1
|
Pan K, Zhu B, Wang L, Guo Q, Shu-Chien AC, Wu X. Expression pattern of AGPATs isoforms indicate different functions during the triacylglyceride synthesis in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 287:111535. [PMID: 37852318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT) acts as a crucial enzyme in the process of triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, enabling the acylation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid (PA). In order to decode the distinctive roles of AGPAT isoforms in the TAG production pathway, three AGPAT isoforms were detected for the first time in the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (Es-agpat2, Es-agpat3, and Es-agpat4). The mRNA levels of Es-agpat2 and Es-agpat4 demonstrated a conspicuous presence in the hepatopancreas, with subsequent high levels in the heart, muscle, and thoracic ganglion. On the other hand, the thoracic ganglion exhibited abundant levels of Es-agpat3, while other tissues recorded relatively low expression levels. Observing the molting cycle of E. sinensis, the hepatopancreas showed minimum expression levels of Es-agpat2 and Es-agpat4 at stage A/B. A peak at stage C was noted, which was then followed by a gradual drop until stage E. For the ovarian development cycle, stage II witnessed the maximum expression level of Es-agpat2 and Es-agpat4, succeeded by a sharp fall in stage III. After this, there was an increasing trend from stage III up to stage V. Expression of Es-agpat3 in the hepatopancreas was consistently lower than Es-agpat2 and Es-agpat4 during either the molting or ovarian development. However, in terms of ovarian expression, Es-agpat3 outperformed Es-agpat2 and Es-agpat4. It exhibited a steep increase in expression, peaking at stage II and subsequently diminishing. In situ hybridization (ISH) revealed that in stages II and IV hepatopancreas, Es-agpat4-mRNA was primarily located in fibrillar cells (F cell) and resorptive cells (R cell), with no signal from Es-agpat3. During stage II of ovarian development, both Es-agpat3-mRNA and Es-agpat4-mRNA were located in the cytoplasm of previtellogenic oocyte (PRO) and endogenous vitellogenic oocyte (EN), with no expression at stage IV. Additionally, the silencing of Es-agpat2 and Es-agpat4 caused a downward trend in the expression levels of all subsequent genes in the E. sinensis TAG synthesis pathway. To sum up, these findings suggest that the three Es-agpats may have unique functions in TAG synthesis during either the molting process or ovarian maturation of E. sinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kewu Pan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Boxiang Zhu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- School of Biological Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; Center for Chemical Biology, University Sains Malaysia, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Xugan Wu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park HK, Ahima RS. Endocrine disorders associated with obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2023; 90:102394. [PMID: 37523934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2023.102394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Several endocrine disorders, including diabetes, insulinoma, Cushing syndrome, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and growth hormone deficiency, are associated with obesity. The mechanisms underlying the development of obesity vary according to the abnormalities of endocrine function. The primary actions of insulin, glucocorticoids (GCs), thyroid hormone, and growth hormone are associated with energy metabolism in the liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and other tissues. This chapter describes the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic dysfunction associated with excess insulin or GCs and the deficiency of thyroid hormone or growth hormone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Kyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rexford S Ahima
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Professor of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of Diabetes, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Unveiling the Role of the Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 in the Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010197. [PMID: 35052876 PMCID: PMC8773613 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), the main cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, is a progressive disease ranging from fatty liver to steatohepatitis (metabolic-associated steatohepatitis; MASH). Nevertheless, it remains underdiagnosed due to the lack of effective non-invasive methods for its diagnosis and staging. Although MAFLD has been found in lean individuals, it is closely associated with obesity-related conditions. Adipose tissue is the main source of liver triglycerides and adipocytes act as endocrine organs releasing a large number of adipokines and pro-inflammatory mediators involved in MAFLD progression into bloodstream. Among the adipocyte-derived molecules, fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) has been recently associated with fatty liver and additional features of advanced stages of MAFLD. Additionally, emerging data from preclinical studies propose FABP4 as a causal actor involved in the disease progression, rather than a mere biomarker for the disease. Therefore, the FABP4 regulation could be considered as a potential therapeutic strategy to MAFLD. Here, we review the current knowledge of FABP4 in MAFLD, as well as its potential role as a therapeutic target for this disease.
Collapse
|
4
|
The Impact of Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Exposures on Triacylglycerol Synthesis in Rat Liver. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 10:437-444. [PMID: 34981021 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.10.3.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background In a hypoxic state, fatty acid breakdown reaction may be inhibited due to a lack of oxygen. It is likely that the fatty acids will be stored as triacylglycerol. The aim of this study was to analyse triacylglycerol synthesis in the liver after intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (HH) exposures. Methods Samples are liver tissues from 25 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: control group (normoxia), group I (once HH exposure), group II (twice HH exposures), group III (three-times HH exposures) and group IV (four-times HH exposures). The triacylglycerol level, mRNA expression of HIF-1α and PPAR-γ were measured in rat liver from each group. Results We demonstrated that triacylglycerol level, mRNA expression of HIF-1α and PPAR-γ is elevated in group I significantly compared to control group. In the intermittent HH groups (group II, III and IV), mRNA expression of HIF-1α and PPAR-γ tends to downregulate near to control group. However, the triacylglycerol level is still found increased in the intermittent HH exposures groups. Significant increasing of triacylglycerol level was found especially in group IV compared to control group. Conclusion We conclude that intermittent HH exposures will increase the triacylglycerol level in rat liver, supported by the increasing of HIF-1α and PPAR-γ mRNA expression that act as transcription factor to promote triacylglycerol synthesis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang Y, Xu K, Chen X, Ding J, Shi J, Li J. The Accuracy and Clinical Relevance of the Multi-echo Dixon Technique for Evaluating Changes to Hepatic Steatosis in Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Treated with Formulated Food. Magn Reson Med Sci 2022; 22:263-271. [PMID: 35676065 PMCID: PMC10086395 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.mp.2021-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Multi-echo Dixon (ME-Dixon) is a non-invasive quantitative MRI technique to diagnose non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, the hydrogen proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was used as a reference to explore the accuracy of the ME-Dixon technique in evaluating hepatic steatosis in NAFLD patients after ingesting formulated food and its correlation with changes in clinical indicators. METHODS Twenty-seven patients with NAFLD were enrolled. Fifteen patients completed 12 weeks of treatment with prebiotics and dietary fiber. In addition, abdominal MRI scans and blood tests were performed before and after treatment. The MRI-proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) and MRS-PDFF were measured using the ME-Dixon and 1H-MRS techniques. The Bland-Altman method and Pearson correlation analysis were used to test the consistency of the two techniques for measuring the liver fat content and the changed values. Besides, correlation analysis was conducted between the MRI-PDFF value and metabolic indicators. RESULTS In the PDFF quantification of 42 person-times and the monitoring of the PDFF change in 15 patients under treatment, there was a good consistency and a correlation between MRI and MRS. At baseline, MRI-PDFF was positively correlated with insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), fatty liver index (FLI), and liver enzymes. After treatment, the changes in MRI-PDFF were positively correlated with the recovery degree of FLI and liver enzymes. CONCLUSION ME-Dixon has a good consistency and a correlation with MRS in quantifying the liver fat content and monitoring the treatment effect, which may be used as an accurate indicator for clinical monitoring of changes in the liver fat content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Radiology, Linping Campus, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Kuanghui Xu
- Department of Radiology, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital
| | - Jianping Ding
- Department of Radiology, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital
| | - Junping Shi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Hangzhou Normal University
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Radiology, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lipid Disorders in NAFLD and Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101405. [PMID: 34680522 PMCID: PMC8533451 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver dysfunction and is characterized by exaggerated lipid accumulation, inflammation and even fibrosis. It has been shown that NAFLD increases the risk of other chronic diseases, particularly chronic kidney disease (CKD). Lipid in excess could lead to liver and kidney lesions and even end-stage disease through diverse pathways. Dysregulation of lipid uptake, oxidation or de novo lipogenesis contributes to the toxic effects of ectopic lipids which promotes the development and progression of NAFLD and CKD via triggering oxidative stress, apoptosis, pro-inflammatory and profibrotic responses. Importantly, dyslipidemia and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines caused by NAFLD (specifically, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) are considered to play important roles in the pathological progression of CKD. Growing evidence of similarities between the pathogenic mechanisms of NAFLD and those of CKD has attracted attention and urged researchers to discover their common therapeutic targets. Here, we summarize the current understanding of molecular aberrations underlying the lipid metabolism of NAFLD and CKD and clinical evidence that suggests the relevance of these pathways in humans. This review also highlights the orchestrated inter-organ cross-talk in lipid disorders, as well as therapeutic options and opportunities to counteract NAFLD and CKD.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Over the last decades, research has focused on the role of pleckstrin homology (PH) domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatases (PHLPPs) in regulating cellular signaling via PI3K/Akt inhibition. The PKB/Akt signaling imbalances are associated with a variety of illnesses, including various types of cancer, inflammatory response, insulin resistance, and diabetes, demonstrating the relevance of PHLPPs in the prevention of diseases. Furthermore, identification of novel substrates of PHLPPs unveils their role as a critical mediator in various cellular processes. Recently, researchers have explored the increasing complexity of signaling networks involving PHLPPs whereby relevant information of PHLPPs in metabolic diseases was obtained. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of PHLPPs on the well-known substrates and metabolic regulation, especially in liver, pancreatic beta cell, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle in relation with the stated diseases. Understanding the context-dependent functions of PHLPPs can lead to a promising treatment strategy for several kinds of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ho Cha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Yelin Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication (RCIC), College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Ah-Reum Oh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication (RCIC), College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Sang Bae Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University; Sarcopenia Total Solution Center, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Soon-Sun Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication (RCIC), College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - KyeongJin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication (RCIC), College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lim K, Haider A, Adams C, Sleigh A, Savage DB. Lipodistrophy: a paradigm for understanding the consequences of "overloading" adipose tissue. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:907-993. [PMID: 33356916 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00032.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipodystrophies have been recognized since at least the nineteenth century and, despite their rarity, tended to attract considerable medical attention because of the severity and somewhat paradoxical nature of the associated metabolic disease that so closely mimics that of obesity. Within the last 20 yr most of the monogenic subtypes have been characterized, facilitating family genetic screening and earlier disease detection as well as providing important insights into adipocyte biology and the systemic consequences of impaired adipocyte function. Even more recently, compelling genetic studies have suggested that subtle partial lipodystrophy is likely to be a major factor in prevalent insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), justifying the longstanding interest in these disorders. This progress has also underpinned novel approaches to treatment that, in at least some patients, can be of considerable therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koini Lim
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Afreen Haider
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Adams
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Sleigh
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David B Savage
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bu SY. Genetically Mediated Lipid Metabolism and Risk of Insulin Resistance: Insights from Mendelian Randomization Studies. J Lipid Atheroscler 2020; 8:132-143. [PMID: 32821703 PMCID: PMC7379122 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2019.8.2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated lipid metabolism, characterized by higher levels of circulating triglycerides, higher levels of small, low density lipoprotein, and accumulation of intracellular lipids, is linked to insulin resistance and related complications such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Considering that various metabolic, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of T2DM and CVD, the causalities of these diseases are often confounded. In recent years, Mendelian randomization (MR) studies coupling genetic data in population studies have revealed new insights into the risk factors influencing the development of CVD and T2DM. This review briefly conceptualizes MR and summarizes the genetic traits related to lipid metabolism by evaluating their effects on the indicators of insulin resistance based on the results of recent MR studies. The data from the MR study cases referred to in this review indicate that the causal associations between lipid status and insulin resistance in MR studies are not conclusive. Furthermore, available data on Asian ethnicities, including Korean, are very limited. More genome-wide association studies and MR studies on Asian populations should be conducted to identify Asian- or Korean-specific lipid traits in the development of insulin resistance and T2DM. The present review discusses certain studies that investigated genetic variants related to nutrient intake that can modify lipid metabolism outcomes. Up-to-date inferences on the causal association between lipids and insulin resistance using MR should be interpreted with caution because of several limitations, including pleiotropic effects and lack of information on genotype and ethnicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Young Bu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
BedÊ TP, Jesuz VA, Souza VR, Elias MB, Oliveira FL, Dias JF, Teodoro AJ, Azeredo VB. Effects of grape juice, red wine and resveratrol on liver parameters of rat submitted high-fat diet. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20191230. [PMID: 32785427 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020191230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This work evaluated the effect of grape juice, red wine and resveratrol in liver parameters of rats submitted to high-fat diet. Experimental model was conducted with groups of adult females Rattus norvegicus: control (CG); high-fat (HG); grape juice (JG); red wine (RW) and resveratrol solution (RG). The high-fat diet significantly altered hepatocytes and Kupffer cells in all treated groups. HG group presented severe steatosis followed hepatocyte ballooning and tissue damages. JG group minimized hepatic histological lesion caused by high-fat diet and WG group also induced steatosis and inflammation in hepatocytes, similar to HG. Still, resveratrol protected the tissue against fatty liver disease by reducing fat infiltration and inflammation, indicating possible therapeutic effects on the liver. Cell cycle analysis showed that HG promoted damage to the tissue, reducing the viable cell content and increasing apoptosis, even when associated with wine consumption or isolated resveratrol. However, JG protected the liver against cell damage generated by the diet. Consumption of grape juice, even associated with a high-fat diet, represents a promising protection of the liver against cellular damage, but red wine further affects the tissue, and resveratrol alone was able to reduce damage but did not minimize cellular damage to the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa P BedÊ
- Departamento de Nutrição e Dietética, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanessa A Jesuz
- Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanessa R Souza
- Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Monique B Elias
- Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe L Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Dias
- Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anderson J Teodoro
- Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vilma B Azeredo
- Departamento de Nutrição e Dietética, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kislal S, Shook LL, Edlow AG. Perinatal exposure to maternal obesity: Lasting cardiometabolic impact on offspring. Prenat Diagn 2020; 40:1109-1125. [PMID: 32643194 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiological, clinical, and animal model studies clearly demonstrates that prenatal and lactational maternal obesity and high-fat diet consumption are associated with cardiometabolic morbidity in offspring. Fetal and offspring sex may be an important effect modifier. Adverse offspring cardiometabolic outcomes observed in the setting of maternal obesity include an increased risk for obesity, features of metabolic syndrome (hypertension, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, increased adiposity), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This review article synthesizes human and animal data linking maternal obesity and high-fat diet consumption in pregnancy and lactation to adverse cardiometabolic outcomes in offspring. We review key mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, pancreatic, liver, and central brain reward programming in obesity-exposed offspring, and how such malprogramming contributes to offspring cardiometabolic morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sezen Kislal
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lydia L Shook
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Ob/Gyn, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea G Edlow
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Ob/Gyn, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The Combination of Mulberry Extracts and Silk Amino Acids Alleviated High Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Hepatic Steatosis by Improving Hepatic Insulin Signaling and Normalizing Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:8063121. [PMID: 31275421 PMCID: PMC6582910 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8063121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mulberry water extracts (MB) and silk amino acids (SA) are reported to improve oxidative stress and inflammation, respectively. We hypothesized whether the mixture of mulberry water extracts and silk amino acids can alleviate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by high fat diets. Male Sprague Dawley rats were orally provided with high fat diets containing different ratios of MB and SA (1:3, MS1:3, or 1:5, MS1:5) or cellulose (the disease-control) for 12 weeks. Rats had 200 or 600 mg/kg bw of MS1:3 and MS1:5 (MS1:3-L, MS1:3-H; MS1:5-L, and MS1:5-H). Rats in the normal-control group were fed the 20% fat diet with cellulose. Disease-control rats exhibited much greater triglyceride (TG) deposition in the liver than the normal-control rats along with increased body weight gain, visceral fat mass, serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), and insulin resistance. Disease-control rats also had liver damage with increased oxidative stress and inflammation compared to the normal-control rats. MS1:3-H and MS1:5-H were found to have greater hepatic glycogen accumulation and decreased hepatic TG, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, with MS1:5-H being similar to the normal-control. MS1:3-H alleviated oxidative stress with lower hepatic lipid peroxide compared to MS1:5-H whereas MS1:5-H ameliorated inflammation and hepatocyte damage better than MS1:3-H. Both MS1:3-H and MS1:5-H potentiated hepatic insulin signaling (pAkt⟶pACC) and reduced the mRNA expression of TG synthesis genes mRNA (FAS and SREBP-1c). In the gut microbiome MS1:3-H elevated the ratio of Bacteroidales to Clostridiales in the cecum better than MS1:5-H but MS1:5-H reduced the proinflammatory Turicibacterales. In conclusion, both MS1:3-H and MS1:5-H prevented liver damage induced by high fat diets, mainly by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, respectively. MS1:3 and MS1:5 might be used as therapeutic agent for NAFLD.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gnocchi D, Custodero C, Sabbà C, Mazzocca A. Circadian rhythms: a possible new player in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathophysiology. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:741-759. [PMID: 30953079 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, a better knowledge of the molecular machinery supervising the regulation of circadian clocks has been achieved, and numerous findings have helped in unravelling the outstanding significance of the molecular clock for the proper regulation of our physiologic and metabolic homeostasis. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently considered as one of the emerging liver pathologies in the Western countries due to the modification of eating habits and lifestyle. Although NAFLD is considered a pretty benign condition, it can progress towards non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenic mechanisms involved in NAFLD development are complex, since this disease is a multifactorial condition. Major metabolic deregulations along with a genetic background are believed to take part in this process. In this light, the aim of this review is to give a comprehensive description of how our circadian machinery is regulated and to describe to what extent our internal clock is involved in the regulation of hormonal and metabolic homeostasis, and by extension in the development and progression of NAFLD/NASH and eventually in the onset of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gnocchi
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Custodero
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Mazzocca
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- KyeongJin Kim
- a Department of Medicine , Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Utpal B Pajvani
- a Department of Medicine , Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao Y, Feng Z, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Li S, Zhou T, Chen L, Wei Y, Ma D, Lui KO, Ying H, Chen Y, Ding Q. Gain-of-Function Mutations of SLC16A11 Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Rep 2019; 26:884-892.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
16
|
Pérez‐Ramírez IF, Gallegos‐Corona MA, González‐Dávalos ML, Mora O, Rocha‐Guzmán NE, Reynoso‐Camacho R. Mechanisms Associated with the Effect of
Hypericum perforatum
and
Smilax cordifolia
Aqueous Extracts on Hepatic Steatosis in Obese Rats: A Lipidomic Approach. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María L. González‐Dávalos
- Laboratorio de Rumiología y Metabolismo Nutricional (RuMeN)Instituto de NeurobiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoQuerétaro76230México
| | - Ofelia Mora
- Laboratorio de Rumiología y Metabolismo Nutricional (RuMeN)Instituto de NeurobiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoQuerétaro76230México
| | - Nuria E. Rocha‐Guzmán
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y BioquímicaUnidad de PosgradoInvestigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico (UPIDET)Instituto Tecnológico de DurangoDurango34080México
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhou LY, Zeng H, Wang S, Chen JX. Regulatory Role of Endothelial PHD2 in the Hepatic Steatosis. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 48:1003-1011. [PMID: 30036883 PMCID: PMC6350253 DOI: 10.1159/000491968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Liver disease is a leading cause of high mortality and morbidity worldwide. The aim of the present study is to investigate the regulatory role of prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2)-hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) axis on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to explore the potential mechanisms by which endothelial (EC)-specific PHD2 deficiency regulates hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. Methods: In the endothelial-specific PHD2 knockout (PHD2ECKO) mouse fed with normal diet or high fat diet (HFD), liver lipid accumulation and fibrosis were measured by Oil Red O and Masson trichrome staining. The fat and body weight (FW/BW) ratio and glucose tolerance were measured. The expression of HIF-2α, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were analyzed by western blot analysis. Results: The steatosis and fibrosis were significantly increased in the PHD2ECKO mice. FW/BW ratio was significantly increased in the PHD2ECKO mice. Moreover, knockout of endothelial PHD2 resulted in an impairment of glucose tolerance in mice. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of HIF-2α in liver tissues was not significantly increased. Interestingly, the expression of ANP was decreased, and Ang-2 and TGF-β levels were significantly increased in the liver of PHD2ECKO mice. The FW/BW ratio was also significantly increased in the PHD2ECKO mice fed with HFD for 16 weeks. Feeding HFD resulted in a significant increase in hepatic steatosis in the control PHD2f/f mice, but did not further enhance hepatic steatosis in the PHD2ECKO mice. Conclusions: We concluded that the endothelial PHD2 plays a critical role in hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, which may be involved in the regulation of ANP and Ang-2/TGF-β signaling pathway, but not the HIF-2α expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.,Department of Reproduction, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.,Key laboratory of cerebral cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Xiong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Insulin resistance in cavefish as an adaptation to a nutrient-limited environment. Nature 2018; 555:647-651. [PMID: 29562229 DOI: 10.1038/nature26136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Periodic food shortages are a major challenge faced by organisms in natural habitats. Cave-dwelling animals must withstand long periods of nutrient deprivation, as-in the absence of photosynthesis-caves depend on external energy sources such as seasonal floods. Here we show that cave-adapted populations of the Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, have dysregulated blood glucose homeostasis and are insulin-resistant compared to river-adapted populations. We found that multiple cave populations carry a mutation in the insulin receptor that leads to decreased insulin binding in vitro and contributes to hyperglycaemia. Hybrid fish from surface-cave crosses carrying this mutation weigh more than non-carriers, and zebrafish genetically engineered to carry the mutation have increased body weight and insulin resistance. Higher body weight may be advantageous in caves as a strategy to cope with an infrequent food supply. In humans, the identical mutation in the insulin receptor leads to a severe form of insulin resistance and reduced lifespan. However, cavefish have a similar lifespan to surface fish and do not accumulate the advanced glycation end-products in the blood that are typically associated with the progression of diabetes-associated pathologies. Our findings suggest that diminished insulin signalling is beneficial in a nutrient-limited environment and that cavefish may have acquired compensatory mechanisms that enable them to circumvent the typical negative effects associated with failure to regulate blood glucose levels.
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Yilmaz Y, Colak Y, Kurt R, Senates E, Eren F. Linking Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Bedside to Bench and Back. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 99:10-6. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161309900102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are two major causes of liver disease worldwide. Epidemiological and clinical data have clearly demonstrated that NAFLD and its associated metabolic abnormalities are a risk factor for HCC. Traditionally, the mechanisms whereby NAFLD acts as a risk for HCC are believed to include replicative senescence of steatotic hepatocytes and compensatory hyperplasia of progenitor cells as a reaction to chronic hepatic injury. Recent years have witnessed significant advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the link between NAFLD and HCC. Methods In the present review, we provide an update on the pathophysiological pathways linking NAFLD and its associated metabolic derangements to malignant hepatic transformation, with a special focus on insulin resistance, adipokines, inflammation, and angiogenesis. We will also discuss the potential therapeutic implications that such molecular links carry. Results Although treating NAFLD could reduce the risk of malignant hepatic transformation, no long-term studies focusing on this issue have been conducted thus far. Insulin resistance, inflammation as well as derangements in adipokines and angiogenic factors associated with NAFLD are closely intertwined with the risk of developing HCC. Conclusions Traditional therapeutic approaches in NAFLD including metformin and statins may theoretically reduce the risk of HCC by acting on common pathophysiological pathways shared by NAFLD and HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Yilmaz
- Institute of Gastroenterology, School
of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul
- Department of Gastroenterology, School
of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul
| | - Yasar Colak
- Department of Gastroenterology,
Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul
| | - Ramazan Kurt
- Department of Gastroenterology, School
of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul
| | - Ebubekir Senates
- Department of Gastroenterology, School
of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir
| | - Fatih Eren
- Institute of Gastroenterology, School
of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul
- Department of Medical Biology and
Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Miranda-Lora AL, Cruz M, Molina-Díaz M, Gutiérrez J, Flores-Huerta S, Klünder-Klünder M. Associations of common variants in the SLC16A11, TCF7L2, and ABCA1 genes with pediatric-onset type 2 diabetes and related glycemic traits in families: A case-control and case-parent trio study. Pediatr Diabetes 2017; 18:824-831. [PMID: PMID: 28101933 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence of associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related glycemic traits in adults, but there is a little information about such associations in youths. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of SNPs in the TCF7L2, SLC16A11, and ABCA1 genes with T2D and related glycemic traits in Mexican children and adolescents. SUBJECTS A total of 99 families with children with T2D (n = 327) and 83 families with children without the disease (n = 212). METHODS The associations between SNPs of TCF7L2 (rs7903146 and rs12255372), SLC16A11 (rs13342232), and ABCA1 (rs9282541) with T2D were analyzed. We also evaluated the effects of SNPs on quantitatively related glycemic traits after adjusting for age, sex, and the presence of overweight or obesity. RESULTS The G allele of SLC16A1 /rs13342232 was associated with T2D in adults (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] = 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18; 3.06) and children (ORadj = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.25; 3.00). In addition, the combined analysis of case-control and case-parent trio was also significant (OR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.12; 1.74). After adjusting for known confounding factors, we found a significant association between TCF7L2/rs122555372 and C-peptide (β = -0.76, P = .005) in patients with diabetes and between fasting glucose (β = 2.05, P = .039) and homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (β = -32.14, P = .025) levels in individuals without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that SLC16A1 /rs13342232 might be involved in the risk of pediatric-onset T2D in Mexican families. Moreover, TCF7L2/rs122555372 was associated with pancreatic reserve in patients with T2D and with fasting glucose and β-cell function in individuals without diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- América L Miranda-Lora
- Research Unit of Medicine Based on Evidence, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Cruz
- Medical Research Unit in Biochemistry, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Molina-Díaz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez
- Medical Research Unit in Biochemistry, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samuel Flores-Huerta
- Department of Community Health Research, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Klünder-Klünder
- Department of Community Health Research, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cleland S. Double diabetes: the cardiovascular implications of combining type 1 with type 2 diabetes. PRACTICAL DIABETES 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pdi.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Cleland
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital and Gartnavel General Hospital; Glasgow UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Valenti L, Bugianesi E, Pajvani U, Targher G. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: cause or consequence of type 2 diabetes? Liver Int 2016; 36:1563-1579. [PMID: 27276701 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing epidemiological evidence suggests that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an early predictor of and determinant for the development of type 2 diabetes and other features of the metabolic syndrome. This finding may have important clinical implications for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes and its chronic complications. However, given the complex and bi-directional relationships between NAFLD, insulin resistance and chronic hyperglycaemia, it is extremely difficult to distinguish whether NAFLD is a cause or a consequence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Indeed, at the molecular level, hepatic lipogenesis and hepatic glucose production depend on differentially regulated branches of the insulin signalling pathway. Furthermore, genetic studies suggest that excess hepatic fat is associated with progressive liver disease, but does not always increase the risk of incident type 2 diabetes. Here, we will briefly review the epidemiological, pathophysiological and molecular evidence linking NAFLD to the development of type 2 diabetes. We will also discuss some recent genetic and therapeutic advances that seem to challenge a causal role of NAFLD in the pathogenesis type 2 diabetes, and propose a working hypothesis to explain this apparent conundrum. In conclusion, progressive liver disease and type 2 diabetes are divergent though inter-related consequences of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Valenti
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy. .,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Bugianesi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Utpal Pajvani
- Division of Endocrinology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhou PZ, Zhu YM, Zou GH, Sun YX, Xiu XL, Huang X, Zhang QH. Relationship Between Glucocorticoids and Insulin Resistance in Healthy Individuals. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1887-94. [PMID: 27258456 PMCID: PMC4913831 DOI: 10.12659/msm.895251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between glucocorticoids (GCs) and insulin resistance (IR) in healthy individuals by conducting a systematic meta-analysis. Material/Methods A systematic literature review was conducted using 9 electronic databases. Only case-control studies investigating fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and IR were enrolled based on strictly established selection criteria. Statistical analyses were performed by Stata software, version 12.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA). Results Among 496 initially retrieved articles, only 6 papers published in English were eventually included in this meta-analysis. A total of 201 healthy individuals (105 in GC group and 96 in control group) were included in the 6 studies. In 4 of these 6 studies, dexamethasone was used, and in the other 2 studies prednisolone was given. This meta-analysis revealed that the FPG, fasting insulin (FINS), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels in the GC group were all significantly higher than that in the control group (FPG: SMD=2.65, 95%CI=1.42~3.88, P<0.001; FINS: SMD=2.48, 95%CI=1.01~3.95, P=0.001; HOMA-IR: SMD=38.30, 95%CI=24.38~52.22, P<0.001). Conclusions In conclusion, our present study revealed that therapies using GCs might result in elevated FPG, FINS, and HOMA-IR, and thereby contribute to IR in healthy individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Zhen Zhou
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yong-Mei Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Guang-Hui Zou
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yu-Xia Sun
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao-Lin Xiu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Qun-Hui Zhang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang X, Strizich G, Hu Y, Wang T, Kaplan RC, Qi Q. Genetic markers of type 2 diabetes: Progress in genome-wide association studies and clinical application for risk prediction. J Diabetes 2016; 8:24-35. [PMID: 26119161 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become a leading public health challenge worldwide. To date, a total of 83 susceptibility loci for T2D have been identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Application of meta-analysis and modern genotype imputation approaches to GWAS data from diverse ethnic populations has been key in the effort to discover T2D loci. Genetic information is expected to play a vital role in the prediction of T2D, and many efforts have been made to develop T2D risk models that include both conventional and genetic risk factors. Yet, because most T2D genetic variants identified have small effect size individually (10%-20% increased risk of T2D per risk allele), their clinical utility remains unclear. Most studies report that a genetic risk score combining multiple T2D genetic variants does not substantially improve T2D risk prediction beyond conventional risk factors. In this article, we summarize the recent progress of T2D GWAS and further review the incremental predictive performance of genetic markers for T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Garrett Strizich
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mann JP, Semple RK, Armstrong MJ. How Useful Are Monogenic Rodent Models for the Study of Human Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:145. [PMID: 27899914 PMCID: PMC5110950 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving understanding of the genetic basis of human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has the potential to facilitate risk stratification of affected patients, permit personalized treatment, and inform development of new therapeutic strategies. Animal models have been widely used to interrogate the pathophysiology of, and genetic predisposition to, NAFLD. Nevertheless, considerable interspecies differences in intermediary metabolism potentially limit the extent to which results can be extrapolated to humans. For example, human genome-wide association studies have identified polymorphisms in PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 as the two most prevalent determinants of susceptibility to NAFLD and its inflammatory component (NASH), but animal models of these mutations have had only variable success in recapitulating this link. In this review, we critically appraise selected murine monogenic models of NAFLD, NASH, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a focus on how closely they mirror human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake P. Mann
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert K. Semple
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- *Correspondence: Robert K. Semple,
| | - Matthew J. Armstrong
- Centre for Liver Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
The effect of maternal and post-weaning low and high glycaemic index diets on glucose tolerance, fat deposition and hepatic function in rat offspring. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 7:320-329. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174415007965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have reported beneficial effects of a maternal low glycaemic index (GI) diet on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, but the impact of the diet on the offspring in later life, and the mechanisms underlying these effects, remain unclear. In this study, Albino Wistar rats were fed either a low GI (n=14) or high GI (n=14) diet during pregnancy and lactation and their offspring weaned onto either the low or high GI diet. Low GI dams had better glucose tolerance (AUC[glucose], 1322±55 v. 1523±72 mmol min/l, P<0.05) and a lower proportion of visceral fat (19.0±2.9 v. 21.7±3.8% of total body fat, P<0.05) compared to high GI dams. Female offspring of low GI dams had lower visceral adiposity (0.45±0.03 v. 0.53±0.03% body weight, P<0.05) and higher glucose tolerance (AUC[glucose], 1243±29 v. 1351±39 mmol min/l, P<0.05) at weaning, as well as lower hepatic PI3K-p85 mRNA at 12 weeks of age. No differences in glucose tolerance or hepatic gene expression were observed in male offspring, but the male low GI offspring did have reduced hepatic lipid content at weaning. These findings suggest that consuming a low GI diet during pregnancy and lactation can improve glucose tolerance and reduce visceral adiposity in the female offspring at weaning, and may potentially produce long-term reductions in the hepatic lipogenic capacity of these offspring.
Collapse
|
28
|
Sparling DP, Yu J, Kim K, Zhu C, Brachs S, Birkenfeld AL, Pajvani UB. Adipocyte-specific blockade of gamma-secretase, but not inhibition of Notch activity, reduces adipose insulin sensitivity. Mol Metab 2015; 5:113-121. [PMID: 26909319 PMCID: PMC4735659 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective As the obesity pandemic continues to expand, novel molecular targets to reduce obesity-related insulin resistance and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) continue to be needed. We have recently shown that obesity is associated with reactivated liver Notch signaling, which, in turn, increases hepatic insulin resistance, opening up therapeutic avenues for Notch inhibitors to be repurposed for T2D. Herein, we tested the systemic effects of γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), which prevent endogenous Notch activation, and confirmed these effects through creation and characterization of two different adipocyte-specific Notch loss-of-function mouse models through genetic ablation of the Notch transcriptional effector Rbp-Jk (A-Rbpj) and the obligate γ-secretase component Nicastrin (A-Nicastrin). Methods Glucose homeostasis and both local adipose and systemic insulin sensitivity were examined in GSI-treated, A-Rbpj and A-Nicastrin mice, as well as vehicle-treated or control littermates, with complementary in vitro studies in primary hepatocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Results GSI-treatment increases hepatic insulin sensitivity in obese mice but leads to reciprocal lowering of adipose glucose disposal. While A-Rbpj mice show normal body weight, adipose development and mass and unchanged adipose insulin sensitivity as control littermates, A-Nicastrin mice are relatively insulin-resistant, mirroring the GSI effect on adipose insulin action. Conclusions Notch signaling is dispensable for normal adipocyte function, but adipocyte-specific γ-secretase blockade reduces adipose insulin sensitivity, suggesting that specific Notch inhibitors would be preferable to GSIs for application in T2D. γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) are non-specific inhibitors of Notch signaling. GSI-treatment of obese mice increases hepatic, but lowers adipose insulin sensitivity. Adipocyte-specific Notch inhibition does not affect adipose mass or glucose homeostasis. Adipocyte-specific γ-secretase blockade reduces adipose insulin sensitivity. Specific Notch inhibitors may be preferable to GSIs for treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P Sparling
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Junjie Yu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - KyeongJin Kim
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Changyu Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sebastian Brachs
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), a member of the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Section of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Rayne Institute, Denmark Hill Campus, King's College London, UK
| | - Utpal B Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen JH, Segni M, Payne F, Huang-Doran I, Sleigh A, Adams C, Savage DB, O'Rahilly S, Semple RK, Barroso I. Truncation of POC1A associated with short stature and extreme insulin resistance. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 55:147-58. [PMID: 26336158 PMCID: PMC4722288 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We describe a female proband with primordial dwarfism, skeletal dysplasia, facial dysmorphism, extreme dyslipidaemic insulin resistance and fatty liver associated with a novel homozygous frameshift mutation in POC1A, predicted to affect two of the three protein products of the gene. POC1A encodes a protein associated with centrioles throughout the cell cycle and implicated in both mitotic spindle and primary ciliary function. Three homozygous mutations affecting all isoforms of POC1A have recently been implicated in a similar syndrome of primordial dwarfism, although no detailed metabolic phenotypes were described. Primary cells from the proband we describe exhibited increased centrosome amplification and multipolar spindle formation during mitosis, but showed normal DNA content, arguing against mitotic skipping, cleavage failure or cell fusion. Despite evidence of increased DNA damage in cells with supernumerary centrosomes, no aneuploidy was detected. Extensive centrosome clustering both at mitotic spindles and in primary cilia mitigated the consequences of centrosome amplification, and primary ciliary formation was normal. Although further metabolic studies of patients with POC1A mutations are warranted, we suggest that POC1A may be added to ALMS1 and PCNT as examples of centrosomal or pericentriolar proteins whose dysfunction leads to extreme dyslipidaemic insulin resistance. Further investigation of links between these molecular defects and adipose tissue dysfunction is likely to yield insights into mechanisms of adipose tissue maintenance and regeneration that are critical to metabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Chen
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Segni
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK
| | - Felicity Payne
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabel Huang-Doran
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison Sleigh
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire Adams
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David B Savage
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert K Semple
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge, UK Department of Pediatrics Sapienza University, Rome, Italy Metabolic Disease Group Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Soares e Silva AK, de Oliveira Cipriano Torres D, dos Santos Gomes FO, dos Santos Silva B, Lima Ribeiro E, Costa Oliveira A, dos Santos LAM, de Lima MDCA, Pitta IDR, Peixoto CA. LPSF/GQ-02 inhibits the development of hepatic steatosis and inflammation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123787. [PMID: 25875942 PMCID: PMC4397012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) defines a wide spectrum of liver diseases that extends from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Although the pathogenesis of NAFLD remains undefined, it is recognized that insulin resistance is present in almost all patients who develop this disease. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) act as an insulin sensitizer and have been used in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes and other insulin-resistant conditions, including NAFLD. Hence, therapy of NAFLD with insulin-sensitizing drugs should ideally improve the key hepatic histological changes, while also reducing cardiometabolic and cancer risks. Controversially, TZDs are associated with the development of cardiovascular events and liver problems. Therefore, there is a need for the development of new therapeutic strategies to improve liver function in patients with chronic liver diseases. The aim of the present study was to assess the therapeutic effects of LPSF/GQ-02 on the liver of LDLR-/- mice after a high-fat diet. Eighty male mice were divided into 4 groups and two different experiments: 1-received a standard diet; 2-fed with a high-fat diet (HFD); 3–HFD+pioglitazone; 4–HFD+LPSF/GQ-02. The experiments were conducted for 10 or 12 weeks and in the last two or four weeks respectively, the drugs were administered daily by gavage. The results obtained with an NAFLD murine model indicated that LPSF/GQ-02 was effective in improving the hepatic architecture, decreasing fat accumulation, reducing the amount of collagen, decreasing inflammation by reducing IL-6, iNOS, COX-2 and F4 / 80, and increasing the protein expression of IκBα, cytoplasmic NFκB-65, eNOS and IRS-1 in mice LDLR -/-. These results suggest a direct action by LPSF/GQ-02 on the factors that affect inflammation, insulin resistance and fat accumulation in the liver of these animals. Further studies are being conducted in our laboratory to investigate the possible mechanism of action of LPSF/GQ-02 on hepatic lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruna dos Santos Silva
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães (FIOCRUZ), Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Edlene Lima Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães (FIOCRUZ), Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Amanda Costa Oliveira
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães (FIOCRUZ), Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Maria do Carmo Alves de Lima
- Laboratório de planejamento e síntese de fármacos, Universidade federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ivan da Rocha Pitta
- Laboratório de planejamento e síntese de fármacos, Universidade federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Christina Alves Peixoto
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães (FIOCRUZ), Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nagata Y, Kanasaki A, Tamaru S, Tanaka K. D-psicose, an epimer of D-fructose, favorably alters lipid metabolism in Sprague-Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:3168-3176. [PMID: 25754616 DOI: 10.1021/jf502535p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
D-Psicose, a C3 epimer of D-fructose, is known to lower body weight and adipose tissue weight and affect lipid metabolism. The precise mechanism remains unknown. It has been reported that D-psicose has a short half-life and is not metabolized in the body. To determine how D-psicose modifies lipid metabolism, rats were fed diets with or without 3% D-psicose for 4 weeks. Rats were decapitated without fasting every 6 h over a period of 24 h. Changes in serum and liver lipid levels, liver enzyme activity, and gene expression were quantified in experiment 1. Rats fed D-psicose had significantly lower serum insulin and leptin levels. Liver enzyme activities involved in lipogenesis were significantly lowered by the D-psicose diet, whereas gene expression of a transcriptional modulator of fatty acid oxidation was enhanced. In experiment 2, feeding the D-psicose diet gave significantly lower body weight (389 ± 3 vs 426 ± 6 g, p < 0.05) and food intake (23.8 ± 0.2 vs 25.7 ± 0.4 g/day, p < 0.05) compared to the control diet. Rats fed the D-psicose diet gave significantly higher energy expenditure in the light period and fat oxidation in the dark period compared to rats fed the control diet, whereas carbohydrate oxidation was lower. In summary, these results indicate that the D-psicose diet decreases lipogenesis, increases fatty acid oxidation, and enhances 24 h energy expenditure, leading to d-psicose's potential for weight management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Nagata
- †Department of Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
- §Center for Industry, University and Government Cooperation, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Akane Kanasaki
- †Department of Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
| | - Shizuka Tamaru
- †Department of Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanaka
- †Department of Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wu D, Zheng N, Qi K, Cheng H, Sun Z, Gao B, Zhang Y, Pang W, Huangfu C, Ji S, Xue M, Ji A, Li Y. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide mitigates the fatty liver in obese mice through improving lipid metabolism and antioxidant potential. Med Gas Res 2015; 5:1. [PMID: 25606341 PMCID: PMC4299593 DOI: 10.1186/s13618-014-0022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in the world. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays an important role in physiology and pathophysiology of liver. However, whether exogenous H2S could mitigate the hepatic steatosis in mice remains unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of H2S on fatty liver. Methods C57BL/6 mice were fed with either a high-fat diet (HFD) or a normal fat diet (NFD) for 16 weeks. After 12 weeks of feeding, the HFD-fed mice were injected one time per day with NaHS or saline for the followed 4 weeks. Results Compared to NFD, HFD could induce an accumulation of lipids in liver and a damage of hepatic structure. Compared to saline treatment, in the liver of HFD fed mice H2S treatment could significantly (1) recover the structure; (2) decrease the accumulation of lipids including triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC); (3) decrease the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and increase the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1); (4) reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) levels; (5) increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Conclusion H2S could mitigate the fatty liver by improving lipid metabolism and antioxidant potential in HFD-induced obese mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wu
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Nairui Zheng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China.,Nursing College of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Kunqing Qi
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neurological Disorder, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Huijun Cheng
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Ziqiang Sun
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Biao Gao
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Youjing Zhang
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Wuyan Pang
- Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Chaoshen Huangfu
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China.,Institute of Environmental Medicine of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neurological Disorder, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Ailing Ji
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Yanzhang Li
- Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ellagic acid modulates lipid accumulation in primary human adipocytes and human hepatoma Huh7 cells via discrete mechanisms. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
34
|
Suzuki T, Shinjo S, Arai T, Kanai M, Goda N. Hypoxia and fatty liver. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15087-15097. [PMID: 25386057 PMCID: PMC4223242 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i41.15087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a central organ that metabolizes excessive nutrients for storage in the form of glycogen and lipids and supplies energy-producing substrates to the peripheral tissues to maintain their function, even under starved conditions. These processes require a considerable amount of oxygen, which causes a steep oxygen gradient throughout the hepatic lobules. Alcohol consumption and/or excessive food intake can alter the hepatic metabolic balance drastically, which can precipitate fatty liver disease, a major cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide, ranging from simple steatosis, through steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis, to liver cirrhosis. Altered hepatic metabolism and tissue remodeling in fatty liver disease further disrupt hepatic oxygen homeostasis, resulting in severe liver hypoxia. As master regulators of adaptive responses to hypoxic stress, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) modulate various cellular and organ functions, including erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, metabolic demand, and cell survival, by activating their target genes during fetal development and also in many disease conditions such as cancer, heart failure, and diabetes. In the past decade, it has become clear that HIFs serve as key factors in the regulation of lipid metabolism and fatty liver formation. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms by which hypoxia and HIFs regulate lipid metabolism in the development and progression of fatty liver disease.
Collapse
|
35
|
Mennitti LV, Oliveira JL, Morais CA, Estadella D, Oyama LM, Oller do Nascimento CM, Pisani LP. Type of fatty acids in maternal diets during pregnancy and/or lactation and metabolic consequences of the offspring. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 26:99-111. [PMID: 25459884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy and/or lactation, maternal nutrition is related to the adequate development of the fetus, newborn and future adult, likely by modifications in fetal programming and epigenetic regulation. Fetal programming is characterized by adaptive responses to specific environmental conditions during early life stages, which may alter gene expression and permanently affect the structure and function of several organs and tissues, thus influencing the susceptibility to metabolic disorders. Regarding lipid metabolism during the first two trimesters of pregnancy, the maternal body accumulates fat, whereas in late pregnancy, the lipolytic activity in the maternal adipose tissue is increased. However, an excess or deficiency of certain fatty acids may lead to adverse consequences to the fetuses and newborns. Fetal exposure to trans fatty acids appears to promote early deleterious effects in the offspring's health, thereby increasing the individual risk for developing metabolic diseases throughout life. Similarly, the maternal intake of saturated fatty acids seems to trigger alterations in the liver and adipose tissue function associated with insulin resistance and diabetes. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly long-chain PUFAs (long-chain PUFA-arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid), play an important and beneficial physiologic role in the offspring who receive this fatty acid during critical periods of development. Therefore, the maternal nutritional condition and fatty acid intake during pregnancy and/or lactation are critical factors that are strongly associated with normal fetal and postnatal development, which influence the modifications in fetal programming and in the individual risk for developing metabolic diseases throughout life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laís V Mennitti
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos/SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana L Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Carina A Morais
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos/SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Estadella
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos/SP, Brazil
| | - Lila M Oyama
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana P Pisani
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos/SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinicopathological change characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes and has frequently been associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. It is an increasingly recognized condition that has become the most common liver disorder in developed countries, affecting over one-third of the population and is associated with increased cardiovascular- and liver-related mortality. NAFLD is a spectrum of disorders, beginning as simple steatosis. In about 15% of all NAFLD cases, simple steatosis can evolve into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, a medley of inflammation, hepatocellular injury, and fibrosis, often resulting in cirrhosis and even hepatocellular cancer. However, the molecular mechanism underlying NAFLD progression is not completely understood. Its pathogenesis has often been interpreted by the “double-hit” hypothesis. The primary insult or the “first hit” includes lipid accumulation in the liver, followed by a “second hit” in which proinflammatory mediators induce inflammation, hepatocellular injury, and fibrosis. Nowadays, a more complex model suggests that fatty acids (FAs) and their metabolites may be the true lipotoxic agents that contribute to NAFLD progression; a multiple parallel hits hypothesis has also been suggested. In NAFLD patients, insulin resistance leads to hepatic steatosis via multiple mechanisms. Despite the excess hepatic accumulation of FAs in NAFLD, it has been described that not only de novo FA synthesis is increased, but FAs are also taken up from the serum. Furthermore, a decrease in mitochondrial FA oxidation and secretion of very-low-density lipoproteins has been reported. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathophysiological changes of hepatic lipid metabolism that contribute to NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Berlanga
- Group GEMMAIR (AGAUR) and Applied Medicine Research Group, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Esther Guiu-Jurado
- Group GEMMAIR (AGAUR) and Applied Medicine Research Group, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Porras
- Group GEMMAIR (AGAUR) and Applied Medicine Research Group, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain ; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Teresa Auguet
- Group GEMMAIR (AGAUR) and Applied Medicine Research Group, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain ; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mani S, Cao W, Wu L, Wang R. Hydrogen sulfide and the liver. Nitric Oxide 2014; 41:62-71. [PMID: 24582857 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter that regulates numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes in our body. Enzymatic production of H2S is catalyzed by cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MST). All these three enzymes present in the liver and via H2S production regulate liver functions. The liver is the hub for metabolism of glucose and lipids, and maintains the level of circulatory lipids through lipoprotein metabolism. Hepatic H2S metabolism affects glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, lipoprotein synthesis, mitochondrial biogenetics and biogenesis. Malfunction of hepatic H2S metabolism may be involved in many liver diseases, such as hepatic fibrosis and hepatic cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarathi Mani
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
| | - Wei Cao
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada; Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Canada; Department of Natural Medicine & Institute of Materia Medica, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lingyun Wu
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada; Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Canada; Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Williams AL, Jacobs SBR, Moreno-Macías H, Huerta-Chagoya A, Churchhouse C, Márquez-Luna C, García-Ortíz H, Gómez-Vázquez MJ, Burtt NP, Aguilar-Salinas CA, González-Villalpando C, Florez JC, Orozco L, Haiman CA, Tusié-Luna T, Altshuler D. Sequence variants in SLC16A11 are a common risk factor for type 2 diabetes in Mexico. Nature 2014; 506:97-101. [PMID: 24390345 PMCID: PMC4127086 DOI: 10.1038/nature12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Performing genetic studies in multiple human populations can identify disease risk alleles that are common in one population but rare in others, with the potential to illuminate pathophysiology, health disparities, and the population genetic origins of disease alleles. Here we analysed 9.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each of 8,214 Mexicans and other Latin Americans: 3,848 with type 2 diabetes and 4,366 non-diabetic controls. In addition to replicating previous findings, we identified a novel locus associated with type 2 diabetes at genome-wide significance spanning the solute carriers SLC16A11 and SLC16A13 (P = 3.9 × 10(-13); odds ratio (OR) = 1.29). The association was stronger in younger, leaner people with type 2 diabetes, and replicated in independent samples (P = 1.1 × 10(-4); OR = 1.20). The risk haplotype carries four amino acid substitutions, all in SLC16A11; it is present at ~50% frequency in Native American samples and ~10% in east Asian, but is rare in European and African samples. Analysis of an archaic genome sequence indicated that the risk haplotype introgressed into modern humans via admixture with Neanderthals. The SLC16A11 messenger RNA is expressed in liver, and V5-tagged SLC16A11 protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. Expression of SLC16A11 in heterologous cells alters lipid metabolism, most notably causing an increase in intracellular triacylglycerol levels. Despite type 2 diabetes having been well studied by genome-wide association studies in other populations, analysis in Mexican and Latin American individuals identified SLC16A11 as a novel candidate gene for type 2 diabetes with a possible role in triacylglycerol metabolism.
Collapse
|
39
|
Pruis MGM, van Ewijk PA, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Plösch T. Lipotoxicity and the role of maternal nutrition. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:296-306. [PMID: 24119080 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine malnutrition predisposes the offspring towards the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. To explain this association, the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis was introduced, meaning that subtle environmental changes during embryonic and foetal development can influence post-natal physiological functions. Different mechanisms, including epigenetics, are thought to be involved in this foetal programming, but the link between epigenetics and disease is missing. There is increasing evidence that ectopic lipid accumulation and/or lipotoxicity is induced by foetal programming. The aim of this review is to provide insights into the mechanisms underlying lipotoxicity through programming, which contributes to the increase in hepatic and cardiac metabolic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. G. M. Pruis
- Department of Pediatrics; Laboratory Medicine; Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - P. A. van Ewijk
- Department of Radiology; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht the Netherlands
| | | | - T. Plösch
- Department of Pediatrics; Laboratory Medicine; Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mansour M. The Roles of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in the Metabolic Syndrome. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:217-66. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
41
|
Valenti L, Mendoza RM, Rametta R, Maggioni M, Kitajewski C, Shawber CJ, Pajvani UB. Hepatic notch signaling correlates with insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes 2013; 62:4052-62. [PMID: 23990360 PMCID: PMC3837035 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic Notch signaling is inappropriately activated in obese/insulin-resistant mouse models. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of hepatic Notch signaling in obese mice simultaneously improves glucose tolerance and reduces hepatic triglyceride content. As such, we predicted that Notch signaling in human liver would be positively associated with insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Here, we systematically survey Notch signaling in liver biopsy specimens, and show active Notch signaling in lean and obese adults, with expression of multiple Notch receptors and ligands. In morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery, we show that Notch activation positively correlates with glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1) expression, key regulators of hepatic glucose output. We used immunofluorescence to identify active Notch signaling in hepatocytes and show highest activity in hyperglycemia, which we confirmed is a direct effect of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. In a validation cohort of leaner individuals undergoing percutaneous liver biopsy for suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Notch activity showed independent positive association with insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Notably, Notch activity showed stronger correlation with the NAFLD activity score and alanine aminotransferase levels than with steatosis alone, suggesting that Notch activity is associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. In summary, this study establishes that Notch signaling is activated in and may represent a therapeutic target for patients with obesity-related liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Internal Medicine, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosa M. Mendoza
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Raffaela Rametta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Internal Medicine, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Maggioni
- Department of Pathology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Internal Medicine, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Milano, Italy
| | - Chris Kitajewski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Carrie J. Shawber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Utpal B. Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Corresponding author: Utpal B. Pajvani,
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Inhibition of Notch uncouples Akt activation from hepatic lipid accumulation by decreasing mTorc1 stability. Nat Med 2013; 19:1054-60. [PMID: 23832089 PMCID: PMC3737382 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased hepatic lipid content is an early correlate of insulin resistance, and can be caused by nutrient-induced mTor activation. The latter increases basal Akt activity, leading to a self-perpetuating lipogenic cycle. We have previously shown that the developmental Notch pathway has metabolic functions in adult liver. Acute or chronic inhibition of Notch dampens hepatic glucose production and increases Akt tone, and might therefore be predicted to increase hepatic lipid content. Surprisingly, we show that constitutive liver-specific ablation of Notch signaling, or its acute inhibition with a decoy Notch1 receptor, prevents hepatosteatosis by blocking mTorc1. Conversely, Notch gain-of-function causes fatty liver through constitutive activation of mTorc1, an effect reversible by rapamycin treatment. We demonstrate that Notch signaling increases mTorc1 complex stability, augmenting mTorc1 function and Srebp1c-mediated lipogenesis. The data identify Notch as a therapeutically actionable branch point of metabolic signaling, where hepatic Akt activation can be uncoupled from steatosis.
Collapse
|
43
|
Cleland SJ, Fisher BM, Colhoun HM, Sattar N, Petrie JR. Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes: what is 'double diabetes' and what are the risks? Diabetologia 2013; 56:1462-70. [PMID: 23613085 PMCID: PMC3671104 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we explore the concept of 'double diabetes', a combination of type 1 diabetes with features of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. After considering whether double diabetes is a useful concept, we discuss potential mechanisms of increased insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes before examining the extent to which double diabetes might increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We then go on to consider the proposal that weight gain from intensive insulin regimens may be associated with increased CV risk factors in some patients with type 1 diabetes, and explore the complex relationships between weight gain, insulin resistance, glycaemic control and CV outcome. Important comparisons and contrasts between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are highlighted in terms of hepatic fat, fat partitioning and lipid profile, and how these may differ between type 1 diabetic patients with and without double diabetes. In so doing, we hope this work will stimulate much-needed research in this area and an improvement in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Cleland
- Department of Medicine, Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Romsey Road, Winchester, SO22 5DG, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chitraju C, Trötzmüller M, Hartler J, Wolinski H, Thallinger GG, Haemmerle G, Zechner R, Zimmermann R, Köfeler HC, Spener F. The impact of genetic stress by ATGL deficiency on the lipidome of lipid droplets from murine hepatocytes. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2185-2194. [PMID: 23740967 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m037952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed earlier that nutritional stress like starvation or high-fat diet resulted in phenotypic changes in the lipidomes of hepatocyte lipid droplets (LDs), representative for the pathophysiological status of the mouse model. Here we extend our former study by adding genetic stress due to knockout (KO) of adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL), the rate limiting enzyme in LD lipolysis. An intervention trial for 6 weeks with male wild-type (WT) and ATGL-KO mice was carried out; both genotypes were fed lab chow or were exposed to short-time starvation. Isolated LDs were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and phosphatidylcholine lipidomes, in that order, provided the best phenotypic signatures characteristic for respective stresses applied to the animals. This was evidenced at lipid species level by principal component analysis, calculation of average values for chain-lengths and numbers of double bonds, and by visualization in heat maps. Structural backgrounds for analyses and metabolic relationships were elaborated at lipid molecular species level. Relating our lipidomic data to nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases of nutritional and genetic etiologies with or without accompanying insulin resistance, phenotypic distinction in hepatocyte LDs dependent on insulin status emerged. Taken together, lipidomes of hepatocyte LDs are sensitive responders to nutritional and genetic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandramohan Chitraju
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Lipidomics Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Trötzmüller
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Lipidomics Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria; and
| | - Jürgen Hartler
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Graz University of Technology, and Core Facility Bioinformatics, Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Lipidomics Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard G Thallinger
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Graz University of Technology, and Core Facility Bioinformatics, Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Guenter Haemmerle
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Lipidomics Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Lipidomics Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Lipidomics Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald C Köfeler
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Lipidomics Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria; and
| | - Friedrich Spener
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Lipidomics Research Center, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
McIntosh AL, Atshaves BP, Landrock D, Landrock KK, Martin GG, Storey SM, Kier AB, Schroeder F. Liver fatty acid binding protein gene-ablation exacerbates weight gain in high-fat fed female mice. Lipids 2013; 48:435-48. [PMID: 23539345 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Loss of liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) decreases long chain fatty acid uptake and oxidation in primary hepatocytes and in vivo. On this basis, L-FABP gene ablation would potentiate high-fat diet-induced weight gain and weight gain/energy intake. While this was indeed the case when L-FABP null (-/-) mice on the C57BL/6NCr background were pair-fed a high-fat diet, whether this would also be observed under high-fat diet fed ad libitum was not known. Therefore, this possibility was examined in female L-FABP (-/-) mice on the same background. L-FABP (-/-) mice consumed equal amounts of defined high-fat or isocaloric control diets fed ad libitum. However, on the ad libitum-fed high-fat diet the L-FABP (-/-) mice exhibited: (1) decreased hepatic long chain fatty acid (LCFA) β-oxidation as indicated by lower serum β-hydroxybutyrate level; (2) decreased hepatic protein levels of key enzymes mitochondrial (rate limiting carnitine palmitoyl acyltransferase A1, CPT1A; HMG-CoA synthase) and peroxisomal (acyl CoA oxidase 1, ACOX1) LCFA β-oxidation; (3) increased fat tissue mass (FTM) and FTM/energy intake to the greatest extent; and (4) exacerbated body weight gain, weight gain/energy intake, liver weight, and liver weight/body weight to the greatest extent. Taken together, these findings showed that L-FABP gene-ablation exacerbated diet-induced weight gain and fat tissue mass gain in mice fed high-fat diet ad libitum--consistent with the known biochemistry and cell biology of L-FABP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avery L McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Inhibitors of Fatty Acid Synthesis Induce PPAR α -Regulated Fatty Acid β -Oxidative Genes: Synergistic Roles of L-FABP and Glucose. PPAR Res 2013; 2013:865604. [PMID: 23533380 PMCID: PMC3600304 DOI: 10.1155/2013/865604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While TOFA (acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitor) and C75 (fatty acid synthase inhibitor) prevent lipid accumulation by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis, the mechanism of action is not simply accounted for by inhibition of the enzymes alone.
Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), a mediator of long chain fatty acid signaling to peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) in the nucleus, was found to bind
TOFA and its activated CoA thioester, TOFyl-CoA, with high affinity while binding C75 and C75-CoA
with lower affinity. Binding of TOFA and C75-CoA significantly altered L-FABP secondary structure. High (20 mM) but not physiological
(6 mM) glucose conferred on both TOFA and C75 the ability to induce PPARα transcription of the fatty
acid β-oxidative enzymes CPT1A, CPT2, and ACOX1 in cultured primary hepatocytes from wild-type (WT) mice.
However, L-FABP gene ablation abolished the effects of TOFA and C75 in the context of high glucose. These effects were not associated
with an increased cellular level of unesterified fatty acids but rather by increased intracellular glucose. These findings suggested that L-FABP may function as an intracellular fatty acid synthesis inhibitor binding protein
facilitating TOFA and C75-mediated induction of PPARα in the context of high glucose at levels similar to those in uncontrolled diabetes.
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang H, Shen WJ, Cortez Y, Kraemer FB, Azhar S. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid improves metabolic dysregulation and aberrant hepatic lipid metabolism in mice by both PPARα-dependent and -independent pathways. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G72-86. [PMID: 23104557 PMCID: PMC3543637 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00328.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Creosote bush-derived nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a lipoxygenase inhibitor, possesses antioxidant properties and functions as a potent antihyperlipidemic agent in rodent models. Here, we examined the effect of chronic NDGA treatment of ob/ob mice on plasma dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and changes in hepatic gene expression. Feeding ob/ob mice a chow diet supplemented with either low (0.83 g/kg diet) or high-dose (2.5 g/kg diet) NDGA for 16 wk significantly improved plasma triglyceride (TG), inflammatory chemokine levels, hyperinsulinemia, insulin sensitivity, and glucose intolerance. NDGA treatment caused a marked reduction in liver weight and TG content, while enhancing rates of fatty acid oxidation. Microarray analysis of hepatic gene expression demonstrated that NDGA treatment altered genes for lipid metabolism, with genes involved in fatty acid catabolism most significantly increased. NDGA upregulated the mRNA and nuclear protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), and the activated (phosphorylated) form of AMP-activated kinase. NDGA increased PPARα promoter activity in AML12 hepatocytes and also prevented the fatty acid suppression of PPARα expression. In contrast, PPARα siRNA abrogated the stimulatory effect of NDGA on fatty acid catabolism. Likewise, no stimulatory effect of NDGA on hepatic fatty acid oxidation was observed in the livers of PPARα-deficient mice, but the ability of NDGA to reverse fatty liver conditions was unaffected. In conclusion, the beneficial actions of NDGA on dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice are exerted primarily through enhanced fatty acid oxidation via PPARα-dependent pathways. However, PPARα-independent pathways also contribute to NDGA's action to ameliorate hepatic steatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- 1Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; ,2Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- 1Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; ,2Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and
| | - Yuan Cortez
- 1Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California;
| | - Fredric B. Kraemer
- 1Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; ,2Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and
| | - Salman Azhar
- 1Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; ,3Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Finucane FM, Sharp SJ, Hatunic M, Sleigh A, De Lucia Rolfe E, Sayer AA, Cooper C, Griffin SJ, Savage DB, Wareham NJ. Intrahepatic Lipid Content and Insulin Resistance Are More Strongly Associated with Impaired NEFA Suppression after Oral Glucose Loading Than with Fasting NEFA Levels in Healthy Older Individuals. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:870487. [PMID: 23737780 PMCID: PMC3659510 DOI: 10.1155/2013/870487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The mechanisms underlying the association between insulin resistance and intrahepatic lipid (IHL) accumulation are not completely understood. We sought to determine whether this association was explained by differences in fasting non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels and/or NEFA suppression after oral glucose loading. Materials and Methods. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 70 healthy participants in the Hertfordshire Physical Activity Trial (39 males, age 71.3 ± 2.4 years) who underwent oral glucose tolerance testing with glucose, insulin, and NEFA levels measured over two hours. IHL was quantified with magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Insulin sensitivity was measured with the oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS) model, the leptin: adiponectin ratio (LAR), and the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Results. Measures of insulin sensitivity were not associated with fasting NEFA levels, but OGIS was strongly associated with NEFA suppression at 30 minutes and strongly inversely associated with IHL. Moreover, LAR was strongly inversely associated with NEFA suppression and strongly associated with IHL. This latter association (beta = 1.11 [1.01, 1.21], P = 0.026) was explained by reduced NEFA suppression (P = 0.24 after adjustment). Conclusions. Impaired postprandial NEFA suppression, but not fasting NEFA, contributes to the strong and well-established association between whole body insulin resistance and liver fat accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis M. Finucane
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, P.O. Box 285 Hills Road, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
- Galway Diabetes Research Centre, School of Medicine, Clinical Science Institute, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
- *Francis M. Finucane:
| | - Stephen J. Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, P.O. Box 285 Hills Road, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | - Mensud Hatunic
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | - Alison Sleigh
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | - Ema De Lucia Rolfe
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, P.O. Box 285 Hills Road, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | - Avan Aihie Sayer
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO166YD, UK
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO166YD, UK
| | - Simon J. Griffin
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, P.O. Box 285 Hills Road, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | - David B. Savage
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, P.O. Box 285 Hills Road, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Genetics of nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease: an overview. J Genet Genomics 2012; 40:15-22. [PMID: 23357341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in the world today. Its incidence in adults and children is rising rapidly due to the ongoing epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Hence, it has become a global public health issue. Environmental factors have been found to play a major role in the etiology of NAFLD, especially for genetically susceptible populations. Among these, one of the most important factors is junk food, especially the typical "Western-style" diet rich in simple carbohydrates, saturated fat, and highly processed food materials. Genetic predisposition to NAFLD does occur; however, a precise definition of genetic factors responsible for NAFLD is still lacking. Specific variants of different genes have been shown to present a risk for NAFLD. Genetic studies might be helpful in the management of the disease by developing novel treatment strategies based on individual's genotype.
Collapse
|
50
|
Nobili V, Bedogni G, Berni Canani R, Brambilla P, Cianfarani S, Pietrobelli A, Agostoni C. The potential role of fatty liver in paediatric metabolic syndrome: a distinct phenotype with high metabolic risk? Pediatr Obes 2012; 7:e75-80. [PMID: 23001964 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity and its metabolic consequences has dramatically increased in the last two decades urging physicians to find a reliable definition for early detection, treatment and possibly prevention of metabolic syndrome (MS). MS could be diagnosed in adult patients in the presence of a large waist circumference and ≥2 of the following features: high serum triglycerides, low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure and high fasting glucose. The definition of MS in children is more problematic, and the potential role of its single components on metabolic risk remains largely undefined. Recent evidence strongly suggests not only a relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and MS in obese children, adolescents and adults, but also the key role exerted by liver fat deposition in the pathogenesis of MS. CONCLUSION We propose that NAFLD should be routinely checked in obese subjects because early lifestyle changes may be effective in reducing the overall risk of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Nobili
- Metabolic and Autoimmune Liver Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|