo X, Velazquez H, Chang J, Safirstein R, Kluger H, Cha C, Desir GV. Renalase Expression by Melanoma and Tumor-Associated Macrophages Promotes Tumor Growth through a STAT3-Mediated Mechanism. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3884-94. [PMID: 27197188 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To sustain their proliferation, cancer cells overcome negative-acting signals that restrain their growth and promote senescence and cell death. Renalase (RNLS) is a secreted flavoprotein that functions as a survival factor after ischemic and toxic injury, signaling through the plasma calcium channel PMCA4b to activate the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. We show that RNLS expression is increased markedly in primary melanomas and CD163(+) tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). In clinical specimens, RNLS expression in the tumor correlated inversely with disease-specific survival, suggesting a pathogenic role for RNLS. Attenuation of RNLS by RNAi, blocking antibodies, or an RNLS-derived inhibitory peptide decreased melanoma cell survival, and anti-RNLS therapy blocked tumor growth in vivo in murine xenograft assays. Mechanistic investigations showed that increased apoptosis in tumor cells was temporally related to p38 MAPK-mediated Bax activation and that increased cell growth arrest was associated with elevated expression of the cell-cycle inhibitor p21. Overall, our results established a role for the secreted flavoprotein RNLS in promoting melanoma cell growth and CD163(+) TAM in the tumor microenvironment, with potential therapeutic implications for the management of melanoma. Cancer Res; 76(13); 3884-94. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Hollander
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Xiaojia Guo
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Heino Velazquez
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. VA Connecticut Health Care System, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John Chang
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. VA Connecticut Health Care System, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert Safirstein
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. VA Connecticut Health Care System, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Harriet Kluger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Charles Cha
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. VA Connecticut Health Care System, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Department of Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gary V Desir
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. VA Connecticut Health Care System, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Severina IS, Fedchenko VI, Veselovsky AV, Medvedev AE. [The history of renalase from amine oxidase to a a-NAD(P)H-oxidase/anomerase]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2016; 61:667-79. [PMID: 26716738 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156106667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Renalase is a recently discovered secretory protein, which plays a certain (still poorly understood) role in regulation of blood pressure. The review summarizes own and literature data accumulated since the first publication on relanase (2005). Initial reports on FAD-dependent amine oxidase activity of this protein were not confirmed in independent experiments performed in different laboratories. In addition, proposed amine oxidase activity of circulating extracellular renalase requires the presence of FAD, which has not been detected either in blood or urinary renalase. Moreover, renalase excreted into urine lacks its N-terminal peptide, which is ultimately needed for accommodation of the FAD cofactor. Results of the Aliverti's group on NAD(P)H binding by renalase and weak diaphorase activity of this protein stimulated further studies of renalase as NAD(P)H oxidase catalyzing reaction of catecholamine co-oxidation. However, physiological importance of such extracellular catecholamine-metabolizing activity (demonstrated in one laboratory and not detected in another laboratory) remains unclear due to existence of much more active enzymatic systems (e.g. neutrophil NAD(P)H oxidase, xanthine oxidase/xanthine) in circulation, which can perform such co-oxidation reactions. Recently a-NAD(P)H oxidase/anomerase activity of renalase, which also pomotes oxidative conversion of b-NADH isomers inhibiting activity of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, has been described. However, its possible contribution to the antihypertensive effect of renalase remains unclear. Thus, the antihypertensive effect of renalase still remains a phenomenon with unclear biochemical mechanim(s) and functions of intracellular and extracellular (circulating) renalases obviously differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Severina
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - A E Medvedev
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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Guo X, Hollander L, MacPherson D, Wang L, Velazquez H, Chang J, Safirstein R, Cha C, Gorelick F, Desir GV. Inhibition of renalase expression and signaling has antitumor activity in pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22996. [PMID: 26972355 PMCID: PMC4789641 DOI: 10.1038/srep22996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An essential feature of cancer is dysregulation of cell senescence and death. Renalase, a recently discovered secreted flavoprotein, provides cytoprotection against ischemic and toxic cellular injury by signaling through the PI3K-AKT and MAPK pathways. Here we show that renalase expression is increased in pancreatic cancer tissue and that it functions as a growth factor. In a cohort of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, overall survival was inversely correlated with renalase expression in the tumor mass, suggesting a pathogenic role for renalase. Inhibition of renalase signaling using siRNA or inhibitory anti-renalase antibodies decreased the viability of cultured pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. In two xenograft mouse models, either the renalase monoclonal antibody m28-RNLS or shRNA knockdown of renalase inhibited pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma growth. Inhibition of renalase caused tumor cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role for the renalase in cancer: its expression may serve as a prognostic maker and its inhibition may provide an attractive therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Guo
- Department of Medicine, VACHS, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lindsay Hollander
- Department of Medicine, VACHS, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Douglas MacPherson
- Department of Medicine, VACHS, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Renal Division, Renji hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong Univ School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Heino Velazquez
- Department of Medicine, VACHS, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - John Chang
- Department of Medicine, VACHS, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Robert Safirstein
- Department of Medicine, VACHS, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Charles Cha
- Department of Surgery, VACHS, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Fred Gorelick
- Department of Medicine, VACHS, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gary V Desir
- Department of Medicine, VACHS, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Maciorkowska D, Zbroch E, Malyszko J. Circulating renalase, catecholamines, and vascular adhesion protein 1 in hypertensive patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 9:855-64. [PMID: 26403854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to estimate and correlate circulating levels of renalase, vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), catecholamines in patients with primary hypertension. The renalase, VAP-1, and catecholamines concentration was estimated in 121 hypertensive patients. The correlation between renalase, VAP-1 levels and catecholamine concentration in blood, blood pressure control, pharmacological therapy, and medical history were taken in to consideration. The median office blood pressure was 145.5/86 mm Hg and was significantly higher than the median home blood pressure measurement value, which was 135/80 mm Hg, P < .05. Circulating renalase and VAP-1 (Me 9.57 μg/mL and Me = 326.7 ng/mL) levels were significantly higher in patients with hypertension comparing to healthy individuals (3.83 μg/mL and 248.37 ng/mL, P < .05). The correlation between renalase and noradrenalin concentration in blood was observed (r = 0.549; P < .05), also the correlation between VAP-1 and noradrenaline was noticed (r = 0.21, P = .029). Renalase level was higher in patients with coronary artery disease and correlated with decreased ejection fraction. VAP-1 concentration correlated also with left ventricular ejection fraction (r = -0.23, P = .013). Hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus had almost statistically significant higher VAP-1 concentration compared with hypertensive patients without diabetes mellitus (Me = 403.22 ng/mL vs. Me = 326,68 ng/mL, P = .064). In multiple regression analysis, renalase was predicted by plasma dopamine and norepinephrine as also diastolic office blood pressure and left ventricle ejection fraction. Circulating renalase and VAP-1 levels are elevated in patients with poor blood pressure control. Its correlation with noradrenalin concentration need further studies to find out the role of renalase as also VAP-1 in pathogenesis and treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Maciorkowska
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Edyta Zbroch
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jolanta Malyszko
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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The catalytic function of renalase: A decade of phantoms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1864:177-86. [PMID: 25900362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ten years after the initial identification of human renalase the first genuinely catalytic substrates have been identified. Throughout the prior decade a consensus belief that renalase is produced predominantly by the kidney and catalytically oxidizes catecholamines in order to lower blood pressure and slow the heart has prevailed. This belief was, however, based on fundamentally flawed scientific observations that did not include control reactions to account for the well-known autoxidation of catecholamines in oxygenated solutions. Nonetheless, the initial claims have served as the kernel for a rapidly expanding body of research largely predicated on the belief that catecholamines are substrates for this enzyme. The proliferation of scientific studies pertaining to renalase as a hormone has proceeded unabated despite well-reasoned expressions of dissent that have indicated the deficiencies of the initial observations and other inconsistencies. Our group has very recently identified isomeric forms of β-NAD(P)H as substrates for renalase. These substrates arise from non-specific reduction of β-NAD(P)(+) that forms β-4-dihydroNAD(P) (β-NAD(P)H), β-2-dihydroNAD(P) and β-6-dihydroNAD(P); the latter two being substrates for renalase. Renalase oxidizes these substrates with rate constants that are up to 10(4)-fold faster than any claimed for catecholamines. The electrons harvested are delivered to dioxygen via the enzyme's FAD cofactor forming both H2O2 and β-NAD(P)(+) as products. It would appear that the metabolic purpose of this chemistry is to alleviate the inhibitory effect of β-2-dihydroNAD(P) and β-6-dihydroNAD(P) on primary metabolism dehydrogenase enzymes. The identification of this genuinely catalytic activity for renalase calls for re-evaluation of much of the research of this enzyme, in which definitive links between renalase catecholamine consumption and physiological responses were reported. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Physiological enzymology and protein functions.
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Wang F, Zhang G, Xing T, Lu Z, Li J, Peng C, Liu G, Wang N. Renalase contributes to the renal protection of delayed ischaemic preconditioning via the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1400-9. [PMID: 25781495 PMCID: PMC4459853 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) attenuates acute kidney injury (AKI) from renal ischaemia reperfusion. Renalase, an amine oxidase secreted by the proximal tubule, not only degrades circulating catecholamines but also protects against renal ischaemia reperfusion injury. Here, it has been suggested that the renoprotective effect of renal IPC is partly mediated by renalase. In a model of brief intermittent renal IPC, the increased cortex renalase expression was found to last for 48 hrs. IPC significantly reduced renal tubular inflammation, necrosis and oxidative stress following renal ischaemia reperfusion injury. Such effects were attenuated by blocking renalase with an anti-renalase monoclonal antibody. We further demonstrated that renalase expression was up-regulated by hypoxia in vitro via an hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α mechanism. The IPC-induced up-regulation of renalase in vivo was also reduced by pre-treatment with an HIF-1α inhibitor, 3-(5′-Hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole. In summary, the renoprotective effect of IPC is partly dependent on the renalase expression, which may be triggered by hypoxia via an HIF-1α mechanism. Endogenous renalase shows potential as a therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Xing
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zeyuan Lu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhui Li
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohua Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Niansong Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Zhao B, Zhao Q, Li J, Xing T, Wang F, Wang N. Renalase protects against contrast-induced nephropathy in Sprague-Dawley rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116583. [PMID: 25635854 PMCID: PMC4312092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is the third leading cause of hospital-acquired acute renal failure. Oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation play crucial roles in CIN. Renalase is a newly discovered monoamine oxidase from the kidney. We hypothesize that renalase could protect against CIN through anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis pathways. Methods We tested our hypothesis in vivo with a rat model of Ioversol-induced CIN and in vitro. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 6 per group): control group, Ioversol group (rats subjected to Ioversol-induced CIN), Ioversol plus vehicle group (CIN rats pretreated with vehicle) and Ioversol plus renalase group (CIN rats pretreated with 2 mg/kg recombinant renalase). HK2 cells were treated with Ioversol or H2O2. Results The results showed that pretreatment with renalase attenuated the deterioration of renal function, tubular necrosis, oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation (P<0.05). Furthermore, renalase protected HK2 cells against the cytotoxicity of Ioversol and suppressed Caspase-3 activity, oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by H2O2. Conclusion Recombinant renalase protected CIN in rats through anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghui Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Tongji University Affiliated Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (BZ); (FW)
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhui Li
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Xing
- St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (BZ); (FW)
| | - Niansong Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Beaupre BA, Hoag MR, Roman J, Försterling FH, Moran GR. Metabolic function for human renalase: oxidation of isomeric forms of β-NAD(P)H that are inhibitory to primary metabolism. Biochemistry 2015; 54:795-806. [PMID: 25531177 DOI: 10.1021/bi5013436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Renalase is a recently identified flavoprotein that has been associated with numerous physiological maladies. There remains a prevailing belief that renalase functions as a hormone, imparting an influence on vascular tone and heart rate by oxidizing circulating catecholamines, chiefly epinephrine. This activity, however, has not been convincingly demonstrated in vitro, nor has the stoichiometry of this transformation been shown. In prior work we demonstrated that renalase induced rapid oxidation of low-level contaminants of β-NAD(P)H solutions ( Beaupre, B. A. et al. (2013) Biochemistry 52 , 8929 - 8937 ; Beaupre, B. A. et al. (2013) J. Am. Chem. Soc . 135 , 13980 - 13987 ). Slow aqueous speciation of β-NAD(P)H resulted in the production of renalase substrate molecules whose spectrophotometric characteristics and equilibrium fractional accumulation closely matched those reported for α-anomers of NAD(P)H. The fleeting nature of these substrates precluded structural assignment. Here we structurally assign and identify two substrates for renalase. These molecules are 2- and 6-dihydroNAD(P), isomeric forms of β-NAD(P)H that arise either by nonspecific reduction of β-NAD(P)(+) or by tautomerization of β-NAD(P)H (4-dihydroNAD(P)). The pure preparations of these molecules induce rapid reduction of the renalase flavin cofactor (230 s(-1) for 6-dihydroNAD, 850 s(-1) for 2-dihydroNAD) but bind only a few fold more tightly than β-NADH. We also show that 2- and 6-dihydroNAD(P) are potent inhibitors of primary metabolism dehydrogenases and therefore conclude that the metabolic function of renalase is to oxidize these isomeric NAD(P)H molecules to β-NAD(P)(+), eliminating the threat they pose to normal respiratory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Beaupre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
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