1
|
Garner M, Rajani B, Vaidya P, Dayeh SA, Cecchi AC, Miyake CC, Huff V, Wanat M, Wang E, Kurzlechner LM, Landstrom AP, An D, Liang Y, Moulik M, Wong TC, Cunha SR, Cannon A, Holt RL, Milewicz DM, Prakash SK. The UTHealth Houston Adult Cardiovascular Genomics Certificate Program: Efficacy and Impact on Healthcare Professionals. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4469272. [PMID: 38947076 PMCID: PMC11213163 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4469272/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Background The demand for genetic services has outpaced the availability of resources, challenging clinicians untrained in genetic integration into clinical decision-making. The UTHealth Adult Cardiovascular Genomics Certificate (CGC) program trains non-genetic healthcare professionals to recognize, assess, and refer patients with heritable cardiovascular diseases. This asynchronous online course includes 24 modules in three tiers of increasing complexity, using realistic clinical scenarios, interactive dialogues, quizzes, and tests to reinforce learning. We hypothesized that the CGC will increase genomic competencies in this underserved audience and encourage applying genomic concepts in clinical practice. Methods Required course evaluations include pre- and post-assessments, knowledge checks in each module, and surveys for module-specific feedback. After 6 months, longitudinal feedback surveys gathered data on the long-term impact of the course on clinical practice and conducted focused interviews with learners. Results The CGC was accredited in September 2022. Principal learners were nurses (24%), nurse practitioners (21%), physicians (16%), and physician assistants. Scores of 283 learners in paired pre- and post-assessments increased specific skills related to recognizing heritable diseases, understanding inheritance patterns, and interpreting genetic tests. Interviews highlighted the CGC's modular structure and linked resources as key strengths. Learners endorsed confidence to use genetic information in clinical practice, such as discussing genetic concepts and risks with patients and referring patients for genetic testing. Learners were highly likely to recommend the CGC to colleagues, citing its role in enhancing heritable disease awareness. Conclusions The CGC program effectively empowers non-genetic clinicians to master genomic competencies, fostering collaboration to prevent deaths from heritable cardiovascular diseases, and potentially transforming healthcare education and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vicki Huff
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel An
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Yafen Liang
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | | | | | - Shane R Cunha
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rungvivatjarus T, Bialostozky M, Chong AZ, Huang JS, Kuelbs CL. Preparing Future Pediatric Care Providers with a Clinical Informatics Elective. Appl Clin Inform 2024; 15:437-445. [PMID: 38839064 PMCID: PMC11152768 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical informatics (CI) has reshaped how medical information is shared, evaluated, and utilized in health care delivery. The widespread integration of electronic health records (EHRs) mandates proficiency among physicians and practitioners, yet medical trainees face a scarcity of opportunities for CI education. OBJECTIVES We developed a CI rotation at a tertiary pediatric care center to teach categorical pediatric, pediatric-neurology, and medicine-pediatric residents foundational CI knowledge and applicable EHR skills. METHODS Created in 2017 and redesigned in 2020, a CI rotation aimed to provide foundational CI knowledge, promote longitudinal learning, and encourage real-world application of CI skills/tools. Led by a team of five physician informaticist faculty, the curriculum offers personalized rotation schedules and individual sessions with faculty for each trainee. Trainees were tasked with completing an informatics project, knowledge assessment, and self-efficacy perception survey before and after rotation. Paired t-test analyses were used to compare pre- and postcurriculum perception survey. RESULTS Thirty-one residents have completed the elective with their projects contributing to diverse areas such as medical education, division-specific initiatives, documentation improvement, regulatory compliance, and operating plan goals. The mean knowledge assessment percentage score increased from 77% (11.6) to 92% (10.6; p ≤ 0.05). Residents' perception surveys demonstrated improved understanding and confidence across various informatics concepts and tools (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION Medical trainees are increasingly interested in CI education and find it valuable. Our medical education curriculum was successful at increasing residents' understanding, self-efficacy, and confidence in utilizing CI concepts and EHR tools. Future data are needed to assess the impact such curricula have on graduates' proficiency and efficiency in the use of CI tools in the clinical workplace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiranun Rungvivatjarus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Mario Bialostozky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Amy Z. Chong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Jeannie S. Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Cynthia L. Kuelbs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Black-Schaffer WS, Robboy SJ, Gross DJ, Crawford JM, Johnson K, Austin M, Karcher DS, Johnson RL, Powell SZ, Sanfrancesco J, Cohen MB. Evidence-Based Alignment of Pathology Residency With Practice II: Findings and Implications. Acad Pathol 2021; 8:23742895211002816. [PMID: 33889716 PMCID: PMC8040604 DOI: 10.1177/23742895211002816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents findings from a 4-year series of surveys of new-in-practice pathologists, and a survey of physician employers of new pathologists, assessing how pathology graduate medical education prepares its graduates for practice. Using the methodology described in our previous study, we develop evidence for the importance of residency training for various practice areas, comparing findings over different practice settings, sizes, and lengths of time in practice. The principal findings are (1) while new-in-practice pathologists and their employers report residency generally prepared them well for practice, some areas—billing and coding, laboratory management, molecular pathology, and pathology informatics—consistently were identified as being important in practice but inadequately prepared for in residency; (2) other areas—autopsy pathology, and subspecialized apheresis and blood donor center blood banking services—consistently were identified as relatively unimportant in practice and excessively prepared for in residency; (3) the notion of a single comprehensive model for categorical training in residency is challenged by the disparity between broad general practice in some settings and narrower subspecialty practice in others; and (4) the need for preparation in some areas evolves during practice, raising questions about the appropriate mode and circumstance for training in these areas. The implications of these findings range from rebalancing the emphasis among practice areas in residency, to reconsidering the structure of graduate medical education in pathology to meet present and evolving future practice needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Stephen Black-Schaffer
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David J Gross
- College of American Pathologists, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James M Crawford
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | | | - Melissa Austin
- Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Donald S Karcher
- George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Suzanne Z Powell
- Weill Cornell Medical College Houston, TX, USA.,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael B Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Geng LN, Kohler JN, Levonian P, Bernstein JA, Ford JM, Ahuja N, Witteles R, Hom J, Wheeler M. Genomics in medicine: a novel elective rotation for internal medicine residents. Postgrad Med J 2019; 95:569-572. [DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-136355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognised that medical training globally and at all levels lacks sufficient incorporation of genetics and genomics education to keep up with the rapid advances and growing application of genomics to clinical care. However, the best strategy to implement these desired changes into postgraduate medical training and engage learners is still unclear. We developed a novel elective rotation in ‘Genomic Medicine and Undiagnosed Diseases’ for categorical Internal Medicine Residents to address this educational gap and serve as an adaptable model for training that can be applied broadly across different specialties and at other institutions. Key curriculum goals achieved include increased understanding about genetic testing modalities and tools available for diagnosis and risk analysis, the role of genetics-trained allied health professionals, and indications and limitations of genetic and genomic testing in both rare and common conditions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Aday
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Calum A MacRae
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Educational Gaps in Molecular Diagnostics, Genomics, and Personalized Medicine in Dermatopathology Training: A Survey of U.S. Dermatopathology Fellowship Program Directors. Am J Dermatopathol 2018; 40:43-48. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Adeola HA, Soyele OO, Adefuye AO, Jimoh SA, Butali A. Omics-based molecular techniques in oral pathology centred cancer: prospect and challenges in Africa. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:61. [PMID: 28592923 PMCID: PMC5460491 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The completion of the human genome project and the accomplished milestones in the human proteome project; as well as the progress made so far in computational bioinformatics and "big data" processing have contributed immensely to individualized/personalized medicine in the developed world. MAIN BODY At the dawn of precision medicine, various omics-based therapies and bioengineering can now be applied accurately for the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and risk stratification of cancer in a manner that was hitherto not thought possible. The widespread introduction of genomics and other omics-based approaches into the postgraduate training curriculum of diverse medical and dental specialties, including pathology has improved the proficiency of practitioners in the use of novel molecular signatures in patient management. In addition, intricate details about disease disparity among different human populations are beginning to emerge. This would facilitate the use of tailor-made novel theranostic methods based on emerging molecular evidences. CONCLUSION In this review, we examined the challenges and prospects of using currently available omics-based technologies vis-à-vis oral pathology as well as prompt cancer diagnosis and treatment in a resource limited setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry A. Adeola
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Olujide O. Soyele
- Department of Oral Maxillo-facial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Anthonio O. Adefuye
- Division of Health Sciences Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Sikiru A. Jimoh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, Eastern Cape South Africa
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gerhard GS, Jin Q, Paynton BV, Popoff SN. The Anatomy to Genomics (ATG) Start Genetics medical school initiative: incorporating exome sequencing data from cadavers used for Anatomy instruction into the first year curriculum. BMC Med Genomics 2016; 9:62. [PMID: 27716216 PMCID: PMC5053090 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-016-0223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing use of next generation DNA sequencing in clinical medicine is exposing the need for more genetics education in physician training. We piloted an initiative to determine the feasibility of incorporating exome sequencing data generated from DNA obtained from cadavers used for teaching Anatomy into a first year medical student integrated block-style course. METHODS We optimized the procedure to obtain DNA for exome sequencing by comparing the quality and quantity of DNA isolated from several tissues by two different extraction methods. DNA was sequenced using exome capture and analyzed using standard methods. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs), as well as small insertions/deletions, with potential functional impact were selected by faculty for student teams to independently investigate and prepare presentations on their findings. RESULTS A total of seven cadaver DNAs were sequenced yielding high quality results. SNVs were identified that were associated, with known physical traits and disease susceptibility, as well as pharmacogenomic phenotypes. Students presented findings based on correlation with known clinical information about the cadavers' diseases and traits. CONCLUSION Exome sequencing of cadaver DNA is a useful tool to integrate Anatomy with Genetics and Biochemistry into a first year medical student core curriculum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn S. Gerhard
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, 960 Medical Education and Research Building (MERB), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Qunyan Jin
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Barbara V. Paynton
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Steven N. Popoff
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Manolio TA. Implementing genomics and pharmacogenomics in the clinic: The National Human Genome Research Institute's genomic medicine portfolio. Atherosclerosis 2016; 253:225-236. [PMID: 27612677 PMCID: PMC5064852 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing knowledge about the influence of genetic variation on human health and growing availability of reliable, cost-effective genetic testing have spurred the implementation of genomic medicine in the clinic. As defined by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), genomic medicine uses an individual's genetic information in his or her clinical care, and has begun to be applied effectively in areas such as cancer genomics, pharmacogenomics, and rare and undiagnosed diseases. In 2011 NHGRI published its strategic vision for the future of genomic research, including an ambitious research agenda to facilitate and promote the implementation of genomic medicine. To realize this agenda, NHGRI is consulting and facilitating collaborations with the external research community through a series of "Genomic Medicine Meetings," under the guidance and leadership of the National Advisory Council on Human Genome Research. These meetings have identified and begun to address significant obstacles to implementation, such as lack of evidence of efficacy, limited availability of genomics expertise and testing, lack of standards, and difficulties in integrating genomic results into electronic medical records. The six research and dissemination initiatives comprising NHGRI's genomic research portfolio are designed to speed the evaluation and incorporation, where appropriate, of genomic technologies and findings into routine clinical care. Actual adoption of successful approaches in clinical care will depend upon the willingness, interest, and energy of professional societies, practitioners, patients, and payers to promote their responsible use and share their experiences in doing so.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teri A Manolio
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, 5635 Fishers Lane, Room 4113, MSC 9305, Bethesda MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Weitzel KW, McDonough CW, Elsey AR, Burkley B, Cavallari LH, Johnson JA. Effects of Using Personal Genotype Data on Student Learning and Attitudes in a Pharmacogenomics Course. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2016; 80:122. [PMID: 27756930 PMCID: PMC5066925 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe807122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate the impact of personal genotyping and a novel educational approach on student attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs regarding pharmacogenomics and genomic medicine. Methods. Two online elective courses (pharmacogenomics and genomic medicine) were offered to student pharmacists at the University of Florida using a flipped-classroom, patient-centered teaching approach. In the pharmacogenomics course, students could be genotyped and apply results to patient cases. Results. Thirty-four and 19 student pharmacists completed the pharmacogenomics and genomic medicine courses, respectively, and 100% of eligible students (n=34) underwent genotyping. Student knowledge improved after the courses. Seventy-four percent (n=25) of students reported better understanding of pharmacogenomics based on having undergone genotyping. Conclusions. Completion of a novel pharmacogenomics elective course sequence that incorporated personal genotyping and genomic medicine was associated with increased student pharmacist knowledge and improved clinical confidence with pharmacogenomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Wiisanen Weitzel
- University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida
- University of Florida Center for Pharmacogenomics, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Caitrin W. McDonough
- University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida
- University of Florida Center for Pharmacogenomics, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Amanda R. Elsey
- University of Florida Clinical Translational Science Institute, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Benjamin Burkley
- University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida
- University of Florida Center for Pharmacogenomics, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Larisa H. Cavallari
- University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida
- University of Florida Center for Pharmacogenomics, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Julie A. Johnson
- University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida
- University of Florida Center for Pharmacogenomics, Gainesville, Florida
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Laudadio J, McNeal JL, Boyd SD, Le LP, Lockwood C, McCloskey CB, Sharma G, Voelkerding KV, Haspel RL. Design of a Genomics Curriculum: Competencies for Practicing Pathologists. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139:894-900. [PMID: 26125429 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0253-cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The field of genomics is rapidly impacting medical care across specialties. To help guide test utilization and interpretation, pathologists must be knowledgeable about genomic techniques and their clinical utility. The technology allowing timely generation of genomic data is relatively new to patient care and the clinical laboratory, and therefore, many currently practicing pathologists have been trained without any molecular or genomics exposure. Furthermore, the exposure that current and recent trainees receive in this field remains inconsistent. OBJECTIVE To assess pathologists' learning needs in genomics and to develop a curriculum to address these educational needs. DESIGN A working group formed by the College of American Pathologists developed an initial list of genomics competencies (knowledge and skills statements) that a practicing pathologist needs to be successful. Experts in genomics were then surveyed to rate the importance of each competency. These data were used to create a final list of prioritized competencies. A subset of the working group defined subtopics and tasks for each competency. Appropriate delivery methods for the educational material were also proposed. RESULTS A final list of 32 genomics competency statements was developed. A prioritized curriculum was created with designated subtopics and tasks associated with each competency. CONCLUSIONS We present a genomics curriculum designed as a first step toward providing practicing pathologists with the competencies needed to practice successfully.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard L Haspel
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (Dr Laudadio)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Genomic testing has entered oncology practice. With reduced cost and faster turnaround times, clinical applications for next-generation sequencing-based assays will only continue to increase. As such, there is an urgent need for health professional education to allow implementation of these new diagnostic tools. However, current medical school, residency, and fellowship training has had limited success in educating physicians in the fundamentals of single-gene testing, let alone genomic methods. In this review, we describe the novel approach the pathology community has taken in genomic education and the potential for application to oncology trainees.
Collapse
|
13
|
Riben M. The challenge of integrating informatics training during residency. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 142:732-4. [PMID: 25389323 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpzk30stqfjhsh] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Riben
- Department of Pathology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
LaChance A, Murphy MJ. Keeping up with the times: revising the dermatology residency curriculum in the era of molecular diagnostics and personalized medicine. Int J Dermatol 2014; 53:1377-82. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avery LaChance
- Division of Dermatopathology; Department of Dermatology; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington CT USA
| | - Michael J. Murphy
- Division of Dermatopathology; Department of Dermatology; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington CT USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Murphy MJ. A call to action: dermatopathology in the age of molecular testing--education in molecular diagnostics, genomics and personalized medicine. J Cutan Pathol 2013; 40:687-9. [PMID: 23593970 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|