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Mones A, Criswell S. Immunohistochemical evaluation of hormones secreted by pancreatic endocrine tumors. Biotech Histochem 2023; 98:578-583. [PMID: 37787578 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2023.2260307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocrine component of the pancreas is located primarily in the islets of Langerhans, but is also found as single cells among the acinar cells and duct epithelium. It currently is thought that endocrine tumors of the pancreas (PETs) arise from pluripotent stem cells located within the ductal epithelium rather than from existing endocrine cells. Islet cell components include alpha, beta, PP, delta and epsilon cells, which secrete glucagon, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin and ghrelin, respectively. We investigated immunohistochemical labeling of 24 formalin fixed paraffin embedded PETs to identify which hormones were produced most frequently. Glucagon was the most frequently secreted hormone (83%) in PETS followed by insulin, ghrelin, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mones
- Department of Diagnostic and Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sheila Criswell
- Department of Diagnostic and Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Graus-Nunes F, Dalla Corte Frantz E, Lannes WR, da Silva Menezes MC, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Souza-Mello V. Pregestational maternal obesity impairs endocrine pancreas in male F1 and F2 progeny. Nutrition 2014; 31:380-7. [PMID: 25441581 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal obesity on pancreas structure and carbohydrate metabolism in early adult life, focusing on the F1 and F2 generations after F0 maternal pregestational, gestation, and lactation high-fat diet (HF). METHODS C57 BL/6 female mice (F0) were fed standard chow (SC) or an HF diet for 8 wk before mating and during the gestation and lactation periods to provide the F1 generation (F1-SC and F1-HF). At 3 mo old, F1 females were mated to produce the F2 generation (F2-SC and F2-HF). The male offspring from all groups were evaluated at 3 mo old. RESULTS F0-HF and F1-HF dams were overweight before gestation and had a higher body mass gain and energy intake during gestation, although only F0-HF dams presented pregestational hyperglycemia. The F1-HF offspring had higher body mass, energy intake, fasting glucose levels, and were glucose intolerant compared with F1-SC offspring. These parameters were not significantly altered in F2-HF offspring. Both F1-HF and F2-HF offspring showed hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, decreased adiponectin levels, increased pancreatic mass, and islet volume density with elevated α- and β-cell mass, hypertrophied islet characterized by an altered distribution of α- and β-cells and weak pancreatic-duodenal homeobox (Pdx)1 immunoreactivity. CONCLUSIONS Maternal HF diet consumed during the preconception period and throughout the gestation and lactation periods in mice promotes metabolism and pancreatic programming in F1 and F2 male offspring, implying intergenerational effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielle Graus-Nunes
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliete Dalla Corte Frantz
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilian Rodrigues Lannes
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariel Caroline da Silva Menezes
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Adverse association between obesity and menopause in mice treated with bezafibrate, a pan peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist. Menopause 2014; 20:1264-74. [PMID: 23632658 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31828f5e3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate the combined effects of ovariectomy (OVX) and high-fat diet (HF) on insulin sensitivity and pancreatic remodeling in C57BL/6 mice treated with bezafibrate. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were subjected to OVX or surgical procedure without removal of the ovary (SHAM). Animals received standard chow (SC; 10% lipids) or HF (60% lipids). After 13 weeks on the diets, the animals were subdivided into six groups based on diet, bezafibrate treatment, or both: SHAM-SC, SHAM-HF, SHAM-HFBz, OVX-SC, OVX-HF, and OVX-HFBz. After treatment for 5 weeks, the pancreas was removed and analyzed using morphometry, stereological tools, immunostaining, and multiplex assay kits. RESULTS SHAM-HF and OVX-HF mice showed increased fasting glucose levels, plasma insulin levels, homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index, body mass, islet hypertrophy, β-cell mass, and insulin immunostaining, but decreased GLUT2 immunostaining. Bezafibrate treatment prevented islet hypertrophy and reduced body mass, plasma insulin levels, and homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index. CONCLUSIONS OVX combined with HF accentuates the effects of menopause, leading to the development of insulin resistance. Bezafibrate treatment reduces body mass, plasma insulin levels, and pancreatic islet hypertrophy in mice fed HF.
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Zhou G, Sinnett-Smith J, Liu SH, Yu J, Wu J, Sanchez R, Pandol SJ, Abrol R, Nemunaitis J, Rozengurt E, Brunicardi FC. Down-regulation of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 by somatostatin receptor subtype 5: a novel mechanism for inhibition of cellular proliferation and insulin secretion by somatostatin. Front Physiol 2014; 5:226. [PMID: 25009500 PMCID: PMC4069483 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) is a regulatory peptide and acts as an endogenous inhibitory regulator of the secretory and proliferative responses of target cells. SST’s actions are mediated by a family of seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptors that comprise five distinct subtypes (SSTR1-5). SSTR5 is one of the major SSTRs in the islets of Langerhans. Homeodomain-containing transcription factor pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1) is essential for pancreatic development, β cell differentiation, maintenance of normal β cell functions in adults and tumorigenesis. Recent studies show that SSTR5 acts as a negative regulator for PDX-1 expression and that SSTR5 mediates somatostatin’s inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and insulin expression/excretion through down-regulating PDX-1 expression. SSTR5 exerts its inhibitory effect on PDX-1 expression at both the transcriptional level by down-regulating PDX-1 mRNA and the post-translational level by enhancing PDX-1 ubiquitination. Identification of PDX-1 as a transcriptional target for SSTR5 may help in guiding the choice of therapeutic cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guisheng Zhou
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; CURE: Digestive Disease Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jim Sinnett-Smith
- CURE: Digestive Disease Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shi-He Liu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Juehua Yu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James Wu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robbi Sanchez
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- CURE: Digestive Disease Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Medicine at Cedars Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Veterans Affairs Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ravinder Abrol
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John Nemunaitis
- Gradalis, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA ; Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Enrique Rozengurt
- CURE: Digestive Disease Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - F Charles Brunicardi
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; CURE: Digestive Disease Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Pardo FN, Altirriba J, Pradas-Juni M, García A, Ahlgren U, Barberà A, Slebe JC, Yáñez AJ, Gomis R, Gasa R. The role of Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein in the regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation in mice. Diabetologia 2012; 55:3331-40. [PMID: 22926403 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Manoeuvres aimed at increasing beta cell mass have been proposed as regenerative medicine strategies for diabetes treatment. Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein 1 (RKIP1) is a common regulatory node of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways and therefore may be involved in regulation of beta cell homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of RKIP1 in the control of beta cell mass and function. METHODS Rkip1 (also known as Pebp1) knockout (Rkip1 (-/-)) mice were characterised in terms of pancreatic and glucose homeostasis, including morphological and functional analysis. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were examined, followed by assessment of glucose-induced insulin secretion in isolated islets and beta cell mass quantification through morphometry. Further characterisation included determination of endocrine and exocrine proliferation, apoptosis, MAPK activation and whole genome gene expression assays. Capacity to reverse a diabetic phenotype was assessed in adult Rkip1 (-/-) mice after streptozotocin treatment. RESULTS Rkip1 (-/-) mice exhibit a moderately larger pancreas and increased beta cell mass and pancreatic insulin content, which correlate with an overall improvement in whole body glucose tolerance. This phenotype is established in young postnatal stages and involves enhanced cellular proliferation without significant alterations in cell death. Importantly, adult Rkip1 (-/-) mice exhibit rapid reversal of streptozotocin-induced diabetes compared with control mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data implicate RKIP1 in the regulation of pancreatic growth and beta cell expansion, thus revealing RKIP1 as a potential pharmacological target to promote beta cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Pardo
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Obesity, IDIBAPS, Centre Esther Koplowitz, Rosselló 153, Barcelona, Spain
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Farris AB, Basturk O, Adsay NV. Pancreatitis, Other Inflammatory Lesions, and Pancreatic Pseudotumors. Surg Pathol Clin 2011; 4:625-650. [PMID: 26837491 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The pancreas is versatile in the diversity of disorders that it can exhibit. In this article, characteristics of disorders such as chronic, autoimmune, eosinophilic, hereditary, and infectious pancreatitis are described. With regard to autoimmune pancreatitis, the role of clinical evaluation, histologic examination, and IgG4 immunohistochemistry is discussed. The role of pancreatitis in the pathogenesis of diabetes is also mentioned. Some implications of pancreatitis are highlighted, including the neoplastic predisposition caused by inflammatory lesions of the pancreas. The goal of this article is to convey an appreciation of these disorders because their recognition can benefit patients tremendously, as inflammatory lesions of the pancreas can be mass-forming, giving rise to pseudotumors, and leading to surgical resection that may otherwise be unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alton B Farris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road Northeast, Room H-188, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Olca Basturk
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - N Volkan Adsay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Road NE, Room H-180B, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Jaworski DM, Sideleva O, Stradecki HM, Langlois GD, Habibovic A, Satish B, Tharp WG, Lausier J, Larock K, Jetton TL, Peshavaria M, Pratley RE. Sexually dimorphic diet-induced insulin resistance in obese tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2)-deficient mice. Endocrinology 2011; 152:1300-13. [PMID: 21285317 PMCID: PMC3060627 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), are altered in human obesity and may contribute to its pathology. TIMP-2 exerts MMP-dependent (MMP inhibition and pro-MMP-2 activation) and MMP-independent functions. To assess the role of TIMP-2 in a murine model of nutritionally induced obesity, weight gain in wild-type and TIMP-2 deficient [knockout (KO)] mice fed a chow or high-fat diet (HFD) was determined. The effects of diet on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, as well as pancreatic β-cell and adipocyte physiology, were assessed. Chow-fed TIMP-2 KO mice of both sexes became obese but maintained relatively normal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Obesity was exacerbated on the HFD. However, HFD-fed male, but not female, TIMP-2 KO mice developed insulin resistance with reduced glucose transporter 2 and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 levels, despite increased β-cell mass and hyperplasia. Thus, although β-cell mass was increased, HFD-fed male TIMP-2 KO mice develop diabetes likely due to β-cell exhaustion and failure. TIMP-2 mRNA, whose expression was greatest in sc adipose tissue, was down-regulated in HFD-fed wild-type males, but not females. Furthermore, HFD increased membrane type 1-MMP (MMP-14) expression and activity in male, but not female, sc adipose tissue. Strikingly, MMP-14 expression increased to a greater extent in TIMP-2 KO males and was associated with decreased adipocyte collagen. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a role for TIMP-2 in maintaining extracellular matrix integrity necessary for normal β-cell and adipocyte physiology and that loss of extracellular matrix integrity may underlie diabetic and obesogenic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Jaworski
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, HSRF 418, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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Abstract
The islet contains a dense vascular structure of several features. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A in beta cells is indispensable for the formation of this structure. Thus, the beta cell-specific VEGF-A-deficient mouse (RIP-Cre:Vegf(fl/fl)) is useful for studying the role of the islet vasculature on the function of islets and regulation of beta cell mass. Studies using RIP-Cre:Vegf(fl/fl) mice revealed that defects in the normal vascular structure are associated with abnormal insulin secretion and concluded that the islet vascular system is essential for normal insulin secretion into the blood stream. On the other hand, whereas the endothelial cells might be involved in regulation of islet mass and the mouse model of diabetes shows that the number of endothelial cells correlate with the islet mass, RIP-Cre:Vegf(fl/fl) mice show almost normal response of islet expansion in the presence of insulin resistance. However, whereas bone marrow transplantation induces islet expansion in control mice, it does not induce the proper expansion of beta cell mass in RIP-Cre:Vegf(fl/fl) mice. These data indicate that the roles of VEGF-A and islet vasculature in the regulation of beta cell mass depends on the stimulus for the islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Microarray analysis of somatostatin receptor 5-regulated gene expression profiles in murine pancreas. World J Surg 2009; 33:630-7. [PMID: 19137362 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-008-9893-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that somatostatin receptor type 5 (SSTR5) gene ablation results in alterations in insulin secretion and glucose metabolism, accompanied by morphologic alterations in the islets of Langerhans. The underlying mechanism(s) by which SSTR5 exerts its cellular functions remain(s) unknown. We hypothesized that SSTR5 mediates the inhibitory effect of somatostatin (SST) on insulin secretion and islet proliferation by regulating a specific set of pancreatic genes. METHODS To identify SSTR5-regulated pancreatic genes, gene expression microarray analysis was performed on the whole pancreas of 1- and 3-month-old wild-type (WT) and SSTR5 knockout (SSTR5-/-) male mice. Real-time RT-PCR and immunofluorescence were performed to validate selected differentially expressed genes. RESULTS A set of 143 probes were identified to be differentially expressed in the pancreas of 1-month-old SSTR5-/- mice, 72 of which were downregulated and 71 upregulated. At 3 months of age, SSTR5 gene ablation resulted in downregulation of a set of 30 probes and upregulation of a set of 37 probes. Among these differentially expressed genes, there were 15 and 5 genes that were upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in mice at both 1 and 3 months of age. Three genes, PAP/INGAP, ANG, and TDE1, were selected to be validated by real-time RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. CONCLUSIONS A specific set of genes linked to a wide range of cellular functions such as islet proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis were either upregulated or downregulated in SSTR5-deficient male mice compared with their expression in wild-type mice. Therefore, these genes are potential SSTR5-regulated genes during normal pancreatic development and functional maintenance.
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Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity. Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:189-202. [PMID: 19300094 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e328329fcc2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas II. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:383-93. [PMID: 18594281 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32830c6b8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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