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He Y, Qu L. Non-coding RNAs in diabetic peripheral neuropathy: their role and mechanisms underlying their effects. Metabolism 2024; 154:155833. [PMID: 38462040 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a complication of diabetes with a high rate of disability. However, current clinical treatments for DPN are suboptimal. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a type of RNAs that are not translated into proteins. NcRNAs perform functions that regulate epigenetic modifications, transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulators of proteins, and thus participate in the physiological and pathological processes of the body. NcRNAs play a role in the progress of DPN by affecting the processes of inflammation, oxidative stress, cellular autophagy or apoptosis. Therefore, ncRNAs treatment is regarded as a promising therapeutic approach for DPN. In addition, since some ncRNAs present stably in the blood of DPN patients, they are considered as potential biomarkers that contribute to early clinical diagnosis. In this paper, we review the studies on the role of ncRNAs in DPN in the last decade, and discuss the mechanisms of ncRNAs, aiming to provide a reference for the future research on the treatment and early diagnosis of DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian He
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 100730 Beijing, China
| | - Ling Qu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 100730 Beijing, China.
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2
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Vali R, Azadi A, Tizno A, Farkhondeh T, Samini F, Samarghandian S. miRNA contributes to neuropathic pains. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126893. [PMID: 37730007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is a kind of chronic pain caused by direct injury to the peripheral or central nervous system (CNS). microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that mostly interact with the 3 untranslated region of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to regulate the expression of multiple genes. NP is characterized by changes in the expression of receptors and mediators, and there is evidence that miRNAs may contribute to some of these alterations. In this review, we aimed to fully comprehend the connection between NP and miRNA; and also, to establish a link between neurology, biology, and dentistry. Studies have shown that targeting miRNAs may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic pain and potential target for the prevention of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Vali
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Modern Science, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Ali Azadi
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Tizno
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kamyab Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fariborz Samini
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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3
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Rahman MA, Islam MM, Ripon MAR, Islam MM, Hossain MS. Regulatory Roles of MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00805-z. [PMID: 37393414 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome refers to a group of several disease conditions together with high glucose triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, lower high-density lipoprotein level, and large waist circumference. About 400 million people worldwide, one-third of the Euro-American population and 27% Chinese population over age 50 have it. microRNAs, an abundant novel class of endogenous small, non-coding RNAs in eukaryotic cells, act as negative controllers of gene expression by promoting either degradation/translational repression of target messenger RNA. More than 2000 microRNAs in the human genome have been identified and they are implicated in various biological & pathophysiological processes, including glucose homeostasis, inflammatory response, and angiogenesis. Destruction of microRNAs has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Recently the discovery of circulating microRNAs in human serum may help to promote metabolic crosstalk between organs and serves as a novel approach for the identification of various diseases, like Type 2 diabetes & atherosclerosis. In this review, we will discuss the most recent and up-to-date research on the pathophysiology and histopathology of metabolic syndrome besides their historical background and epidemiological highlight. As well as search the methodologies employed in this field of research and the potential role of microRNAs as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for metabolic syndrome in the human body. Furthermore, the significance of microRNAs in promising strategies, like stem cell therapy, which holds enormous promise for regenerative medicine in the treatment of metabolic disorders will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mahmodul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdur Rahman Ripon
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Monirul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Salim Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh.
- Bangladesh Obesity Research Network (BORN), Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh.
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4
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Miyashita A, Kobayashi M, Yokota T, Zochodne DW. Diabetic Polyneuropathy: New Strategies to Target Sensory Neurons in Dorsal Root Ganglia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065977. [PMID: 36983051 PMCID: PMC10051459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most common type of diabetic neuropathy, rendering a slowly progressive, symmetrical, and length-dependent dying-back axonopathy with preferential sensory involvement. Although the pathogenesis of DPN is complex, this review emphasizes the concept that hyperglycemia and metabolic stressors directly target sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), leading to distal axonal degeneration. In this context, we discuss the role for DRG-targeting gene delivery, specifically oligonucleotide therapeutics for DPN. Molecules including insulin, GLP-1, PTEN, HSP27, RAGE, CWC22, and DUSP1 that impact neurotrophic signal transduction (for example, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/phosphorylated protein kinase B [PI3/pAkt] signaling) and other cellular networks may promote regeneration. Regenerative strategies may be essential in maintaining axon integrity during ongoing degeneration in diabetes mellitus (DM). We discuss specific new findings that relate to sensory neuron function in DM associated with abnormal dynamics of nuclear bodies such as Cajal bodies and nuclear speckles in which mRNA transcription and post-transcriptional processing occur. Manipulating noncoding RNAs such as microRNA and long-noncoding RNA (specifically MALAT1) that regulate gene expression through post-transcriptional modification are interesting avenues to consider in supporting neurons during DM. Finally, we present therapeutic possibilities around the use of a novel DNA/RNA heteroduplex oligonucleotide that provides more efficient gene knockdown in DRG than the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Miyashita
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Nissan Tamagawa Hospital, Tokyo 158-0095, Japan
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Douglas W. Zochodne
- Division of Neurology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, The Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and The Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-248-1928; Fax: +1-780-248-1807
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Poitras T, Singh V, Piragasam RS, Wang X, Mannaa AM, Chandrasekhar A, Martinez J, Fahlman R, Zochodne DW. Repurposed major urinary protein pheromones and adult sensory neurons: roles in neuron plasticity and experimental diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E53-E68. [PMID: 35635311 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00001.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Major urinary proteins (MUPs), members of the broader lipocalin protein family, are classified as pheromones that are excreted in male rodent urine to define conspecific territoriality. In screening for differentially regulated mRNA transcripts in a mouse model of type 1 experimental diabetes mellitus (DM), we identified an unexpected upregulation of several closely related MUP transcripts within diabetic sensory dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Both sexes expressed overall MUP protein content as identified by an antibody widely targeting these upregulated family members, and immunohistochemistry identified expression within neurons, satellite glial cells, and Schwann cells. In dissociated adult sensory neurons, knockdown by an siRNA targeting upregulated MUP mRNAs, enhanced neurite outgrowth, indicating a growth-suppressive role, an impact that was synergistic with subnanomolar insulin neuronal signaling. While MUP knockdown did not generate rises in insulin signaling transcripts, the protein did bind to several mitochondrial and glial targets in DRG lysates. Analysis of a protein closely related to MUPs but that is expressed in humans, lipocalin-2, also suppressed growth, but its impact was unrelated to insulin. In a model of chronic type 1 DM, MUP siRNA knockdown improved electrophysiological and behavioral abnormalities of experimental neuropathy. MUPs have actions beyond pheromone signaling in rodents that involve suppression of growth plasticity of sensory neurons. Its hitherto unanticipated actions overlap with those of lipocalin-2 and may identify a common and widely mediated impact on neuron growth properties by members of the lipocalin family. Knockdown of MUP supports the trophic actions of insulin as a strategy that may improve features of type 1 experimental diabetic neuropathy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY New molecular mechanisms are important to unravel and understand diabetic polyneuropathy, a disorder prevalent in over half of persons with diabetes mellitus (DM). MUPs, members of the lipocalin family of molecules, have an unexpected impact on the plasticity of sensory neurons that are targeted in type 1 experimental diabetic neuropathy. This work explores this potential target in neuropathy in the context of the lipocalin family of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Poitras
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vandana Singh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Xiuling Wang
- Southern Alberta Microarray Facility, Department Biochemistry and Molecular. Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Atef M Mannaa
- INSERM U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire & Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt
| | - Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jose Martinez
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Fahlman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Miyashita A, Kobayashi M, Ishibashi S, Nagata T, Chandrasekhar A, Zochodne DW, Yokota T. The Role of Long Noncoding RNA MALAT1 in Diabetic Polyneuropathy and the Impact of Its Silencing in the Dorsal Root Ganglion by a DNA/RNA Heteroduplex Oligonucleotide. Diabetes 2022; 71:1299-1312. [PMID: 35276003 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of diabetes, yet its pathophysiology has not been established. Accumulating evidence suggests that long noncoding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) plays pivotal roles in the regulation of cell growth and survival during diabetic complications. This study aimed to investigate the impact of MALAT1 silencing in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons, using an α-tocopherol-conjugated DNA/RNA heteroduplex oligonucleotide (Toc-HDO), on the peripheral nervous system of diabetic mice. We identified MALAT1 upregulation in the DRG of chronic diabetic mice that suggested either a pathological change or one that might be protective, and systemic intravenous injection of Toc-HDO effectively inhibited its gene expression. However, we unexpectedly noted that this intervention paradoxically exacerbated disease with increased thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds, indicating further sensory loss, greater sciatic-tibial nerve conduction slowing, and additional declines of intraepidermal nerve fiber density in the hind paw footpads. Serine/arginine-rich splicing factors, which are involved in pre-mRNA splicing by interacting with MALAT1, reside in nuclear speckles in wild-type and diabetic DRG neurons; MALAT1 silencing was associated with their disruption. The findings provide evidence for an important role that MALAT1 plays in DPN, suggesting neuroprotection and regulation of pre-mRNA splicing in nuclear speckles. This is also the first example in which a systemically delivered nucleotide therapy had a direct impact on DRG diabetic neurons and their axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Miyashita
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Nissan Tamagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Ishibashi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nagata
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Division of Neurology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Soltani S, Mansouri K, Parvaneh S, Thakor AS, Pociot F, Yarani R. Diabetes complications and extracellular vesicle therapy. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:357-385. [PMID: 34647239 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic disorder characterized by dysregulated glycemic conditions. Diabetic complications include microvascular and macrovascular abnormalities and account for high morbidity and mortality rates in patients. Current clinical approaches for diabetic complications are limited to symptomatic treatments and tight control of blood sugar levels. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by somatic and stem cells have recently emerged as a new class of potent cell-free therapeutic delivery packets with a great potential to treat diabetic complications. EVs contain a mixture of bioactive molecules and can affect underlying pathological processes in favor of tissue healing. In addition, EVs have low immunogenicity and high storage capacity while maintaining nearly the same regenerative and immunomodulatory effects compared to current cell-based therapies. Therefore, EVs have received increasing attention for diabetes-related complications in recent years. In this review, we provide an outlook on diabetic complications and summarizes new knowledge and advances in EV applications. Moreover, we highlight recommendations for future EV-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Soltani
- Clinical Research Development Center, Taleghani and Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah, University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahram Parvaneh
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory (HECRIN), Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Research Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Avnesh S Thakor
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Reza Yarani
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.
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The Role of Epigenetic Modifications in Late Complications in Type 1 Diabetes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040705. [PMID: 35456511 PMCID: PMC9029845 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the destruction of pancreatic β cells leads to hyperglycemia. The prevention of hyperglycemia is very important to avoid or at least postpone the development of micro- and macrovascular complications, also known as late complications. These include diabetic retinopathy, chronic renal failure, diabetic neuropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. The impact of long-term hyperglycemia has been shown to persist long after the normalization of blood glucose levels, a phenomenon known as metabolic memory. It is believed that epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs, play an important role in metabolic memory. The aim of this review is to address the impact of long-term hyperglycemia on epigenetic marks in late complications of type 1 diabetes.
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Khan A, Pasquier J, Ramachandran V, Ponirakis G, Petropoulos IN, Chidiac O, Thomas B, Robay A, Jayyousi A, Al Suwaidi J, Rafii A, Menzies RA, Talal TK, Najafi-Shoushtari SH, Abi Khalil C, Malik RA. Altered Circulating microRNAs in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy and Corneal Nerve Loss: A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061632. [PMID: 35329958 PMCID: PMC8956033 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An alteration in circulating miRNAs may have important diagnostic and therapeutic relevance in diabetic neuropathy. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) underwent an assessment of neuropathic symptoms using Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4), the vibration perception threshold (VPT) using a Neurothesiometer, sudomotor function using the Sudoscan, corneal nerve morphology using corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) and circulating miRNAs using high-throughput miRNA expression profiling. Patients with T2DM, with (n = 9) and without (n = 7) significant corneal nerve loss were comparable in age, gender, diabetes duration, BMI, HbA1c, eGFR, blood pressure, and lipid profile. The VPT was significantly higher (p < 0.05), and electrochemical skin conductance (p < 0.05), corneal nerve fiber density (p = 0.001), corneal nerve branch density (p = 0.013), and corneal nerve fiber length (p < 0.001) were significantly lower in T2DM patients with corneal nerve loss compared to those without corneal nerve loss. Following a q-PCR-based analysis of total plasma microRNAs, we found that miR-92b-3p (p = 0.008) was significantly downregulated, while miR-22-3p (p = 0.0001) was significantly upregulated in T2DM patients with corneal nerve loss. A network analysis revealed that these miRNAs regulate axonal guidance and neuroinflammation genes. These data support the need for more extensive studies to better understand the role of dysregulated miRNAs’ in diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Khan
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (A.K.); (G.P.); (I.N.P.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar P.O. Box 25100, Pakistan
| | - Jennifer Pasquier
- Epigenetics Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (J.P.); (O.C.); (B.T.); (A.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Vimal Ramachandran
- MicroRNA Core Laboratory, Research Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (V.R.); (S.H.N.-S.)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Georgios Ponirakis
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (A.K.); (G.P.); (I.N.P.)
| | - Ioannis N. Petropoulos
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (A.K.); (G.P.); (I.N.P.)
| | - Omar Chidiac
- Epigenetics Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (J.P.); (O.C.); (B.T.); (A.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Binitha Thomas
- Epigenetics Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (J.P.); (O.C.); (B.T.); (A.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Amal Robay
- Epigenetics Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (J.P.); (O.C.); (B.T.); (A.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Amin Jayyousi
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (A.J.); (J.A.S.); (R.A.M.); (T.K.T.)
| | - Jassim Al Suwaidi
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (A.J.); (J.A.S.); (R.A.M.); (T.K.T.)
| | - Arash Rafii
- Epigenetics Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (J.P.); (O.C.); (B.T.); (A.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Robert A. Menzies
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (A.J.); (J.A.S.); (R.A.M.); (T.K.T.)
| | - Talal K. Talal
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (A.J.); (J.A.S.); (R.A.M.); (T.K.T.)
| | - Seyed Hani Najafi-Shoushtari
- MicroRNA Core Laboratory, Research Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (V.R.); (S.H.N.-S.)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charbel Abi Khalil
- Epigenetics Cardiovascular Laboratory, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (J.P.); (O.C.); (B.T.); (A.R.); (A.R.)
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence: (C.A.K.); (R.A.M.); Tel.: +974-4492-8484 (C.A.K.); +974-4492-8256 (R.A.M.)
| | - Rayaz A. Malik
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (A.K.); (G.P.); (I.N.P.)
- Correspondence: (C.A.K.); (R.A.M.); Tel.: +974-4492-8484 (C.A.K.); +974-4492-8256 (R.A.M.)
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Gada Y, Pandey A, Jadhav N, Ajgaonkar S, Mehta D, Nair S. New Vistas in microRNA Regulatory Interactome in Neuropathic Pain. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:778014. [PMID: 35280258 PMCID: PMC8914318 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.778014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain condition seen in patients with diabetic neuropathy, cancer chemotherapy-induced neuropathy, idiopathic neuropathy as well as other diseases affecting the nervous system. Only a small percentage of people with neuropathic pain benefit from current medications. The complexity of the disease, poor identification/lack of diagnostic and prognostic markers limit current strategies for the management of neuropathic pain. Multiple genes and pathways involved in human diseases can be regulated by microRNA (miRNA) which are small non-coding RNA. Several miRNAs are found to be dysregulated in neuropathic pain. These miRNAs regulate expression of various genes associated with neuroinflammation and pain, thus, regulating neuropathic pain. Some of these key players include adenylate cyclase (Ac9), toll-like receptor 8 (Tlr8), suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (Socs3), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and RAS p21 protein activator 1 (Rasa1). With advancements in high-throughput technology and better computational power available for research in present-day pharmacology, biomarker discovery has entered a very exciting phase. We dissect the architecture of miRNA biological networks encompassing both human and rodent microRNAs involved in the development of neuropathic pain. We delineate various microRNAs, and their targets, that may likely serve as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic intervention in neuropathic pain. miRNAs mediate their effects in neuropathic pain by signal transduction through IRAK/TRAF6, TLR4/NF-κB, TXIP/NLRP3 inflammasome, MAP Kinase, TGFβ and TLR5 signaling pathways. Taken together, the elucidation of the landscape of signature miRNA regulatory networks in neuropathic pain will facilitate the discovery of novel miRNA/target biomarkers for more effective management of neuropathic pain.
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11
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Poitras TM, Munchrath E, Zochodne DW. Neurobiological Opportunities in Diabetic Polyneuropathy. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2303-2323. [PMID: 34935118 PMCID: PMC8804062 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights a selection of potential translational directions for the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) currently irreversible and without approved interventions beyond pain management. The list does not include all diabetic targets that have been generated over several decades of research but focuses on newer work. The emphasis is firstly on approaches that support the viability and growth of peripheral neurons and their ability to withstand a barrage of diabetic alterations. We include a section describing Schwann cell targets and finally how mitochondrial damage has been a common element in discussing neuropathic damage. Most of the molecules and pathways described here have not yet reached clinical trials, but many trials have been negative to date. Nonetheless, these failures clear the pathway for new thoughts over reversing DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Poitras
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Easton Munchrath
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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MicroRNAs 21 and 199a-3p Regulate Axon Growth Potential through Modulation of Pten and mTor mRNAs. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0155-21.2021. [PMID: 34326064 PMCID: PMC8362682 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0155-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased mTOR activity has been shown to enhance regeneration of injured axons by increasing neuronal protein synthesis, while PTEN signaling can block mTOR activity to attenuate protein synthesis. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been implicated in regulation of PTEN and mTOR expression, and previous work in spinal cord showed an increase in miR-199a-3p after spinal cord injury (SCI) and increase in miR-21 in SCI animals that had undergone exercise. Pten mRNA is a target for miR-21 and miR-199a-3p is predicted to target mTor mRNA. Here, we show that miR-21 and miR-199a-3p are expressed in adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, and we used culture preparations to test functions of the rat miRs in adult DRG and embryonic cortical neurons. miR-21 increases and miR-199a-3p decreases in DRG neurons after in vivo axotomy. In both the adult DRG and embryonic cortical neurons, miR-21 promotes and miR-199a-3p attenuates neurite growth. miR-21 directly bound to Pten mRNA and miR-21 overexpression decreased Pten mRNA levels. Conversely, miR-199a-3p directly bound to mTor mRNA and miR-199a-3p overexpression decreased mTor mRNA levels. Overexpressing miR-21 increased both overall and intra-axonal protein synthesis in cultured DRGs, while miR-199a-3p overexpression decreased this protein synthesis. The axon growth phenotypes seen with miR-21 and miR-199a-3p overexpression were reversed by co-transfecting PTEN and mTOR cDNA expression constructs with the predicted 3′ untranslated region (UTR) miR target sequences deleted. Taken together, these studies indicate that injury-induced alterations in miR-21 and miR-199a-3p expression can alter axon growth capacity by changing overall and intra-axonal protein synthesis through regulation of the PTEN/mTOR pathway.
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Poitras T, Piragasam RS, Joy T, Jackson J, Chandrasekhar A, Fahlman R, Zochodne DW. Major urinary protein excreted in rodent hindpaw sweat. J Anat 2021; 239:529-535. [PMID: 33686663 PMCID: PMC8273588 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative roles for sweat production beyond thermoregulation, considered less frequently, include chemical signaling. We identified the presence of a well-established rodent urinary pheromone, major urinary protein (MUP) in sweat ductules of the footpad dermal skin of mice. A hindpaw sweat proteomic analysis in hindpaw sweat samples collected in rats and generated by unmyelinated axon activation, identified seven lipocalin family members including MUP and 19 additional unique proteins. Behavioural responses to sniffing male mouse foot protein lysates suggested avoidance in a subset of male mice, but were not definitive. Rodent hindpaw sweat glands secrete a repertoire of proteins that include MUPs known to have roles in olfactory communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Poitras
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | | | - Twinkle Joy
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Jesse Jackson
- Department of Physiology and the Neuroscience and Mental Health InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Richard Fahlman
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Douglas W. Zochodne
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
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Kobayashi M, Zochodne DW. Diabetic polyneuropathy: Bridging the translational gap. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2021; 25:66-75. [PMID: 32573914 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials for diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) have failed to identify therapeutic impacts that have arrested or reversed the disorder, despite a long history. This review considers DPN in the context of a unique neurodegenerative disorder that targets peripheral neurons and their companion glial cells. The approach is to examine what cells, cell substructures, and pathways are implicated in causing DPN and how they might be addressed therapeutically. These include axonopathy, neuronopathy, hyperglycemia, polyol flux, advanced glycation endproduct (AGE)-receptor AGE signaling, growth factor disruption, abnormal insulin signaling, and abnormalities of other intrinsic neuron pathways. Mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid toxicity are largely delegated to the companion review in this issue by Stino and Feldman. Finally, the linkage between axon plasticity of cutaneous nerves, peripheral neuroregenerative pathways, and diabetes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, Nissan Tamagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Chen C, Xiang Q, Liu W, Liang S, Yang M, Tao J. Co-expression Network Revealed Roles of RNA m 6A Methylation in Human β-Cell of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651142. [PMID: 34084770 PMCID: PMC8168466 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA m6A methylation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RNA modifications and RNA-modifying regulators have recently emerged as critical factors involved in β-cell function and insulin resistance, including “writers,” “erasers,” and “readers.” However, their key roles in regulating gene expression in T2DM remain unclear. The construction of co-expression network could provide a cue to resolve this complex regulatory pathway. We collected the transcriptome datasets of β-cell in diabetic patients, calculated the partial correlation coefficient, excluded the influence from control variables of diabetes related genes, and identified the genes significantly co-expressed with m6A regulators. A total of 985 genes co-expressed with m6A regulators (Co-m6AR) were identified, which were enriched in metabolic process, MAPK and EGFR signaling pathways. Some of them have been confirmed to play a pivotal role in T2DM, including CCNL2, CSAD, COX5A, GAB2, and MIRLET7I, etc. Further, we analyzed the m6A modification characteristics of Co-m6AR in β-cell and identified 228 Co-m6AR containing m6A methylation sites, involving in several key signaling pathways regulating T2DM. We finally screened out 13 eQTL-SNPs localized in Co-m6ARs, and 4 have been reported strongly associated with diabetes, including GAB2, LMNB2, XAB2, and RBM39. This co-expression analysis provides important information to reveal the potential regulatory mechanism of RNA m6A methylation in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- The Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qing Xiang
- The Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weilin Liu
- The Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shengxiang Liang
- The Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minguang Yang
- The Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Tao
- The Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
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Whole Genomic DNA Methylation Profiling of CpG Sites in Promoter Regions of Dorsal Root Ganglion in Diabetic Neuropathic Pain Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2558-2565. [PMID: 33950354 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation and demethylation play an important role in neuropathic pain. In general, DNA methylation of CpG sites in the promoter region impedes gene expression, whereas DNA demethylation contributes to gene expression. Here, we evaluated the methylation status of CpG sites in genomic DNA promoter regions in dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) of diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) mice. In our research, streptozotocin (STZ) was intraperitoneally injected into mice to construct DNP models. The DNP mice showed higher fasting blood glucose (above 11.1 mmol/L), lower body weight, and mechanical allodynia than control mice. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) revealed an altered methylation pattern in CpG sites in the DNA promoter regions in DRGs of DNP mice. The results showed 376 promoter regions with hypermethylated CpG sites and 336 promoter regions with hypomethylated CpG sites. In addition, our data indicated that altered DNA methylation occurs primarily on CpG sites in DNA promoter regions. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that differentially methylated CpG sites annotated genes were involved in activities of the nervous and sensory systems. Enrichment analysis indicated that genes in these pathways contributed to diabetes or pain. In conclusion, our study enriched the role of DNA methylation in DNP.
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Bali KK, Gandla J, Rangel DR, Castaldi L, Mouritzen P, Agarwal N, Schmelz M, Heppenstall P, Kuner R. A genome-wide screen reveals microRNAs in peripheral sensory neurons driving painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain 2021; 162:1334-1351. [PMID: 33492037 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Diabetes is a leading cause of peripheral neuropathy (diabetic peripheral neuropathy, DPN), and uncontrolled long-lasting hyperglycemia leads to severe complications. A major proportion of diabetics develop excruciating pain with a variable course. Mechanisms leading to painful DPN are not completely understood and treatment options limited. We hypothesized that epigenetic modulation at the level of microRNA (miRNA) expression triggered by metabolic imbalance and nerve damage regulates the course of pain development. We used clinically relevant preclinical models, genome-wide screening, in silico analyses, cellular assays, miRNA fluorescent in situ hybridization, in vivo molecular manipulations, and behavioral analyses in the current study. We identified miRNAs and their targets that critically impact on nociceptive hypersensitivity in painful DPN. Our analyses identify miR-33 and miR-380 expressed in nociceptive neurons as critical denominators of diabetic pain and miR-124-1 as a mediator of physiological nociception. Our comprehensive analyses on the putative mRNA targets for miR-33 or miR-124-1 identified a set of mRNAs that are regulated after miR-33 or miR-124-1 overexpression in dorsal root ganglia in vivo. Our results shed light on the regulation of DPN pathophysiology and implicate specific miRNAs as novel therapeutic targets for treating painful DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Bali
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Pharmacology Institute, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany . Dr. Bali is now with the Department of Experimental Pain Research, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jagadeesh Gandla
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Pharmacology Institute, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany . Dr. Bali is now with the Department of Experimental Pain Research, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Rojas Rangel
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Pharmacology Institute, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany . Dr. Bali is now with the Department of Experimental Pain Research, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Nitin Agarwal
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Pharmacology Institute, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany . Dr. Bali is now with the Department of Experimental Pain Research, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Schmelz
- Department of Experimental Pain Research, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Rohini Kuner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Pharmacology Institute, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany . Dr. Bali is now with the Department of Experimental Pain Research, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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18
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Komirishetty P, Zubkow K, Areti A, Ong H, Zochodne DW. Delayed manipulation of regeneration within injured peripheral axons. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 155:105383. [PMID: 33945876 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While several new translational strategies to enhance regrowth of peripheral axons have been identified, combined approaches with different targets are rare. Moreover, few have been studied after a significant delay when growth programs are already well established and regeneration-related protein expression has waned. Here we study two approaches, Rb1 (Retinoblastoma 1) knockdown that targets overall neuron plasticity, and near nerve insulin acting as a growth factor. Both are validated to boost regrowth only at the outset of regeneration. We show that local delivery of Rb1 siRNA alone, with electroporation to an area of prior sciatic nerve injury generated knockdown of Rb1 mRNA in ipsilateral lumbar dorsal root ganglia. While mice treated with Rb1-targeted siRNA, compared with scrambled control siRNA, starting 2 weeks after the onset of regeneration, had only limited behavioural or electrophysiological benefits, they had enhanced reinnervation of epidermal axons. We next confirmed that intrinsic Rb1 knockdown combined with exogenous insulin had dramatic synergistic impacts on the growth patterns of adult sensory neurons studied in vitro, prompting analysis of a combined approach in vivo. Using an identical delayed post-injury protocol, we noted that added insulin not only augmented epidermal reinnervation rendered by Rb1 knockdown alone but also improved indices of mechanical sensation and motor axon recovery. The findings illustrate that peripheral neurons that are well into attempted regrowth retain their responsiveness to both intrinsic and exogenous approaches that improve their recovery. We also identify a novel local approach to manipulate gene expression and outcome in regrowing axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Komirishetty
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - K Zubkow
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - A Areti
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - H Ong
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - D W Zochodne
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada.
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Paschou SA, Siasos G, Katsiki N, Tentolouris N, Tousoulis D. The Role of microRNAs in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Complications. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:5969-5979. [PMID: 33138753 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201102102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs represent a class of small (19-25 nucleotides) single-strand pieces of RNA that are noncoding ones. They are synthesized by RNA polymerase II from transcripts that fold back on themselves. They mostly act as gene regulatory agents that pair with complementary sequences on mRNA and produce silencing complexes, which, in turn, suppress coding genes at a post-transcriptional level. There is now evidence that microRNAs may affect insulin secretion or insulin action, as they can alter pancreatic beta cells development, insulin production, as well as insulin signaling. Any molecular disorder that affects these pathways can deteriorate insulin resistance and lead to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) onset. Furthermore, the expression of several microRNAs is up- or down-regulated in the presence of diabetic microvascular complications (i.e., peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, foot ulcers), as well as in patients with coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. However, more evidence is needed, specifically regarding T2DM patients, to establish the use of such microRNAs as diagnostical biomarkers or therapeutic targets in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula A Paschou
- Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Katsiki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Centre, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tentolouris
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Nuclear functions of microRNAs relevant to the cardiovascular system. Transl Res 2021; 230:151-163. [PMID: 33186782 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A fraction of the transcriptome is translated into proteins. The rest is classified as non-protein coding RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) but has gained increased attention as functional and regulatory group of transcripts. The gene regulatory role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has now been widely accepted in diverse biological processes in both physiology and disease. MicroRNAs fall into this latter group and are widely known for their diverse post-transcriptional regulatory role. MicroRNA sequences are embedded in the long ncRNAs, known as primary microRNAs, are processed into precursor microRNAs and are typically transported out of the nucleus for maturation and loading into a protein complex forming RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that either drives the degradation of messenger RNA (mRNA) or blocks its translation. A new phenomenon is emerging where microRNAs have active roles within the nucleus. The presence of RISC components including microRNAs in the nucleus supports this notion. They may integrate with chromatin modifiers, microprocessing machinery and mRNA stabilizing transcripts to play a multifunctional role in the nucleus. Although a limited number of studies appreciate this novel activity of microRNAs relevant to the cardiovascular system, they provide proof-of-concept that requires consideration while targeting miRNAs with therapeutic potential.
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Abstract
Neuropathy is a common complication of long-term diabetes that impairs quality of life by producing pain, sensory loss and limb amputation. The presence of neuropathy in both insulin-deficient (type 1) and insulin resistant (type 2) diabetes along with the slowing of progression of neuropathy by improved glycemic control in type 1 diabetes has caused the majority of preclinical and clinical investigations to focus on hyperglycemia as the initiating pathogenic lesion. Studies in animal models of diabetes have identified multiple plausible mechanisms of glucotoxicity to the nervous system including post-translational modification of proteins by glucose and increased glucose metabolism by aldose reductase, glycolysis and other catabolic pathways. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that factors not necessarily downstream of hyperglycemia can also contribute to the incidence, progression and severity of neuropathy and neuropathic pain. For example, peripheral nerve contains insulin receptors that transduce the neurotrophic and neurosupportive properties of insulin, independent of systemic glucose regulation, while the detection of neuropathy and neuropathic pain in patients with metabolic syndrome and failure of improved glycemic control to protect against neuropathy in cohorts of type 2 diabetic patients has placed a focus on the pathogenic role of dyslipidemia. This review provides an overview of current understanding of potential initiating lesions for diabetic neuropathy and the multiple downstream mechanisms identified in cell and animal models of diabetes that may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy and neuropathic pain.
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Mucke HAM. Drug Repurposing Patent Applications July-September 2020. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2021; 19:204-208. [PMID: 33606552 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2020.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Sakamoto T, Ishio Y, Ishida Y, Mogi K, Kikusui T. Low maternal licking/grooming stimulation increases pain sensitivity in male mouse offspring. Exp Anim 2021; 70:13-21. [PMID: 32741955 PMCID: PMC7887629 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deprivation of maternal care has been associated with higher pain sensitivity in offspring. In the present study, we hypothesized that the maternal licking/grooming behavior was an important factor for the development of the pain regulatory system. To test this hypothesis, we used male F2 offspring of early-weaned (EW) F1 mother mice that exhibit lower frequency of licking/grooming behavior. The formalin test revealed that F2 offspring of EW F1 dams showed significantly higher pain behavior than F2 offspring of normally-weaned (NW) F1 dams. We found that the mRNA levels of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a nociceptor, were higher in the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of F2 offspring of EW F1 dams than those of F2 offspring of NW F1 dams, suggesting that the higher pain sensitivity may be attributed to low licking/grooming, which may result in developmental changes in nociceptive neurons. In the DRG, mRNA levels of Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor B4 (MrgprB4), a marker of sensory neurons that detect gentle stroking, was also up-regulated in the F2 offspring of EW F1 dams. Considering that gentle touch alleviates pain, Mrgprb4 up-regulation may reflect a compensatory change. The present findings indicate important implications of maternal licking/grooming behavior in the development of the pain regulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sakamoto
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yukino Ishio
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yuiko Ishida
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mogi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kikusui
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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Ustinova M, Peculis R, Rescenko R, Rovite V, Zaharenko L, Elbere I, Silamikele L, Konrade I, Sokolovska J, Pirags V, Klovins J. Novel susceptibility loci identified in a genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes complications in population of Latvia. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:18. [PMID: 33430853 PMCID: PMC7802349 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes complications cause a serious emotional and economical burden to patients and healthcare systems globally. Management of both acute and chronic complications of diabetes, which dramatically impair the quality of patients' life, is still an unsolved issue in diabetes care, suggesting a need for early identification of individuals with high risk for developing diabetes complications. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association study in 601 type 2 diabetes patients after stratifying them according to the presence or absence of four types of diabetes complications: diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, macrovascular complications, and ophthalmic complications. RESULTS The analysis revealed ten novel associations showing genome-wide significance, including rs1132787 (GYPA, OR = 2.71; 95% CI = 2.02-3.64) and diabetic neuropathy, rs2477088 (PDE4DIP, OR = 2.50; 95% CI = 1.87-3.34), rs4852954 (NAT8, OR = 2.27; 95% CI = 2.71-3.01), rs6032 (F5, OR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.63-2.77), rs6935464 (RPS6KA2, OR = 2.25; 95% CI = 6.69-3.01) and macrovascular complications, rs3095447 (CCDC146, OR = 2.18; 95% CI = 1.66-2.87) and ophthalmic complications. By applying the targeted approach of previously reported susceptibility loci we managed to replicate three associations: MAPK14 (rs3761980, rs80028505) and diabetic neuropathy, APOL1 (rs136161) and diabetic nephropathy. CONCLUSIONS Together these results provide further evidence for the implication of genetic factors in the development of type 2 diabetes complications and highlight several potential key loci, able to modify the risk of developing these conditions. Moreover, the candidate variant approach proves a strong and consistent effect for multiple variants across different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monta Ustinova
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, 1067, Latvia
| | - Raitis Peculis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, 1067, Latvia
| | - Raimonds Rescenko
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, 1067, Latvia
| | - Vita Rovite
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, 1067, Latvia
| | - Linda Zaharenko
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, 1067, Latvia
| | - Ilze Elbere
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, 1067, Latvia
| | - Laila Silamikele
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, 1067, Latvia
| | - Ilze Konrade
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, 1067, Latvia.,Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema iela 16, Riga, 1007, Latvia
| | | | - Valdis Pirags
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, 1067, Latvia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 3, Riga, 1004, Latvia
| | - Janis Klovins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, 1067, Latvia.
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25
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Chandrasekhar A, Komirishetty P, Areti A, Krishnan A, Zochodne DW. Dual Specificity Phosphatases Support Axon Plasticity and Viability. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:391-407. [PMID: 32959171 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In peripheral neuropathies, axonal degeneration (AxD) impairs the prognosis for recovery. Here, we describe a role for dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs; MAP kinase phosphatases, MKPs), in supporting autonomous axon plasticity and viability. Both DUSPs 1 and 4 were identified within intact or axotomized sensory neurons. Knockdown of DUSP 1 or 4 independently or combined impaired neurite outgrowth in adult dissociated sensory neurons. Furthermore, adult sensory neurons with DUSP knockdown were rendered sensitive to axonopathy in vitro following exposure to low, subtoxic TrpV1 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1) activation by capsaicin, an intervention normally supportive of growth. This was not prevented by concurrent DLK (dual leucine zipper kinase) knockdown. Ex vivo neurofilament dissolution was heightened by DUSP inhibition within explanted nerves. In vivo DUSP knockdown or inhibition was associated with more rapid loss of motor axon excitability. The addition of SARM1 (sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1) siRNA abrogated DUSP1 and 4 mediated loss of excitability. DUSP knockdown accelerated neurofilament breakdown and there was earlier morphological evidence of myelinated axon degeneration distal to axotomy. Taken together, the findings identify a key role for DUSPs in supporting axon plasticity and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Prashanth Komirishetty
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Aparna Areti
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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26
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Spallone V, Ciccacci C, Latini A, Borgiani P. What Is in the Field for Genetics and Epigenetics of Diabetic Neuropathy: The Role of MicroRNAs. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:5593608. [PMID: 34660810 PMCID: PMC8514969 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5593608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of diabetic neuropathy, its early start, and its impact on quality of life and mortality, unresolved clinical issues persist in the field regarding its screening implementation, the understanding of its mechanisms, and the search for valid biomarkers, as well as disease-modifying treatment. Genetics may address these needs by providing genetic biomarkers of susceptibility, giving insights into pathogenesis, and shedding light on how to select possible responders to treatment. After a brief summary of recent studies on the genetics of diabetic neuropathy, the current review focused mainly on microRNAs (miRNAs), including the authors' results in this field. It summarized the findings of animal and human studies that associate miRNAs with diabetic neuropathy and explored the possible pathogenetic meanings of these associations, in particular regarding miR-128a, miR-155a, and miR-499a, as well as their application for diabetic neuropathy screening. Moreover, from a genetic perspective, it examined new findings of polymorphisms of miRNA genes in diabetic neuropathy. It considered in more depth the pathogenetic implications for diabetic neuropathy of the polymorphism of MIR499A and the related changes in the downstream action of miR-499a, showing how epigenetic and genetic studies may provide insight into pathogenetic mechanisms like mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, the concept and the data of genotype-phenotype association for polymorphism of miRNA genes were described. In conclusion, although at a very preliminary stage, the findings linking the genetics and epigenetics of miRNAs might contribute to the identification of exploratory risk biomarkers, a comprehensive definition of susceptibility to specific pathogenetic mechanisms, and the development of mechanism-based treatment of diabetic neuropathy, thus addressing the goals of genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Spallone
- Department of Systems Medicine, Endocrinology Section, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - C. Ciccacci
- UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Latini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Genetics Section, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - P. Borgiani
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Genetics Section, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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27
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Fan B, Chopp M, Zhang ZG, Liu XS. Emerging Roles of microRNAs as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Diabetic Neuropathy. Front Neurol 2020; 11:558758. [PMID: 33192992 PMCID: PMC7642849 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.558758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is the most prevalent chronic complication of diabetes mellitus. The exact pathophysiological mechanisms of DN are unclear; however, communication network dysfunction among axons, Schwann cells, and the microvascular endothelium likely play an important role in the development of DN. Mounting evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) act as messengers that facilitate intercellular communication and may contribute to the pathogenesis of DN. Deregulation of miRNAs is among the initial molecular alterations observed in diabetics. As such, miRNAs hold promise as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In preclinical studies, miRNA-based treatment of DN has shown evidence of therapeutic potential. But this therapy has been hampered by miRNA instability, targeting specificity, and potential toxicities. Recent findings reveal that when packaged within extracellular vesicles, miRNAs are resistant to degradation, and their delivery efficiency and therapeutic potential is markedly enhanced. Here, we review the latest research progress on the roles of miRNAs as biomarkers and as potential clinical therapeutic targets in DN. We also discuss the promise of exosomal miRNAs as therapeutics and provide recommendations for future research on miRNA-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Xian Shuang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
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28
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Non-coding RNA regulators of diabetic polyneuropathy. Neurosci Lett 2020; 731:135058. [PMID: 32454150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic polyneuropathy is a common and disturbing complication of diabetes mellitus, presenting patients and caregivers with a substantial disease burden. Emerging mechanisms which are underlying diabetes may provide novel pathways to understand diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). Specifically, non-coding RNA molecules consisting of microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in the biological processes underlying DPN, and may link it to clinical spheres such as other metabolic and neural pathologies. Here, we elaborate on several candidate non-coding RNAs which may be associated with DPN via regulatory roles governing phenomena related to inflammatory, pain-provoking, and metabolic syndrome pathways. Specific examples include miRNAs such as miR-106a, -146a, -9, -29b, -466a, and -98; likewise, lncRNAs MIAT, PVT1, H19, MEG3, and MALAT1 are implicated, often co-affecting the involved pathways. Incorporating newly discovered regulators into what we know about specific clinical applications may highlight novel avenues for diagnosis, prevention, and intervention with DPN.
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review addresses one of the most common neurological disorders, diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). DPN is debilitating, irreversible and dwarfs the prevalence of most other chronic disorders of the nervous system. Its complications include foot ulceration, amputation, falling and intractable neuropathic pain. Moreover, tight control of hyperglycemia reduces the incidence of DPN in type 1 diabetes mellitus but its role in type 2 diabetes mellitus is less clear. RECENT FINDINGS New therapeutic options to reverse the development of DPN or its associated pain have been proposed but none have significantly changed the clinical approach. The cause of DPN remains controversial traditionally focused on the impact of metabolic abnormalities, polyol flux, microvascular changes, mitochondria, oxidative stress, lipid biology and others. In particular, there has been less attention toward how this chronic disorder alters peripheral neurobiology. It is now clear that in chronic models of diabetes mellitus there exists a unique form of neurodegeneration with a range of protein, mRNA and microRNA alterations to consider. How to reconcile these molecular and structural alterations with metabolic mechanisms is a challenge. In sensory neurons alone, a primary target of DPN, both central perikaryal cytoplasmic and nuclear changes and altered distal sensory axon terminal plasticity may be involved. SUMMARY In this review, the current therapeutic status of DPN is described with greater emphasis on some new but selected thoughts on its neurobiology. New mechanistic understanding will be essential to developing precision therapeutics for DPN.
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30
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Wang L, Chopp M, Szalad A, Lu X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Cepparulo P, Lu M, Li C, Zhang ZG. Exosomes Derived From Schwann Cells Ameliorate Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:749-759. [PMID: 31915154 PMCID: PMC7085247 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cell-derived exosomes communicate with dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. The current study investigated the therapeutic effect of exosomes derived from healthy Schwann cells (SC-Exos) on diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). We found that intravenous administration of SC-Exos to type 2 diabetic db/db mice with peripheral neuropathy remarkably ameliorated DPN by improving sciatic nerve conduction velocity and increasing thermal and mechanical sensitivity. These functional improvements were associated with the augmentation of epidermal nerve fibers and remyelination of sciatic nerves. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis of sciatic nerve tissues showed that SC-Exo treatment reversed diabetes-reduced mature form of miRNA (miR)-21, -27a, and -146a and diabetes-increased semaphorin 6A (SEMA6A); Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA); phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN); and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In vitro data showed that SC-Exos promoted neurite outgrowth of diabetic DRG neurons and migration of Schwann cells challenged by high glucose. Collectively, these novel data provide evidence that SC-Exos have a therapeutic effect on DPN in mice and suggest that SC-Exo modulation of miRs contributes to this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI
| | | | - XueRong Lu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Xinli Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | | | - Mei Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
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31
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Miura‐Yura E, Tsunekawa S, Naruse K, Nakamura N, Motegi M, Nakai‐Shimoda H, Asano S, Kato M, Yamada Y, Izumoto‐Akita T, Yamamoto A, Himeno T, Kondo M, Kato Y, Nakamura J, Kamiya H. Secreted factors from cultured dental pulp stem cells promoted neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons and ameliorated neural functions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:28-38. [PMID: 31144464 PMCID: PMC6944849 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Transplantation of stem cells promotes axonal regeneration and angiogenesis in a paracrine manner. In the present study, we examined whether the secreted factors in conditioned medium of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED-CM) had beneficial effects on diabetic polyneuropathy in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Conditioned medium of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth was collected 48 h after culturing in serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), and separated into four fractions according to molecular weight. Dorsal root ganglion neurons from C57BL/6J mice were cultured with SHED-CM or DMEM to evaluate the effect on neurite outgrowth. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were injected with 100 μL of SHED-CM or DMEM into the unilateral hindlimb muscles twice a week over a period of 4 weeks. Peripheral nerve functions were evaluated by the plantar test, and motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities. Intraepidermal nerve fiber densities, capillary number-to-muscle fiber ratio, capillary blood flow and morphometry of sural nerves were also evaluated. RESULTS Conditioned medium of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth significantly promoted neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons compared with DMEM. Among four fractions of SHED-CM, the only fraction of <6 kDa promoted the neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons. In addition, SHED-CM significantly prevented decline in sensory nerve conduction velocities compared with DMEM in diabetic mice. Although SHED-CM did not improve intraepidermal nerve fiber densities or morphometry of sural nerves, SHED-CM ameliorated the capillary number-to-muscle fiber ratio and capillary blood flow. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that SHED-CM might have a therapeutic effect on diabetic polyneuropathy through promoting neurite outgrowth, and the increase in capillaries might contribute to the improvement of neural function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiri Miura‐Yura
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Shin Tsunekawa
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Keiko Naruse
- Department of Internal MedicineSchool of DentistryAichi Gakuin UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Nobuhisa Nakamura
- Department of Internal MedicineSchool of DentistryAichi Gakuin UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Mikio Motegi
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Hiromi Nakai‐Shimoda
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Saeko Asano
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Makoto Kato
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Takako Izumoto‐Akita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Akihito Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Oral HistologyInstitute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Tatsuhito Himeno
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Masaki Kondo
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Yoshiro Kato
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Jiro Nakamura
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
| | - Hideki Kamiya
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of Internal MedicineAichi Medical University School of MedicineNagakuteJapan
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32
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Simeoli R, Fierabracci A. Insights into the Role of MicroRNAs in the Onset and Development of Diabetic Neuropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184627. [PMID: 31540445 PMCID: PMC6770207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is a serious complication of chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes patients. This complication can involve both peripheral sensorimotor and autonomic nervous system. The precise nature of injury to the peripheral nerves mediated by chronic hyperglycemia is unknown; however, several mechanisms have been proposed including polyol pathway activation, enhanced glycation of proteins and lipids, increased oxidative stress, and cytokine release in the site of injury. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that mediate RNA interference by post-transcriptionally modulating gene expression and protein synthesis. Therefore, they have been implicated in several developmental, physiological, and pathophysiological processes where they modulate the expression of different proteins. Recently, miRNAs gained an increasing attention also for their role as diagnostic test in many diseases due to their stability in serum and their easy detection. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that miRNAs may be involved in diabetic neuropathy although their role in the onset and the development of this complication is not fully understood. In this review, we discuss the most recent literature providing evidence for miRNAs role in diabetic neuropathy opening new pathways to improve both early diagnosis and treatment of this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Simeoli
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Fierabracci
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy.
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33
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Sakamoto T, Ishio Y, Ishida Y, Mogi K, Kikusui T. Low maternal care enhances the skin barrier resistance of offspring in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219674. [PMID: 31295326 PMCID: PMC6624014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Deprivation of maternal care via lack of somatosensory input causes offspring to experience adverse consequences, especially in the central nervous system. However, little is known about the developmental effect of maternal care on peripheral tissues such as the skin, which includes cutaneous sensory neurons. In the present study, we examined the involvement of maternal care in the development of the skin. We investigated offspring reared by early-weaned mother mice who spontaneously showed lower frequency of licking/grooming on nursing. Offspring of early-weaned mothers showed higher resistance against skin barrier disruption than did offspring of normally-weaned mothers, and had normal skin barrier function in the intact trunk skin. In the dorsal root ganglion of early-weaned mother offspring, we also found up-regulation of mRNA levels of the Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor B4 (MrgprB4), which is a marker of sensory neurons that detect gentle stroking. We further found that levels of MrgprB4 mRNA were correlated with the enhancement of skin resistance. The present findings suggest that maternal somatosensory inputs have a developmental impact on the cutaneous sensory neurons of the skin in offspring. Interestingly, the present results suggest that lower maternal care has a benefit on the skin resistance. This provides important information for understanding the development of peripheral tissues in offspring reared under severe conditions such as lower maternal care in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sakamoto
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukino Ishio
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuiko Ishida
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mogi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takefumi Kikusui
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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34
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Abstract
The global epidemic of prediabetes and diabetes has led to a corresponding epidemic of complications of these disorders. The most prevalent complication is neuropathy, of which distal symmetric polyneuropathy (for the purpose of this Primer, referred to as diabetic neuropathy) is very common. Diabetic neuropathy is a loss of sensory function beginning distally in the lower extremities that is also characterized by pain and substantial morbidity. Over time, at least 50% of individuals with diabetes develop diabetic neuropathy. Glucose control effectively halts the progression of diabetic neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, but the effects are more modest in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These findings have led to new efforts to understand the aetiology of diabetic neuropathy, along with new 2017 recommendations on approaches to prevent and treat this disorder that are specific for each type of diabetes. In parallel, new guidelines for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy using distinct classes of drugs, with an emphasis on avoiding opioid use, have been issued. Although our understanding of the complexities of diabetic neuropathy has substantially evolved over the past decade, the distinct mechanisms underlying neuropathy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes remains unknown. Future discoveries on disease pathogenesis will be crucial to successfully address all aspects of diabetic neuropathy, from prevention to treatment.
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35
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Feldman EL, Callaghan BC, Pop-Busui R, Zochodne DW, Wright DE, Bennett DL, Bril V, Russell JW, Viswanathan V. Diabetic neuropathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5:42. [PMID: 31197183 PMCID: PMC7096070 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The global epidemic of prediabetes and diabetes has led to a corresponding epidemic of complications of these disorders. The most prevalent complication is neuropathy, of which distal symmetric polyneuropathy (for the purpose of this Primer, referred to as diabetic neuropathy) is very common. Diabetic neuropathy is a loss of sensory function beginning distally in the lower extremities that is also characterized by pain and substantial morbidity. Over time, at least 50% of individuals with diabetes develop diabetic neuropathy. Glucose control effectively halts the progression of diabetic neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, but the effects are more modest in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These findings have led to new efforts to understand the aetiology of diabetic neuropathy, along with new 2017 recommendations on approaches to prevent and treat this disorder that are specific for each type of diabetes. In parallel, new guidelines for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy using distinct classes of drugs, with an emphasis on avoiding opioid use, have been issued. Although our understanding of the complexities of diabetic neuropathy has substantially evolved over the past decade, the distinct mechanisms underlying neuropathy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes remains unknown. Future discoveries on disease pathogenesis will be crucial to successfully address all aspects of diabetic neuropathy, from prevention to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,
| | | | - Rodica Pop-Busui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes (MEND), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Douglas W. Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas E. Wright
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - David L. Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vera Bril
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - James W. Russell
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
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36
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Asahchop EL, Branton WG, Krishnan A, Chen PA, Yang D, Kong L, Zochodne DW, Brew BJ, Gill MJ, Power C. HIV-associated sensory polyneuropathy and neuronal injury are associated with miRNA-455-3p induction. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122450. [PMID: 30518697 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptomatic distal sensory polyneuropathy (sDSP) is common and debilitating in people with HIV/AIDS, leading to neuropathic pain, although the condition's cause is unknown. To investigate biomarkers and associated pathogenic mechanisms for sDSP, we examined plasma miRNA profiles in HIV/AIDS patients with sDSP or without sDSP in 2 independent cohorts together with assessing related pathogenic effects. Several miRNAs were found to be increased in the Discovery Cohort (sDSP, n = 29; non-DSP, n = 40) by array analyses and were increased in patients with sDSP compared with patients without sDSP. miR-455-3p displayed a 12-fold median increase in the sDSP group, which was confirmed by machine learning analyses and verified by reverse transcription PCR. In the Validation Cohort (sDSP n = 16, non-DSP n = 20, healthy controls n = 15), significant upregulation of miR-455-3p was also observed in the sDSP group. Bioinformatics revealed that miR-455-3p targeted multiple host genes implicated in peripheral nerve maintenance, including nerve growth factor (NGF) and related genes. Transfection of cultured human dorsal root ganglia with miR-455-3p showed a concentration-dependent reduction in neuronal β-III tubulin expression. Human neurons transfected with miR-455-3p demonstrated reduced neurite outgrowth and NGF expression that was reversed by anti-miR-455-3p antagomir cotreatment. miR-455-3p represents a potential biomarker for HIV-associated sDSP and might also exert pathogenic effects leading to sDSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene L Asahchop
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William G Branton
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patricia A Chen
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Linglong Kong
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Departments of Neurology and HIV, St. Vincent's Hospital, and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - M John Gill
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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37
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Kobayashi M, Zochodne DW. Diabetic neuropathy and the sensory neuron: New aspects of pathogenesis and their treatment implications. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:1239-1254. [PMID: 29533535 PMCID: PMC6215951 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) continues to be generally considered as a "microvascular" complication of diabetes mellitus alongside nephropathy and retinopathy. The microvascular hypothesis, however, might be tempered by the concept that diabetes directly targets dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons. This neuron-specific concept, supported by accumulating evidence, might account for important features of DPN, such as its early sensory neuron degeneration. Diabetic sensory neurons develop neuronal atrophy alongside a series of messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) changes related to declines in structural proteins, increases in heat shock protein, increases in the receptor for advanced glycation end-products, declines in growth factor signaling and other changes. Insulin is recognized as a potent neurotrophic factor, and insulin ligation enhances neurite outgrowth through activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B pathway within sensory neurons and attenuates phenotypic features of experimental DPN. Several interventions, including glucagon-like peptide-1 agonism, and phosphatase and tensin homolog inhibition to activate growth signals in sensory neurons, or heat shock protein overexpression, prevent or reverse neuropathic abnormalities in experimental DPN. Diabetic sensory neurons show a unique pattern of microRNA alterations, a key element of messenger RNA silencing. For example, let-7i is widely expressed in sensory neurons, supports their growth and is depleted in experimental DPN; its replenishment improves features of DPN models. Finally, impairment of pre-messenger RNA splicing in diabetic sensory neurons including abnormal nuclear RNA metabolism and structure with loss of survival motor neuron protein, a neuron survival molecule, and overexpression of CWC22, a splicing factor, offer further novel insights. The present review addresses these new aspects of DPN sensory neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological ScienceGraduate School of MedicineTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
- Department of NeurologyYokufukai Geriatric HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology and Department of MedicineNeuroscience and Mental Health InstituteFaculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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Guo G, Liu Y, Ren S, Kang Y, Duscher D, Machens HG, Chen Z. Comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed microRNAs and mRNAs in dorsal root ganglia from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202696. [PMID: 30118515 PMCID: PMC6097669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a common complication associated with diabetes mellitus with a pathogenesis that is incompletely understood. By regulating RNA silencing and post-transcriptional gene expression, microRNAs participate in various biological processes and human diseases. However, the relationship between microRNAs and the progress of diabetic peripheral neuropathy still lacks a thorough exploration. Here we used microarray microRNA and mRNA expression profiling to analyze the microRNAs and mRNAs which are aberrantly expressed in dorsal root ganglia from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. We found that 37 microRNAs and 1357 mRNAs were differentially expressed in comparison to non-diabetic samples. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that 399 gene ontology terms and 29 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways were significantly enriched in diabetic rats. Additionally, a microRNA-gene network evaluation identified rno-miR-330-5p, rno-miR-17-1-3p and rno-miR-346 as important players for network regulation. Finally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to confirm the microarray results. In conclusion, this study provides a systematic perspective of microRNA and mRNA expression in dorsal root ganglia from diabetic rats, and suggests that dysregulated microRNAs and mRNAs may be important promotors of peripheral neuropathy. Our results may be the underlying framework of future studies regarding the effect of the aberrantly expressed genes on the pathophysiology of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yutian Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sen Ren
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dominik Duscher
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Günther Machens
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhenbing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Jia L, Chopp M, Wang L, Lu X, Zhang Y, Szalad A, Zhang ZG. MiR-34a Regulates Axonal Growth of Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons by Targeting FOXP2 and VAT1 in Postnatal and Adult Mouse. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9089-9099. [PMID: 29637443 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia impairs nerve fibers of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, leading to diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying DPN are not fully understood. Using a mouse model of type II diabetes (db/db mouse), we found that microRNA-34a (miR-34a) was over-expressed in DRG, sciatic nerve, and foot pad tissues of db/db mice. In vitro, high glucose significantly upregulated miR-34a in postnatal and adult DRG neurons, which was associated with inhibition of axonal growth. Overexpression and attenuation of miR-34a in postnatal and adult DRG neurons suppressed and promoted, respectively, axonal growth. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that miR-34a putatively targets forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) and vesicle amine transport 1 (VAT1), which were decreased in diabetic tissues and in cultured DRG neurons under high glucose conditions. Dual-luciferase assay showed that miR-34a downregulated FOXP2 and VAT1 expression by targeting their 3' UTR. Gain-of- and loss-of-function analysis showed an inverse relation between augmentation of miR-34a and reduction of FOXP2 and VAT1 proteins in postnatal and adult DRG neurons. Knockdown of FOXP2 and VAT1 reduced axonal growth. Together, these findings suggest that miR-34a and its target genes of FOXP2 and VAT1 are involved in DRG neuron damage under hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Jia
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Department of Neurolgoy, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Department of Physics Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Xuerong Lu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Alexandra Szalad
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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40
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Zochodne DW. Local blood flow in peripheral nerves and their ganglia: Resurrecting key ideas around its measurement and significance. Muscle Nerve 2018; 57:884-895. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.26031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
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41
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Prabodha LBL, Sirisena ND, Dissanayake VHW. Susceptible and Prognostic Genetic Factors Associated with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:8641942. [PMID: 29736170 PMCID: PMC5875044 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8641942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a disorder of glucose metabolism. It is a complex process involving the regulation of insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, gluconeogenesis, and glucose uptake at the cellular level. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the debilitating complications that is present in approximately 50% of diabetic patients. It is the primary cause of diabetes-related hospital admissions and nontraumatic foot amputations. The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy is a complex process that involves hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and altered polyol metabolism that changes the nerve microvasculature, altered growth factor support, and deregulated lipid metabolism. Recent literature has reported that there are several heterogeneous groups of susceptible genetic loci which clearly contribute to the development of DPN. Several studies have reported that some patients with prediabetes develop neuropathic complications, whereas others demonstrated little evidence of neuropathy even after long-standing diabetes. There is emerging evidence that genetic factors may contribute to the development of DPN. This paper aims to provide an up-to-date review of the susceptible and prognostic genetic factors associated with DPN. An extensive survey of the scientific literature published in PubMed using the search terms "Diabetic peripheral neuropathy/genetics" and "genome-wide association study" was carried out, and the most recent and relevant literature were included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. B. L. Prabodha
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - N. D. Sirisena
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - V. H. W. Dissanayake
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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42
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Barutta F, Bellini S, Mastrocola R, Bruno G, Gruden G. MicroRNA and Microvascular Complications of Diabetes. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:6890501. [PMID: 29707000 PMCID: PMC5863305 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6890501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, miRNAs have received substantial attention as potential players of diabetes microvascular complications, affecting the kidney, the retina, and the peripheral neurons. Compelling evidence indicates that abnormally expressed miRNAs have pivotal roles in key pathogenic processes of microvascular complications, such as fibrosis, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Moreover, clinical research into innovative both diagnostic and prognostic tools suggests circulating miRNAs as possible novel noninvasive markers of diabetes microvascular complications. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and understanding of the role of miRNAs in the injury to the microvascular bed in diabetes and discuss the potential of miRNAs as clinical biomarkers of diabetes microvascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Barutta
- Laboratory of Diabetic Nephropathy, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - S. Bellini
- Laboratory of Diabetic Nephropathy, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - R. Mastrocola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - G. Bruno
- Laboratory of Diabetic Nephropathy, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - G. Gruden
- Laboratory of Diabetic Nephropathy, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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43
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Kobayashi M, Chandrasekhar A, Cheng C, Martinez JA, Ng H, de la Hoz C, Zochodne DW. Diabetic polyneuropathy, sensory neurons, nuclear structure and spliceosome alterations: a role for CWC22. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:215-224. [PMID: 28250049 PMCID: PMC5374325 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.028225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique deficits in the function of adult sensory neurons as part of their early neurodegeneration might account for progressive polyneuropathy during chronic diabetes mellitus. Here, we provide structural and functional evidence for aberrant pre-mRNA splicing in a chronic type 1 model of experimental diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). Cajal bodies (CBs), unique nuclear substructures involved in RNA splicing, increased in number in diabetic sensory neurons, but their expected colocalization with survival motor neuron (SMN) proteins was reduced - a mislocalization described in motor neurons of spinal muscular atrophy. Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs), also participants in the spliceosome, had abnormal multiple nuclear foci unassociated with CBs, and their associated snRNAs were reduced. CWC22, a key spliceosome protein, was aberrantly upregulated in diabetic dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and impaired neuronal function. CWC22 attenuated sensory neuron plasticity, with knockdown in vitro enhancing their neurite outgrowth. Further, axonal delivery of CWC22 siRNA unilaterally to locally knock down the aberrant protein in diabetic nerves improved aspects of sensory function in diabetic mice. Collectively, our findings identify subtle but significant alterations in spliceosome structure and function, including dysregulated CBs and CWC22 overexpression, in diabetic sensory neurons that offer new ideas regarding diabetic sensory neurodegeneration in polyneuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kobayashi
- Division of Neurology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Division of Neurology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - Chu Cheng
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Jose A Martinez
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Hilarie Ng
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Cristiane de la Hoz
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2G3 .,Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
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44
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de la Hoz CL, Cheng C, Fernyhough P, Zochodne DW. A model of chronic diabetic polyneuropathy: benefits from intranasal insulin are modified by sex and RAGE deletion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E407-E419. [PMID: 28223295 PMCID: PMC5451527 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00444.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is a progressive complication of chronic diabetes mellitus. Preliminary evidence has suggested that intranasal insulin, in doses insufficient to alter hyperglycemia, suppresses the development of DPN. In this work we confirm this finding, but demonstrate that its impact is modified by sex and deletion of RAGE, the receptor for advanced glycosylation end products. We serially evaluated experimental DPN in male and female wild-type mice and male RAGE null (RN) mice, each with nondiabetic controls, during 16 wk of diabetes, the final 8 wk including groups given intranasal insulin. Age-matched nondiabetic female mice had higher motor and sensory conduction velocities than their male counterparts and had lesser conduction slowing from chronic diabetes. Intranasal insulin improved slowing in both sexes. In male RN mice, there was less conduction slowing with chronic diabetes, and intranasal insulin provided limited benefits. Rotarod testing and hindpaw grip power offered less consistent impacts. Mechanical sensitivity and thermal sensitivity were respectively but disparately changed and improved with insulin in wild-type female and male mice but not RN male mice. These studies confirm that intranasal insulin improves indexes of experimental DPN but indicates that females with DPN may differ in their underlying phenotype. RN mice had partial but incomplete protection from underlying DPN and lesser impacts from insulin. We also identify an important role for sex in the development of DPN and report evidence that insulin and AGE-RAGE pathways in its pathogenesis may overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane L de la Hoz
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Chu Cheng
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Paul Fernyhough
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada;
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
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Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a broad group of endogenous small non-coding molecules that reduce the transcription of mRNA and play a key role in post-transcriptional gene processes. miRNAs are involved in onset and progression of several human disorders such as infectious and immune non-infectious diseases, cancers, metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. They regulate the expression of gene targets (e.g. oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes) and act as gene repressors with mRNA binding and cleavage. The increasing evidence that miRNAs play a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular conditions could radically change the future management approach to these disorders. This review focuses on current knowledge about the influence of miRNAs on cardiovascular disease, with particular regard to common conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes and migraine. Key messages miRNAs are a group of endogenous small non-coding RNA segments measuring 19-25 nucleotides that are involved in physiologic processes and onset and progression of disorders such as infectious and immune non-infectious diseases, cancers, metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. miRNAs expression guarantees vascular integrity, by regulating apoptosis, VEGF pathway and VCAM 1 expression (-126), and is involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation process and progression. Hyperglycemia, overt diabetes, and their complications are associated with overexpression of several miRNAs. An altered expression of miRNAs has also been postulated in migraine patients, although only a few preliminary studies have so far been performed with this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Tana
- a Internal Medicine Unit, Medical Department, Guastalla Hospital, AUSL Reggio Emilia , Italy
| | - Maria Adele Giamberardino
- b Geriatrics Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging , "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti , Italy
| | - Francesco Cipollone
- b Geriatrics Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging , "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti , Italy.,c Geriatrics Clinic and European Center of Excellence on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti , Italy
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Huang X, Xie H, Xue G, Ye M, Zhang L. MiR-3202 - Promoted H5V Cell Apoptosis by Directly Targeting Fas Apoptotic Inhibitory Molecule 2 (FAIM2) in High Glucose Condition. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:975-983. [PMID: 28228635 PMCID: PMC5335645 DOI: 10.12659/msm.899443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular complications are a major concern for patients with diabetes. Endothelial cells (ECs) play a key role in vascular function. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play an important role in mediating EC function; miRNAs are vulnerable to hyperglycemic conditions. Previous reports verified that Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule 2 (FAIM2) can inhibit cell apoptosis through repressing the FAS-associated death domain protein (FADD) pathway. This current study was designed to explore the potential involvement of miR-3202 in the pathogenesis of ECs in high-glucose conditions. Material/Methods The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miR-3202 in regulating hyperglycemia-induced ECs by targeting FAIM2. The endothelial cell line H5V was cultured in a high-glucose condition to induce damage to FAIM2 expression in ECs; mimic and inhibition of miR-3202 were used to enhance and depress miR-3202’s function to explore its function on FAIM2. Results Our study showed that FAIM2 was inhibited by high-glucose conditions, and miRNA-3202 was induced by high-glucose conditions. FAIM2 was identified as the target gene of miRNA-3202; luciferase reporter assays confirmed that FAIM2 was downregulated by miR-3202 directly, that is, miR-3202 can upregulate Fas/FADD through inhibiting FAIM2. Conclusions MiR-3202 can promote EC apoptosis in hyperglycemic conditions, which demonstrated that EC apoptosis induced by high-glucose conditions partly depends on miR-3202 targeting FAIM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Guanhua Xue
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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Sharma S, Mathew AB, Chugh J. miRNAs: Nanomachines That Micromanage the Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus. Adv Clin Chem 2017; 82:199-264. [PMID: 28939211 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a combination of heterogeneous complex metabolic disorders that are associated with episodes of hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance occurring as a result of defects in insulin secretion, action, or both. The prevalence of DM is increasing at an alarming rate, and there exists a need to develop better therapeutics and prognostic markers for earlier detection and diagnosis. In this review, after giving a brief introduction of diabetes mellitus and microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis pathway, we first describe various in vitro and animal model systems that have been developed to study diabetes. Further, we elaborate on the significant roles played by miRNAs as regulators of gene expression in the context of development of diabetes and its secondary complications. The different approaches to quantify miRNAs and their potential to be used as therapeutic targets for alleviation of diabetes have also been discussed.
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Zochodne DW. Sensory Neurodegeneration in Diabetes: Beyond Glucotoxicity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 127:151-80. [PMID: 27133149 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic polyneuropathy in humans is of gradual, sometimes insidious onset, and is more likely to occur if glucose control is poor. Arguments that the disorder arises chiefly from glucose toxicity however ignore the greater complexity of a unique neurodegenerative disorder. For example, sensory neurons regularly thrive in media with levels of glucose at or exceeding those of poorly controlled diabetic persons. Also, all of the linkages between hyperglycemia and neuropathy develop in the setting of altered insulin availability or sensitivity. Insulin itself is recognized as a potent growth, or trophic factor for adult sensory neurons. Low doses of insulin, insufficient to alter blood glucose levels, reverse features of diabetic neurodegeneration in animal models. Insulin resistance, as occurs in diabetic adipose tissue, liver, and muscle, also develops in sensory neurons, offering a mechanism for neurodegeneration in the setting of normal or elevated insulin levels. Other interventions that "shore up" sensory neurons prevent features of diabetic polyneuropathy from developing despite persistent hyperglycemia. More recently evidence has emerged that a series of subtle molecular changes in sensory neurons can be linked to neurodegeneration including epigenetic changes in the control of gene expression. Understanding the new complexity of sensory neuron degeneration may give rise to therapeutic strategies that have a higher chance of success in the clinical trial arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Zochodne
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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49
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Abstract
Diabetic neuropathies are common and their prevalence is rising with the growth in the global prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Several patterns of neuropathy have now been described, with diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DPN) being the most common. Autonomic neuropathy, entrapment neuropathies including carpal tunnel syndrome and ulnar neuropathy at the elbow pose additional burdens. DPN can be detected in over half of all diabetic subjects and approximately 20% of all patients with DPN also experience neuropathic pain, a complication with major impacts on quality of life. Currently, the only available treatments for DPN are optimal glucose control and pain management, whereas interventions, beyond optimizing hyperglycemic control, to address the underlying polyneuropathy are not available. Here we review current treatment options and new literature relating to DPN, with an emphasis on novel and emerging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Anderson
- a Department of Medicine (Neurology) , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- a Department of Medicine (Neurology) , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
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50
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Caporali A, Miscianinov V, Saif J, Emanueli C. MicroRNA transport in cardiovascular complication of diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:2111-2120. [PMID: 26806392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional inhibitory regulators of gene expression by binding to complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts. Extracellular miRNAs are transported by membrane-derived vesicles (exosomes and microparticles), lipoproteins, and other ribonucleoprotein complexes. Extracellular microRNAs are emerging as important mediators of intercellular communications, being involved in the transmission of biological signals between cells. Several miRNAs have been identified as having a primary impact on many biological processes that are of direct relevance to cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Whether the extracellular miRNAs are directly involved in the regulation of these processes is yet to be established. Here, we review recent progresses in extracellular miRNA biology and the role of extracellular miRNA in diabetes induced cardiovascular disease, describing the regulators affecting miRNA transport and the mechanisms for different miRNA transporters. In addition, we discuss the advancement of the research in this field and identify the associated challenges. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MicroRNAs and lipid/energy metabolism and related diseases edited by Carlos Fernández-Hernando and Yajaira Suárez.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caporali
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vladislav Miscianinov
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jaimy Saif
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; National Heart Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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