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Joshi A, Kaur S, Taneja SK, Mandal R. Review Article on Molecular Mechanism of Regulation of Hypertension by Macro-elements (Na, K, Ca and Mg), Micro-elements/Trace Metals (Zn and Cu) and Toxic Elements (Pb and As). Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1477-1502. [PMID: 37523058 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension (HT) is a medical condition arising due to increase in blood pressure (BP) prevalent worldwide. The balanced dietary intakes of macro-elements and micro-elements including Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Cu have been described to maintain BP in humans by regulating the osmolarity of blood, cells/tissues, prevention of generation of oxidative and nitrosative stress (OANS), and endothelial damage through their functioning as important components of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), antioxidant enzyme defense system, and maintenance of blood vascular-endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) functions. However, inadequate/excess dietary intakes of Na/K, Ca/Mg, and Zn/Cu along with higher Pb and As exposures recognized to induce HT through common mechanisms including the followings: endothelial dysfunctions due to impairment of vasodilatation, increased vasoconstriction and arterial stiffness, blood clotting, inflammation, modification of sympathetic activity and higher catecholamine release, increased peripheral vascular resistance, and cardiac output; increased OANS due to reduced and elevated activities of extracellular superoxide dismutase and NAD(P)H oxidase, less nitric oxide bioavailability, decrease in cGMP and guanylate cyclase activity, increase in intracellular Ca2+ ions in VSMCs, and higher pro-inflammatory cytokines; higher parathyroid and calcitriol hormones; activation/suppression of RAAS resulting imbalance in blood Na+, K+, and water regulated by renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone through affecting natriuresis/kaliuresis/diuresis; elevation in serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, decrease in HDL cholesterol due to defect in lipoprotein metabolism. The present study recommends the need to review simple dietary mineral intervention studies/supplementation trials before keeping their individual dietary excess intakes/exposures in consideration because their interactions lead to elevation and fall of their concentrations in body affecting onset of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Joshi
- PG Department of Biotechnology and Microbial Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Sector-26, Chandigarh, UT, India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh, UT, India
| | | | - Reshu Mandal
- PG Department of Zoology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Sector-26, Chandigarh, UT, India.
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Noriega de la Colina A, Badji A, Robitaille-Grou MC, Gagnon C, Boshkovski T, Lamarre-Cliche M, Joubert S, Gauthier CJ, Bherer L, Cohen-Adad J, Girouard H. Associations Between Relative Morning Blood Pressure, Cerebral Blood Flow, and Memory in Older Adults Treated and Controlled for Hypertension. Hypertension 2021; 77:1703-1713. [PMID: 33775122 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Noriega de la Colina
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, QC, Canada (A.N.C. A.B., M.-C.R.-G., C.G., L.B., J.C.-A., H.G.).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (A.N.C.), Université de Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute (MHI), Montreal, QC, Canada (A.N.C., C.G., C.J.G., L.B.).,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC) (A.N.C., A.B., J.C.-A., H.G.).,Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA) (A.N.C., A.B., H.G.)
| | - Atef Badji
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, QC, Canada (A.N.C. A.B., M.-C.R.-G., C.G., L.B., J.C.-A., H.G.).,Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine (A.B.), Université de Montreal, QC, Canada.,NeuroPoly Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, QC, Canada (A.B., T.B., J.C.-A.).,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC) (A.N.C., A.B., J.C.-A., H.G.).,Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA) (A.N.C., A.B., H.G.)
| | - Marie-Christine Robitaille-Grou
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, QC, Canada (A.N.C. A.B., M.-C.R.-G., C.G., L.B., J.C.-A., H.G.)
| | - Christine Gagnon
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, QC, Canada (A.N.C. A.B., M.-C.R.-G., C.G., L.B., J.C.-A., H.G.).,Montreal Heart Institute (MHI), Montreal, QC, Canada (A.N.C., C.G., C.J.G., L.B.)
| | - Tommy Boshkovski
- NeuroPoly Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, QC, Canada (A.B., T.B., J.C.-A.)
| | - Maxime Lamarre-Cliche
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal (IRCM) (M.L.-C.), Université de Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sven Joubert
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences (S.J.), Université de Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Claudine J Gauthier
- Department of Physics (C.J.G.), Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,PERFORM Centre (C.J.G.), Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, QC, Canada (A.N.C. A.B., M.-C.R.-G., C.G., L.B., J.C.-A., H.G.).,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (L.B.), Université de Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute (MHI), Montreal, QC, Canada (A.N.C., C.G., C.J.G., L.B.)
| | - Julien Cohen-Adad
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, QC, Canada (A.N.C. A.B., M.-C.R.-G., C.G., L.B., J.C.-A., H.G.).,NeuroPoly Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, QC, Canada (A.B., T.B., J.C.-A.).,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC) (A.N.C., A.B., J.C.-A., H.G.)
| | - Hélène Girouard
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, QC, Canada (A.N.C. A.B., M.-C.R.-G., C.G., L.B., J.C.-A., H.G.).,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine (H.G.), Université de Montreal, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central (GRSNC) (A.N.C., A.B., J.C.-A., H.G.).,Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA) (A.N.C., A.B., H.G.)
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Antiglycation Activities and Common Mechanisms Mediating Vasculoprotective Effect of Quercetin and Chrysin in Metabolic Syndrome. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3439624. [PMID: 32802123 PMCID: PMC7403910 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3439624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple risk factors combine to increase the risk of vascular dysfunction in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome (MetS). The current study investigates the extent to which quercetin (Q) and chrysin (CH) protect against vascular dysfunction in MetS rats. MetS was induced by feeding rats a high-salt diet (3%) and fructose-enriched water (10%) for 12 weeks. Thoracic aorta was isolated from MetS rats and from control rats, with the latter being injured by methylglyoxal (MG). Aortae were incubated with CH and Q, and vascular reactivity was evaluated through the analysis of aortic contraction and relaxation in response to PE and ACh, respectively. The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the free radical scavenging activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were also evaluated following the introduction of CH and Q. The increased vasoconstriction and impaired vasodilation in MetS aortae were significantly ameliorated by Q and CH. Similarly, they ameliorated glycation-associated exaggerated vasoconstriction and impaired vasodilation produced by MG in control aortae. In addition, both Q and CH were effective in reducing the formation of AGEs and inhibition of glycosylation in response to MG or fructose treatment. Finally, Q successfully scavenged DPPH free radicals while CH showed significant vasodilation of precontracted aorta that was inhibited by L-NAME. In conclusion, Q and CH provide protection against vascular dysfunction in MetS by interfering with AGEs formations and AGEs-associated vascular deterioration, with CH being largely dependent on NO-mediated mechanisms of vasodilation.
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Systemic administration of pentoxifylline attenuates the development of hypertension in renovascular hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2020; 43:667-678. [PMID: 32060380 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence to suggest that hypertension involves a chronic low-grade systemic inflammatory response; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. To further understand the role of inflammation in hypertension, we used a rat renovascular model of hypertension in which we administered the TNF-α synthesis inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX, 30 mg/kg/day) in the drinking water for 60 days. In conscious rats, PTX administration significantly attenuated the development of hypertension (systolic blood pressure, PTX: 145 ± 8 vs. vehicle (Veh): 235 ± 11 mmHg, after 38 days of treatment, P < 0.05, N = 5/group). This attenuation in hypertension was coupled with a decrease in the low-frequency spectra of systolic blood pressure variability (PTX: 1.23 ± 0.2 vs Veh: 3.05 ± 0.8 arbitrary units, P < 0.05, N = 5/group). Furthermore, systemic PTX administration decreased c-Fos expression within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PTX: 17 ± 4 vs. Veh: 70 ± 13 cells, P < 0.01, N = 5, PVN) and increased the total number of microglial branches (PTX: 2129 ± 242 vs. Veh: 1415 ± 227 branches, P < 0.05, N = 4/group). Acute central injection of PTX (20 μg) under urethane anesthesia caused a small transient decrease in blood pressure but did not change renal sympathetic nerve activity. Surprisingly, we found no detectable basal levels of plasma TNF-α in either PTX- or vehicle-treated animals. These results suggest that inflammation plays a role in renovascular hypertension and that PTX might act both peripherally and centrally to prevent hypertension.
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Howard JT, Stewart IJ, Kolaja CA, Sosnov JA, Rull RP, Torres I, Janak JC, Walker LE, Trone DW, Armenta RF. Hypertension in military veterans is associated with combat exposure and combat injury. J Hypertens 2020; 38:1293-1301. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Howard JT, Sosnov JA, Janak JC, Gundlapalli AV, Pettey WB, Walker LE, Stewart IJ. Associations of Initial Injury Severity and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Diagnoses With Long-Term Hypertension Risk After Combat Injury. Hypertension 2018; 71:824-832. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T. Howard
- From the Department of Defense Joint Trauma System (J.T.H., J.C.J.) and San Antonio Military Medical Center (J.A.S.), Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX; Veteran’s Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Informatics, Decision Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences (IDEAS 2.0) Center, UT (A.V.G., W.B.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (A.V.G., W.B.P.); Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis Air Force
| | - Jonathan A. Sosnov
- From the Department of Defense Joint Trauma System (J.T.H., J.C.J.) and San Antonio Military Medical Center (J.A.S.), Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX; Veteran’s Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Informatics, Decision Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences (IDEAS 2.0) Center, UT (A.V.G., W.B.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (A.V.G., W.B.P.); Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis Air Force
| | - Jud C. Janak
- From the Department of Defense Joint Trauma System (J.T.H., J.C.J.) and San Antonio Military Medical Center (J.A.S.), Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX; Veteran’s Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Informatics, Decision Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences (IDEAS 2.0) Center, UT (A.V.G., W.B.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (A.V.G., W.B.P.); Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis Air Force
| | - Adi V. Gundlapalli
- From the Department of Defense Joint Trauma System (J.T.H., J.C.J.) and San Antonio Military Medical Center (J.A.S.), Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX; Veteran’s Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Informatics, Decision Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences (IDEAS 2.0) Center, UT (A.V.G., W.B.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (A.V.G., W.B.P.); Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis Air Force
| | - Warren B. Pettey
- From the Department of Defense Joint Trauma System (J.T.H., J.C.J.) and San Antonio Military Medical Center (J.A.S.), Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX; Veteran’s Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Informatics, Decision Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences (IDEAS 2.0) Center, UT (A.V.G., W.B.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (A.V.G., W.B.P.); Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis Air Force
| | - Lauren E. Walker
- From the Department of Defense Joint Trauma System (J.T.H., J.C.J.) and San Antonio Military Medical Center (J.A.S.), Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX; Veteran’s Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Informatics, Decision Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences (IDEAS 2.0) Center, UT (A.V.G., W.B.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (A.V.G., W.B.P.); Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis Air Force
| | - Ian J. Stewart
- From the Department of Defense Joint Trauma System (J.T.H., J.C.J.) and San Antonio Military Medical Center (J.A.S.), Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX; Veteran’s Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Informatics, Decision Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences (IDEAS 2.0) Center, UT (A.V.G., W.B.P.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (A.V.G., W.B.P.); Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis Air Force
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Ni X, Zhang L, Peng M, Shen TW, Yu XS, Shan LY, Li L, Si JQ, Li XZ, Ma KT. Hydrogen Sulfide Attenuates Hypertensive Inflammation via Regulating Connexin Expression in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:1205-1218. [PMID: 29485979 PMCID: PMC5841927 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive effects, and connexins (Cxs) are involved in regulation of immune homeostasis. In this study, we explored whether exogenous H2S prevents hypertensive inflammation by regulating Cxs expression of T lymphocytes in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). MATERIAL AND METHODS We treated SHR with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) for 9 weeks. Vehicle-treated Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) were used as a control. The arterial pressure was monitored by the tail-cuff method, and vascular function in basilar arteries was examined by pressure myography. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to show vascular remodeling and renal injury. The percentage of T cell subtypes in peripheral blood, surface expressions of Cx40/Cx43 on T cell subtypes, and serum cytokines level were determined by flow cytometry or ELISA. Expression of Cx40/Cx43 proteins in peripheral blood lymphocytes was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Chronic NaHS treatment significantly attenuated blood pressure elevation, and inhibited inflammation of target organs, vascular remodeling, and renal injury in SHR. Exogenous NaHS also improved vascular function by attenuating KCl-stimulated vasoconstrictor response in basilar arteries of SHR. In addition, chronic NaHS administration significantly suppressed inflammation of peripheral blood in SHR, as evidenced by the decreased serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, and CD4/CD8 ratio and the increased IL-10 level and percentage of regulatory T cells. NaHS treatment decreased hypertension-induced Cx40/Cx43 expressions in T lymphocytes from SHR. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that H2S reduces hypertensive inflammation, at least partly due to regulation of T cell subsets balance by Cx40/Cx43 expressions inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ni
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland).,Key Laoratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi Universit, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland).,Key Laoratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland).,Key Laoratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Tu-Wang Shen
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland).,Key Laoratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiu-Shi Yu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland).,Key Laoratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Li-Ya Shan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland).,Key Laoratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland).,Key Laoratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jun-Qiang Si
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland).,Key Laoratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xin-Zhi Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland).,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ke-Tao Ma
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland).,Key Laoratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
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Winklewski PJ, Radkowski M, Demkow U. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms of hypertension: potential therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2018; 25:410-6. [PMID: 27490783 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammation of forebrain and hindbrain nuclei has recently been highlighted as an emerging factor in the pathogenesis of neurogenic hypertension. The aim of this review is to summarize the state of the art in this field and to discuss recently discovered pathophysiological mechanisms, opening new perspectives for therapeutic application. RECENT FINDINGS Microglia Toll-like receptor 4 causally links angiotensin II (AngII)-mediated microglia cell activation and oxidative stress within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Toll-like receptor 4 can also be activated by lipopolysaccharides. PVN infusion of nuclear factor κB inhibitor lowers the blood pressure and ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy. Ang-(1-7) exerts direct effects on microglia, causing a reduction in both baseline and prorenin-induced release of proinflammatory cytokines. A compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) constitutes a complementary mechanism that exacerbates AngII-driven neurohumoral activation, contributing to the development of hypertension. SUMMARY PVN and BBB seem to be pivotal targets for therapeutic intervention in hypertension. Recent advances in imaging techniques enable visualization of the inflammatory state in microglia and BBB integrity in humans. AngII type I receptor blockers and AngII-converting enzyme inhibitors are the most likely candidates for controlled randomized trials in humans aimed at amelioration of brain inflammation in the forthcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel J Winklewski
- aInstitute of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, GdanskbDepartment of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasescDepartment of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Ni X, Wang A, Zhang L, Shan LY, Zhang HC, Li L, Si JQ, Luo J, Li XZ, Ma KT. Up-regulation of gap junction in peripheral blood T lymphocytes contributes to the inflammatory response in essential hypertension. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184773. [PMID: 28910394 PMCID: PMC5599050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been shown to play an important role in the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Connexins (Cxs)-based gap junction channels (GJCs) or hemichannels (HCs) are involved in the maintenance of homeostasis in the immune system. However, the role of Cx43-based channels in T-lymphocytes in mediating the immune response in essential hypertension is not fully understand. The present study was designed to investigate the role of Cxs-based channels in T lymphocytes in the regulation of hypertension-mediated inflammation. The surface expressions of T lymphocyte subtypes, Cx40/Cx43, and inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ (interferon-gamma) and TNF-ɑ (tumor necrosis factor alpha)) in T cells, as well as gap junction communication of peripheral blood lymphocytes from essential hypertensive patients (EHs) and normotensive healthy subjects (NTs) were detected by flow cytometry. Expression levels and phosphorylation of Cx43 protein in peripheral blood lymphocytes of EHs and NTs were analyzed by Western blot. The proliferation rate of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after treatment with a Cxs inhibitor was examined by a CCK-8 assay. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were detected using ELISA. Within the CD3+ T cell subsets, we found a significant trend toward an increase in the percentage of CD4+ T cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratio as well as in serum levels of IFN-γ and TNF-ɑ in the peripheral blood of EHs compared with those in NTs. Moreover, the peripheral blood lymphocytes of EH patients exhibited enhanced GJCs formation, increased Cx43 protein level and Cx43 phosphorylation at Ser368, and a significant increase in Cx40/Cx43 surface expressions levels in CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes. Cx43-based channel inhibition by a mimetic peptide greatly reduced the exchange of dye between lymphocytes, proliferation of stimulated lymphocytes and the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels of EHs and NTs. Our data suggest that Cx40/Cx43-based channels in lymphocytes may be involved in the regulation of T lymphocyte proliferation and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to the hypertensive inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ni
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ai Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Li-Ya Shan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hai-Chao Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jun-Qiang Si
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jian Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xin-Zhi Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ke-Tao Ma
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Xingjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Gao Y, Qi GX, Jia ZM, Sun YX. Prediction of marker genes associated with hypertension by bioinformatics analyses. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:137-145. [PMID: 28560446 PMCID: PMC5466388 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the underlying marker genes associated with hypertension by bioinformatics analyses. A gene expression profile (GSE54015) was downloaded. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the normotensive female (NF) and hypertensive female (HF), and between the normotensive male (NM) and hypertensive male (HM) groups were analyzed. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses were performed, followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. The transcription factors (TFs), and the common DEGs between the HF and HM groups were then analyzed. In total, 411 DEGs were identified between the HF and NF groups, and 418 DEGs were identified between the HM and NM groups. The upregulated DEGs in the HF and HM groups were enriched in 9 GO terms, including oxidation reduction, such as cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily b, polypeptide 1 (Cyp4b1) and cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily a, polypeptide 31 Cyp4a31). The downregulated DEGs were mainly enriched in GO terms related to hormone metabolic processes. In the PPI network, cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily e, polypeptide 1 (Cyp2e1) had the highest degree in all 3 analysis methods in the HF group. Additionally, 4 TFs were indentified from the 2 groups of data, including sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (Srebf1), estrogen receptor 1 (Esr1), retinoid X receptor gamma (Rxrg) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg). The intersection genes were mainly enriched in GO terms related to the extracellular region. On the whole, our data indicate that the DEGs, Cyp4b1, Cyp4a31 and Loxl2, and the TFs, Esr1, Pparg and Rxrg, are associated with the progression of hypertension, and may thus serve as potential therapeutic targets in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Xian Qi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Mei Jia
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Xian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Abais-Battad JM, Dasinger JH, Fehrenbach DJ, Mattson DL. Novel adaptive and innate immunity targets in hypertension. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:109-115. [PMID: 28336371 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and global health concern as it is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. A relationship between the immune system and its contributing role to the pathogenesis of hypertension has been long established, but substantial advancements within the last few years have dissected specific causal molecular mechanisms. This review will briefly examine these recent studies exploring the involvement of either innate or adaptive immunity pathways. Such pathways to be discussed include innate immunity factors such as antigen presenting cells and pattern recognition receptors, adaptive immune elements including T and B lymphocytes, and more specifically, the emerging role of T regulatory cells, as well as the potential of cytokines and chemokines to serve as signaling messengers connecting innate and adaptive immunity. Together, we summarize these studies to provide new perspective for what will hopefully lead to more targeted approaches to manipulate the immune system as hypertensive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, United States
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12
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Hypertension after injury among burned combat veterans: A retrospective cohort study. Burns 2016; 43:290-296. [PMID: 28029474 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term health effects of burn are poorly understood. We sought to evaluate the relationship between burn and the subsequent development of hypertension. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to our burn center from 2003 to 2010. Data collected included demographic variables, burn size, injury severity score, presence of inhalation injury, serum creatinine, need for renal replacement therapy, as well as days spent in the hospital, in the intensive care unit and on mechanical ventilation. Data for the subsequent diagnosis of hypertension was obtained from medical records. Cox proportional hazard regression models were performed to determine what factors were associated with hypertension. RESULTS Of the 711 patients identified, 670 were included for analysis after exclusions. After adjustment, only age (HR 1.06 per one year increase, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.08; p<0.001), percentage of total body surface area burned (HR 1.11 per 5% increase, 95% confidence interval 1.04-1.19; p=0.002) and acute kidney injury (HR 1.68, 95% confidence interval 1.05-2.69; p=0.03) were associated with hypertension. CONCLUSION Burn size is independently associated with the subsequent risk of hypertension in combat casualties. Clinical support for primary prevention techniques to reduce the incidence of hypertension specific to burn patients may be warranted.
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Davies MJ, Rumbold AR, Marino JL, Willson K, Giles LC, Whitrow MJ, Scheil W, Moran LJ, Thompson JG, Lane M, Moore VM. Maternal factors and the risk of birth defects after IVF and ICSI: a whole of population cohort study. BJOG 2016; 124:1537-1544. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MJ Davies
- Robinson Research Institute The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - AR Rumbold
- Robinson Research Institute The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - JL Marino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Royal Women's Hospital The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - K Willson
- School of Public Health The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - LC Giles
- Robinson Research Institute The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- School of Public Health The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - MJ Whitrow
- Robinson Research Institute The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- School of Public Health The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - W Scheil
- Pregnancy Outcome Unit SA Health Government of South Australia Adelaide SA Australia
| | - LJ Moran
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - JG Thompson
- Robinson Research Institute The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - M Lane
- Robinson Research Institute The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - VM Moore
- Robinson Research Institute The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- School of Public Health The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
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Kozyreva TV, Khramova GM, Voronova IP, Evtushenko AA. The influence of cooling and TRPM8 ion channel activation on the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in normotensive and hypertensive rats. J Therm Biol 2016; 61:119-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Veeranki S, Gandhapudi SK, Tyagi SC. Interactions of hyperhomocysteinemia and T cell immunity in causation of hypertension. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 95:239-246. [PMID: 27398734 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), there is a debate on whether HHcy is a risk factor or just a biomarker. Interestingly, homocysteine lowering strategies in humans had very little effect on reducing the cardiovascular risk, as compared with animals; this may suggest heterogeneity in human population and epigenetic alterations. Moreover, there are only few studies that suggest the idea that HHcy contributes to CVD in the presence of other risk factors such as inflammation, a known risk factor for CVD. Elevated levels of homocysteine have been shown to contribute to inflammation. Here, we highlight possible relationships between homocysteine, T cell immunity, and hypertension, and summarize the evidence that suggested these factors act together in increasing the risk for CVD. In light of this new evidence, we further propose that there is a need for evaluation of the causes of HHcy, defective remethylation or defective transsulfuration, which may differentially modulate hypertension progression, not just the homocysteine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Veeranki
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Centre, A-1216, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 500 South Pres Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Centre, A-1216, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 500 South Pres Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Siva K Gandhapudi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Centre, A-1216, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 500 South Pres Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Centre, A-1216, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 500 South Pres Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Centre, A-1216, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 500 South Pres Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Centre, A-1216, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 500 South Pres Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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Stewart IJ, Sosnov JA, Howard JT, Orman JA, Fang R, Morrow BD, Zonies DH, Bollinger M, Tuman C, Freedman BA, Chung KK. Retrospective Analysis of Long-Term Outcomes After Combat Injury: A Hidden Cost of War. Circulation 2015; 132:2126-33. [PMID: 26621637 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.016950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, 52,087 service members have been wounded in combat. The long-term sequelae of these injuries have not been carefully examined. We sought to determine the relation between markers of injury severity and the subsequent development of hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Retrospective cohort study of critically injured US military personnel wounded in Iraq or Afghanistan from February 1, 2002 to February 1, 2011. Patients were then followed until January 18, 2013. Chronic disease outcomes were assessed by International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition codes and causes of death were confirmed by autopsy. From 6011 admissions, records were excluded because of missing data or if they were for an individual's second admission. Patients with a disease diagnosis of interest before the injury date were also excluded, yielding a cohort of 3846 subjects for analysis. After adjustment for other factors, each 5-point increment in the injury severity score was associated with a 6%, 13%, 13%, and 15% increase in incidence rates of hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease, respectively. Acute kidney injury was associated with a 66% increase in rates of hypertension and nearly 5-fold increase in rates of chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSIONS In Iraq and Afghanistan veterans, the severity of combat injury was associated with the subsequent development of hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Stewart
- From the David Grant Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA (I.J.S.); Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD (I.J.S., J.A.S., B.D.M., K.K.C.); San Antonio Military Medical Center, TX (J.A.S., B.D.M.); U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX (J.T.H., J.A.O., K.K.C.); U.S. Air Force Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Baltimore, MD (R.F.); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (D.H.Z.); South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio (M.B.); and Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany (C.T., B.A.F.).
| | - Jonathan A Sosnov
- From the David Grant Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA (I.J.S.); Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD (I.J.S., J.A.S., B.D.M., K.K.C.); San Antonio Military Medical Center, TX (J.A.S., B.D.M.); U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX (J.T.H., J.A.O., K.K.C.); U.S. Air Force Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Baltimore, MD (R.F.); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (D.H.Z.); South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio (M.B.); and Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany (C.T., B.A.F.)
| | - Jeffrey T Howard
- From the David Grant Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA (I.J.S.); Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD (I.J.S., J.A.S., B.D.M., K.K.C.); San Antonio Military Medical Center, TX (J.A.S., B.D.M.); U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX (J.T.H., J.A.O., K.K.C.); U.S. Air Force Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Baltimore, MD (R.F.); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (D.H.Z.); South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio (M.B.); and Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany (C.T., B.A.F.)
| | - Jean A Orman
- From the David Grant Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA (I.J.S.); Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD (I.J.S., J.A.S., B.D.M., K.K.C.); San Antonio Military Medical Center, TX (J.A.S., B.D.M.); U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX (J.T.H., J.A.O., K.K.C.); U.S. Air Force Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Baltimore, MD (R.F.); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (D.H.Z.); South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio (M.B.); and Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany (C.T., B.A.F.)
| | - Raymond Fang
- From the David Grant Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA (I.J.S.); Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD (I.J.S., J.A.S., B.D.M., K.K.C.); San Antonio Military Medical Center, TX (J.A.S., B.D.M.); U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX (J.T.H., J.A.O., K.K.C.); U.S. Air Force Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Baltimore, MD (R.F.); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (D.H.Z.); South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio (M.B.); and Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany (C.T., B.A.F.)
| | - Benjamin D Morrow
- From the David Grant Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA (I.J.S.); Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD (I.J.S., J.A.S., B.D.M., K.K.C.); San Antonio Military Medical Center, TX (J.A.S., B.D.M.); U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX (J.T.H., J.A.O., K.K.C.); U.S. Air Force Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Baltimore, MD (R.F.); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (D.H.Z.); South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio (M.B.); and Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany (C.T., B.A.F.)
| | - David H Zonies
- From the David Grant Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA (I.J.S.); Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD (I.J.S., J.A.S., B.D.M., K.K.C.); San Antonio Military Medical Center, TX (J.A.S., B.D.M.); U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX (J.T.H., J.A.O., K.K.C.); U.S. Air Force Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Baltimore, MD (R.F.); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (D.H.Z.); South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio (M.B.); and Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany (C.T., B.A.F.)
| | - Mary Bollinger
- From the David Grant Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA (I.J.S.); Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD (I.J.S., J.A.S., B.D.M., K.K.C.); San Antonio Military Medical Center, TX (J.A.S., B.D.M.); U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX (J.T.H., J.A.O., K.K.C.); U.S. Air Force Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Baltimore, MD (R.F.); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (D.H.Z.); South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio (M.B.); and Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany (C.T., B.A.F.)
| | - Caroline Tuman
- From the David Grant Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA (I.J.S.); Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD (I.J.S., J.A.S., B.D.M., K.K.C.); San Antonio Military Medical Center, TX (J.A.S., B.D.M.); U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX (J.T.H., J.A.O., K.K.C.); U.S. Air Force Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Baltimore, MD (R.F.); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (D.H.Z.); South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio (M.B.); and Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany (C.T., B.A.F.)
| | - Brett A Freedman
- From the David Grant Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA (I.J.S.); Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD (I.J.S., J.A.S., B.D.M., K.K.C.); San Antonio Military Medical Center, TX (J.A.S., B.D.M.); U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX (J.T.H., J.A.O., K.K.C.); U.S. Air Force Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Baltimore, MD (R.F.); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (D.H.Z.); South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio (M.B.); and Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany (C.T., B.A.F.)
| | - Kevin K Chung
- From the David Grant Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA (I.J.S.); Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD (I.J.S., J.A.S., B.D.M., K.K.C.); San Antonio Military Medical Center, TX (J.A.S., B.D.M.); U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX (J.T.H., J.A.O., K.K.C.); U.S. Air Force Center for Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, Baltimore, MD (R.F.); Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (D.H.Z.); South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio (M.B.); and Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany (C.T., B.A.F.)
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Morris BJ. Renin, genes, microRNAs, and renal mechanisms involved in hypertension. Hypertension 2015; 65:956-62. [PMID: 25601934 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Morris
- From the Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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