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Layunta E, Buey B, Mesonero JE, Latorre E. Crosstalk Between Intestinal Serotonergic System and Pattern Recognition Receptors on the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:748254. [PMID: 34819919 PMCID: PMC8607755 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.748254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the microbiota-gut-brain axis results in a wide range of pathologies that are affected, from the brain to the intestine. Gut hormones released by enteroendocrine cells to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are important signaling molecules within this axis. In the search for the language that allows microbiota to communicate with the gut and the brain, serotonin seems to be the most important mediator. In recent years, serotonin has emerged as a key neurotransmitter in the gut-brain axis because it largely contributes to both GI and brain physiology. In addition, intestinal microbiota are crucial in serotonin signaling, which gives more relevance to the role of the serotonin as an important mediator in microbiota-host interactions. Despite the numerous investigations focused on the gut-brain axis and the pathologies associated, little is known regarding how serotonin can mediate in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In this review, we will mainly discuss serotonergic system modulation by microbiota as a pathway of communication between intestinal microbes and the body on the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and we explore novel therapeutic approaches for GI diseases and mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Layunta
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Berta Buey
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose Emilio Mesonero
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Latorre
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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2
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Garcia de Durango CR, Monteiro MN, Bijnsdorp IV, Pham TV, De Wit M, Piersma SR, Knol JC, Pérez-Gordo M, Fijneman RJA, Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Jimenez CR. Lipopolysaccharide-regulated secretion of soluble and vesicle-based proteins from a panel of colorectal cancer cell lines. Proteomics Clin Appl 2021; 15:e1900119. [PMID: 33587312 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To mimic the perioperative microenvironment where bacterial products get in contact with colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and study its impact on protein release, we exposed six CRC cell lines to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and investigated the effect on the secretome using in-depth mass spectrometry-based proteomics. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Cancer cell secretome was harvested in bio-duplicate after LPS treatment, and separated in EV and soluble secretome (SS) fractions. Gel-fractionated proteins were analysed by label-free nano-liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. NF-κB activation, triggered upon LPS treatment, was evaluated. RESULTS We report a CRC secretome dataset of 5601 proteins. Comparison of all LPS-treated cells with controls revealed 37 proteins with altered abundance in the SS, including RPS25; and 13 in EVs, including HMGB1. Comparing controls and LPS-treated samples per cell line, revealed 564 significant differential proteins with fold-change >3. The LPS-induced release of RPS25 was validated by western blot. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Bacterial endotoxin has minor impact on the global CRC cell line secretome, yet it may alter protein release in a cell line-specific manner. This modulation might play a role in orchestrating the development of a permissive environment for CRC liver metastasis, especially through EV-communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cira R Garcia de Durango
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Pathology Institute Munich, DKTK Partner Site, Madrid, Munich, Spain, Germany
| | - Madalena N Monteiro
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Irene V Bijnsdorp
- Department of Urology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thang V Pham
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Meike De Wit
- Department of Urology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander Rogier Piersma
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaco C Knol
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marina Pérez-Gordo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Pathology Institute Munich, DKTK Partner Site, Madrid, Munich, Spain, Germany
| | - Remond J A Fijneman
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Vidal-Vanaclocha
- Valencia Institute of Pathology (IVP), Catholic University of Valencia School of Medicine and Odontology, Valencia, Spain
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Ciobanu L, Tefas C, Oancea DM, Berce C, Vodnar D, Mester A, Onica S, Toma C, Taulescu M. Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum ACTT 8014 on 5-fluorouracil induced intestinal mucositis in Wistar rats. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:209. [PMID: 33149773 PMCID: PMC7604756 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Some previous studies reported that probiotics might decrease the severity of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. This study assessed the potential protective effect of Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) induced intestinal mucositis in the Wistar rats. The Crl:WI rats were divided into two groups of six animals (F, L) and one group of 5 animals (M). Group L received for 9 days 3.32x109 CFU/ml of Lactobacillus plantarum orally. In the 7th day of the experiment 400 mg of 5-FU was administered intraperitoneally in groups L and F. Group M received only the vehicles. All animals were sacrificed in the 9th day. Eleven histological characteristics of mucositis were quantified from 0 (normal) to 3 (severe) for duodenum, jejunum and colon. Semiquantitative grades measured Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) immunopositive cells. The independent groups were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, with a Bonferroni correction for alpha (P≤0.016). In the group F, treated with 5-FU, the most affected areas were the jejunum and the duodenum. The medium score of histological lesions was 27 for jejunum (minimum 25, maximum 32) and 21 for duodenum (minimum 18, maximum 29). Graded microscopic mucosal changes of the jejunum were significantly lower in group L compared with group F (U=0, P=0.009, Mann-Whitney test). The histological changes depicted on the duodenal and colonic mucosa were less severe in group L than in group F, but without reaching the statistical significance (duodenum: U=6, P=0.172, Mann-Whitney test; colon: U=12, P=0.916, Mann-Whitney test). Although the TLR4 immunoexpression was more intense in group L, no significant statistical difference was revealed at duodenum, jejunum or colonic mucosa. Significantly fewer microscopic changes were depicted in L group on the jejunum, suggesting a potential beneficial effect of Lactobacillus plantarum at this level in 5-FU induced mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ciobanu
- Department of Internal Medicine, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Gastroenterology, 'Professor Doctor Octavian Fodor' Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Tefas
- Department of Internal Medicine, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Gastroenterology, 'Professor Doctor Octavian Fodor' Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Maria Oancea
- Department of Internal Medicine, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Berce
- Department of Internal Medicine, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Vodnar
- Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University ofAgricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mester
- Department of Internal Medicine, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sorina Onica
- Department of Internal Medicine, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Corina Toma
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University ofAgricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marian Taulescu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University ofAgricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Shah RM, McKenzie EJ, Rosin MT, Jadhav SR, Gondalia SV, Rosendale D, Beale DJ. An Integrated Multi-Disciplinary Perspectivefor Addressing Challenges of the Human Gut Microbiome. Metabolites 2020; 10:E94. [PMID: 32155792 PMCID: PMC7143645 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the human gut microbiome has grown exponentially. Advances in genome sequencing technologies and metagenomics analysis have enabled researchers to study microbial communities and their potential function within the context of a range of human gut related diseases and disorders. However, up until recently, much of this research has focused on characterizing the gut microbiological community structure and understanding its potential through system wide (meta) genomic and transcriptomic-based studies. Thus far, the functional output of these microbiomes, in terms of protein and metabolite expression, and within the broader context of host-gut microbiome interactions, has been limited. Furthermore, these studies highlight our need to address the issues of individual variation, and of samples as proxies. Here we provide a perspective review of the recent literature that focuses on the challenges of exploring the human gut microbiome, with a strong focus on an integrated perspective applied to these themes. In doing so, we contextualize the experimental and technical challenges of undertaking such studies and provide a framework for capitalizing on the breadth of insight such approaches afford. An integrated perspective of the human gut microbiome and the linkages to human health will pave the way forward for delivering against the objectives of precision medicine, which is targeted to specific individuals and addresses the issues and mechanisms in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan M. Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia;
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J. McKenzie
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (E.J.M.); (M.T.R.)
| | - Magda T. Rosin
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (E.J.M.); (M.T.R.)
| | - Snehal R. Jadhav
- Centre for Advanced Sensory Science, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
| | - Shakuntla V. Gondalia
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia;
| | | | - David J. Beale
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
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Albaugh GP, Dutta SK, Iyengar V, Shami S, Lohani A, Sainz E, Kessie G, Nair P, Lagerholm S, Kamra A, Chen JHJ, Kalavapudi S, Vinayek R, Shores R, Phillips LE, Nair R, Nair PP. Identification of a Native Novel Oncolytic Immunoglobulin on Exfoliated Colon Epithelial Cells: A Bispecific Heterodimeric Chimera of IgA/IgG*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpm.2020.106010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Li J, Pan X, Yang J, Jia L, Wu C, Liu H, Ren Z, Pan LL, Sun J. Enteral virus depletion modulates experimental acute pancreatitis via toll-like receptor 9 signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 171:113710. [PMID: 31726046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses that inhabit the intestine have profound effects on innate and adaptive immunity of the gut and thus distant organs. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common abdominal inflammatory disease, in which gut bacteria play an indispensable part, particularly in the severe form with local and systemic complications. So far, little is known about the role of enteric viruses in the pathophysiology of AP. In this study, we evaluated the effect of enteric virus depletion by oral anti-viral cocktail (AVC) on caerulein (Cae)-hyperstimulation induced experimental AP and underlying mechanisms. We found that AVC treatment alleviated experimental AP, accompanied by suppressed innate immune cell infiltration and TLR9 expression and signaling in pancreas and intestine. Furthermore, AVC administration reduced AP-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production, IL-6-activated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling. Concordantly, expression of AP-induced STAT3-responsive chemokines, especially monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) was reduced, thereby contributing to modulated pancreatic immune milieu. Treatment of mice with a toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist abolished the protective effect of AVC by activation of IL6/STAT3 signaling and downstream chemokine production. Conversely, treatment of mice with TLR9 antagonists, mimicking AVC, exerted protective effects against AP. Collectively, these results suggest that depletion of enteric viruses protects mice from experimental AP through inhibiting TLR9 signaling. Our study therefore implies a previously unrecognized role of enteric viruses in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lingling Jia
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - He Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhengnan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Li-Long Pan
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China.
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7
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Germini DE, Franco MIF, Fonseca FLA, de Sousa Gehrke F, da Costa Aguiar Alves Reis B, Cardili L, Oshima CTF, Theodoro TR, Waisberg J. Association of expression of inflammatory response genes and DNA repair genes in colorectal carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2019; 42:1010428319843042. [PMID: 30973070 DOI: 10.1177/1010428319843042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an important etiological factor of colorectal carcinoma and may be related to colorectal carcinoma growth and proliferation. This study aimed to verify whether the presence of chronic inflammation represented by tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 gene expression is related to hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH6, and PMS2 gene expression and the corresponding protein levels of these genes from the DNA repair system. A total of 83 patients were operated on for curative or palliative colorectal carcinoma. Expression of the inflammatory response genes tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 as well as expression of the hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH6, and PMS2 genes of the DNA repair system (mismatch repair) and the expression levels of the corresponding mismatch repair proteins were measured in neoplastic tissue by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Associations were observed between hMSH6 mRNA expression and interleukin-2 mRNA expression (p = 0.026) as well as between hMLH1 and hMSH2 gene expression and tumor necrosis factor-α gene expression (p = 0.042). Higher tissue levels of interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α gene expression were associated with lower hMSH6, hMLH1, and hMSH2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Leonardo Cardili
- 4 Department of Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jaques Waisberg
- 1 Department of Surgery, São Paulo State Civil Servant Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil.,6 Department of Surgery, ABC School of Medicine, Santo André, Brazil
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8
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Korver SK, Gibson RJ, Bowen JM, Coller JK. Toll-like receptor/interleukin-1 domain innate immune signalling pathway genetic variants are candidate predictors for severe gastrointestinal toxicity risk following 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 83:217-236. [PMID: 30474704 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Severe gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity is a common adverse effect following 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy treatment. The presence of severe GI toxicity leads to treatment revisions, sub-optimal therapy outcomes, and decreases to patients' quality of life. There are no adequate predictors for 5-FU-induced severe GI toxicity risk. The Toll-like receptor/interleukin-1 (TIR) domain innate immune signalling pathway is known to be a mediating pathway in the development of GI toxicity. Hence, genetic variability in this signalling pathway may alter the pathophysiology of GI toxicity and, therefore, be predictive of risk. However, little research has investigated the effects of TIR domain innate immune signalling pathway single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) on the risk and development of severe GI toxicity. METHODS This critical review surveyed the literature and reported on the in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo effects, as well as the genetic association, of selected TIR domain innate immune signalling pathway SNPs on disease susceptibility and gene functioning. RESULTS Of the TIR domain innate immune signalling pathway SNPs reviewed, evidence suggests interleukin-1 beta (IL1B) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) SNPs have the greatest potential as predictors for severe GI toxicity risk. These results warrant further research into the effect of IL1B and TNF SNPs on the risk and development of severe GI toxicity. CONCLUSIONS SNPs of the TIR domain innate immune signalling pathway have profound effects on disease susceptibility and gene functioning, making them candidate predictors for severe GI toxicity risk. The identification of a predictor for 5-FU-induced severe GI toxicity will allow the personalization of supportive care measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Korver
- Cancer Treatment Toxicities Group, Adelaide Medical School, Disciplines of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Adelaide, Level 2, Helen Mayo South Building, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Rachel J Gibson
- Cancer Treatment Toxicities Group, Adelaide Medical School, Disciplines of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Adelaide, Level 2, Helen Mayo South Building, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- Cancer Treatment Toxicities Group, Adelaide Medical School, Disciplines of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Adelaide, Level 2, Helen Mayo South Building, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Janet K Coller
- Cancer Treatment Toxicities Group, Adelaide Medical School, Disciplines of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Adelaide, Level 2, Helen Mayo South Building, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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Zhang SL, Wang SN, Miao CY. Influence of Microbiota on Intestinal Immune System in Ulcerative Colitis and Its Intervention. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1674. [PMID: 29234327 PMCID: PMC5712343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with chronic and recurrent characteristics caused by multiple reasons. Although the pathogenic factors have not been clarified yet, recent studies have demonstrated that intestinal microbiota plays a major role in UC, especially in the immune system. This review focuses on the description of several major microbiota communities that affect UC and their interactions with the host. In this review, eight kinds of microbiota that are highly related to IBD, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa, Bacteroides, Roseburia species, Eubacterium rectale, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium, and Candida albicans are demonstrated on the changes in amount and roles in the onset and progression of IBD. In addition, potential therapeutic targets for UC involved in the regulation of microbiota, including NLRPs, vitamin D receptor as well as secreted proteins, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Long Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Allen JM, Mailing LJ, Cohrs J, Salmonson C, Fryer JD, Nehra V, Hale VL, Kashyap P, White BA, Woods JA. Exercise training-induced modification of the gut microbiota persists after microbiota colonization and attenuates the response to chemically-induced colitis in gnotobiotic mice. Gut Microbes 2017; 9:115-130. [PMID: 28862530 PMCID: PMC5989796 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1372077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise reduces the risk of inflammatory disease by modulating a variety of tissue and cell types, including those within the gastrointestinal tract. Recent data indicates that exercise can also alter the gut microbiota, but little is known as to whether these changes affect host function. Here, we use a germ-free (GF) animal model to test whether exercise-induced modifications in the gut microbiota can directly affect host responses to microbiota colonization and chemically-induced colitis. Donor mice (n = 19) received access to a running wheel (n = 10) or remained without access (n = 9) for a period of six weeks. After euthanasia, cecal contents were pooled by activity treatment and transplanted into two separate cohorts of GF mice. Two experiments were then conducted. First, mice were euthanized five weeks after the microbiota transplant and tissues were collected for analysis. A second cohort of GF mice were colonized by donor microbiotas for four weeks before dextran-sodium-sulfate was administered to induce acute colitis, after which mice were euthanized for tissue analysis. We observed that microbial transplants from donor (exercised or control) mice led to differences in microbiota β-diversity, metabolite profiles, colon inflammation, and body mass in recipient mice five weeks after colonization. We also demonstrate that colonization of mice with a gut microbiota from exercise-trained mice led to an attenuated response to chemical colitis, evidenced by reduced colon shortening, attenuated mucus depletion and augmented expression of cytokines involved in tissue regeneration. Exercise-induced modifications in the gut microbiota can mediate host-microbial interactions with potentially beneficial outcomes for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Allen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - L. J. Mailing
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - J. Cohrs
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - C. Salmonson
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J. D. Fryer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - V. Nehra
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - V. L. Hale
- Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - P. Kashyap
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - B. A. White
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - J. A. Woods
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,CONTACT J. A. Woods, PhD , 906 S. Goodwin Ave., 348 Louise Freer Hall, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL 61801
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11
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Desired Turbulence? Gut-Lung Axis, Immunity, and Lung Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2017; 2017:5035371. [PMID: 29075294 PMCID: PMC5623803 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5035371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota includes different microorganisms consisting of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa distributed over many human body surfaces including the skin, vagina, gut, and airways, with the highest density found in the intestine. The gut microbiota strongly influences our metabolic, endocrine, and immune systems, as well as both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Recently, a dialogue between the gut and lung microbiota has been discovered, suggesting that changes in one compartment could impact the other compartment, whether in relation to microbial composition or function. Further, this bidirectional axis is evidenced in an, either beneficial or malignant, altered immune response in one compartment following changes in the other compartment. Stimulation of the immune system arises from the microbial cells themselves, but also from their metabolites. It can be either direct or mediated by stimulated immune cells in one site impacting the other site. Additionally, this interaction may lead to immunological boost, assisting the innate immune system in its antitumour response. Thus, this review offers an insight into the composition of these sites, the gut and the lung, their role in shaping the immune system, and, finally, their role in the response to lung cancer.
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Cell-Surface and Nuclear Receptors in the Colon as Targets for Bacterial Metabolites and Its Relevance to Colon Health. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080856. [PMID: 28796169 PMCID: PMC5579649 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic co-habitation of bacteria in the host colon is mutually beneficial to both partners. While the host provides the place and food for the bacteria to colonize and live, the bacteria in turn help the host in energy and nutritional homeostasis, development and maturation of the mucosal immune system, and protection against inflammation and carcinogenesis. In this review, we highlight the molecular mediators of the effective communication between the bacteria and the host, focusing on selective metabolites from the bacteria that serve as messengers to the host by acting through selective receptors in the host colon. These bacterial metabolites include the short-chain fatty acids acetate, propionate, and butyrate, the tryptophan degradation products indole-3-aldehyde, indole-3-acetic, acid and indole-3-propionic acid, and derivatives of endogenous bile acids. The targets for these bacterial products in the host include the cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109A and the nuclear receptors aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). The chemical communication between these bacterial metabolite messengers and the host targets collectively has the ability to impact metabolism, gene expression, and epigenetics in colonic epithelial cells as well as in mucosal immune cells. The end result, for the most part, is the maintenance of optimal colonic health.
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Hennenberg EM, Eyking A, Reis H, Cario E. MDR1A deficiency restrains tumor growth in murine colitis-associated carcinogenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180834. [PMID: 28686677 PMCID: PMC5501609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC) have an increased risk to develop colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Here, we found that protein expression of ABCB1 (ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 1) / MDR1 (multidrug resistance 1) was diminished in the intestinal mucosa of patients with active UC with or without CAC, but not in non-UC patients with sporadic colon cancer. We investigated the consequences of ABCB1/MDR1 loss-of-function in a common murine model for CAC (AOM/DSS). Mice deficient in MDR1A (MDR1A KO) showed enhanced intratumoral inflammation and cellular damage, which were associated with reduced colonic tumor size and decreased degree of dysplasia, when compared to wild-type (WT). Increased cell injury correlated with reduced capacity for growth of MDR1A KO tumor spheroids cultured ex-vivo. Gene expression analysis by microarray demonstrated that MDR1A deficiency shaped the inflammatory response towards an anti-tumorigenic microenvironment by downregulating genes known to be important mediators of cancer progression (PTGS2 (COX2), EREG, IL-11). MDR1A KO tumors showed increased gene expression of TNFSF10 (TRAIL), a known inducer of cancer cell death, and CCL12, a strong trigger of B cell chemotaxis. Abundant B220+ B lymphocyte infiltrates with interspersed CD138+ plasma cells were recruited to the MDR1A KO tumor microenvironment, concomitant with high levels of immunoglobulin light chain genes. In contrast, MDR1A deficiency in RAG2 KO mice that lack both B and T cells aggravated colonic tumor progression. MDR1A KO CD19+ B cells, but not WT CD19+ B cells, suppressed growth of colonic tumor-derived spheroids from AOM/DSS-WT mice in an ex-vivo co-culture system, implying that B-cell regulated immune responses contributed to delayed tumor development in MDR1A deficiency. In conclusion, we provide first evidence that loss of ABCB1/MDR1 function may represent an essential tumor-suppressive host defense mechanism in CAC.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/deficiency
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/immunology
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/immunology
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Chemotaxis
- Colitis, Ulcerative/complications
- Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/complications
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epiregulin/genetics
- Epiregulin/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Immunoglobulin Light Chain/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-11/genetics
- Interleukin-11/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/genetics
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/genetics
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/genetics
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Hennenberg
- Experimental Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annette Eyking
- Experimental Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Henning Reis
- Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elke Cario
- Experimental Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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14
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Bhutia YD, Ogura J, Sivaprakasam S, Ganapathy V. Gut Microbiome and Colon Cancer: Role of Bacterial Metabolites and Their Molecular Targets in the Host. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2017; 13:111-118. [PMID: 30337849 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-017-0362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review The relationship between colonic bacteria and the host is symbiotic, but how communication between the two partners occurs is just beginning to be understood at the molecular level. Here, we highlight specific products of bacterial metabolism that are present in the colonic lumen and their molecular targets in the host that facilitate this communication. Recent findings Colonic epithelial cells and mucosal immune cells express several cell-surface receptors and nuclear receptors that are activated by specific bacterial metabolites, which impact multiple signaling pathways and expression of many genes. In addition, some bacterial metabolites also possess the ability to cause epigenetic changes in these cells via inhibition of selective enzymes involved in the maintenance of histone acetylation and DNA methylation patterns. Summary Colonic bacteria communicate with their host with selective metabolites that interact with host molecular targets. This chemical communication underlies a broad range of the biology and function of colonic epithelial cells and mucosal immune cells, which protect against inflammation and carcinogenesis in the colon under normal physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzom D Bhutia
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA, Tel.: 806-743-1282
| | - Jiro Ogura
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA, Tel.: 806-743-4101
| | - Sathish Sivaprakasam
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA, Tel.: 806-743-4117
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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15
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Eyking A, Reis H, Frank M, Gerken G, Schmid KW, Cario E. MiR-205 and MiR-373 Are Associated with Aggressive Human Mucinous Colorectal Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156871. [PMID: 27271572 PMCID: PMC4894642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC) represents a distinct histopathological entity of colorectal cancer (CRC), which is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. Here, we found that expression levels of miR-205 and miR-373 were specifically upregulated only in patients with mucinous colon cancers, but not in CRC that lack mucinous components. To investigate the effects of miR-205 and miR-373 on intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) biology by gain- and loss-of-function experiments in a proof-of-concept approach, we chose previously established in-vitro human Caco-2-based models of differentiated, non-invasive (expressing TLR4 wild-type; termed Caco-2[WT]) versus undifferentiated, invasive (expressing TLR4 mutant D299G; termed Caco-2[D299G]) IEC. Enterocyte-like Caco-2[WT] showed low levels of miR-205 and miR-373 expression, while both miRNAs were significantly upregulated in colorectal carcinoma-like Caco-2[D299G], thus resembling the miRNA expression pattern of paired normal versus tumor samples from MAC patients. Using stable transfection, we generated miR-205- or miR-373-expressing and miR-205- or miR-373-inhibiting subclones of these IEC lines. We found that introduction of miR-205 into Caco-2[WT] led to expansion of mucus-secreting goblet cell-like cells, which was associated with induction of KLF4, MUC2 and TGFβ1 expression. Activation of miR-205 in Caco-2[WT] induced chemoresistance, while inhibition of miR-205 in Caco-2[D299G] promoted chemosensitivity. Caco-2[WT] overexpressing miR-373 showed mitotic abnormalities and underwent morphologic changes (loss of epithelial polarity, cytoskeletal reorganization, and junctional disruption) associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and progression to inflammation-associated colonic carcinoma, which correlated with induction of phosphorylated STAT3 and N-CADHERIN expression. Functionally, introduction of miR-373 into Caco-2[WT] mediated loss of cell-cell adhesion and increased proliferation and invasion. Reversely, inhibition of miR-373 allowed mesenchymal IEC to regain epithelial properties, which correlated with absence of neoplastic progression. Using xenografts in mice demonstrated miR-373-mediated acceleration of malignant intestinal tumor growth. In conclusion, our results provide first evidence that miR-205 and miR-373 may differentially contribute to the aggressive phenotype of MAC in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Eyking
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Henning Reis
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Frank
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Guido Gerken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kurt W. Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elke Cario
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2016; 10:157-64. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Weitnauer M, Mijošek V, Dalpke AH. Control of local immunity by airway epithelial cells. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:287-98. [PMID: 26627458 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The lung is ventilated by thousand liters of air per day. Inevitably, the respiratory system comes into contact with airborne microbial compounds, most of them harmless contaminants. Airway epithelial cells are known to have innate sensor functions, thus being able to detect microbial danger. To avoid chronic inflammation, the pulmonary system has developed specific means to control local immune responses. Even though airway epithelial cells can act as proinflammatory promoters, we propose that under homeostatic conditions airway epithelial cells are important modulators of immune responses in the lung. In this review, we discuss epithelial cell regulatory functions that control reactivity of professional immune cells within the microenvironment of the airways and how these mechanisms are altered in pulmonary diseases. Regulation by epithelial cells can be divided into two mechanisms: (1) mediators regulate epithelial cells' innate sensitivity in cis and (2) factors are produced that limit reactivity of immune cells in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weitnauer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Mijošek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A H Dalpke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Muka T, Kraja B, Ruiter R, de Keyser CE, Hofman A, Stricker BH, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Franco OH. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids intake modifies the positive association between serum total cholesterol and colorectal cancer risk: the Rotterdam Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 70:881-7. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Germ-free (GF) mice are a relevant model system to study host-microbial interactions in health and disease. In this chapter, we underscore the importance of using GF mice model to study host-microbial interactions in obesity, immune development and gastrointestinal physiology by reviewing current literature. Furthermore, we also provide a brief protocol on how to setup a gnotobiotic facility in order to properly maintain and assess GF status in mice colonies.
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20
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Bashir A, Miskeen AY, Hazari YM, Asrafuzzaman S, Fazili KM. Fusobacterium nucleatum, inflammation, and immunity: the fire within human gut. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:2805-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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21
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Boursi B, Mamtani R, Haynes K, Yang YX. Recurrent antibiotic exposure may promote cancer formation--Another step in understanding the role of the human microbiota? Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:2655-64. [PMID: 26338196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial dysbiosis was previously described in human malignancies. In a recent animal model, tumour susceptibility was transmitted using faecal transplantation. Our aim was to evaluate possible association between antibiotic exposure and cancer risk. METHODS We conducted nested case-control studies for 15 common malignancies using a large population-based electronic medical record database. Cases were defined as those with any medical code for the specific malignancy. Individuals with familial cancer syndromes were excluded. For every case, four eligible controls matched on age, sex, practice site and duration of follow-up before index-date were selected using incidence-density sampling. Exposure of interest was antibiotic therapy >1 year before index-date. Adjusted odds-ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for each antibiotic type using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS 125,441 cases and 490,510 matched controls were analysed. For gastro-intestinal malignancies, the use of penicillin was associated with an elevated risk of oesophageal, gastric and pancreatic cancers. The association increased with the number of antibiotic courses and reached 1.4 for gastric cancers associated with >5 courses of penicillin (95% CI 1.2-1.8). Lung cancer risk increased with the use of penicillin, cephalosporins, or macrolides (AOR for >5 courses of penicillin: 1.4 95% CI 1.3-1.6). The risk of prostate cancer increased modestly with the use of penicillin, quinolones, sulphonamides and tetracyclines. The risk of breast cancer was modestly associated with exposure to sulphonamides. There was no association between the use of anti-virals and anti-fungals and cancer risk. CONCLUSION Recurrent exposure to certain antibiotics may be associated with cancer risk in specific organ sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Boursi
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronac Mamtani
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Haynes
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yu-Xiao Yang
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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22
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Torrecillas S, Montero D, Caballero MJ, Pittman KA, Custódio M, Campo A, Sweetman J, Izquierdo M. Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharides: Counteracting the Side Effects of Soybean Meal Oil Inclusion on European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Gut Health and Skin Mucosa Mucus Production? Front Immunol 2015; 6:397. [PMID: 26300883 PMCID: PMC4525062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of 4 g kg(-1) dietary mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) inclusion in soybean oil (SBO)- and fish oil (FO)-based diets on the gut health and skin mucosa mucus production of European sea bass juveniles after 8 weeks of feeding. Dietary MOS, regardless of the oil source, promoted growth. The intestinal somatic index was not affected, however dietary SBO reduced the intestinal fold length, while dietary MOS increased it. The dietary oil source fed produced changes on the posterior intestine fatty acid profiles irrespective of MOS dietary supplementation. SBO down-regulated the gene expression of TCRβ, COX2, IL-1β, TNFα, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, TGFβ, and Ig and up-regulated MHCII. MOS supplementation up-regulated the expression of MHCI, CD4, COX2, TNFα, and Ig when included in FO-based diets. However, there was a minor up-regulating effect on these genes when MOS was supplemented in the SBO-based diet. Both dietary oil sources and MOS affected mean mucous cell areas within the posterior gut, however the addition of MOS to a SBO diet increased the mucous cell size over the values shown in FO fed fish. Dietary SBO also trends to reduce mucous cell density in the anterior gut relative to FO, suggesting a lower overall mucosal secretion. There are no effects of dietary oil or MOS in the skin mucosal patterns. Complete replacement of FO by SBO, modified the gut fatty acid profile, altered posterior gut-associated immune system (GALT)-related gene expression and gut mucous cells patterns, induced shorter intestinal folds and tended to reduce European sea bass growth. However, when combined with MOS, the harmful effects of SBO appear to be partially balanced by moderating the down-regulation of certain GALT-related genes involved in the functioning of gut mucous barrier and increasing posterior gut mucous cell diffusion rates, thus helping to preserve immune homeostasis. This denotes the importance of a balanced dietary n-3/n-6 ratio for an appropriate GALT-immune response against MOS in European sea bass juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Torrecillas
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Daniel Montero
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Maria José Caballero
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Marco Custódio
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aurora Campo
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Marisol Izquierdo
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Kostic AD, Chun E, Meyerson M, Garrett WS. Microbes and inflammation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 1:150-7. [PMID: 24777677 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a renaissance in research on physiologic interactions between humans and their resident microbiota, the vast numbers of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that live within and on the body. The burgeoning interest in what constitutes the human microbiome has also focused on the contribution of microbes to carcinogenesis. Given the microbiomes of malignancies arising at mucosal sites, the microbiota may prove as influential as stromal cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Herein, we focus on the interconnections of microbes and inflammation in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar D Kostic
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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24
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Intestinal barrier loss as a critical pathogenic link between inflammatory bowel disease and graft-versus-host disease. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:720-30. [PMID: 25943273 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Compromised intestinal barrier function is a prominent feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, links between intestinal barrier loss and disease extend much further, including documented associations with celiac disease, type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. Intestinal barrier loss has also been proposed to have a critical role in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a serious, potentially fatal consequence of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Experimental evidence has begun to support this view, as barrier loss and its role in initiating and establishing a pathogenic inflammatory cycle in GVHD is emerging. Here we discuss similarities between IBD and GVHD, mechanisms of intestinal barrier loss in these diseases, and the crosstalk between barrier loss and the immune system, with a special focus on natural killer (NK) cells. Unanswered questions and future research directions on the topic are discussed along with implications for treatment.
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25
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The Influence of the Gut Microbiome on Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Gastrointestinal Disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2015; 6:e91. [PMID: 26087059 PMCID: PMC4816244 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a fine balance in the mutual relationship between the intestinal microbiota and its mammalian host. It is thought that disruptions in this fine balance contribute/account for the pathogenesis of many diseases. Recently, the significance of the relationship between gut microbiota and its mammalian host in the pathogenesis of obesity and the metabolic syndrome has been demonstrated. Emerging data has linked intestinal dysbiosis to several gastrointestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and gastrointestinal malignancy. This article is intended to review the role of gut microbiota maintenance/alterations of gut microbiota as a significant factor as a significant factor discriminating between health and common diseases. Based on current available data, the role of microbial manipulation in disease management remains to be further defined and a focus for further clinical investigation.
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Gut inflammation and immunity: what is the role of the human gut virome? Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:326032. [PMID: 25944980 PMCID: PMC4405218 DOI: 10.1155/2015/326032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human virome comprises viruses that infect host cells, virus-derived elements in our chromosomes, and viruses that infect other organisms, including bacteriophages and plant viruses. The development of high-throughput sequencing techniques has shown that the human gut microbiome is a complex community in which the virome plays a crucial role into regulation of intestinal immunity and homeostasis. Nevertheless, the size of the human virome is still poorly understood. Indeed the enteric virome is in a continuous and dynamic equilibrium with other components of the gut microbiome and the gut immune system, an interaction that may influence the health and disease of the host. We review recent evidence on the viruses found in the gastrointestinal tract, discussing their interactions with the resident bacterial microbiota and the host immune system, in order to explore the potential impact of the virome on human health.
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Xavier-da-Silva MM, Moreira-Filho CA, Suzuki E, Patricio F, Coutinho A, Carneiro-Sampaio M. Fetal-onset IPEX: Report of two families and review of literature. Clin Immunol 2015; 156:131-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Günther C, Buchen B, Neurath MF, Becker C. Regulation and pathophysiological role of epithelial turnover in the gut. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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Santos RL. Pathobiology of salmonella, intestinal microbiota, and the host innate immune response. Front Immunol 2014; 5:252. [PMID: 24904595 PMCID: PMC4033611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a relevant pathogen under a clinical and public health perspective. Therefore, there has been a significant scientific effort to learn about pathogenic determinants of this pathogen. The clinical relevance of the disease, associated with the molecular tools available to study Salmonella as well as suitable animal models for salmonellosis, have provided optimal conditions to drive the scientific community to generate a large expansion of our knowledge about the pathogenesis of Salmonella-induced enterocolitis that took place during the past two decades. This research effort has also generated a wealth of information on the host immune mechanisms that complements gaps in the fundamental research in this area. This review focus on how the interaction between Salmonella, the microbiota and intestinal innate immunity leads to disease manifestation. As a highly successful enteropathogen, Salmonella actively elicits a robust acute intestinal inflammatory response from the host, which could theoretically lead to the pathogen demise. However, Salmonella has evolved redundant molecular machineries that renders this pathogen highly adapted to the inflamed intestinal environment, in which Salmonella is capable of outcompete resident commensal organisms. The adaptation of Salmonella to the inflamed intestinal lumen associated with the massive inflammatory response that leads to diarrhea, generate perfect conditions for transmission of the pathogen. These conditions illustrate the complexity of the co-evolution and ecology of the pathogen, commensals, and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Lima Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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30
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Kostic AD, Xavier RJ, Gevers D. The microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease: current status and the future ahead. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1489-99. [PMID: 24560869 PMCID: PMC4034132 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1131] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the roles of microbial communities in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have reached an important milestone. A decade of genome-wide association studies and other genetic analyses have linked IBD with loci that implicate an aberrant immune response to the intestinal microbiota. More recently, profiling studies of the intestinal microbiome have associated the pathogenesis of IBD with characteristic shifts in the composition of the intestinal microbiota, reinforcing the view that IBD results from altered interactions between intestinal microbes and the mucosal immune system. Enhanced technologies can increase our understanding of the interactions between the host and its resident microbiota and their respective roles in IBD from both a large-scale pathway view and at the metabolic level. We review important microbiome studies of patients with IBD and describe what we have learned about the mechanisms of intestinal microbiota dysfunction. We describe the recent progress in microbiome research from exploratory 16S-based studies, reporting associations of specific organisms with a disease, to more recent studies that have taken a more nuanced view, addressing the function of the microbiota by metagenomic and metabolomic methods. Finally, we propose study designs and methodologies for future investigations of the microbiome in patients with inflammatory gut and autoimmune diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar D. Kostic
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dirk Gevers
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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31
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Gkouskou KK, Deligianni C, Tsatsanis C, Eliopoulos AG. The gut microbiota in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:28. [PMID: 24616886 PMCID: PMC3937555 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine and the intestinal immune system have evolved through a symbiotic homeostasis under which a highly diverse microbial flora is maintained in the gastrointestinal tract while pathogenic bacteria are recognized and eliminated. Disruption of the balance between the immune system and the gut microbiota results in the development of multiple pathologies in humans. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have been associated with alterations in the composition of intestinal flora but whether these changes are causal or result of inflammation is still under dispute. Various chemical and genetic models of IBD have been developed and utilized to elucidate the complex relationship between intestinal epithelium, immune system and the gut microbiota. In this review we describe some of the most commonly used mouse models of colitis and Crohn's disease (CD) and summarize the current knowledge of how changes in microbiota composition may affect intestinal disease pathogenesis. The pursuit of gut-microbiota interactions will no doubt continue to provide invaluable insight into the complex biology of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi K Gkouskou
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School Heraklion, Greece ; Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Crete Medical School Heraklion, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Deligianni
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Crete Medical School Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christos Tsatsanis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Crete Medical School Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristides G Eliopoulos
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School Heraklion, Greece ; Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Crete Medical School Heraklion, Greece ; Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-FORTH Heraklion, Greece
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32
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Abstract
The colon serves as the habitat for trillions of microbes, which it must maintain, regulate, and sequester. This is managed by what is termed the mucosal barrier. The mucosal barrier separates the gut flora from the host tissues; regulates the absorption of water, electrolytes, minerals, and vitamins; and facilitates host-flora interactions. Colonic homeostasis depends on a complex interaction between the microflora and the mucosal epithelium, immune system, vasculature, stroma, and nervous system. Disruptions in the colonic microenvironment such as changes in microbial composition, epithelial cell function/proliferation/differentiation, mucus production/makeup, immune function, diet, motility, or blood flow may have substantial local and systemic consequences. Understanding the complex activities of the colon in health and disease is important in drug development, as xenobiotics can impact all segments of the colon. Direct and indirect effects of pharmaceuticals on intestinal function can produce adverse findings in laboratory animals and humans and can negatively impact drug development. This review will discuss normal colon homeostasis with examples, where applicable, of xenobiotics that disrupt normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani S Sellers
- 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Yang T, Owen JL, Lightfoot YL, Kladde MP, Mohamadzadeh M. Microbiota impact on the epigenetic regulation of colorectal cancer. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:714-25. [PMID: 24051204 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC) development can be generally divided into three categories: genetic, epigenetic, and aberrant immunologic signaling pathways, all of which may be triggered by an imbalanced intestinal microbiota. Aberrant gut microbial composition, termed 'dysbiosis', has been reported in inflammatory bowel disease patients who are at increased risk for CRC development. Recent studies indicate that it is feasible to rescue experimental models of colonic cancer by oral treatment with genetically engineered beneficial bacteria and/or their immune-regulating gene products. Here, we review the mechanisms of epigenetic modulation implicated in the development and progression of CRC, which may be the result of dysbiosis, and therefore may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
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Neonatal immune adaptation of the gut and its role during infections. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:270301. [PMID: 23737810 PMCID: PMC3659470 DOI: 10.1155/2013/270301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is engaged in a relationship with a dense and complex microbial ecosystem, the microbiota. The establishment of this symbiosis is essential for host physiology, metabolism, and immune homeostasis. Because newborns are essentially sterile, the first exposure to microorganisms and environmental endotoxins during the neonatal period is followed by a crucial sequence of active events leading to immune tolerance and homeostasis. Contact with potent immunostimulatory molecules starts immediately at birth, and the discrimination between commensal bacteria and invading pathogens is essential to avoid an inappropriate immune stimulation and/or host infection. The dysregulation of these tight interactions between host and microbiota can be responsible for important health disorders, including inflammation and sepsis. This review summarizes the molecular events leading to the establishment of postnatal immune tolerance and how pathogens can avoid host immunity and induce neonatal infections and sepsis.
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35
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Brandau S, Moses K, Lang S. The kinship of neutrophils and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer: cousins, siblings or twins? Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:171-82. [PMID: 23459190 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils in the tumor host may promote tumor progression by enhancing angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) share many features with neutrophils. Classically, MDSC are viewed as and defined as immunosuppressive cells. In this article we summarize and critically review evidence for a role of MDSC in promoting angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis of solid tumors. We also attempt to provide a critical evaluation of the relationship between neutrophils and G-MDSC in the tumor host with a particular focus on human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Brandau
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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