1
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Xing Q, Chang D, Xie S, Zhao X, Zhang H, Wang X, Bai X, Dong C. BCL6 is required for the thymic development of TCRαβ +CD8αα + intraepithelial lymphocyte lineage. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadk4348. [PMID: 38335269 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adk4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
TCRαβ+CD8αα+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8αα+ αβ IELs) are a specialized subset of T cells in the gut epithelium that develop from thymic agonist selected IEL precursors (IELps). The molecular mechanisms underlying the selection and differentiation of this T cell type in the thymus are largely unknown. Here, we found that Bcl6 deficiency in αβ T cells resulted in the near absence of CD8αα+ αβ IELs. BCL6 was expressed by approximately 50% of CD8αα+ αβ IELs and by the majority of thymic PD1+ IELps after agonist selection. Bcl6 deficiency blocked early IELp generation in the thymus, and its expression in IELps was induced by thymic TCR signaling in an ERK-dependent manner. As a result of Bcl6 deficiency, the precursors of IELps among CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes exhibited increased apoptosis during agonist selection and impaired IELp differentiation and maturation. Together, our results elucidate BCL6 as a crucial transcription factor during the thymic development of CD8αα+ αβ IELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xing
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dehui Chang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shiyuan Xie
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, Peking University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
- Research Unit of Immune Regulation and Immune Diseases of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
- Westlake University School of Medicine-affiliated Hangzhou First Hospital, Hangzhou 310024, China
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2
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Cai Z, You S, Liu Z, Song P, Zhao F, An J, Ding Y, He B, Zou MH. Selective deletion of E3 ubiquitin ligase FBW7 in VE-cadherin-positive cells instigates diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in mice in vivo. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:212. [PMID: 38485719 PMCID: PMC10940678 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
During the maturation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) to fully differentiated mature B lymphocytes, developing lymphocytes may undergo malignant transformation and produce B-cell lymphomas. Emerging evidence shows that through the endothelial-hematopoietic transition, specialized endothelial cells called the hemogenic endothelium can differentiate into HSPCs. However, the contribution of genetic defects in hemogenic endothelial cells to B-cell lymphomagenesis has not yet been investigated. Here, we report that mice with endothelial cell-specific deletion of Fbw7 spontaneously developed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) following Bcl6 accumulation. Using lineage tracing, we showed that B-cell lymphomas in Fbw7 knockout mice were hemogenic endothelium-derived. Mechanistically, we found that FBW7 directly interacted with Bcl6 and promoted its proteasomal degradation. FBW7 expression levels are inversely correlated with BCL6 expression. Additionally, pharmacological disruption of Bcl6 abolished Fbw7 deletion-induced B-cell lymphomagenesis. We conclude that selective deletion of E3 ubiquitin ligase FBW7 in VE-cadherin positive endothelial cells instigates diffuse large B-cell lymphoma via upregulation of BCL6 stability. In addition, the mice with endothelial cell-specific deletion of Fbw7 provide a valuable preclinical platform for in vivo development and evaluation of novel therapeutic interventions for the treatment of DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Cai
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Shaojin You
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Zhixue Liu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ping Song
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Fujie Zhao
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Junqing An
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ye Ding
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ben He
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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3
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McLachlan T, Matthews WC, Jackson ER, Staudt DE, Douglas AM, Findlay IJ, Persson ML, Duchatel RJ, Mannan A, Germon ZP, Dun MD. B-cell Lymphoma 6 (BCL6): From Master Regulator of Humoral Immunity to Oncogenic Driver in Pediatric Cancers. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1711-1723. [PMID: 36166198 PMCID: PMC9716245 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a protooncogene in adult and pediatric cancers, first identified in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) where it acts as a repressor of the tumor suppressor TP53, conferring survival, protection, and maintenance of lymphoma cells. BCL6 expression in normal B cells is fundamental in the regulation of humoral immunity, via initiation and maintenance of the germinal centers (GC). Its role in B cells during the production of high affinity immunoglobins (that recognize and bind specific antigens) is believed to underpin its function as an oncogene. BCL6 is known to drive the self-renewal capacity of leukemia-initiating cells (LIC), with high BCL6 expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and glioblastoma (GBM) associated with disease progression and treatment resistance. The mechanisms underpinning BCL6-driven therapy resistance are yet to be uncovered; however, high activity is considered to confer poor prognosis in the clinical setting. BCL6's key binding partner, BCL6 corepressor (BCOR), is frequently mutated in pediatric cancers and appears to act in concert with BCL6. Using publicly available data, here we show that BCL6 is ubiquitously overexpressed in pediatric brain tumors, inversely to BCOR, highlighting the potential for targeting BCL6 in these often lethal and untreatable cancers. In this review, we summarize what is known of BCL6 (role, effect, mechanisms) in pediatric cancers, highlighting the two sides of BCL6 function, humoral immunity, and tumorigenesis, as well as to review BCL6 inhibitors and highlight areas of opportunity to improve the outcomes of patients with pediatric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha McLachlan
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William C. Matthews
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evangeline R. Jackson
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dilana E. Staudt
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alicia M. Douglas
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Izac J. Findlay
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mika L. Persson
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryan J. Duchatel
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Abdul Mannan
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zacary P. Germon
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew D. Dun
- University of Newcastle, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Corresponding Author: Matthew D. Dun, Cancer Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Level 3, Life Sciences Bldg, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Phone: 612-4921-5693; E-mail:
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4
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Pierrat OA, Liu M, Collie GW, Shetty K, Rodrigues MJ, Le Bihan YV, Gunnell EA, McAndrew PC, Stubbs M, Rowlands MG, Yahya N, Shehu E, Talbot R, Pickard L, Bellenie BR, Cheung KMJ, Drouin L, Innocenti P, Woodward H, Davis OA, Lloyd MG, Varela A, Huckvale R, Broccatelli F, Carter M, Galiwango D, Hayes A, Raynaud FI, Bryant C, Whittaker S, Rossanese OW, Hoelder S, Burke R, van Montfort RLM. Discovering cell-active BCL6 inhibitors: effectively combining biochemical HTS with multiple biophysical techniques, X-ray crystallography and cell-based assays. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18633. [PMID: 36329085 PMCID: PMC9633773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
By suppressing gene transcription through the recruitment of corepressor proteins, B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) protein controls a transcriptional network required for the formation and maintenance of B-cell germinal centres. As BCL6 deregulation is implicated in the development of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, we sought to discover novel small molecule inhibitors that disrupt the BCL6-corepressor protein-protein interaction (PPI). Here we report our hit finding and compound optimisation strategies, which provide insight into the multi-faceted orthogonal approaches that are needed to tackle this challenging PPI with small molecule inhibitors. Using a 1536-well plate fluorescence polarisation high throughput screen we identified multiple hit series, which were followed up by hit confirmation using a thermal shift assay, surface plasmon resonance and ligand-observed NMR. We determined X-ray structures of BCL6 bound to compounds from nine different series, enabling a structure-based drug design approach to improve their weak biochemical potency. We developed a time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer biochemical assay and a nano bioluminescence resonance energy transfer cellular assay to monitor cellular activity during compound optimisation. This workflow led to the discovery of novel inhibitors with respective biochemical and cellular potencies (IC50s) in the sub-micromolar and low micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier A Pierrat
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Manjuan Liu
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Gavin W Collie
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kartika Shetty
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Matthew J Rodrigues
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Yann-Vaï Le Bihan
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Emma A Gunnell
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - P Craig McAndrew
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Mark Stubbs
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Martin G Rowlands
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Norhakim Yahya
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Erald Shehu
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Rachel Talbot
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Lisa Pickard
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Benjamin R Bellenie
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Kwai-Ming J Cheung
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ludovic Drouin
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Paolo Innocenti
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Hannah Woodward
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Owen A Davis
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Matthew G Lloyd
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ana Varela
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Rosemary Huckvale
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Fabio Broccatelli
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Michael Carter
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - David Galiwango
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Angela Hayes
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Florence I Raynaud
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Christopher Bryant
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Steven Whittaker
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Olivia W Rossanese
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Swen Hoelder
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Rob L M van Montfort
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK.
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK.
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5
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De Santis F, Romero-Cordoba SL, Castagnoli L, Volpari T, Faraci S, Fucà G, Tagliabue E, De Braud F, Pupa SM, Di Nicola M. BCL6 and the Notch pathway: a signaling axis leading to a novel druggable biotarget in triple negative breast cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:257-274. [PMID: 35357654 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcriptional repressor B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is dysregulated in several neoplasms, but its role in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive subtype which lacks effective treatment, is unclear. The presence of intratumoral cancer stem cells (CSCs) is a main cause of tumor relapse. The Notch signaling pathway is crucial for regulating CSC self-renewal and promoting breast cancer (BC) development and resistance to anticancer therapies. Here, we investigated signaling cascades of BCL6 in the CSC compartment of TNBCs, and the mechanisms that govern its activity, mainly through Notch signaling. METHODS Gene expression, somatic copy number alterations and clinical data from the Cancer Genome Atlas and METABRIC were accessed through the Xena and cbioportal browsers. Public transcriptome profiles from TNBC datasets were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Mammosphere formation efficiency was calculated after BCL6 knockdown via transient siRNA transfection, stable silencing or pharmacological inhibition. The effects exhibited via BCL6 inhibition in putative TNBC stem-like cells were evaluated by immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR analyses. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments were performed to validate a putative BCL6 responsive element located in the first intron of the Numb gene and to define the circuit of corepressors engaged by BCL6 following its inhibition. Immunoprecipitation assays were carried out to investigate a novel interaction at the basis of BCL6 control of CSC activity in TNBC. RESULTS In silico analyses of benchmarked public datasets revealed a significant enrichment of BCL6 in cancer stemness related pathways, particularly of Notch signaling in TNBC. In vitro stable inhibition of BCL6 significantly reduced tumor cell growth and, accordingly, we found that the mammosphere formation efficiency of BCL6 silenced cells was significantly impaired by pharmacological inhibition of Notch signaling. BCL6 was found to be expressed at significantly higher levels in TNBC mammospheres than in their adherent counterparts, and loss of BCL6 function significantly decreased mammosphere formation with preferential targeting of CD44-positive versus ALDH-positive stem-like cells. Functional interplay between BCL6 and the chromatin remodeling factor EZH2 triggered the BCL6/Notch stemness signaling axis via inhibition of Numb transcription. CONCLUSIONS Our results may be instrumental for the prospective design of combination treatment strategies that selectively target novel TNBC-associated biomarker(s) whose activity is implicated in the regulation of cancer stemness (such as BCL6) and molecules in developmentally conserved signaling pathways (such as Notch) to achieve long-lasting tumor control and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Santis
- Unit of Immunotherapy and Anticancer Innovative Therapeutics, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology Fondazione, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra L Romero-Cordoba
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Toxicology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Biochemistry Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorenzo Castagnoli
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Tatiana Volpari
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simona Faraci
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fucà
- Unit of Immunotherapy and Anticancer Innovative Therapeutics, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology Fondazione, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Elda Tagliabue
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo De Braud
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Oncohematology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Serenella M Pupa
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Nicola
- Unit of Immunotherapy and Anticancer Innovative Therapeutics, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology Fondazione, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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6
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Lloyd M, Huckvale R, Cheung KMJ, Rodrigues MJ, Collie GW, Pierrat OA, Gatti Iou M, Carter M, Davis OA, McAndrew PC, Gunnell E, Le Bihan YV, Talbot R, Henley AT, Johnson LD, Hayes A, Bright MD, Raynaud FI, Meniconi M, Burke R, van Montfort RLM, Rossanese OW, Bellenie BR, Hoelder S. Into Deep Water: Optimizing BCL6 Inhibitors by Growing into a Solvated Pocket. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17079-17097. [PMID: 34846884 PMCID: PMC8667045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We describe the optimization of modestly active starting points to potent inhibitors of BCL6 by growing into a subpocket, which was occupied by a network of five stably bound water molecules. Identifying potent inhibitors required not only forming new interactions in the subpocket but also perturbing the water network in a productive, potency-increasing fashion while controlling the physicochemical properties. We achieved this goal in a sequential manner by systematically probing the pocket and the water network, ultimately achieving a 100-fold improvement of activity. The most potent compounds displaced three of the five initial water molecules and formed hydrogen bonds with the remaining two. Compound 25 showed a promising profile for a lead compound with submicromolar inhibition of BCL6 in cells and satisfactory pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Our work highlights the importance of finding productive ways to perturb existing water networks when growing into solvent-filled protein pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kwai-Ming J. Cheung
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Matthew J. Rodrigues
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Gavin W. Collie
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Olivier A. Pierrat
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Mahad Gatti Iou
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Michael Carter
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Owen A. Davis
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - P. Craig McAndrew
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Emma Gunnell
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Yann-Vaï Le Bihan
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Rachel Talbot
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Alan T. Henley
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Louise D. Johnson
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Angela Hayes
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Michael D. Bright
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Florence I. Raynaud
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Mirco Meniconi
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Rob L. M. van Montfort
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Olivia W. Rossanese
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Benjamin R. Bellenie
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
| | - Swen Hoelder
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
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7
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Duan S, Pagano M. Ubiquitin ligases in cancer: Functions and clinical potentials. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:918-933. [PMID: 33974914 PMCID: PMC8286310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitylation, a highly regulated post-translational modification, controls many cellular pathways that are critical to cell homeostasis. Ubiquitin ligases recruit substrates and promote ubiquitin transfer onto targets, inducing proteasomal degradation or non-degradative signaling. Accumulating evidence highlights the critical role of dysregulated ubiquitin ligases in processes associated with the initiation and progression of cancer. Depending on the substrate specificity and biological context, a ubiquitin ligase can act either as a tumor promoter or as a tumor suppressor. In this review, we focus on the regulatory roles of ubiquitin ligases and how perturbations of their functions contribute to cancer pathogenesis. We also briefly discuss current strategies for targeting or exploiting ubiquitin ligases for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Ritter A, Safdar BK, Jasmer B, Kreis NN, Friemel A, Roth S, Solbach C, Louwen F, Yuan J. The Function of Oncogene B-Cell Lymphoma 6 in the Regulation of the Migration and Invasion of Trophoblastic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218393. [PMID: 33182312 PMCID: PMC7664908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human placentation is a highly invasive process. Deficiency in the invasiveness of trophoblasts is associated with a spectrum of gestational diseases, such as preeclampsia (PE). The oncogene B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is involved in the migration and invasion of various malignant cells. Intriguingly, its expression is deregulated in preeclamptic placentas. We have reported that BCL6 is required for the proliferation, survival, fusion, and syncytialization of trophoblasts. In the present work, we show that the inhibition of BCL6, either by its gene silencing or by using specific small molecule inhibitors, impairs the migration and invasion of trophoblastic cells, by reducing cell adhesion and compromising the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, the suppression of BCL6 weakens the signals of the phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase, Akt/protein kinase B, and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2, accompanied by more stationary, but less migratory, cells. Interestingly, transcriptomic analyses reveal that a small interfering RNA-induced reduction of BCL6 decreases the levels of numerous genes, such as p21 activated kinase 1, myosin light chain kinase, and gamma actin related to cell adhesion, actin dynamics, and cell migration. These data suggest BCL6 as a crucial player in the migration and invasion of trophoblasts in the early stages of placental development through the regulation of various genes associated with the migratory machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ritter
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +49-69-6301-83297 (A.R.); +49-69-6301-5819 (J.Y.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juping Yuan
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +49-69-6301-83297 (A.R.); +49-69-6301-5819 (J.Y.)
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9
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The Interplay between MicroRNAs and the Components of the Tumor Microenvironment in B-Cell Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093387. [PMID: 32403283 PMCID: PMC7246984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased focus is being placed on the tumorigenesis and contexture of tumor microenvironment in hematopoietic and solid tumors. Despite recent clinical revolutions in adoptive T-cell transfer approaches and immune checkpoint blockade, tumor microenvironment is a major obstacle to tumor regression in B-cell malignancies. A transcriptional alteration of coding and non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), has been widely demonstrated in the tumor microenvironment of B-cell malignancies. MiRNAs have been associated with different clinical-biological forms of B-cell malignancies and involved in the regulation of B lymphocyte development, maturation, and function, including B-cell activation and malignant transformation. Additionally, tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles regulate recipient cell functions in the tumor microenvironment to facilitate metastasis and progression by delivering miRNA contents to neighboring cells. Herein, we focus on the interplay between miRNAs and tumor microenvironment components in the different B-cell malignancies and its impact on diagnosis, proliferation, and involvement in treatment resistance.
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10
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Rahe MC, Dvorak CMT, Wiseman B, Martin D, Murtaugh MP. Establishment and characterization of a porcine B cell lymphoma cell line. Exp Cell Res 2020; 390:111986. [PMID: 32240660 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lack of available, well characterized, established, domestic porcine cell lines hinders the advancement of porcine cellular immunology. A case of multicentric lymphoma was diagnosed in a market weight pig at the time of slaughter. Affected lymph nodes and spleen were collected and used for single cell isolation and analysis. Cell lines were established by 3 rounds of limiting dilution from splenic and subiliac lymph node lymphomas. Surface marker staining identified the cells as CD21+, CD79a+, CD20+, PAX5+, and CD3- and cells were grown and easily passaged in cell culture. Transcriptome analysis was carried out to further characterize these rapidly proliferating cells validating the initial cytometric findings, confirming their identity as B cell lymphomas, and suggesting that they arose from germinal center centroblasts with aberrant control of BCL6 expression. Functional analysis identified the cells as being involved in cancer, cell movement, cell survival, and apoptosis. These new porcine B cell lymphoma cell lines will be a valuable resource for more in-depth cellular investigations into the porcine immune system and cancer, as well as providing a potential tool for the growth of lymphotropic viruses of pigs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Rahe
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Cheryl M T Dvorak
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Barry Wiseman
- Triumph Foods, LLC, 5302 Stockyards Expressway, Saint Joseph, MO, 64504, USA
| | - Daniel Martin
- Angels Veterinary Express, 11519 State Hwy C, Savannah, MO, 64485, USA
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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11
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BCL6 inhibitor FX1 attenuates inflammatory responses in murine sepsis through strengthening BCL6 binding affinity to downstream target gene promoters. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105789. [PMID: 31401377 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis occurs when an infection triggers deranged inflammatory responses. There exists no efficacious treatment for this condition. The transcriptional repressor B-cell Lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is known to act as an inhibitor of macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. FX1, a novel specific BCL6 BTB inhibitor, is able to attenuate activity of B cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL). Nevertheless, the effect of FX1 in inflammatory responses and sepsis remains unknown. OBJECTIVES Here, we explored the effect and potential mechanisms of FX1 on the regulation of LPS-induced inflammatory responses in murine sepsis. METHOD Mice models of LPS-induced sepsis were monitored for survival rate following FX1 administration. ELISA was used to assess how FX1 administration affected pro-inflammatory cytokines present in macrophages exposed to LPS and in the serum of mice sepsis models. Flow cytometric analysis, Western blot and qRT-PCR were performed to evaluate differences in macrophages immune responses after FX1 pre-treatment. Finally, the affinity of BCL6 binding to downstream target genes was checked by ChIP. RESULTS The survival rate of mice models of LPS-induced sepsis was improved in following FX1 administration. FX1 decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines, attenuated macrophage infiltration activities and reduced monocytes chemotaxis activities, all of which suggest that FX1 exert anti-inflammatory effects. Mechanistically, FX1 may enhance the affinity of BCL6 binding to downstream target pro-inflammatory genes. CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrated the anti-inflammatory properties and potential mechanisms of FX1 in sepsis caused by LPS. FX1 could potentially become a new immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drug candidate in sepsis therapy.
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12
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Asada H, Tomiyasu H, Uchikai T, Ishihara G, Goto-Koshino Y, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Comprehensive analysis of miRNA and protein profiles within exosomes derived from canine lymphoid tumour cell lines. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208567. [PMID: 31034520 PMCID: PMC6488050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released from almost all cell types, which play roles in cell-cell communication. Recent studies have suggested that microenvironmental crosstalk mediated by exosomes is an important factor in the escape of tumour cells from the anti-tumour immune system in human haematopoietic malignancies. Here, we conducted comprehensive analysis of the miRNA and protein profiles within the exosomes released from four canine lymphoid tumour cell lines as a model of human lymphoid tumours. The results showed that the major miRNAs and proteins extracted from the exosomes were similar among the four cell lines. However, the miRNA profiles differed among the exosomes of each cell line, which corresponded to the expression patterns of the parent cells. In the comparison of the amounts of miRNAs and proteins among the cell lines, those of three miRNAs (miR-151, miR-8908a-3p, and miR-486) and CD82 protein differed between exosomes derived from vincristine-sensitive and resistant cell lines. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the biological functions of the exosomal contents in the microenvironmental crosstalk of lymphoid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Asada
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tomiyasu
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takao Uchikai
- Anicom Specialty Medical Institute Inc., Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genki Ishihara
- Anicom Specialty Medical Institute Inc., Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Goto-Koshino
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Ren C, Yu H, Fang W, Zhang N, Gao S, Hou Q. Correlation Between C-MYC, BCL-2, and BCL-6 Protein Expression and Gene Translocation as Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1497. [PMID: 30666200 PMCID: PMC6330311 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the protein expression of C-MYC, BCL-2, and BCL-6 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and their relationship with genetic abnormalities. A retrospective study of 42 cases on paraffin-embedded tissue specimens diagnosed with DLBCL was performed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The expression of C-MYC, BCL-2, BCL-6 protein, and gene abnormalities in these tissue samples was analyzed. The relationship in genetic abnormalities and Ki-67, Hans classification, gender, and age was also evaluated. It was found that the positive rate of C-MYC expression was 47.6% (20/42), the rate of C-MYC gene abnormality was 26.2% (11/42), in which gene translocation accounted for 23.8% (10/42) and gene amplification 2.4% (1/42); C-MYC protein expression was positively correlated with C-MYC gene translocation (χ2 = 11.813; P = 0.001); C-MYC gene translocation was mainly found in germinal center B cell type (χ2 = 4.029; P = 0.045). The positive rate of BCL-2 protein expression was 85.71% (36/42), the positive rate of translocation was 42.86% (18/42) and the amplification rate was 26.19% (11/42); the overexpression of BCL-2 protein was correlated with the BCL-2 translocation (χ2 = 3.407; P = 0.029). The positive rate of BCL-6 protein expression was 45.24% (19/42), the positive rate of BCL-6 translocation was 14.29% (6/42) and the positive rate of BCL-6 amplification was 7.14% (3/42); the overexpression of BCL-6 protein was significantly correlated with BCL-6 translocation (χ2 = 6.091; P = 0.014). The Ki-67 index was significantly higher in C-MYC translocation cases than in non-C-MYC translocation cases (χ2 = 4.492; P = 0.034). Taken together, our results suggest that the protein expression of C-MYC, BCL-2, and BCL-6 are positively correlated with their gene translocation. Overexpression of C-MYC, BCL-2, BCL-6 protein suggests the possibility of translocation. Therefore, immunohistochemical detection of C-MYC, BCL-2, and BCL-6 are useful in diagnosis and prognosis of DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- YunXiang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Cuiai Ren
- Department of Pathology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Pathology, Werfang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Wenjia Fang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Sumei Gao
- Department of Pathology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Qian Hou
- Department of Pathology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
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14
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Cheng H, Linhares BM, Yu W, Cardenas MG, Ai Y, Jiang W, Winkler A, Cohen S, Melnick A, MacKerell A, Cierpicki T, Xue F. Identification of Thiourea-Based Inhibitors of the B-Cell Lymphoma 6 BTB Domain via NMR-Based Fragment Screening and Computer-Aided Drug Design. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7573-7588. [PMID: 29969259 PMCID: PMC6334293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPI) between the transcriptional repressor B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) BTB domain (BCL6BTB) and its corepressors have emerged as a promising target for anticancer therapeutics. However, identification of potent, drug-like inhibitors of BCL6BTB has remained challenging. Using NMR-based screening of a library of fragment-like small molecules, we have identified a thiourea compound (7CC5) that binds to BCL6BTB. From this hit, the application of computer-aided drug design (CADD), medicinal chemistry, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography has yielded an inhibitor, 15f, that demonstrated over 100-fold improved potency for BCL6BTB. This gain in potency was achieved by a unique binding mode that mimics the binding mode of the corepressor SMRT in the aromatic and the HDCH sites. The structure-activity relationship based on these new inhibitors will have a significant impact on the rational design of novel BCL6 inhibitors, facilitating the identification of therapeutics for the treatment of BCL6-dependent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Cheng
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Brian M. Linhares
- University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Wenbo Yu
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA,University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Mariano G. Cardenas
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Hematology/Oncology, New York, New York, 10021, USA
| | - Yong Ai
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Wenjuan Jiang
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA,University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Alyssa Winkler
- University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Sandra Cohen
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Hematology/Oncology, New York, New York, 10021, USA
| | - Ari Melnick
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Hematology/Oncology, New York, New York, 10021, USA
| | - Alexander MacKerell
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA,University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA,Correspondence to: Professor Fengtian Xue at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA, Phone: 410-706-8521, , Professor Tomasz Cierpicki at the University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA, Phone: 734-615-9324,
| | - Fengtian Xue
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA,University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA,Correspondence to: Professor Fengtian Xue at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA, Phone: 410-706-8521, , Professor Tomasz Cierpicki at the University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA, Phone: 734-615-9324,
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15
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Mena EL, Kjolby RAS, Saxton RA, Werner A, Lew BG, Boyle JM, Harland R, Rape M. Dimerization quality control ensures neuronal development and survival. Science 2018; 362:science.aap8236. [PMID: 30190310 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant complex formation by recurrent interaction modules, such as BTB domains, leucine zippers, or coiled coils, can disrupt signal transduction, yet whether cells detect and eliminate complexes of irregular composition is unknown. By searching for regulators of the BTB family, we discovered a quality control pathway that ensures functional dimerization [dimerization quality control (DQC)]. Key to this network is the E3 ligase SCFFBXL17, which selectively binds and ubiquitylates BTB dimers of aberrant composition to trigger their clearance by proteasomal degradation. Underscoring the physiological importance of DQC, SCFFBXL17 is required for the differentiation, function, and survival of neural crest and neuronal cells. We conclude that metazoan organisms actively monitor BTB dimerization, and we predict that distinct E3 ligases similarly control complex formation by other recurrent domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah L Mena
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rachel A S Kjolby
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Robert A Saxton
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Achim Werner
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brandon G Lew
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John M Boyle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Richard Harland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael Rape
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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16
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Kuai Y, Gong X, Ding L, Li F, Lei L, Gong Y, Liu Q, Tan H, Zhang X, Liu D, Ren G, Pan H, Shi Y, Berberich-Siebelt F, Mao Z, Zhou R. Wilms' tumor 1-associating protein plays an aggressive role in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and forms a complex with BCL6 via Hsp90. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:50. [PMID: 30143009 PMCID: PMC6108153 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wilms’ tumor 1-associating protein (WTAP) is a nuclear protein, which is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues. Furthermore, in various types of malignancies WTAP is overexpressed and plays a role as an oncogene. The function of WTAP in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), however, remains unclear. Methods Immunohistochemistry was applied to evaluate the levels of WTAP expression in DLBCL tissues and normal lymphoid tissues. Overexpression and knock-down of WTAP in DLBCL cell lines, verified on mRNA and protein level served to analyze cell proliferation and apoptosis in DLBCL cell lines by flow cytometry. Finally, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), IP, and GST-pull down assessed the interaction of WTAP with Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) as well as determined the extend of its ubiquitinylation. Results WTAP protein levels were consistently upregulated in DLBCL tissues. WTAP promoted DLBCL cell proliferation and improved the ability to confront apoptosis, while knockdown of WTAP in DLBCL cell lines allowed a significant higher apoptosis rate after treatment with Etoposide, an anti-tumor drug. The stable expression of WTAP was depended on Hsp90. In line, we demonstrated that WTAP could form a complex with BCL6 via Hsp90 in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion WTAP is highly expressed in DLBCL, promoting growth and anti-apoptosis in DLBCL cell lines. WTAP is a client protein of Hsp90 and can appear in a complex with BCL6 and Hsp90 in DLBCL. Down-regulation of WTAP could improve the chemotherapeutic treatments in DLBCL. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0258-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Kuai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Gong
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liya Ding
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lizhen Lei
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Gong
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingmeng Liu
- Department of Pathology, the Second Hospital of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, China
| | - Huajiao Tan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Dongyu Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Ren
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Yaoyao Shi
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Show Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Zhengrong Mao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ren Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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17
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Wang Q, Ding W, Ding Y, Ma J, Qian Z, Shao J, Li Y. Homoharringtonine suppresses imatinib resistance via the Bcl-6/p53 pathway in chronic myeloid leukemia cell lines. Oncotarget 2018; 8:37594-37604. [PMID: 28410239 PMCID: PMC5514933 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The anti-leukemic mechanism of homoharringtonine (HHT) differs from that of IM, and HHT is one of the most useful agents for use in patients with IM resistance or intolerance. The Bcl-6/p53 pathway has been shown to regulate the sensitivity of tumor cells to antitumor drugs. We tested whether HHT blocked the Bcl-6/p53 pathway in order to promote the apoptosis of IM-resistant cells in vitro and in vivo. Results Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells and IM-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells showed high expression of Bcl-6 protein. Bcl-6 mediated the upregulation of p53, and and Bcl-6 induced growth inhibition of IM-resistant cells as well as its apoptosis by targeting p53. In addition, Bcl-6 was downregulated moderately after HHT treatment in different cells. The Bcl-6 expression was significantly increased in patients with CML when compared with healthy subjects. Furthermore, the expression of Bcl-6 was higher in patients with CML-blastic phase (CML-BP) than in those with CML-chronic phase (CML-CP). Methods The inhibitory effect of drugs on cell growth was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), The apoptosis rate and the cell cycle were investigated by flow cytometry. The expression of Bcl-6, p53, Bcl-2, caspase9, and caspase3 proteins was assayed by western blot, Real- Time PCR (qPCR) detect Bcl-6 and p53 mRNA. Conclusions HHT can suppress the growth and induce apoptosis of IM-resistant cells, the mechanism of which is associated with blocking of the Bcl-6/p53 pathway. Our results could offer a theoretical explanation for HHT use in patients with IM resistance or intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Hematology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Hematology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Yihan Ding
- Department of Hematology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Department of Hematology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Zhaoye Qian
- Department of Oncology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Jingxian Shao
- Department of Oncology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Department of Hematology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, 223300, China
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18
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Shi Y, Kuai Y, Lei L, Weng Y, Berberich-Siebelt F, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhou Y, Jiang X, Ren G, Pan H, Mao Z, Zhou R. The feedback loop of LITAF and BCL6 is involved in regulating apoptosis in B cell non-Hodgkin's-lymphoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77444-77456. [PMID: 27764808 PMCID: PMC5363597 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the apoptotic pathway is widely recognized as a key step in lymphomagenesis. Notably, LITAF was initially identified as a p53-inducible gene, subsequently implicated as a tumor suppressor. Our previous study also showed LITAF to be methylated in 89.5% B-NHL samples. Conversely, deregulated expression of BCL6 is a pathogenic event in many lymphomas. Interestingly, our study found an oppositional expression of LITAF and BCL6 in B-NHL. In addition, LITAF was recently identified as a novel target gene of BCL6. Therefore, we sought to explore the feedback loop between LITAF and BCL6 in B-NHL. Here, our data for the first time show that LITAF can repress expression of BCL6 by binding to Region A (-87 to +65) containing a putative LITAF-binding motif (CTCCC) within the BCL6 promoter. Furthermore, the regulation of BCL6 targets ( PRDM1 or c-Myc) by LITAF may be associated with B-cell differentiation. Results also demonstrate that ectopic expression of LITAF induces cell apoptosis, activated by releasing cytochrome c, cleaving PARP and caspase 3 in B-NHL cells whereas knockdown of LITAF robustly protected cells from apoptosis. Interestingly, BCL6, in turn, could reverse cell apoptosis mediated by LITAF. Collectively, our findings provide a novel apoptotic regulatory pathway in which LITAF, as a transcription factor, inhibits the expression of BCL6, which leads to activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and tumor apoptosis. Our study is expected to provide a possible biomarker as well as a target for clinical therapies to promote tumor cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Shi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Kuai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lizhen Lei
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Weng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Jinjie Wang
- Department of Pathology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Postgraduate School in Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Ren
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Zhengrong Mao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ren Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Sherwood DR, Plastino J. Invading, Leading and Navigating Cells in Caenorhabditis elegans: Insights into Cell Movement in Vivo. Genetics 2018; 208:53-78. [PMID: 29301948 PMCID: PMC5753875 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly regulated cell migration events are crucial during animal tissue formation and the trafficking of cells to sites of infection and injury. Misregulation of cell movement underlies numerous human diseases, including cancer. Although originally studied primarily in two-dimensional in vitro assays, most cell migrations in vivo occur in complex three-dimensional tissue environments that are difficult to recapitulate in cell culture or ex vivo Further, it is now known that cells can mobilize a diverse repertoire of migration modes and subcellular structures to move through and around tissues. This review provides an overview of three distinct cellular movement events in Caenorhabditis elegans-cell invasion through basement membrane, leader cell migration during organ formation, and individual cell migration around tissues-which together illustrate powerful experimental models of diverse modes of movement in vivo We discuss new insights into migration that are emerging from these in vivo studies and important future directions toward understanding the remarkable and assorted ways that cells move in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Sherwood
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705
| | - Julie Plastino
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 168, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 168, F-75005 Paris, France
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20
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Jasmer B, Muschol-Steinmetz C, Kreis NN, Friemel A, Kielland-Kaisen U, Brüggmann D, Jennewein L, Allert R, Solbach C, Yuan J, Louwen F. Involvement of the oncogene B-cell lymphoma 6 in the fusion and differentiation process of trophoblastic cells of the placenta. Oncotarget 2017; 8:108643-108654. [PMID: 29312557 PMCID: PMC5752470 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogene B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is associated with lymphomagenesis. Intriguingly, its expression is increased in preeclamptic placentas. Preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Preeclamptic placentas are characterized by various defects like deregulated differentiation and impaired fusion of trophoblasts. Its pathogenesis is however not totally understood. We show here that BCL6 is present throughout the cell fusion process in the fusogenic trophoblastic cell line BeWo. Suppression of BCL6 promotes trophoblast fusion, indicated by enhanced levels of fusion-related β-hCG, syncytin 1 and syncytin 2. Increased mRNA levels of these genes could also be observed in primary term cytotrophoblasts depleted of BCL6. Conversely, stable overexpression of BCL6 reduces the fusion capacity of BeWo cells. These data suggest that an accurately regulated expression of BCL6 is important for proper differentiation and successful syncytialization of trophoblasts. While deregulated BCL6 is linked to lymphomagenesis by blocking lymphocyte terminal differentiation, increased BCL6 in the placenta contributes to the development of preeclampsia by impairing trophoblast differentiation and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Jasmer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Cornelia Muschol-Steinmetz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina-Naomi Kreis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Friemel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrikke Kielland-Kaisen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dörthe Brüggmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lukas Jennewein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Roman Allert
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine Solbach
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Louwen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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21
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Kovalova N, Nault R, Crawford R, Zacharewski TR, Kaminski NE. Comparative analysis of TCDD-induced AhR-mediated gene expression in human, mouse and rat primary B cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 316:95-106. [PMID: 27913140 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent environmental pollutant that activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) resulting in altered gene expression. In vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo studies have demonstrated that B cells are directly impaired by TCDD, and are a sensitive target as evidenced by suppression of antibody responses. The window of sensitivity to TCDD-induced suppression of IgM secretion among mouse, rat and human B cells is similar. Specifically, TCDD must be present within the initial 12h post B cell stimulation, indicating that TCDD disrupts early signaling network(s) necessary for B lymphocyte activation and differentiation. Therefore, we hypothesized that TCDD treatment across three different species (mouse, rat and human) triggers a conserved, B cell-specific mechanism that is involved in TCDD-induced immunosuppression. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to identify B cell-specific orthologous genes that are differentially expressed in response to TCDD in primary mouse, rat and human B cells. Time course studies identified TCDD-elicited differential expression of 515 human, 2371 mouse and 712 rat orthologous genes over the 24-h period. 28 orthologs were differentially expressed in response to TCDD in all three species. Overrepresented pathways enriched in all three species included cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, regulation of actin cytoskeleton and pathways in cancer. Differentially expressed genes functionally associated with cell-cell signaling in humans, immune response in mice, and oxidation reduction in rats. Overall, these results suggest that despite the conservation of the AhR and its signaling mechanism, TCDD elicits species-specific gene expression changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kovalova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Rance Nault
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Robert Crawford
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Timothy R Zacharewski
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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22
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Béguelin W, Teater M, Gearhart MD, Calvo Fernández MT, Goldstein RL, Cárdenas MG, Hatzi K, Rosen M, Shen H, Corcoran CM, Hamline MY, Gascoyne RD, Levine RL, Abdel-Wahab O, Licht JD, Shaknovich R, Elemento O, Bardwell VJ, Melnick AM. EZH2 and BCL6 Cooperate to Assemble CBX8-BCOR Complex to Repress Bivalent Promoters, Mediate Germinal Center Formation and Lymphomagenesis. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:197-213. [PMID: 27505670 PMCID: PMC5000552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The EZH2 histone methyltransferase mediates the humoral immune response and drives lymphomagenesis through formation of bivalent chromatin domains at critical germinal center (GC) B cell promoters. Herein we show that the actions of EZH2 in driving GC formation and lymphoma precursor lesions require site-specific binding by the BCL6 transcriptional repressor and the presence of a non-canonical PRC1-BCOR-CBX8 complex. The chromodomain protein CBX8 is induced in GC B cells, binds to H3K27me3 at bivalent promoters, and is required for stable association of the complex and the resulting histone modifications. Moreover, oncogenic BCL6 and EZH2 cooperate to accelerate diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) development and combinatorial targeting of these repressors results in enhanced anti-lymphoma activity in DLBCLs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein/metabolism
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins
- Polycomb Repressive Complex 1/metabolism
- Polycomb-Group Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Béguelin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 413 E 69(th) Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Matt Teater
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 413 E 69(th) Street, New York, NY 10021, USA; Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Micah D Gearhart
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Developmental Biology Center, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Church Street SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - María Teresa Calvo Fernández
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 413 E 69(th) Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Rebecca L Goldstein
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 413 E 69(th) Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Mariano G Cárdenas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 413 E 69(th) Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Katerina Hatzi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 413 E 69(th) Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Monica Rosen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 413 E 69(th) Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Hao Shen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 413 E 69(th) Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Connie M Corcoran
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Developmental Biology Center, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Church Street SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michelle Y Hamline
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Developmental Biology Center, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Church Street SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Randy D Gascoyne
- Departments of Pathology and Lymphoid Cancer Research, Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rita Shaknovich
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 413 E 69(th) Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Vivian J Bardwell
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Developmental Biology Center, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Church Street SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 413 E 69(th) Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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23
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Johnson DP, Spitz GS, Tharkar S, Quayle SN, Shearstone JR, Jones S, McDowell ME, Wellman H, Tyler JK, Cairns BR, Chandrasekharan MB, Bhaskara S. HDAC1,2 inhibition impairs EZH2- and BBAP-mediated DNA repair to overcome chemoresistance in EZH2 gain-of-function mutant diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:4863-87. [PMID: 25605023 PMCID: PMC4467121 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the catalytic site of EZH2 (Enhancer of Zeste Homologue 2), is observed in about 22% of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cases. Here we show that selective inhibition of histone deacetylase 1,2 (HDAC1,2) activity using a small molecule inhibitor causes cytotoxic or cytostatic effects in EZH2 gain-of-function mutant (EZH2GOF) DLBCL cells. Our results show that blocking the activity of HDAC1,2 increases global H3K27ac without causing a concomitant global decrease in H3K27me3 levels. Our data shows that inhibition of HDAC1,2 is sufficient to decrease H3K27me3 present at DSBs, decrease DSB repair and activate the DNA damage response in these cells. In addition to increased H3K27me3, we found that the EZH2GOF DLBCL cells overexpress another chemotherapy resistance factor − B-lymphoma and BAL-associated protein (BBAP). BBAP monoubiquitinates histone H4K91, a residue that is also subjected to acetylation. Our results show that selective inhibition of HDAC1,2 increases H4K91ac, decreases BBAP-mediated H4K91 monoubiquitination, impairs BBAP-dependent DSB repair and sensitizes the refractory EZH2GOF DLBCL cells to treatment with doxorubicin, a chemotherapy agent. Hence, selective HDAC1,2 inhibition provides a novel DNA repair mechanism-based therapeutic approach as it can overcome both EZH2- and BBAP-mediated DSB repair in the EZH2GOF DLBCL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle P Johnson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Gabriella S Spitz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Shweta Tharkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Simon Jones
- Acetylon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria E McDowell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hannah Wellman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jessica K Tyler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bradley R Cairns
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mahesh B Chandrasekharan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Srividya Bhaskara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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24
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Hsp90 as a "Chaperone" of the Epigenome: Insights and Opportunities for Cancer Therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 129:107-40. [PMID: 26916003 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cellular functions of Hsp90 have historically been attributed to its ability to chaperone client proteins involved in signal transduction. Although numerous stimuli and the signaling cascades they activate contribute to cancer progression, many of these pathways ultimately require transcriptional effectors to elicit tumor-promoting effects. Despite this obvious connection, the majority of studies evaluating Hsp90 function in malignancy have focused upon its regulation of cytosolic client proteins, and particularly members of receptor and/or kinase families. However, in recent years, Hsp90 has emerged as a pivotal orchestrator of nuclear events. Discovery of an expanding repertoire of Hsp90 clients has illuminated a vital role for Hsp90 in overseeing nuclear events and influencing gene transcription. Hence, this chapter will cast a spotlight upon several regulatory themes involving Hsp90-dependent nuclear functions. Highlighted topics include a summary of chaperone-dependent regulation of key transcription factors (TFs) and epigenetic effectors in malignancy, as well as a discussion of how the complex interplay among a subset of these TFs and epigenetic regulators may generate feed-forward loops that further support cancer progression. This chapter will also highlight less recognized indirect mechanisms whereby Hsp90-supported signaling may impinge upon epigenetic regulation. Finally, the relevance of these nuclear events is discussed within the framework of Hsp90's capacity to enable phenotypic variation and drug resistance. These newly acquired insights expanding our understanding of Hsp90 function support the collective notion that nuclear clients are major beneficiaries of Hsp90 action, and their impairment is likely responsible for many of the anticancer effects elicited by Hsp90-targeted approaches.
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25
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Huang C, Melnick A. Mechanisms of action of BCL6 during germinal center B cell development. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:1226-32. [PMID: 26566802 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) controls a large transcriptional network that is required for the formation and maintenance of germinal centers (GC). GC B cells represent the normal counterpart of most human B-cell lymphomas, which are often characterized by deregulated BCL6 expression or BCL6-mediated pathways. BCL6 suppresses gene transcription largely through recruitment of its co-repressors through its distinct repression domain. Understanding the precise biological roles of each repression domain in normal and malignant B cells is helpful for development of targeted inhibition of BCL6 functions that is emerging as the basis for design of anti-lymphoma therapies. This review focuses on recent progress in the molecular mechanisms of action of BCL6 in B cells and discusses remaining unresolved questions related to how these mechanisms are linked to normal and malignant B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChuanXin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology & Department of Immunobiology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Ari Melnick
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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26
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Liu Y, Mallampalli RK. Small molecule therapeutics targeting F-box proteins in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 36:105-19. [PMID: 26427329 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays vital roles in maintaining protein equilibrium mainly through proteolytic degradation of targeted substrates. The archetypical SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase complex contains a substrate recognition subunit F-box protein that recruits substrates to the catalytic ligase core for its polyubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Several well-characterized F-box proteins have been demonstrated that are tightly linked to neoplasia. There is mounting information characterizing F-box protein-substrate interactions with the rationale to develop unique therapeutics for cancer treatment. Here we review that how F-box proteins function in cancer and summarize potential small molecule inhibitors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Medicine, The Acute Lung Injury, Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Medicine, The Acute Lung Injury, Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, United States.
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27
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Trendowski M. PU-H71: An improvement on nature's solutions to oncogenic Hsp90 addiction. Pharmacol Res 2015; 99:202-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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28
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Yu JM, Sun W, Hua F, Xie J, Lin H, Zhou DD, Hu ZW. BCL6 induces EMT by promoting the ZEB1-mediated transcription repression of E-cadherin in breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 365:190-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Bachegowda LS, Barta SK. Genetic and molecular targets in lymphoma: implications for prognosis and treatment. Future Oncol 2015; 10:2509-28. [PMID: 25525858 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas are the most common hematologic malignancies with approximately 79,000 new cases estimated for 2013 in the USA. Despite improved outcomes, relapse or recurrence remains a common problem with conventional cytotoxic therapy. Recently, many genetic and molecular mechanisms that drive various cellular events like apoptosis, angiogenesis and cell motility have been more clearly delineated. These new findings, coupled with the advent of high-throughput screening technology have led to the discovery of many compounds that can target specific mutations and/or influence deregulated transcription. In this review, we intend to provide a concise overview of genetic and molecular events that drive cellular processes in lymphomas and represent potential therapeutic targets. Additionally, we briefly discuss the prognostic significance of select biological markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohith S Bachegowda
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 110, E 210 Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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Haery L, Thompson RC, Gilmore TD. Histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases in B- and T-cell development, physiology and malignancy. Genes Cancer 2015; 6:184-213. [PMID: 26124919 PMCID: PMC4482241 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of B and T cells from hematopoietic precursors and the regulation of the functions of these immune cells are complex processes that involve highly regulated signaling pathways and transcriptional control. The signaling pathways and gene expression patterns that give rise to these developmental processes are coordinated, in part, by two opposing classes of broad-based enzymatic regulators: histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HATs and HDACs can modulate gene transcription by altering histone acetylation to modify chromatin structure, and by regulating the activity of non-histone substrates, including an array of immune-cell transcription factors. In addition to their role in normal B and T cells, dysregulation of HAT and HDAC activity is associated with a variety of B- and T-cell malignancies. In this review, we describe the roles of HATs and HDACs in normal B- and T-cell physiology, describe mutations and dysregulation of HATs and HDACs that are implicated lymphoma and leukemia, and discuss HAT and HDAC inhibitors that have been explored as treatment options for leukemias and lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Haery
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Nurminen V, Neme A, Ryynänen J, Heikkinen S, Seuter S, Carlberg C. The transcriptional regulator BCL6 participates in the secondary gene regulatory response to vitamin D. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:300-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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HSPH1 inhibition downregulates Bcl-6 and c-Myc and hampers the growth of human aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2015; 125:1768-71. [PMID: 25573990 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-07-590034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that human B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs) express heat shock protein (HSP)H1/105 in function of their aggressiveness. Here, we now clarify its role as a functional B-NHL target by testing the hypothesis that it promotes the stabilization of key lymphoma oncoproteins. HSPH1 silencing in 4 models of aggressive B-NHLs was paralleled by Bcl-6 and c-Myc downregulation. In vitro and in vivo analysis of HSPH1-silenced Namalwa cells showed that this effect was associated with a significant growth delay and the loss of tumorigenicity when 10(4) cells were injected into mice. Interestingly, we found that HSPH1 physically interacts with c-Myc and Bcl-6 in both Namalwa cells and primary aggressive B-NHLs. Accordingly, expression of HSPH1 and either c-Myc or Bcl-6 positively correlated in these diseases. Our study indicates that HSPH1 concurrently favors the expression of 2 key lymphoma oncoproteins, thus confirming its candidacy as a valuable therapeutic target of aggressive B-NHLs.
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Huang TF, Cho CY, Cheng YT, Huang JW, Wu YZ, Yeh AYC, Nishiwaki K, Chang SC, Wu YC. BLMP-1/Blimp-1 regulates the spatiotemporal cell migration pattern in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004428. [PMID: 24968003 PMCID: PMC4072510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal regulation of cell migration is crucial for animal development and organogenesis. Compared to spatial signals, little is known about temporal signals and the mechanisms integrating the two. In the Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite, the stereotyped migration pattern of two somatic distal tip cells (DTCs) is responsible for shaping the gonad. Guidance receptor UNC-5 is necessary for the dorsalward migration of DTCs. We found that BLMP-1, similar to the mammalian zinc finger transcription repressor Blimp-1/PRDI-BF1, prevents precocious dorsalward turning by inhibiting precocious unc-5 transcription and is only expressed in DTCs before they make the dorsalward turn. Constitutive expression of blmp-1 when BLMP-1 would normally disappear delays unc-5 transcription and causes turn retardation, demonstrating the functional significance of blmp-1 down-regulation. Correct timing of BLMP-1 down-regulation is redundantly regulated by heterochronic genes daf-12, lin-29, and dre-1, which regulate the temporal fates of various tissues. DAF-12, a steroid hormone receptor, and LIN-29, a zinc finger transcription factor, repress blmp-1 transcription, while DRE-1, the F-Box protein of an SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, binds to BLMP-1 and promotes its degradation. We have therefore identified a gene circuit that integrates the temporal and spatial signals and coordinates with overall development of the organism to direct cell migration during organogenesis. The tumor suppressor gene product FBXO11 (human DRE-1 ortholog) also binds to PRDI-BF1 in human cell cultures. Our data suggest evolutionary conservation of these interactions and underscore the importance of DRE-1/FBXO11-mediated BLMP-1/PRDI-BF1 degradation in cellular state transitions during metazoan development. The migratory path of DTCs determines the shape of the C. elegans gonad. How the spatiotemporal migration pattern is regulated is not clear. We identified a conserved transcription factor BLMP-1 as a central component of a gene regulatory circuit required for the spatiotemporal control of DTC migration. BLMP-1 levels regulate the timing of the DTC dorsal turn, as high levels delay the turn and low levels result in an early turn. We identify and characterize upstream regulators that control BLMP-1 levels. These regulators function in two ways, i.e. by destabilization of BLMP-1 through ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and by transcriptional repression of the blmp-1 gene to down-regulate BLMP-1. Interestingly, blmp-1 also negatively controls these regulators. Our data suggest that a dietary signal input acts together with a double-negative feedback loop to switch DTCs from the “blmp-1-on” to the “blmp-1-off” state, promoting their dorsal turn. Furthermore, we show that some protein interactions in the circuit are conserved in C. elegans and humans. Our work defines a novel function of the conserved blmp-1 gene in the temporal control of cell migration, and establishes a gene regulatory circuit that integrates the temporal and spatial inputs to direct cell migration during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Fang Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Cho
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Cheng
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jheng-Wei Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Zhe Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Athena Yi-Chun Yeh
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kiyoji Nishiwaki
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen, Sanda, Japan
| | - Shih-Chung Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Bakhirev AG, Vasef MA, Zhang QY, Reichard KK, Czuchlewski DR. Fluorescence Immunophenotyping and Interphase Cytogenetics (FICTION) Detects BCL6 Abnormalities, Including Gene Amplification, in Most Cases of Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:538-42. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0663-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context.— BCL6 translocations are a frequent finding in B-cell lymphomas of diverse subtypes, including some cases of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL). However, reliable analysis of BCL6 rearrangements using fluorescence in situ hybridization is difficult in NLPHL because of the relative paucity of neoplastic cells. Combined immunofluorescence microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization, or fluorescence immunophenotyping and interphase cytogenetics as a tool for the investigation of neoplasms (FICTION), permits targeted analysis of neoplastic cells.
Objective.—To better define the spectrum of BCL6 abnormalities in NLPHL using FICTION analysis.
Design.—We performed an optimized FICTION analysis of 24 lymph nodes, including 11 NLPHL, 5 follicular hyperplasia with prominent progressive transformation of germinal centers, and 8 follicular hyperplasia without progressive transformation of germinal centers.
Results.— BCL6 rearrangement was identified in 5 of 11 cases of NLPHL (46%). In addition, BCL6 gene amplification, with large clusters of BCL6 signals in the absence of chromosome 3 aneuploidy, was detected in 3 of 11 cases of NLPHL (27%). One NLPHL showed extra copies of BCL6 present in conjunction with multiple copies of chromosome 3. Altogether, we detected BCL6 abnormalities in 9 of 11 cases of NLPHL (82%). None of the progressive transformation of germinal centers or follicular hyperplasia cases showed BCL6 abnormalities by FICTION.
Conclusions.—To our knowledge, this is the first report of BCL6 gene amplification in NLPHL. Our optimized protocol for FICTION permits detection of cytogenetic abnormalities in most NLPHL cases and may represent a useful ancillary diagnostic technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei G. Bakhirev
- From the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque. Dr Reichard is now with the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mohammad A. Vasef
- From the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque. Dr Reichard is now with the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Qian-Yun Zhang
- From the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque. Dr Reichard is now with the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kaaren K. Reichard
- From the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque. Dr Reichard is now with the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David R. Czuchlewski
- From the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque. Dr Reichard is now with the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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35
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Regulatory role of the 90-kDa-heat-shock protein (Hsp90) and associated factors on gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:71-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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The role of BTB-zinc finger transcription factors during T cell development and in the regulation of T cell-mediated immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 381:21-49. [PMID: 24850219 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The proper regulation of the development and function of peripheral helper and cytotoxic T cell lineages is essential for T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. Progress made during the last 10-15 years led to the identification of several transcription factors and transcription factor networks that control the development and function of T cell subsets. Among the transcription factors identified are also several members of the so-called BTB/POZ domain containing zinc finger (ZF) transcription factor family (BTB-ZF), and important roles of BTB-ZF factors have been described. In this review, we will provide an up-to-date overview about the role of BTB-ZF factors during T cell development and in peripheral T cells.
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Fontán L, Melnick A. Molecular pathways: targeting MALT1 paracaspase activity in lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6662-8. [PMID: 24004675 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MALT1 mediates the activation of NF-κB in response to antigen receptor signaling. MALT1, in association with BCL10 and CARD11, functions as a scaffolding protein to activate the inhibitor of IκB kinase (IKK) complex. In addition, MALT1 is a paracaspase that targets key proteins in a feedback loop mediating termination of the NF-κB response, thus promoting activation of NF-κB signaling. Activated B-cell subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (ABC-DLBCL), which tend to be more resistant to chemotherapy, are often biologically dependent on MALT1 activity. Newly developed MALT1 small-molecule inhibitors suppress the growth of ABC-DLBCLs in vitro and in vivo. This review highlights the recent advances in the normal and disease-related functions of MALT1. Furthermore, recent progress targeting MALT1 proteolytic activity raises the possibility of deploying MALT1 inhibitors for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas and perhaps autoimmune diseases that involve increased B- or T-cell receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Fontán
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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38
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Hatzi K, Jiang Y, Huang C, Garrett-Bakelman F, Gearhart MD, Giannopoulou EG, Zumbo P, Kirouac K, Bhaskara S, Polo JM, Kormaksson M, MacKerell AD, Xue F, Mason CE, Hiebert SW, Prive GG, Cerchietti L, Bardwell VJ, Elemento O, Melnick A. A hybrid mechanism of action for BCL6 in B cells defined by formation of functionally distinct complexes at enhancers and promoters. Cell Rep 2013; 4:578-88. [PMID: 23911289 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The BCL6 transcriptional repressor is required for the development of germinal center (GC) B cells and diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). Although BCL6 can recruit multiple corepressors, its transcriptional repression mechanism of action in normal and malignant B cells is unknown. We find that in B cells, BCL6 mostly functions through two independent mechanisms that are collectively essential to GC formation and DLBCL, both mediated through its N-terminal BTB domain. These are (1) the formation of a unique ternary BCOR-SMRT complex at promoters, with each corepressor binding to symmetrical sites on BCL6 homodimers linked to specific epigenetic chromatin features, and (2) the "toggling" of active enhancers to a poised but not erased conformation through SMRT-dependent H3K27 deacetylation, which is mediated by HDAC3 and opposed by p300 histone acetyltransferase. Dynamic toggling of enhancers provides a basis for B cells to undergo rapid transcriptional and phenotypic changes in response to signaling or environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Hatzi
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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39
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Bertolo C, Roa S, Sagardoy A, Mena-Varas M, Robles EF, Martinez-Ferrandis JI, Sagaert X, Tousseyn T, Orta A, Lossos IS, Amar S, Natkunam Y, Briones J, Melnick A, Malumbres R, Martinez-Climent JA. LITAF, a BCL6 target gene, regulates autophagy in mature B-cell lymphomas. Br J Haematol 2013; 162:621-30. [PMID: 23795761 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that LITAF is silenced by promoter hypermethylation in germinal centre-derived B-cell lymphomas, but beyond these data the regulation and function of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis factor (TNF) factor (LITAF) in B cells are unknown. Gene expression and immunohistochemical studies revealed that LITAF and BCL6 show opposite expression in tonsil B-cell subpopulations and B-cell lymphomas, suggesting that BCL6 may regulate LITAF expression. Accordingly, BCL6 silencing increased LITAF expression, and chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays demonstrated a direct transcriptional repression of LITAF by BCL6. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments in different B-cell lymphoma cell lines revealed that, in contrast to its function in monocytes, LITAF does not induce lipopolysaccharide-mediated TNF secretion in B cells. However, gene expression microarrays defined a LITAF-related transcriptional signature containing genes regulating autophagy, including MAP1LC3B (LC3B). In addition, immunofluorescence analysis co-localized LITAF with autophagosomes, further suggesting a possible role in autophagy modulation. Accordingly, ectopic LITAF expression in B-cell lymphoma cells enhanced autophagy responses to starvation, which were impaired upon LITAF silencing. Our results indicate that the BCL6-mediated transcriptional repression of LITAF may inhibit autophagy in B cells during the germinal centre reaction, and suggest that the constitutive repression of autophagy responses in BCL6-driven lymphomas may contribute to lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bertolo
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Bunting KL, Melnick AM. New effector functions and regulatory mechanisms of BCL6 in normal and malignant lymphocytes. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:339-46. [PMID: 23725655 PMCID: PMC4075446 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The BCL6 oncogenic repressor is a master regulator of humoral immunity and B-cell lymphoma survival. Whereas much research has focused on its regulation and function in germinal center B-cells, its role in other mature lymphoid cell compartments is less clear. A novel role for BCL6 in follicular T helper cell development was recently uncovered. The latest discoveries reveal that BCL6 is also an important regulator of other specialized helper T-cell subsets within germinal centers, pre-germinal center events, and peripheral T-cell effector functions. Here, we review newly discovered roles for BCL6 in lymphocyte subsets residing within and outside of germinal centers, and discuss their implications with respect to the molecular mechanisms of BCL6 regulation and potential links to B and T-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Bunting
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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41
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Béguelin W, Popovic R, Teater M, Jiang Y, Bunting KL, Rosen M, Shen H, Yang SN, Wang L, Ezponda T, Martinez-Garcia E, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Verma SK, McCabe MT, Ott HM, Van Aller GS, Kruger RG, Liu Y, McHugh CF, Scott DW, Chung YR, Kelleher N, Shaknovich R, Creasy CL, Gascoyne RD, Wong KK, Cerchietti LC, Levine RL, Abdel-Wahab O, Licht JD, Elemento O, Melnick AM. EZH2 is required for germinal center formation and somatic EZH2 mutations promote lymphoid transformation. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:677-92. [PMID: 23680150 PMCID: PMC3681809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The EZH2 histone methyltransferase is highly expressed in germinal center (GC) B cells and targeted by somatic mutations in B cell lymphomas. Here, we find that EZH2 deletion or pharmacologic inhibition suppresses GC formation and functions. EZH2 represses proliferation checkpoint genes and helps establish bivalent chromatin domains at key regulatory loci to transiently suppress GC B cell differentiation. Somatic mutations reinforce these physiological effects through enhanced silencing of EZH2 targets. Conditional expression of mutant EZH2 in mice induces GC hyperplasia and accelerated lymphomagenesis in cooperation with BCL2. GC B cell (GCB)-type diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are mostly addicted to EZH2 but not the more differentiated activated B cell (ABC)-type DLBCLs, thus clarifying the therapeutic scope of EZH2 targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Béguelin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Relja Popovic
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matt Teater
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yanwen Jiang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Karen L. Bunting
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Monica Rosen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Hao Shen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Shao Ning Yang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Teresa Ezponda
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eva Martinez-Garcia
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Haikuo Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sharad K. Verma
- Cancer Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Michael T. McCabe
- Cancer Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Heidi M. Ott
- Cancer Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Glenn S. Van Aller
- Cancer Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Ryan G. Kruger
- Cancer Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Cancer Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Charles F. McHugh
- Cancer Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - David W. Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer and Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Young Rock Chung
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Neil Kelleher
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Rita Shaknovich
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Caretha L. Creasy
- Cancer Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Cancer Research, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Randy D. Gascoyne
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer and Departments of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Leandro C. Cerchietti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ross L. Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Licht
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Correspondence: Ari M. Melnick, MD Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021. Phone: 212-746-7643; Fax: 212-746-8866; ; Olivier Elemento, PhD Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021. Phone: 646-962-5726; Fax: 646-962-0383; ; Jonathan D. Licht, MD Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, 303 East Superior Street, Lurie 5-123, IL 60611. Phone: 312-503-0985; Fax: 312-503-0189;
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Correspondence: Ari M. Melnick, MD Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021. Phone: 212-746-7643; Fax: 212-746-8866; ; Olivier Elemento, PhD Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021. Phone: 646-962-5726; Fax: 646-962-0383; ; Jonathan D. Licht, MD Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, 303 East Superior Street, Lurie 5-123, IL 60611. Phone: 312-503-0985; Fax: 312-503-0189;
| | - Ari M. Melnick
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Correspondence: Ari M. Melnick, MD Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021. Phone: 212-746-7643; Fax: 212-746-8866; ; Olivier Elemento, PhD Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021. Phone: 646-962-5726; Fax: 646-962-0383; ; Jonathan D. Licht, MD Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, 303 East Superior Street, Lurie 5-123, IL 60611. Phone: 312-503-0985; Fax: 312-503-0189;
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Abstract
Pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which are recruited to developing blood vessels by platelet-derived growth factor BB, support endothelial cell survival and vascular stability. Here, we report that imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ), impaired growth of lymphoma in both human xenograft and murine allograft models. Lymphoma cells themselves neither expressed PDGFRβ nor were growth inhibited by imatinib. Tumor growth inhibition was associated with decreased microvascular density and increased vascular leakage. In vivo, imatinib induced apoptosis of tumor-associated PDGFRβ(+) pericytes and loss of perivascular integrity. In vitro, imatinib inhibited PDGFRβ(+) VSMC proliferation and PDGF-BB signaling, whereas small interfering RNA knockdown of PDGFRβ in pericytes protected them against imatinib-mediated growth inhibition. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of tumor tissue revealed depletion of pericytes, endothelial cells, and their progenitors following imatinib treatment. Compared with imatinib, treatment with an anti-PDGFRβ monoclonal antibody partially inhibited lymphoma growth. Last, microarray analysis (Gene Expression Omnibus database accession number GSE30752) of PDGFRβ(+) VSMCs following imatinib treatment showed down-regulation of genes implicated in vascular cell proliferation, survival, and assembly, including those representing multiple pathways downstream of PDGFRβ. Taken together, these data indicate that PDGFRβ(+) pericytes may represent a novel, nonendothelial, antiangiogenic target for lymphoma therapy.
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43
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Abstract
B-cell maturation and germinal center (GC) formation are dependent on the interplay between BCL6 and other transcriptional regulators. FOXP1 is a transcription factor that regulates early B-cell development, but whether it plays a role in mature B cells is unknown. Analysis of human tonsillar B-cell subpopulations revealed that FOXP1 shows the opposite expression pattern to BCL6, suggesting that FOXP1 regulates the transition from resting follicular B cell to activated GC B cell. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-on-chip and gene expression assays on B cells indicated that FOXP1 acts as a transcriptional activator and repressor of genes involved in the GC reaction, half of which are also BCL6 targets. To study FOXP1 function in vivo, we developed transgenic mice expressing human FOXP1 in lymphoid cells. These mice exhibited irregular formation of splenic GCs, showing a modest increase in naïve and marginal-zone B cells and a significant decrease in GC B cells. Furthermore, aberrant expression of FOXP1 impaired transcription of noncoding γ1 germline transcripts and inhibited efficient class switching to the immunoglobulin G1 isotype. These studies show that FOXP1 is physiologically downregulated in GC B cells and that aberrant expression of FOXP1 impairs mechanisms triggered by B-cell activation, potentially contributing to B-cell lymphomagenesis.
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44
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Nazari-Jahantigh M, Wei Y, Noels H, Akhtar S, Zhou Z, Koenen RR, Heyll K, Gremse F, Kiessling F, Grommes J, Weber C, Schober A. MicroRNA-155 promotes atherosclerosis by repressing Bcl6 in macrophages. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:4190-202. [PMID: 23041630 DOI: 10.1172/jci61716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques drive inflammatory responses, degrade lipoproteins, and phagocytose dead cells. MicroRNAs (miRs) control the differentiation and activity of macrophages by regulating the signaling of key transcription factors. However, the functional role of macrophage-related miRs in the immune response during atherogenesis is unknown. Here, we report that miR-155 is specifically expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and proinflammatory macrophages, where it was induced by treatment with mildly oxidized LDL (moxLDL) and IFN-γ. Leukocyte-specific Mir155 deficiency reduced plaque size and number of lesional macrophages after partial carotid ligation in atherosclerotic (Apoe-/-) mice. In macrophages stimulated with moxLDL/IFN-γ in vitro, and in lesional macrophages, loss of Mir155 reduced the expression of the chemokine CCL2, which promotes the recruitment of monocytes to atherosclerotic plaques. Additionally, we found that miR-155 directly repressed expression of BCL6, a transcription factor that attenuates proinflammatory NF-κB signaling. Silencing of Bcl6 in mice harboring Mir155-/- macrophages enhanced plaque formation and CCL2 expression. Taken together, these data demonstrated that miR-155 plays a key role in atherogenic programming of macrophages to sustain and enhance vascular inflammation.
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45
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Duan S, Cermak L, Pagan JK, Rossi M, Martinengo C, di Celle PF, Chapuy B, Shipp M, Chiarle R, Pagano M. FBXO11 targets BCL6 for degradation and is inactivated in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Nature 2012; 481:90-3. [PMID: 22113614 DOI: 10.1038/nature10688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BCL6 is the product of a proto-oncogene implicated in the pathogenesis of human B-cell lymphomas. By binding specific DNA sequences, BCL6 controls the transcription of a variety of genes involved in B-cell development, differentiation and activation. BCL6 is overexpressed in the majority of patients with aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common lymphoma in adulthood, and transgenic mice constitutively expressing BCL6 in B cells develop DLBCLs similar to the human disease. In many DLBCL patients, BCL6 overexpression is achieved through translocation (~40%) or hypermutation of its promoter (~15%). However, many other DLBCLs overexpress BCL6 through an unknown mechanism. Here we show that BCL6 is targeted for ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation by a SKP1–CUL1–F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex that contains the orphan F-box protein FBXO11 (refs 5, 6). The gene encoding FBXO11 was found to be deleted or mutated in multiple DLBCL cell lines, and this inactivation of FBXO11 correlated with increased levels and stability of BCL6. Similarly, FBXO11 was either deleted or mutated in primary DLBCLs. Notably, tumour-derived FBXO11 mutants displayed an impaired ability to induce BCL6 degradation. Reconstitution of FBXO11 expression in FBXO11-deleted DLBCL cells promoted BCL6 ubiquitylation and degradation, inhibited cell proliferation, and induced cell death. FBXO11-deleted DLBCL cells generated tumours in immunodeficient mice, and the tumorigenicity was suppressed by FBXO11 reconstitution. We reveal a molecular mechanism controlling BCL6 stability and propose that mutations and deletions in FBXO11 contribute to lymphomagenesis through BCL6 stabilization. The deletions/mutations found in DLBCLs are largely monoallelic, indicating that FBXO11 is a haplo-insufficient tumour suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Duan
- Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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46
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Abstract
The mechanisms that drive normal B cell differentiation and activation are frequently subverted by B cell lymphomas for their unlimited growth and survival. B cells are particularly prone to malignant transformation because the machinery used for antibody diversification can cause chromosomal translocations and oncogenic mutations. The advent of functional and structural genomics has greatly accelerated our understanding of oncogenic mechanisms in lymphomagenesis. The signaling pathways that normal B cells utilize to sense antigens are frequently derailed in B cell malignancies, leading to constitutive activation of prosurvival pathways. These malignancies co-opt transcriptional regulatory systems that characterize their normal B cell counterparts and frequently alter epigenetic regulators of chromatin structure and gene expression. These mechanistic insights are ushering in an era of targeted therapies for these cancers based on the principles of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L Shaffer
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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47
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Beaulieu AM, Sant'Angelo DB. The BTB-ZF family of transcription factors: key regulators of lineage commitment and effector function development in the immune system. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2841-7. [PMID: 21900183 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Successful immunity depends upon the activity of multiple cell types. Commitment of pluripotent precursor cells to specific lineages, such as T or B cells, is obviously fundamental to this process. However, it is also becoming clear that continued differentiation and specialization of lymphoid cells is equally important for immune system integrity. Several members of the BTB-ZF family have emerged as critical factors that control development of specific lineages and also of specific effector subsets within these lineages. For example, BTB-ZF genes have been shown to control T cell versus B cell commitment and CD4 versus CD8 lineage commitment. Others, such as PLZF for NKT cells and Bcl-6 for T follicular helper cells, are necessary for the acquisition of effector functions. In this review, we summarize current findings concerning the BTB-ZF family members with a reported role in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Beaulieu
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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48
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Shaknovich R, Cerchietti L, Tsikitas L, Kormaksson M, De S, Figueroa ME, Ballon G, Yang SN, Weinhold N, Reimers M, Clozel T, Luttrop K, Ekstrom TJ, Frank J, Vasanthakumar A, Godley LA, Michor F, Elemento O, Melnick A. DNA methyltransferase 1 and DNA methylation patterning contribute to germinal center B-cell differentiation. Blood 2011; 118:3559-69. [PMID: 21828137 PMCID: PMC3186332 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-06-357996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotype of germinal center (GC) B cells includes the unique ability to tolerate rapid proliferation and the mutagenic actions of activation induced cytosine deaminase (AICDA). Given the importance of epigenetic patterning in determining cellular phenotypes, we examined DNA methylation and the role of DNA methyltransferases in the formation of GCs. DNA methylation profiling revealed a marked shift in DNA methylation patterning in GC B cells versus resting/naive B cells. This shift included significant differential methylation of 235 genes, with concordant inverse changes in gene expression affecting most notably genes of the NFkB and MAP kinase signaling pathways. GC B cells were predominantly hypomethylated compared with naive B cells and AICDA binding sites were highly overrepresented among hypomethylated loci. GC B cells also exhibited greater DNA methylation heterogeneity than naive B cells. Among DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), only DNMT1 was significantly up-regulated in GC B cells. Dnmt1 hypomorphic mice displayed deficient GC formation and treatment of mice with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine resulted in failure to form GCs after immune stimulation. Notably, the GC B cells of Dnmt1 hypomorphic animals showed evidence of increased DNA damage, suggesting dual roles for DNMT1 in DNA methylation and double strand DNA break repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Shaknovich
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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49
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Choi YS, Kageyama R, Eto D, Escobar TC, Johnston RJ, Monticelli L, Lao C, Crotty S. ICOS receptor instructs T follicular helper cell versus effector cell differentiation via induction of the transcriptional repressor Bcl6. Immunity 2011; 34:932-46. [PMID: 21636296 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 714] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The nature of follicular helper CD4(+) T (Tfh) cell differentiation remains controversial, including the minimal signals required for Tfh cell differentiation and the time at which Tfh cell differentiation occurs. Here we determine that Tfh cell development initiates immediately during dendritic cell (DC) priming in vivo. We demonstrate that inducible costimulator (ICOS) provides a critical early signal to induce the transcription factor Bcl6, and Bcl6 then induces CXCR5, the canonical feature of Tfh cells. Strikingly, a bifurcation between Tfh and effector Th cells was measurable by the second cell division of CD4(+) T cells, at day 2 after an acute viral infection: IL2Rα(int) cells expressed Bcl6 and CXCR5 (Tfh cell program), whereas IL2Rα(hi) cells exhibited strong Blimp1 expression that repressed Bcl6 (effector Th cell program). Virtually complete polarization between Bcl6(+) Tfh cells and Blimp1(+) effector Th cell populations developed by 72 hr, even without B cells. Tfh cells were subsequently lost in the absence of B cells, demonstrating a B cell requirement for maintenance of Bcl6 and Tfh cell commitment via sequential ICOS signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Soo Choi
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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50
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Koguchi Y, Gardell JL, Thauland TJ, Parker DC. Cyclosporine-resistant, Rab27a-independent mobilization of intracellular preformed CD40 ligand mediates antigen-specific T cell help in vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:626-34. [PMID: 21677130 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CD40L is critically important for the initiation and maintenance of adaptive immune responses. It is generally thought that CD40L expression in CD4(+) T cells is regulated transcriptionally and made from new mRNA following Ag recognition. However, recent studies with two-photon microscopy revealed that most cognate interactions between effector CD4(+) T cells and APCs are too short for de novo synthesis of CD40L. Given that effector and memory CD4(+) T cells store preformed CD40L (pCD40L) in lysosomal compartments and that pCD40L comes to the cell surface within minutes of antigenic stimulation, we and others have proposed that pCD40L might mediate T cell-dependent activation of cognate APCs during brief encounters in vivo. However, it has not been shown that this relatively small amount of pCD40L is sufficient to activate APCs, owing to the difficulty of separating the effects of pCD40L from those of de novo CD40L and other cytokines in vitro. In this study, we show that pCD40L surface mobilization is resistant to cyclosporine or FK506 treatment, while de novo CD40L and cytokine expression are completely inhibited. These drugs thus provide a tool to dissect the role of pCD40L in APC activation. We find that pCD40L mediates selective activation of cognate but not bystander APCs in vitro and that mobilization of pCD40L does not depend on Rab27a, which is required for mobilization of lytic granules. Therefore, effector CD4(+) T cells deliver pCD40L specifically to APCs on the same time scale as the lethal hit of CTLs but with distinct molecular machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Koguchi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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