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Britzen-Laurent N, Weidinger C, Stürzl M. Contribution of Blood Vessel Activation, Remodeling and Barrier Function to Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065517. [PMID: 36982601 PMCID: PMC10051397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) consist of a group of chronic inflammatory disorders with a complex etiology, which represent a clinical challenge due to their often therapy-refractory nature. In IBD, inflammation of the intestinal mucosa is characterized by strong and sustained leukocyte infiltration, resulting in the loss of epithelial barrier function and subsequent tissue destruction. This is accompanied by the activation and the massive remodeling of mucosal micro-vessels. The role of the gut vasculature in the induction and perpetuation of mucosal inflammation is receiving increasing recognition. While the vascular barrier is considered to offer protection against bacterial translocation and sepsis after the breakdown of the epithelial barrier, endothelium activation and angiogenesis are thought to promote inflammation. The present review examines the respective pathological contributions of the different phenotypical changes observed in the microvascular endothelium during IBD, and provides an overview of potential vessel-specific targeted therapy options for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Britzen-Laurent
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Translational Research Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Carl Weidinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Stürzl
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Translational Research Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Cognasse F, Duchez AC, Audoux E, Ebermeyer T, Arthaud CA, Prier A, Eyraud MA, Mismetti P, Garraud O, Bertoletti L, Hamzeh-Cognasse H. Platelets as Key Factors in Inflammation: Focus on CD40L/CD40. Front Immunol 2022; 13:825892. [PMID: 35185916 PMCID: PMC8850464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.825892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are anucleate cytoplasmic fragments derived from the fragmentation of medullary megakaryocytes. Activated platelets adhere to the damaged endothelium by means of glycoproteins on their surface, forming the platelet plug. Activated platelets can also secrete the contents of their granules, notably the growth factors contained in the α-granules, which are involved in platelet aggregation and maintain endothelial activation, but also contribute to vascular repair and angiogenesis. Platelets also have a major inflammatory and immune function in antibacterial defence, essentially through their Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (SIGLEC). Platelet activation also contributes to the extensive release of anti- or pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, RANTES (Regulated on Activation, Normal T Expressed and Secreted) or CD154, also known as the CD40-ligand. Platelets are involved in the direct activation of immune cells, polynuclear neutrophils (PNNs) and dendritic cells via the CD40L/CD40 complex. As a general rule, all of the studies presented in this review show that platelets are capable of covering most of the stages of inflammation, primarily through the CD40L/CD40 interaction, thus confirming their own role in this pathophysiological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Cognasse
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Anne Claire Duchez
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Estelle Audoux
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Theo Ebermeyer
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Charles Antoine Arthaud
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Amelie Prier
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Marie Ange Eyraud
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Patrick Mismetti
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France.,Vascular and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Saint-Etienne University Hospital Center, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Olivier Garraud
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Laurent Bertoletti
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France.,Vascular and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Saint-Etienne University Hospital Center, Saint-Etienne, France
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3
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Bietar B, Zhou J, Lehmann C. Utility of intestinal intravital microscopy for the study of CNS injury-induced immunodepression syndrome (CIDS). Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 79:137-147. [PMID: 34487026 DOI: 10.3233/ch-219109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other forms of central nervous system (CNS) injury initiate a local inflammatory response. Compensatory anti-inflammatory pathways are activated to limit secondary damage due to inflammation. The associated release of immunosuppressing neuromodulators can result in system-wide immune dysregulation (CNS injury-induced immune-depression syndrome -CIDS). OBJECTIVE To establish an experimental stroke model where CIDS can be studied by intravital microscopy (IVM). METHODS We used the photothrombotic stroke (PTS) model in C57BL/6 mice and studied its effects on peripheral immunity following challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Leukocyte activation, as well as capillary perfusion of the microcirculation, were assessed using intestinal intravital microscopy (IVM). RESULTS PTS caused a significant reduction in the number of adhering leukocytes in submucosal venules of the terminal ileum of mice challenged with LPS compared to LPS-challenged animals without stroke. Leukocyte rolling was also impacted by PTS in the submucosal venules. Following stroke, we also observed decreased mucosal functional capillary density (FCD). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PTS with subsequent LPS challenge poses as a viable model to further study CIDS using intravital microscopy of the intestinal microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Bietar
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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4
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Pepe M, Carulli E, Forleo C, Moscarelli M, Di Cillo O, Bortone AS, Nestola PL, Biondi-Zoccai G, Giordano A, Favale S. Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Acute Coronary Syndromes: From Pathogenesis to the Fine Line Between Bleeding and Ischemic Risk. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:725-731. [PMID: 32592478 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a pathological condition that first involves the gastrointestinal wall but can also trigger a systemic inflammatory state and thus extraintestinal manifestations. Systemic inflammation is probably secondary to the passage of bacterial products into the bloodstream because of altered intestinal permeability and the consequent release of proinflammatory mediators. Inflammation, through several diverse pathophysiological pathways, determines both a procoagulative state and systemic endothelial dysfunction, which are both deemed to be responsible for venous and arterial thromboembolic adverse events. The management of systemic thrombotic complications is particularly challenging in this category of patients, who also present a high bleeding risk; what is more, both bleeding and thrombotic risks peak during the active phases of the disease. The literature suggests that treating physicians have been, so far, more heavily influenced by concerns about bleeding than by the thrombotic risk. Despite the absence of data provided by large cohorts or randomized studies, the high risk of arterial and venous atherothrombosis in patients with IBD seems unquestionable. Moreover, several reports suggest that when arterial thromboembolism involves the coronary vessels, causing acute coronary syndromes, ischemic complications from antithrombotic drug undertreatment are frequent and severe. This review aims to shed light on the tricky balance between the ischemic and hemorrhagic risks of patients with IBD and to highlight how difficult it is for clinicians to define a tailored therapy based on a case-by-case, careful, and unprejudiced clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Pepe
- Cardiovascular Diseases Section, Cardiothoracic Department, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eugenio Carulli
- Cardiovascular Diseases Section, Cardiothoracic Department, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Forleo
- Cardiovascular Diseases Section, Cardiothoracic Department, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Moscarelli
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (RA), Italy
| | - Ottavio Di Cillo
- Chest Pain Unit, Cardiology Emergency, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Santo Bortone
- Division of Heart Surgery, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Palma Luisa Nestola
- Cardiovascular Diseases Section, Cardiothoracic Department, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Arturo Giordano
- Invasive Cardiology Unit, Pineta Grande Hospital, Castel Volturno, Caserta, Italy
| | - Stefano Favale
- Cardiovascular Diseases Section, Cardiothoracic Department, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Ferreira-Duarte M, Sousa JB, Diniz C, Sousa T, Duarte-Araújo M, Morato M. Experimental and Clinical Evidence of Endothelial Dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:3733-3747. [PMID: 32611296 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200701212414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium has a crucial role in proper hemodynamics. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is mainly a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. However, considerable evidence points to high cardiovascular risk in patients with IBD. This review positions the basic mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in the IBD setting (both clinical and experimental). Furthermore, we review the main effects of drugs used to treat IBD in endothelial (dys)function. Moreover, we leave challenging points for enlarging the therapeutic arsenal for IBD with new or repurposed drugs that target endothelial dysfunction besides inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carmen Diniz
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Sousa
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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6
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Deletion of SOCS2 Reduces Post-Colitis Fibrosis via Alteration of the TGFβ Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093073. [PMID: 32349250 PMCID: PMC7246483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immunologically mediated chronic intestinal disorder. Growth hormone (GH) administration enhances mucosal repair and decreases intestinal fibrosis in patients with IBD. In the present study, we investigated the effect of cellular sensitivity to GH via suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) deletion on colitis and recovery. To induce colitis, wild type and SOCS2 knockout (SOCS2−/−) mice were treated with 3% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS), followed by a recovery period. SOCS2−/− mice showed higher disease activity during colitis with increased mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and interleukin 1 β (IL1-β). At recovery time point, SOCS2−/− showed better recovery with less fibrosis measured by levels of α-SMA and collagen deposition. Protein and mRNA expressions of transforming growth factor beta β1 (TGF-β1) receptors were significantly lower in SOCS2−/− mice compared to wild-type littermates. Using an in vivo bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) proliferation assay, SOCS2−/− mice showed higher intestinal epithelial proliferation compared to wild-type mice. Our results demonstrated that deletion of the SOCS2 protein results in higher growth hormone sensitivity associated with higher pro-inflammatory signaling; however, it resulted in less tissue damage with less fibrotic lesions and higher epithelial proliferation, which are markers of GH-protective effects in IBD. This suggests a pleiotropic effect of SOCS2 and multiple cellular targets. Further study is required to study role of SOCS2 in regulation of TGFβ-mothers against the decapentaplegic homolog (Smad) pathway.
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7
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Zhang J, Huang Q, Zhao R, Ma Z. A network pharmacology study on the Tripteryguim wilfordii Hook for treatment of Crohn's disease. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:95. [PMID: 32293395 PMCID: PMC7092476 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the mechanism of action of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook (TWH) in the treatment of Crohn’s disease (CD) by network pharmacology. Methods Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP) was used to obtain the active constituents and targets of TWH. “Crohn’s disease” was used as a search term to search for related targets of CD from GeneCards database and OMIM database, thereby obtaining the targets of TWH against CD. The Cytoscape 3.7.1 software was used to construct a Chinese medicine compound-target network and STRING database to construct a protein-protein interaction network (PPI). The DAVID 6.8 online tool was used to perform gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genome (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of overlapping targets. Results The database results showed that there were 30 active ingredients (14 key active ingredients) in TWH and 36 targets were screened out for CD treatment. Network analysis indicated that main targets of main active components of TWH were target genes such as VEGFA, MAPK8 and CASP3, which are involved in the regulation of cancer pathway, TNF signal pathway, hepatitis B pathway, apoptosis pathway, NF-kappa B signal pathway and so forth. Conclusions TWH can play a multi-target and multi-channel synergistic treatment of CD by anti-angiogenesis, anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Qifeng Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Esteban S, Clemente C, Koziol A, Gonzalo P, Rius C, Martínez F, Linares PM, Chaparro M, Urzainqui A, Andrés V, Seiki M, Gisbert JP, Arroyo AG. Endothelial MT1-MMP targeting limits intussusceptive angiogenesis and colitis via TSP1/nitric oxide axis. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10862. [PMID: 31793743 PMCID: PMC7005619 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological angiogenesis contributes to cancer progression and chronic inflammatory diseases. In inflammatory bowel disease, the microvasculature expands by intussusceptive angiogenesis (IA), a poorly characterized mechanism involving increased blood flow and splitting of pre-existing capillaries. In this report, mice lacking the protease MT1-MMP in endothelial cells (MT1iΔEC ) presented limited IA in the capillary plexus of the colon mucosa assessed by 3D imaging during 1% DSS-induced colitis. This resulted in better tissue perfusion, preserved intestinal morphology, and milder disease activity index. Combined in vivo intravital microscopy and lentiviral rescue experiments with in vitro cell culture demonstrated that MT1-MMP activity in endothelial cells is required for vasodilation and IA, as well as for nitric oxide production via binding of the C-terminal fragment of MT1-MMP substrate thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) to CD47/αvβ3 integrin. Moreover, TSP1 levels were significantly higher in serum from IBD patients and in vivo administration of an anti-MT1-MMP inhibitory antibody or a nonamer peptide spanning the αvβ3 integrin binding site in TSP1 reduced IA during mouse colitis. Our results identify MT1-MMP as a new actor in inflammatory IA and a promising therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Esteban
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Cristina Clemente
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Agnieszka Koziol
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Pilar Gonzalo
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Cristina Rius
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER‐CV)MadridSpain
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Bioinformatics UnitCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Pablo M Linares
- Gastroenterology UnitHospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS‐IP)Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER‐EHD)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - María Chaparro
- Gastroenterology UnitHospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS‐IP)Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER‐EHD)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Ana Urzainqui
- Immunology DepartmentFIB‐Hospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS‐IP)MadridSpain
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER‐CV)MadridSpain
| | - Motoharu Seiki
- Division of Cancer Cell ResearchInstitute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Javier P Gisbert
- Gastroenterology UnitHospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS‐IP)Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER‐EHD)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Alicia G Arroyo
- Vascular Pathophysiology AreaCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
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9
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Schirbel A, Rebert N, Sadler T, West G, Rieder F, Wagener C, Horst A, Sturm A, de la Motte C, Fiocchi C. Mutual Regulation of TLR/NLR and CEACAM1 in the Intestinal Microvasculature: Implications for IBD Pathogenesis and Therapy. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:294-305. [PMID: 30295747 PMCID: PMC6327233 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) displays multiple activities, among which pathogen binding and angiogenesis are particularly prominent. These same functions are also exerted by Toll- and NOD-like receptors (TLRs and NLRs), which are critical mediators of innate immune responses. We investigated whether a functional inter-relationship exists between CEACAM1 and TLRs and NLRs and its potential impact on induction of intestinal angiogenesis. METHODS This hypothesis was tested using human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells, a unique cell population exposed to microbial products under physiological and pathological conditions. RESULTS The results show that activation of TLR2/4, TLR4, NOD1, and NOD2 by specific bacterial ligands selectively and differentially upregulates the levels of cellular and soluble CEACAM1 produced by intestinal microvascular endothelial cells. The results also show that CEACAM1 regulates the migration, transmigration, and tube formation of these endothelial cells and mediates vessel sprouting induced by specific TLR and NLR bacterial ligands. Combined, these results demonstrate a close and reciprocal regulatory interaction between CEACAM1 and bacterial products in mediating multiple functions essential to new vessel formation in the gut mucosa. CONCLUSIONS A coordinated and reciprocal interaction of CEACAM1 and microbiota-derived factors is necessary to optimize angiogenesis in the gut mucosa. This suggests that a coordination of endogenous and exogenous innate immune responses is necessary to promote intestinal angiogenesis under physiological and inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schirbel
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nancy Rebert
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Tammy Sadler
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gail West
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Andrea Horst
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Sturm
- DRK Kliniken Berlin, Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carol de la Motte
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Address correspondence to: Claudio Fiocchi, MD, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 ()
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10
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Zhao X, Pan J, Li W, Yang W, Qin L, Pan Y. Gold nanoparticles enhance cisplatin delivery and potentiate chemotherapy by decompressing colorectal cancer vessels. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6207-6221. [PMID: 30349245 PMCID: PMC6188185 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s176928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor vessels were persistently compressed by solid stress from tumor interstitial matrix, resulting in limited vessel perfusion and oxygen concentrations. Collagen within matrix participated in transmitting the solid stress to tumor vessels and limiting drug delivery. Purpose The objective of this study was to identify whether gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were able to decompress colorectal cancer vessels and enhance vessel perfusion as well as drug delivery in colorectal cancer. Methods Colorectal cancer xenograft mice were treated with AuNPs or normal saline for 14 days. The cancer stromal collagen I level, cancer vessel perfusion, hypoxia of tumor were tested by histological examination. We also test the solid stress in the two groups. Furtherly, the effect and the drug delivery of combined using AuNPs and cisplatin were tested. The effect and the underlying mechanism of AuNPs on SW620 cells were tested by CCK8, flow cytometry, Western-blot and atomic force microscope. Results AuNPs were able to decrease the density of colorectal cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), to reduce the production of tumor stromal collagen I, and to diminish the expression of profibrotic signals, including CTGF, TGF-β1 as well as VEGF in vivo and vitro via Akt signaling pathway. Consequently, AuNPs could alleviate solid stress in tumors, subsequently leading to enhanced vessel perfusion. Therefore, cisplatin as well as oxygen delivery to tumors were improved by AuNPs, which reduced hypoxia while sensitizing therapy of cisplatin in colorectal cancer model. Conclusion AuNPs were effective agents in enhancing cisplatin delivery and potentiating inhibiting tumor growth by decompressing colorectal cancer vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China,
| | - Jinghua Pan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China,
| | - Wei Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China,
| | - Wende Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China,
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yunlong Pan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China,
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11
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Lawrance IC, Rogler G, Bamias G, Breynaert C, Florholmen J, Pellino G, Reif S, Speca S, Latella G. Cellular and Molecular Mediators of Intestinal Fibrosis. J Crohns Colitis 2017. [PMID: 25306501 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.09.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a major complication of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and although inflammation is necessary for its development, it would appear that it plays a minor role in its progression as anti-inflammatory treatments in IBD do not prevent fibrosis once it has started. The processes that regulate fibrosis would thus appear to be distinct from those regulating inflammation and, therefore, a detailed understanding of these pathways is vital to the development of anti-fibrogenic strategies. There have been several recent reviews exploring what is known, and what remains unknown, about the development of intestinal fibrosis. This review is designed to add to this literature but with a focus on the cellular components that are involved in the development of fibrogenesis and the major molecular mediators that impact on these cells. The aim is to heighten the understanding of the factors involved in intestinal fibrogenesis so that detailed research can be encouraged in order to advance the processes that could lead to effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Lawrance
- Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, WA, Australia.,University Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Freemantle, WA, Australia
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Ethnikon and Kapodistriakon University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christine Breynaert
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jon Florholmen
- Research Group of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Artic University of Norway and University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gianluca Pellino
- General Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Shimon Reif
- Department of Pediatrics, Tel-Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Silvia Speca
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research-INSERM, Unit U995, Lille, France
| | - Giovanni Latella
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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12
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Lawrance IC, Rogler G, Bamias G, Breynaert C, Florholmen J, Pellino G, Reif S, Speca S, Latella G. Cellular and Molecular Mediators of Intestinal Fibrosis. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:1491-1503. [PMID: 25306501 PMCID: PMC5885809 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a major complication of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and although inflammation is necessary for its development, it would appear that it plays a minor role in its progression as anti-inflammatory treatments in IBD do not prevent fibrosis once it has started. The processes that regulate fibrosis would thus appear to be distinct from those regulating inflammation and, therefore, a detailed understanding of these pathways is vital to the development of anti-fibrogenic strategies. There have been several recent reviews exploring what is known, and what remains unknown, about the development of intestinal fibrosis. This review is designed to add to this literature but with a focus on the cellular components that are involved in the development of fibrogenesis and the major molecular mediators that impact on these cells. The aim is to heighten the understanding of the factors involved in intestinal fibrogenesis so that detailed research can be encouraged in order to advance the processes that could lead to effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Lawrance
- Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- University Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Freemantle, WA, Australia
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Ethnikon and Kapodistriakon University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christine Breynaert
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jon Florholmen
- Research Group of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Artic University of Norway and University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gianluca Pellino
- General Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Shimon Reif
- Department of Pediatrics, Tel-Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Silvia Speca
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research-INSERM, Unit U995, Lille, France
| | - Giovanni Latella
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases consisting of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition to genetic susceptibility and disturbances of the microbiome, environmental exposures forming the exposome play an important role. Starting at birth, the cumulative effect of different environmental exposures combined with a predetermined genetic susceptibility is thought to cause inflammatory bowel disease. All these environmental factors are part of a Western lifestyle, suiting the high incidence rates in Europe and the United States. Whereas receiving breastfeeding, evidence of a Helicobacter pylori infection and vitamin D are important protective factors in Crohn's disease as well as ulcerative colitis, increased hygiene, experiencing a bacterial gastroenteritis in the past, urban living surroundings, air pollution, the use of antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and oral contraceptives are likely to be the most important risk factors for both diseases. Current cigarette smoking yields a divergent effect by protecting against ulcerative colitis but increasing risk of Crohn's disease, whereas former smoking increases chances of both diseases. This review gives a clear overview of the current state of knowledge concerning the exposome. Future studies should focus on measuring this exposome yielding the possibility of combining all involved factors to one exposome risk score and our knowledge on genetic susceptibility.
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Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (Bevacizumab) Therapy Reduces Hypertrophic Scar Formation in a Rabbit Ear Wounding Model. Arch Plast Surg 2016; 43:491-497. [PMID: 27896177 PMCID: PMC5122535 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2016.43.6.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertrophic scarring is a pathological condition that occurs after trauma or surgery. Angiogenesis occurs more often with hypertrophic scarring than with normotrophic scarring. The regulation of angiogenesis is one of the key factors in hypertrophic scar management. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an essential factor in the angiogenetic response. This study investigated whether decreasing the level of VEGF is effective for treating hypertrophic scarring. Methods Ten 8-week-old female New Zealand white rabbits were included. Four defects were created on each ear by using a 6-mm punch. Bevacizumab (Avastin, Roche Pharma, Basel, Switzerland) was administered in one ear and normal saline was administered in the other ear. Treatment was administered starting on day 2, every 2 days, until day 14. The levels of VEGF were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on day 10 and histologic results were analyzed on day 40. Results Bevacizumab induced-defects showed less hypertrophic scarring when compared with the control group as measured by the scar elevation index (SEI) and loose collagen arrangement. The SEI in the experimental group was 1.89±0.13, compared to 1.99±0.13 in the control group (n=30, P=0.005). Additionally, the VEGF level was lower (38.72±11.03 pg vs. 82.50±21.64 pg, n=10, P=0.001) and fewer vessels existed (8.58±0.76 vs. 7.2±1.20, n=10, P=0.007). Conclusions Preventing excessive angiogenesis is effective for preventing scar formation, especially with hypertrophic scarring. Although it is not an approach that is sufficient alone for the management of scarring, it may be one of several important strategies for scar treatment.
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15
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Angiogenesis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Inflam 2015; 2015:970890. [PMID: 26839731 PMCID: PMC4709626 DOI: 10.1155/2015/970890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an important component of pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Chronic inflammation and angiogenesis are two closely related processes. Chronic intestinal inflammation is dependent on angiogenesis and this angiogenesis is modulated by immune system in IBD. Angiogenesis is a very complex process which includes multiple cell types, growth factors, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and signal transduction. Lymphangiogenesis is a new research area in the pathogenesis of IBD. While angiogenesis supports inflammation via leukocyte migration, carrying oxygen and nutrients, on the other hand, it has a major role in wound healing. Angiogenic molecules look like perfect targets for the treatment of IBD, but they have risk for serious side effects because of their nature.
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Macé V, Ahluwalia A, Coron E, Le Rhun M, Boureille A, Bossard C, Mosnier JF, Matysiak-Budnik T, Tarnawski AS. Confocal laser endomicroscopy: a new gold standard for the assessment of mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30 Suppl 1:85-92. [PMID: 25827810 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Endoscopic assessment of mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis (UC) is increasingly accepted as a measure of disease activity, therapeutic goal, and the key prognostic indicator. While regular endoscopy evaluates appearance of the mucosal surface, confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) enables in vivo visualization of subepithelial mucosa at 1000× magnification during ongoing endoscopy. Our aims were to determine using CLE whether endoscopically normal appearing colonic mucosa in patients with UC in remission (UC-IR) has fully regenerated mucosal structures, resolved inflammation, and to identify the mechanisms. METHODS Twelve patients (six controls and six with UC-IR) underwent colonoscopy using CLE and intravenous fluorescein infusion. During colonoscopy, CLE images of colonic mucosa and conventional mucosal biopsies were obtained and evaluated using image-analysis systems. We quantified; (i) regeneration of colonic crypts and blood microvessels; (ii) cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) expression; (iii) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations; (iv) inflammatory infiltration; and (v) vascular permeability (VP). RESULTS In control subjects, CLE demonstrated normal colonic crypts and microvasculature. COX2 expression was minimal, and < 7% crypts showed mtDNA mutations. Colonic mucosa of UC-IR patients had impaired and distorted crypt regeneration, increased COX2, 69% crypts with mtDNA mutations, persistent inflammation, and abnormal vascular architecture with increased VP (all P < 0.001 vs normal mucosa). CONCLUSIONS (i) Endoscopically normal appearing colonic mucosa of patients with UC-IR remains abnormal: CLE demonstrates impaired crypt regeneration, persistent inflammation, distinct abnormalities in angioarchitecture and increased vascular permeability; molecular imaging showed increased COX2 and mtDNA mutations; (ii) CLE may serve as a new gold standard for the assessment of mucosal healing in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Macé
- Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CIC INSERM 04 et Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, CHU de Nantes, France
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Zezos P, Kouklakis G, Saibil F. Inflammatory bowel disease and thromboembolism. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:13863-78. [PMID: 25320522 PMCID: PMC4194568 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of vascular complications. Thromboembolic complications, both venous and arterial, are serious extraintestinal manifestations complicating the course of IBD and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Patients with IBD are more prone to thromboembolic complications and IBD per se is a risk factor for thromboembolic disease. Data suggest that thrombosis is a specific feature of IBD that can be involved in both the occurrence of thromboembolic events and the pathogenesis of the disease. The exact etiology for this special association between IBD and thromboembolism is as yet unknown, but it is thought that multiple acquired and inherited factors are interacting and producing the increased tendency for thrombosis in the local intestinal microvasculature, as well as in the systemic circulation. Clinicians' awareness of the risks, and their ability to promptly diagnose and manage tromboembolic complications are of vital importance. In this review we discuss how thromboembolic disease is related to IBD, specifically focusing on: (1) the epidemiology and clinical features of thromboembolic complications in IBD; (2) the pathophysiology of thrombosis in IBD; and (3) strategies for the prevention and management of thromboembolic complications in IBD patients.
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Yao H, Chen Y, Zhang L, He X, He X, Lian L, Wu X, Lan P. Carnosol inhibits cell adhesion molecules and chemokine expression by tumor necrosis factor-α in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through the nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:476-80. [PMID: 24316968 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are gastrointestinal disorders associated with chronic inflammatory processes. Carnosol has been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory properties. This study examined the suppressive effect of carnosol on the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and chemokines in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the possible underlying mechanism. The effect of carnosol on CAM and chemokine expression in HUVECs was identified by western blotting and ELISA, respectively. nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation of HUVECs was analyzed using the TransAM NF-κB Family kit. The effect of carnosol on the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced activation of the NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, and was subsequently analyzed using western blotting. Carnosol not only inhibited TNF-α-induced protein expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and E-selectin in HUVECs, but also suppressed interleukin (IL)-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 expression. In addition, carnosol inhibited the TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of p-65 and IκB-α, as well as the activation of NF-κB. The same result was observed in TNF-α-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p-38. It was demonstrated that carnosol inhibited TNF-α-induced CAM and chemokine expression in HUVECs. The underlying mechanism may be associated with the blocking of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. These results indicate that carnosol may be a novel therapeutic agent for targeting endothelial cells in IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Gastrointestinal Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Gastrointestinal Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Longjuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosheng He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Gastrointestinal Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowen He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Gastrointestinal Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Lei Lian
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Gastrointestinal Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Gastrointestinal Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Gastrointestinal Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
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Poly-γ-glutamic acid attenuates angiogenesis and inflammation in experimental colitis. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:982383. [PMID: 23766568 PMCID: PMC3671540 DOI: 10.1155/2013/982383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), naturally secreted from various strains of Bacillus, has anti-inflammatory activity. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), inflammation is promoted and sustained by angiogenesis; however, the role played by γ-PGA in this condition is unclear. Therefore, we evaluated γ-PGA effects on angiogenesis and inflammation in a dextran sulfate sodium- (DSS-) induced mouse colitis model. Experimental colitis was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by administering 3% DSS. Disease activity index (DAI), histopathological scores, microvascular density, myeloperoxidase activity, and VEGF-A and VEGFR2 expression were compared among control mice, DSS-treated mice, and mice receiving 3% DSS along with γ-PGA at 50 mg/kg body weight per day or 3% DSS with γ-PGA at 200 mg/kg body weight per day. We found that γ-PGA significantly attenuated weight loss, DAI, and colon shortening. γ-PGA also significantly reduced histopathological evidence of injury. Moreover, γ-PGA significantly attenuated DSS-induced blood vessel densities. Furthermore, γ-PGA attenuated DSS-induced expression of VEGF-A and its receptor, VEGFR2. In addition, γ-PGA treatment led to reduced recruitment of leukocytes to the inflamed colon. Therefore, our results indicate that γ-PGA has potential application in conditions marked by inflammatory-driven angiogenesis and mucosal inflammation.
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Ramlow W, Waitz G, Sparmann G, Prophet H, Bodammer P, Emmrich J. First Human Application of a Novel Adsorptive-Type Cytapheresis Module in Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot Study. Ther Apher Dial 2013; 17:339-47. [DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peggy Bodammer
- Division of Gastroenterology; University of Rostock; Rostock; Germany
| | - Jörg Emmrich
- Division of Gastroenterology; University of Rostock; Rostock; Germany
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Speca S, Giusti I, Rieder F, Latella G. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3635-61. [PMID: 22851857 PMCID: PMC3406417 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i28.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a chronic and progressive process characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) leading to stiffening and/or scarring of the involved tissue. Intestinal fibrosis may develop in several different enteropathies, including inflammatory bowel disease. It develops through complex cell, extracellular matrix, cytokine and growth factor interactions. Distinct cell types are involved in intestinal fibrosis, such as resident mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells) but also ECM-producing cells derived from epithelial and endothelial cells (through a process termed epithelial- and endothelial-mesenchymal transition), stellate cells, pericytes, local or bone marrow-derived stem cells. The most important soluble factors that regulate the activation of these cells include cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, components of the renin-angiotensin system, angiogenic factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, mammalian target of rapamycin, and products of oxidative stress. It soon becomes clear that although inflammation is responsible for triggering the onset of the fibrotic process, it only plays a minor role in the progression of this condition, as fibrosis may advance in a self-perpetuating fashion. Definition of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in intestinal fibrosis may provide the key to developing new therapeutic approaches.
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Alkim C, Sakiz D, Alkim H, Livaoglu A, Kendir T, Demirsoy H, Erdem L, Akbayir N, Sokmen M. Thrombospondin-1 and VEGF in inflammatory bowel disease. Libyan J Med 2012; 7:LJM-7-8942. [PMID: 22299021 PMCID: PMC3269884 DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v7i0.8942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Angiogenesis is an important process in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation. We aimed to study the angiogeneic balance in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by evaluating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) on colonic epithelial cells, together with the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Methods Twenty-one ulcerative colitis (UC), 14 Crohn's disease (CD), 11 colorectal cancer patients, and 11 healthy controls colonic biopsy samples were evaluated immunohistochemically. Results The expressions of TSP-1, VEGF, and iNOS in UC and CD groups were higher than expression in healthy control group, all with statistical significance. However, in colorectal cancer group, VEGF and iNOS expressions were increased importantly, but TSP-1 expression was not statistically different from healthy control group's expression. Both TSP-1 and VEGF expressions were correlated with iNOS expression distinctly but did not correlate with each other. Conclusions Both pro-angiogeneic VEGF and antiangiogeneic TSP-1 expressions were found increased in our IBD groups, but in colorectal cancer group, only VEGF expression was increased. TSP-1 increases in IBD patients as a response to inflammatory condition, but this increase was not enough to suppress pathologic angiogenesis and inflammation in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Alkim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ibrahim A, Aziz M, Hassan A, Mbodji K, Collasse E, Coëffier M, Bounoure F, Savoye G, Déchelotte P, Marion-Letellier R. Dietary α-linolenic acid-rich formula reduces adhesion molecules in rats with experimental colitis. Nutrition 2012; 28:799-802. [PMID: 22261574 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid therapy in inflammatory bowel disease is focused on the effects on fish oil-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids. We speculated that a vegetal oil rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) might also inhibit colitis. Therefore, we evaluated whether dietary ALA would decrease the expression of adhesion molecules by inducing the protective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in a rat colitis model. METHODS Colitis was induced at day 0 by an intrarectal injection of 2-4-6-trinitrobenzen sulfonic acid (TNBS), whereas control rats received the vehicle. Rats were fed an ALA-rich formula 450 mg · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹, whereas the other colitic group (TNBS) and the control group were fed an isocaloric corn oil formula for 14 d (from day -7 to day 7). The colonic expressions of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), vascular endothelial growth factor A receptor-2 (VEGFR2), and HO-1 were studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The ALA-rich diet significantly decreased the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and VEGFR-2 compared the TNBS group, but it did not affect the expression of HO-1. CONCLUSION A vegetal ALA-rich formula decreases the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and VEGFR-2 and independently of HO-1 in rats with TNBS-induced colitis. Further studies are required to evaluate its therapeutic potential in inflammatory bowel disease as an alternative to fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Ibrahim
- Medicine University, Institute of Biomedical Research, Rouen, France
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Vigren L, Sjöberg K, Benoni C, Tysk C, Bohr J, Kilander A, Larsson L, Ström M, Hjortswang H. Is smoking a risk factor for collagenous colitis? Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:1334-9. [PMID: 21854096 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2011.610005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between smoking and idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease is well known; smoking seems to have a diverse effect. Crohn's disease is associated with smoking, while ulcerative colitis is associated with non-smoking. Data on smoking in microscopic colitis of the collagenous type (CC) are lacking. The aim of this investigation was to study smoking habits in CC and to observe whether smoking had any impact on the course of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS 116 patients (92 women) with median age of 62 years (interquartile range 55-73) answered questionnaires covering demographic data, smoking habits and disease activity. As control group we used data from the general population in Sweden retrieved from Statistics Sweden, the central bureau for national socioeconomic information. RESULTS Of the 116 CC patients, 37% were smokers compared with 17% of controls (p < 0.001, odds ratio (OR) 2.95). In the age group 16-44 years, 75% of CC patients were smokers compared with 15% of controls (p < 0.001, OR 16.54). All CC smoker patients started smoking before the onset of disease. Furthermore, smokers developed the disease earlier than non-smokers--at 42 years of age (median) compared with 56 years in non-smokers (p < 0.003). Although the proportion with active disease did not differ between smokers and non-smokers, there was a trend indicating that more smokers received active treatment (42% vs. 17%, p = 0.078). CONCLUSIONS Smoking is a risk factor for CC. Smokers develop their disease more than 10 years earlier than non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Vigren
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Calcagno SR, Li S, Shahid MW, Wallace MB, Leitges M, Fields AP, Murray NR. Protein kinase C iota in the intestinal epithelium protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:1685-97. [PMID: 21744423 PMCID: PMC3116999 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The integrity of the intestinal epithelium is critical for the absorption and retention of fluid and nutrients. The intestinal epithelium also provides a barrier between the intestinal bacteria and the body's immune surveillance. Therefore, intestinal epithelial barrier function is critically important, and disruption of the intestinal epithelium results in rapid repair of the damaged area. METHODS We evaluated the requirement for protein kinase C iota (PKCι) in intestinal epithelial homeostasis and response to epithelial damage using a well-characterized mouse model of colitis. Mice were analyzed for the clinical, histological, and cellular effects of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment. RESULTS Knockout of the mouse PKCι gene (Prkci) in the intestinal epithelium (Prkci KO mice) had no effect on normal colonic homeostasis; however, Prkci KO mice were significantly more sensitive to DSS-induced colitis and death. After withdrawal of DSS, Prkci KO mice exhibited a continued increase in apoptosis, inflammation, and damage to the intestinal microvasculature and a progressive loss of trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) expression, a regulatory peptide important for intestinal wound healing. Knockdown of PKCι expression in HT-29 cells reduced wound healing and TFF3 expression, while addition of exogenous TFF3 restored wound healing in PKCι-depleted cells. CONCLUSIONS Expression of PKCι in the intestinal epithelium protects against DSS-induced colitis. Our data suggest that PKCι reduces DSS-induced damage by promoting intestinal epithelial wound healing through the control of TFF3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuhua Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Muhammad W. Shahid
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Michael B. Wallace
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Michael Leitges
- Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alan P. Fields
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Nicole R. Murray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA,To whom correspondences should be addressed: Nicole R. Murray, Ph.D. Department of Cancer Biology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine-Jacksonville Griffin Cancer Building Room 213 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224 Tel. 904-953-6108 Fax: 904-953-6233
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Yu W, Hegarty JP, Berg A, Chen X, West G, Kelly AA, Wang Y, Poritz LS, Koltun WA, Lin Z. NKX2-3 transcriptional regulation of endothelin-1 and VEGF signaling in human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20454. [PMID: 21637825 PMCID: PMC3102722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background NKX2-3 is associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). NKX2-3 is expressed in microvascular endothelial cells and the muscularis mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMECs) are actively involved in the pathogenesis of IBD and IBD-associated microvascular dysfunction. To understand the cellular function of NKX2-3 and its potential role underlying IBD pathogenesis, we investigated the genes regulated by NKX2-3 in HIMEC using cDNA microarray. Methodology/Principal Findings NKX2-3 expression was suppressed by shRNA in two HIMEC lines and gene expression was profiled by cDNA microarray. Pathway Analysis was used to identify gene networks according to biological functions and associated pathways. Validation of microarray and genes expression in intestinal tissues was assessed by RT-PCR. NKX2-3 regulated genes are involved in immune and inflammatory response, cell proliferation and growth, metabolic process, and angiogenesis. Several inflammation and angiogenesis related signaling pathways that play important roles in IBD were regulated by NKX2-3, including endothelin-1 and VEGF-PI3K/AKT-eNOS. Expression levels of NKX2-3, VEGFA, PI3K, AKT, and eNOS are increased in intestinal tissues from IBD patients and expression levels of EDN1 are decreased in intestinal tissues from IBD patients. These results demonstrated the important roles of NKX2-3, VEGF, PI3K, AKT, eNOS, and EDN1 in IBD pathogenesis. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between mRNA expression of NKX2-3 and VEGFA and a negative correlation between mRNA expression of NKX2-3 and EDN1 in intestinal tissues from IBD patients. Conclusion/Relevance NKX2-3 may play an important role in IBD pathogenesis by regulating endothelin-1 and VEGF signaling in HIMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John P. Hegarty
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Arthur Berg
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gail West
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ashley A. Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yunhua Wang
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lisa S. Poritz
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Walter A. Koltun
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WAK); (ZL)
| | - Zhenwu Lin
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WAK); (ZL)
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Oehlers SH, Flores MV, Okuda KS, Hall CJ, Crosier KE, Crosier PS. A chemical enterocolitis model in zebrafish larvae that is dependent on microbiota and responsive to pharmacological agents. Dev Dyn 2010; 240:288-98. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Lipinski S, Bremer L, Lammers T, Thieme F, Schreiber S, Rosenstiel P. Coagulation and inflammation. Molecular insights and diagnostic implications. Hamostaseologie 2010; 31:94-102, 104. [PMID: 21152678 DOI: 10.5482/ha-1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence has linked inflammatory disorders to a hypercoagulable state. In fact, thromboembolic complications are among the leading causes of disability and death in many acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Despite this clinical knowledge, coagulation and immunity were long regarded as separate entities. Recent studies have unveiled molecular underpinnings of the intimate interconnection between both systems. The studies have clearly shown that distinct pro-inflammatory stimuli also activate the clotting cascade and that coagulation in turn modulates inflammatory signaling pathways. In this review, we use evidence from sepsis and inflammatory bowel diseases as a paradigm for acute and chronic inflammatory states in general and rise hypotheses how a systematic molecular understanding of the "inflammation-coagulation" crosstalk may result in novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that target the inflammation-induced hypercoagulable state.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lipinski
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Schittenhelmstr. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Jerkic M, Peter M, Ardelean D, Fine M, Konerding MA, Letarte M. Dextran sulfate sodium leads to chronic colitis and pathological angiogenesis in Endoglin heterozygous mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1859-70. [PMID: 20848471 PMCID: PMC2959118 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathological angiogenesis is an intrinsic component of chronic intestinal inflammation, which results in remodeling and expansion of the gut microvascular bed. Endoglin is essential for endothelial cell function and physiological angiogenesis. In this study we investigated its potential role in the regulation of inflammation by testing the response of Endoglin heterozygous (Eng(+/-)) mice to experimental colitis. METHODS C57BL/6 Eng(+/-) and littermate control mice drank water supplemented with 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 5 days and were monitored for up to 26 days for clinical signs of colitis. Inflammation, crypt damage, and angiogenic index were scored on histological sections of distal colon. Levels of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietins were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and/or Western blots. Vascular permeability was assessed using Evans Blue. RESULTS Eng(+/-) and control mice developed acute colitis, which peaked at day 9. While control mice recovered by days 19-26, Eng(+/-) mice progressed to chronic colitis and showed numerous vascular protrusions penetrating into the serosa of the inflamed distal colon. Prior to DSS induction, VEGF levels and vascular permeability were higher in the distal colon of Eng(+/-) mice, while angiopoietin 1 and 2 levels were unchanged. In the chronic phase of colitis, VEGF levels were increased in both groups of mice and remained significantly higher in the Eng(+/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Higher VEGF levels and increased vascular permeability in the distal colon may predispose Eng(+/-) mice to progress to chronic and persistent bowel inflammation, associated with pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Jerkic
- Molecular Structure and Function Program, Hospital for Sick Children,The Heart and Stroke Foundation Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto
| | - Madonna Peter
- Molecular Structure and Function Program, Hospital for Sick Children,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto
| | - Daniela Ardelean
- Molecular Structure and Function Program, Hospital for Sick Children,Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Sick Children
| | | | | | - Michelle Letarte
- Molecular Structure and Function Program, Hospital for Sick Children,The Heart and Stroke Foundation Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto
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Danese S, Vetrano S, Zhang L, Poplis VA, Castellino FJ. The protein C pathway in tissue inflammation and injury: pathogenic role and therapeutic implications. Blood 2010. [PMID: 20018912 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-09- 201616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and coagulation are closely linked interdependent processes. Under physiologic conditions, the tissue microcirculation functions in anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory fashions. However, when inflammation occurs, coagulation is also set in motion and actively participates in enhancing inflammation. Recently, novel and unexpected roles of hemostasis in the humoral and cellular components of innate immunity have been described. In particular, the protein C system, besides its well-recognized role in anticoagulation, plays a crucial role in inflammation. Indeed, the protein C system is now emerging as a novel participant in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, and lung and heart inflammation, and may emerge as unexpected therapeutic targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Danese
- IBD Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.
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31
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The protein C pathway in tissue inflammation and injury: pathogenic role and therapeutic implications. Blood 2009; 115:1121-30. [PMID: 20018912 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-09-201616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and coagulation are closely linked interdependent processes. Under physiologic conditions, the tissue microcirculation functions in anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory fashions. However, when inflammation occurs, coagulation is also set in motion and actively participates in enhancing inflammation. Recently, novel and unexpected roles of hemostasis in the humoral and cellular components of innate immunity have been described. In particular, the protein C system, besides its well-recognized role in anticoagulation, plays a crucial role in inflammation. Indeed, the protein C system is now emerging as a novel participant in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, and lung and heart inflammation, and may emerge as unexpected therapeutic targets for intervention.
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32
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Danese S. Nonimmune cells in inflammatory bowel disease: from victim to villain. Trends Immunol 2009; 29:555-64. [PMID: 18838297 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonimmune cells have traditionally been viewed as target cells of the aberrant inflammatory process present in chronic immune-mediated conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the discovery that many of the functions traditionally attributed to immune cells are also performed by nonimmune cells has caused a shift to a multidirectional hypothesis in which nonimmune cells and acellular elements play active roles. Many types of interactions occur within this multidirectional system, and the difficulties associated with modeling these complex interactions currently limit our understanding of the cellular network that occurs in IBD. I describe the current knowledge of the roles played by nonimmune cells in the pathogenesis of IBD, as they emerge as crucial alternative targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Danese
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, IRCCS in Gastroenterology, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.
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33
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Maharshak N, Arbel Y, Shapira I, Berliner S, Ben-Ami R, Yedgar S, Barshtein G, Dotan I. Increased strength of erythrocyte aggregates in blood of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:707-13. [PMID: 19137610 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased strength of red blood cell (RBC) aggregates are present during the acute inflammatory response and contribute to erythrocyte aggregation and may lead to microvascular dysfunction. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by damage to the bowel wall. This damage may be at least partially attributed to microvascular ischemia caused by enhanced erythrocyte aggregation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the strength of RBC aggregates in the blood of patients with IBD. METHODS The strengths of RBC aggregates were characterized by integrative RBC aggregation parameters, determined by measuring of RBC aggregation as a function of shear stress. The results are represented as the area under the curve (AUC) of aggregate size plotted against shear stress. For each patient, dynamic aggregation and disaggregation of RBC were recorded and analyzed according to the RBC aggregate size distribution at the different shear stresses. Aggregation indices were correlated with disease activity and inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS We examined 53 IBD patients and 63 controls. IBD patients had significantly elevated concentrations of inflammation-sensitive proteins and aggregation parameters. The strength of large aggregates, represented by AUC for large fraction aggregates, among patients (15.2 +/- 18.6) was double that of controls (7 +/- 10.9) (P = 0.006). The strength of large aggregates correlated with disease activity (r = 0.340; P < 0.001) with concentration of fibrinogen (r = 0.575; P < 0.001) and with concentration of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (r = 0.386; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The strength of RBC aggregates is increased in patients with IBD and correlates with the intensity of the acute phase response. This could contribute to bowel damage in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitsan Maharshak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Scaldaferri F, Vetrano S, Sans M, Arena V, Straface G, Stigliano E, Repici A, Sturm A, Malesci A, Panes J, Yla-Herttuala S, Fiocchi C, Danese S. VEGF-A links angiogenesis and inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:585-95.e5. [PMID: 19013462 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) mediates angiogenesis and might also have a role in inflammation and immunity. We examined whether VEGF-A signaling has a role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS Expression levels of VEGF-A, and its receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, were examined in samples from patients with IBD and compared with those of controls. The capacity of VEGF-A to induce angiogenesis was tested in human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells using cell-migration and matrigel tubule-formation assays. Levels of vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule were measured by flow cytometry to determine induction of inflammation; neutrophil adhesion was also assayed. Expression patterns were determined in tissues from mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis; the effects of VEGF-A overexpression and blockade were assessed in these mice by adenoviral transfer of VEGF-A and soluble VEGFR-1. Intestinal angiogenesis was measured by quantitative CD31 staining and leukocyte adhesion in vivo by intravital microscopy. RESULTS Levels of VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 increased in samples from patients with IBD and colitic mice. VEGF-A induced angiogenesis of human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro as well as an inflammatory phenotype and adherence of neutrophils to intestinal endothelium. Overexpression of VEGF-A in mice with DSS-induced colitis worsened their condition, whereas overexpression of soluble VEGFR-1 had the opposite effect. Furthermore, overexpression of VEGF-A increased mucosal angiogenesis and stimulated leukocyte adhesion in vivo. CONCLUSIONS VEGF-A appears to be a novel mediator of IBD by promoting intestinal angiogenesis and inflammation. Agents that block VEGF-A signaling might reduce intestinal inflammation in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Scaldaferri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Milan; Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Roifman I, Sun YC, Fedwick JP, Panaccione R, Buret AG, Liu H, Rostom A, Anderson TJ, Beck PL. Evidence of endothelial dysfunction in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7:175-82. [PMID: 19121648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic inflammation has a major role in the development and propagation of endothelial dysfunction, which can lead to coronary artery disease. Endothelial dysfunction has been described in patients with various and diverse chronic inflammatory conditions. Altered vascular flow has been proposed to mediate inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), although the role of endothelial dysfunction remains obscure. The purpose of our study was to assess endothelial function in patients with IBD. METHODS Ninety-eight subjects were included in this study; 48 with IBD (17 with ulcerative colitis and 31 with Crohn's disease) and 50 healthy controls. Endothelial function was assessed by pulse arterial tonometry (PAT) and brachial ultrasound to determine flow-mediated dilation and shear stress reactive hyperemia. The impact of disease activity, disease duration, and IBD therapy also was assessed. RESULTS Baseline demographic characteristics, including cardiovascular risk factors, were similar in all groups. IBD patients showed microvascular endothelial dysfunction, with lower PAT indices (P < .01) and shear stress reactive hyperemia (P < .05) compared with controls. There was no relationship between microvascular endothelial dysfunction, disease duration, underlying therapy, or clinical disease activity. There was a positive association between lower PAT scores and recent abdominal pain (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS This was a large study assessing endothelial dysfunction in IBD. Both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients showed evidence of microvascular endothelial dysfunction. Future research could determine whether endothelial dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of IBD or increases the risk of cardiovascular events in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Roifman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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36
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Scaldaferri F, Sans M, Vetrano S, Correale C, Arena V, Pagano N, Rando G, Romeo F, Potenza AE, Repici A, Malesci A, Danese S. The role of MAPK in governing lymphocyte adhesion to and migration across the microvasculature in inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:290-300. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Vetrano S, Rescigno M, Cera MR, Correale C, Rumio C, Doni A, Fantini M, Sturm A, Borroni E, Repici A, Locati M, Malesci A, Dejana E, Danese S. Unique role of junctional adhesion molecule-a in maintaining mucosal homeostasis in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:173-84. [PMID: 18514073 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 03/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is localized at the tight junctions and controls leukocyte migration into the tissues. However, its functional role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unexplored. METHODS Control, Crohn's disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC) tissue specimens were studied for JAM-A expression, as well as the colon of mice given dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Wild-type and JAM-A(-/-), Tie-2-Cre-JAM-A(-/-) (endothelial/hematopoietic-specific JAM inactivation) mice were studied for susceptibility to DSS. Disease activity and colonic inflammation were assessed using a disease activity index histology and endoscopy, and mucosal cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. JAM-A function was investigated by RNA silencing in epithelial cells, and apoptosis was measured. RESULTS In both CD and UC, as well as in experimental colitis, there is a loss of epithelial but not endothelial JAM-A expression. Deletion of JAM-A results in a dramatic increase in susceptibility to DSS colitis, as assessed by weight loss, disease activity index, histologic and endoscopic severity, and strikingly high mortality rates. This is not caused by the absence of JAM-A in the endothelial or hematopoietic compartments because Tie-2-Cre-JAM-A(-/-) mice are no more susceptible to DSS colitis than wild-type animals. JAM-A(-/-) mice displayed increased intestinal permeability and inflammatory cytokine production, and marked epithelial apoptosis. Silencing of JAM-A in intestinal epithelial cells resulted in increased permeability in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results show a nonredundant and novel role of JAM-A in controlling mucosal homeostasis by regulating the integrity and permeability of epithelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Vetrano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Rozzano, Italy
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Wang J, Chen H, Shankowsky HA, Scott PG, Tredget EE. Improved Scar in Postburn Patients Following Interferon-α2b Treatment Is Associated with Decreased Angiogenesis Mediated by Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2008; 28:423-34. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2007.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Wang
- Wound Healing Research Group, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hong Chen
- Wound Healing Research Group, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather A. Shankowsky
- Wound Healing Research Group, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul G. Scott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward E. Tredget
- Wound Healing Research Group, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Danese S. Mechanisms of action of infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease: an anti-inflammatory multitasker. Dig Liver Dis 2008; 40 Suppl 2:S225-8. [PMID: 18598993 DOI: 10.1016/s1590-8658(08)60530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a central role in mucosal inflammation and is a key mediator in the inflammatory cascade in both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Infliximab, a monoclonal antibody against TNF-alpha has been proved highly effective in the clinical management of both forms of IBD. Aim of this paper is to review the mechanisms of action of infliximab in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Danese
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, IRCCS in Gastroenterology, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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40
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Lust M, Vulcano M, Danese S. The protein C pathway in inflammatory bowel disease: the missing link between inflammation and coagulation. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:237-44. [PMID: 18457995 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally described as a major anti-coagulant system, the protein C (PC) pathway, consisting of thrombomodulin, the endothelial cell protein C receptor and activated PC (APC), is gaining increasing attention as an important regulator of microvascular inflammation. Although they possess several anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective functions, the expression and function of the components of the PC pathway is downregulated during inflammation. Recent evidence suggests that the PC pathway is defective in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and that restoring its function has anti-inflammatory effects on cultured intestinal microvascular endothelial cells and in animal models of colitis. Here, we propose that the PC pathway has an important role in governing intestinal microvascular inflammation and might provide a novel therapeutic target in the management of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lust
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Smoking is an important environmental factor in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), having different effects in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). A recent meta-analysis partially confirmed previous findings that smoking was found to be protective against ulcerative colitis and, after onset of the disease, might improve its course, decreasing the need for colectomy. However, smoking increases the risk of developing CD and worsens its course, increasing the need for steroids, immunosuppressants and re-operations. Smoking cessation aggravates ulcerative colitis and improves CD. Data are however, largely conflictive as well as the potential mechanisms involved in this dual relationship are still unknown. In this review article, the authors review the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Danese S. Negative regulators of angiogenesis in inflammatory bowel disease: thrombospondin in the spotlight. Pathobiology 2008; 75:22-4. [PMID: 18334836 DOI: 10.1159/000113791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the growth of new blood vessels. In the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, robust angiogenesis exists, and its blockade may have therapeutic potential, as shown in animal models of experimental intestinal inflammation. While abundant literature is available on the positive regulators of intestinal pathological angiogenesis, e.g. VEGF, b-FGF, IL-8, CD40 and CD40L, almost no data exist on negative regulators. Thrombospondin-1 is a negative regulator of angiogenesis, and it plays a new role in IBD-associated angiogenesis. In addition, recombinant thrombospondin-1 may inhibit pathological angiogenesis and may offer a new therapeutic approach to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Danese
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rozzano, Italy.
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Abstract
Smoking is an important environmental factor in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), having different effects in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). A recent meta-analysis partially confirmed previous findings that smoking was found to be protective against ulcerative colitis and, after onset of the disease, might improve its course, decreasing the need for colectomy. However, smoking increases the risk of developing Crohn’s disease and worsens its course, increasing the need for steroids, immunosuppressants and re-operations. Smoking cessation aggravates ulcerative colitis and improves Crohn’s disease. Data are however, largely conflictive as well as the potential mechanisms involved in this dual relationship are still unknown. In this review article, the authors review the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel diseases.
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