Psychological Determinants of Heart Failure Self-Care: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Anxiety, depression, and Type D personality in ischaemic heart disease patients receiving treatment from outpatient clinics in a government hospital in Sri Lanka

BACKGROUND

Anxiety, depression, and Type D personality are strongly correlated with the prognosis of IHD and the effectiveness of therapy. The main purpose of this study was to assess the proportions and associations of anxiety, depression, and Type D personality among clinically stable IHD patients (aged 18-60) treated at an outpatient clinic operated by a government hospital in Sri Lanka, who were diagnosed with IHD within the preceding three months.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study design was analysed using SPSS® version 23.0. The validated Sinhalese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to measure anxiety and depression, while the DS-14 was used to determine Type D personality traits.

RESULTS

Among the 399 patients, 29.8% (n = 119) had anxiety, 24.8% (n = 99) had depression, and 24.6% (n = 24.6) had Type D personality. The level of anxiety had a significant association with depression (p = 0.002) and Type D personality (p = 0.003). Furthermore, depression was significantly associated with ethnicity (p = 0.014), occupation (p = 0.010), and type D personality (p = 0.009). Type D personality was the strongest predictor of anxiety, with patients being 1.902 times more likely to experience anxiety (95% CI 1.149-3.148; p = 0.012). Anxiety was a significant predictor of depression, with patients being 1.997 times more likely to experience depression (95% CI 1.210-3.296; p = 0.007). Non-Sinhalese ethnic background was also a significant predictor of depression (OR: 0.240; 95% CI 0.073-0.785; p = 0.018). Anxiety increased the likelihood of having Type D personality traits by 1.899 times (95% CI 1.148-3.143; p = 0.013).

CONCLUSION

The current study recommends the importance of screening and treating the psychological risk factors of IHD patients parallel to their IHD treatment to improve their prognosis. These insights highlight the need for targeted interventions that address depression, anxiety and the impact of Type D personality traits in enhancing the overall management and prognosis of IHD.

The symptom perception processes of monitoring, awareness, and evaluation in patients with heart failure: a qualitative descriptive study

AIMS

Patients with heart failure (HF) experience various signs and symptoms and have difficulties in perceiving them. Integrating insights from patients who have engaged in the process of symptom perception is crucial for enhancing our understanding of the theoretical concept of symptom perception. This study aimed to describe how patients with HF perceive symptoms through the processes of monitoring, awareness, and evaluation and what influences the process.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Using a qualitative descriptive design, we conducted in-person semi-structured interviews with a purposeful sample of 40 adults experiencing an unplanned hospitalization for a HF symptom exacerbation. We elicited how patients monitor, become aware of, and evaluate symptoms prior to hospitalization. Data were analysed using directed qualitative content analysis. One overarching theme and three major themes emerged. Patients demonstrated Body listening, which involved active and individualized symptom monitoring tactics to observe bodily changes outside one's usual range. Trajectory of bodily change involved the patterns or characteristics of bodily changes that became apparent to patients. Three subthemes-sudden and alarming change, gradual change, and fluctuating change emerged. Patients evaluated symptoms through an Exclusionary process, sequentially attributing symptoms to a cause through a cognitive process of excluding possible causes until the most plausible cause remained. Facilitators and barriers to symptom monitoring, awareness, and evaluation were identified.

CONCLUSION

This study elaborates the comprehensive symptom perception process used by adults with HF. Tailored nursing interventions should be developed based on the factors identified in each phase of the process to improve symptom perception in HF.

Are disease-specific patient-reported outcomes measures (PROMs) used in cardiogenetics? A systematic review

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used to facilitate patient-centered care (PCC). While studies in patients with cardiac conditions have revealed poorer health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and elevated emotional stress, studies in inherited cardiac conditions (ICC) seem rare. A systematic review evaluated which (specific domains of) PROMs are used in patients with ICC. From three databases (PubMed, PsychINFO, and Web of Science) quantitative studies investigating PROMs in patients with ICC were included. A Cochrane-based assessment tool was used to evaluate quality and potential risk of bias per subdomain. Data from 17 eligible articles were extracted. Among the included studies, risk of bias was predominantly high (35%) or unclear (30%). Most (n = 14) studies used a generic health status measure (SF-36, SF-12); 3 studies used a disease-specific PROM (KCCQ- cardiomyopathy and MLFHQ-heart failure). In addition to HRQoL measures, several studies used affective psychological measures (i.e., HADS, CAQ-18, IES-R, and IPQ). The mental health component of the PROMs showed lower scores overall in patients with ICC compared to population norms. Nine studies using HADS and GAD-7/PHQ-9 showed a prevalence of clinically significant anxiety (17-47%) and depression levels (8.3-28%) that were higher than the population norm (8.3% and 6.3%, respectively). HRQoL in patients with ICC is primarily assessed with generic PROMs. Results further confirmed high psychological morbidity in this population. Generic PROMS measures evaluate overall health status, but lack sensitivity to ICC-specific factors like heredity-related concerns. We propose developing a PROM specific for ICC to optimize PCC.

The Influence of Caregiver Contribution to Self-care on Symptom Burden in Patients With Heart Failure and the Mediating Role of Patient Self-care: A Longitudinal Mediation Analysis

BACKGROUND

Patients with heart failure experience high symptom burden, which can be mitigated with adequate self-care. Caregiver contribution to self-care has been theorized to improve patient symptom burden. The mediating role of patient self-care in this relationship has not been tested yet.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to test whether ( a ) caregiver contribution to self-care influences patient self-care, ( b ) patient self-care influences symptom burden, and ( c ) patient self-care mediates the relationship between caregiver contribution to self-care and symptom burden.

METHODS

In this study, the authors conducted a secondary analysis of the baseline and 3-month data from the MOTIVATE-HF trial, which enrolled 510 dyads (patient with heart failure and caregiver) in Italy. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was used to test measurement invariance. Autoregressive longitudinal path analysis with contemporaneous mediation was used to test our hypotheses.

RESULTS

On average, caregivers were 54 years old and mainly female, whereas patients were 72.4 years old and mainly male. Better caregiver contribution to self-care maintenance was associated with better patient self-care maintenance (β = 0.280, P < .001), which, in turn, was associated with lower symptom burden (β = -0.280, P < .001). Patient self-care maintenance mediated the effect of caregiver contribution to self-care maintenance on symptom burden (β = -0.079; 95% bias-corrected bootstrapped confidence interval, -0.130 to -0.043). Better caregiver contribution to self-care management was associated with better patient self-care management (β = 0.238, P = .006). The model significantly accounted for 37% of the total variance in symptom burden scores ( P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

This study expands the situation-specific theory of caregiver contribution to heart failure self-care and provides new evidence on the role of caregiver contribution to self-care and patient self-care on symptom burden in heart failure.

Associations of cumulative depressive symptoms within 1-year of discharge with subsequent mortality among patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: Findings from The China PEACE Prospective Heart Failure Study

BACKGROUND

To examine the associations between cumulative depressive symptoms and subsequent mortality among patients hospitalized for acute hear failure (AHF).

METHODS

By using data from a prospective cohort study of patients with HF, depressive symptoms were measured by using Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) at admission, 1-and 12-month after discharge. Cumulative depressive symptoms were interpreted by cumulative PHQ-2 score and cumulative times of depressive symptoms. Outcomes included subsequent 3-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.

RESULTS

We included 2347 patients with the median follow-up of 4.4 (interquartile range [IQR]: 4.0-5.0) years. Tertile 3 of cumulative PHQ-2 score had the highest risk of all-cause (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.47, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.21-1.78) and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 1.51, 95 % CI: 1.21-1.89) compared with Tertile 1; patients with≥2 times of depressive symptoms had the highest risk of all-cause (HR: 1.62, 95 % CI: 1.31-2.00) and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 1.60, 95 % CI: 1.25-2.05) compared with patients without any depressive symptom. Cumulative PHQ-2 score provided the highest level of incremental prognostic ability in predicting the risk of all-cause (C-statistics: 0.64, 95 % CI: 0.62-0.66) and cardiovascular mortality (C-statistics: 0.65, 95 % CI: 0.62-0.67) on the basis of Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure score.

CONCLUSION

Cumulative depressive symptoms were associated with the increased risk of subsequent mortality and provided incremental prognostic ability for the outcomes among patients with HF. Repeated depressive symptom measurements could be helpful to monitor long-term depressive symptoms, identify targeted patients and perform psychological interventions and social support to improve clinical outcomes among patients with AHF.

Associations Between Psychological Factors and Adherence to Health Behaviors After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The Role of Cardiac Rehabilitation

BACKGROUND

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) participation after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for coronary heart disease lowers the disease burden and risk of recurrent cardiac events. Examining psychological factors may improve post-PCI health behavior adherence.

PURPOSE

To determine whether psychological factors are associated with post-PCI health behavior adherence, and the role of CR participation.

METHODS

Data from 1,682 patients (22.1% female, Mage = 64.0, SDage = 10.5 years) from the THORESCI cohort were included. Adjusted mixed models were used to examine associations between psychological factors and the 1-year course of health behaviors, using interactions to test for moderation by CR participation.

RESULTS

Psychological factors were associated with the trajectories of adherence to medical advice, exercise, and diet. The strongest association found was between optimism and the trajectory of dietary adherence (B: = -0.09, p = .026). Patients with high optimism levels had a worse trajectory of dietary adherence compared to patients with low to middle optimism levels. Participation in CR buffered the associations of high anxiety, pessimism, and low to middle resilience, but strengthened the associations of high stress in the past year with the probability of smoking.

CONCLUSIONS

Psychological factors are associated with post-PCI health behavior adherence, but the pattern of associations is complex. Patients with high levels of anxiety, pessimism, and low to middle resilience levels may disproportionately benefit from CR. Cardiac rehabilitation programs could consider this to improve post-PCI health behavior adherence.

CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION #

NCT02621216.

Somatic symptom profile in patients with chronic heart failure with and without depressive comorbidity

Background

Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) frequently suffer from depressive comorbidity. CHF and depressive comorbidity can cause somatic symptoms. The correct attribution of somatic symptoms is important. Thus, we aimed to assess potential differences in somatic symptom severity between CHF patients with and without depressive comorbidity.

Methods

We evaluated depressive comorbidity using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), somatic symptom severity with the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15), and sociodemographic and medical variables in 308 CHF outpatients. To compare somatic symptom severity between CHF patients with and without depressive comorbidity, we conducted item-level analyses of covariance.

Results

Of the 308 participating patients, 93 (30.3%) met the PHQ-9 criteria for depressive comorbidity. These patients did not differ from those without depressive comorbidity with regard to age, sex, left ventricular function, and multimorbidity. Patients with depressive comorbidity scored significantly higher on ten out of thirteen PHQ-15 items than patients without depressive comorbidity. The largest effect sizes (0.71-0.80) were shown for symptoms of headache, chest pain, shortness of breath, and palpitations, and the latter three were potentially attributable to heart failure.

Conclusions

Among patients with CHF, somatic symptoms are more pronounced in those with depressive comorbidity than those without depressive comorbidity. This finding is especially true for cardiac symptoms independent of CHF severity. The potential interpretation of somatic symptoms as correlates of depressive comorbidity must be recognized in clinical practice.

Network analysis to examine sex differences linked to emotional well-being in cardiovascular disease

Psychosocial dimensions are essential to guarantee an optimal approach to improve emotional well-being in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is evidence of sex differences regarding these dimensions. Thus, the connections between them are crucial to implement personalized therapies. Network model analyses were conducted on data from 593 CVD patients. The models included scores from the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), positive (PA) and negative affect (NA), positivity (PS), satisfaction of life (SLS), social support (SS), self-efficacy on emotion regulation (RESE), cardiac self-efficacy (CSE) and the Short Form-12 Health Survey. The main sex differences were found in: PA-PS (p = 0.03), SS-RESE (p = 0.04), for which the positive associations are stronger for men than for women and PA-RESE (p < 0.01) for which the positive association is stronger for women than for men. These nuances should be considered to implement tailored and integrative therapies for each CVD patient.

Identification of Fatigue Subtypes and Their Correlates in Prevalent Heart Failure: A Secondary Analysis of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

BACKGROUND

Among patients with heart failure (HF), fatigue is common and linked to quality of life and functional status. Fatigue is hypothesized to manifest as multiple types, with general and exertional components. Unique subtypes of fatigue in HF may require differential assessment and treatment to improve outcomes. We conducted this study to identify fatigue subtypes in persons with prevalent HF in the ARIC study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) and describe the distribution of characteristics across subtypes.

METHODS

We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 1065 participants with prevalent HF at ARIC visit 5 (2011-2013). We measured exertional fatigue using the Modified Medical Research Council Breathlessness scale and general fatigue using the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System fatigue scale. We used latent class analysis to identify subtypes of fatigue. Number of classes was determined using model fit statistics, and classes were interpreted and assigned fatigue severity rating based on the conditional probability of endorsing survey items given class. We compared characteristics across classes using multinomial regression.

RESULTS

Overall, participants were 54% female and 38% Black with a mean age of 77. We identified 4 latent classes (fatigue subtypes): (1) high general/high exertional fatigue (18%), (2) high general/low exertional fatigue (27%), (3) moderate general/moderate exertional fatigue (20%), and (4) low/no general and exertional fatigue (35%). Female sex, Black race, lower education level, higher body mass index, increased depressive symptoms, and higher prevalence of diabetes were associated with higher levels of general and exertional fatigue.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified unique subtypes of fatigue in patients with HF who have not been previously described. Within subtype, general and exertional fatigue were mostly concordant in severity, and exertional fatigue only occurred in conjunction with general fatigue, not alone. Further understanding these fatigue types and their relationships to outcomes may enhance our understanding of the symptom experience and inform prognostication and secondary prevention efforts for persons with HF.

Relationships of person-related, problem-related, and environment-related factors to self-care behaviours and the mediating role of self-confidence among patients with heart failure: Cross-sectional analysis of structural equation modelling

BACKGROUND

Promoting self-care behaviours in heart failure management is an important goal and challenge for healthcare systems worldwide. Using the situation-specific theory of heart failure self-care, this study examined the relationships of person-related, problem-related, and environment-related factors to self-care behaviours and the mediating role of self-care confidence in these relationships.

METHOD

We analysed the baseline data from a previous randomised controlled trial study involving 213 patients with heart failure. Structural equation modelling was used to test our hypothesised model that included age, income, education, depression, anxiety, number of comorbidities, social support, self-care confidence, and self-care behaviours. Depression and anxiety were measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Social support was measured by the Short Form of the Social Support Questionnaire satisfaction subscale. The Self-Care of Heart Failure Index (version 6.2) was used to assess self-care confidence and self-care behaviours (i.e., self-care maintenance and self-care management).

RESULT

The final model included age, depression, social support, and self-care confidence as independent variables. Age had a direct relationship with self-care maintenance (β = 0.235, p < 0.001) but not self-care management (β = 0.067, p = 0.179); better social support was directly associated with higher levels of self-care confidence (β = 0.267, p < 0.001); and higher levels of self-care confidence were associated with better self-care maintenance (β = 0.573, p < 0.001) and self-care management (β = 0.683, p < 0.001). The result showed an indirect relationship between social support and self-care maintenance through the mediator of self-care confidence (β = 0.153, p < 0.001), as well as an indirect relationship between social support and self-care management through self-care confidence (β = 0.182, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Satisfactory social support can increase self-care confidence, thereby increasing self-care maintenance and management. The findings of this study also implied that self-care maintenance can increase with increasing age. Future interventions directly targeting assessment and management of self-care confidence, available social support, and the age of patients may help enhance their heart failure self-care behaviours.

The association between psychological factors and self-care in patients with heart failure: an integrative review

AIMS

This integrative review aims to describe the current evidence concerning the relationship between a broad range of psychological factors (depression, depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress, and type-D personality) and self-care in patients with heart failure.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Six electronic databases were searched and keywords were used to identify potential eligible studies published within the last 10 years. To be eligible, individuals with heart failure aged 18 years or older and who were included in any type of observational study that examined the association between psychological factors and self-care were considered. Twenty articles were included, and 16 of them reported that depression/depressive symptoms were associated with poorer self-care, after controlling for age, sex, education level, cardiac history, or comorbidities. Five studies found that self-care confidence/self-efficacy mediates the relationship between depression/depressive symptoms and self-care. The association between depression/depressive symptoms and self-care varied in assessment methods and statistical approaches. Seven studies showed an inverse association between anxiety and self-care. Four studies found a stronger association between self-care and depression compared with the relationship between self-care and other psychological factors. Stress and type-D personality were both associated with self-care in four studies.

CONCLUSION

Depression/depressive symptoms and anxiety were found to be inversely associated with self-care in patients with heart failure. Depression exhibited a stronger impact on self-care than other psychological factors. Limited studies assessed stress and type-D personality; the results should be considered with caution. Further studies are warranted on different psychological factors and their underlying mechanisms in individuals with heart failure.

Experiences of what influences physical activity adherence in Iranian patients with heart failure: A qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Heart failure (HF) is becoming one of the important health care problems around the world. Physical activity as the foundation of the cardiac rehabilitation program is poorly adhered by patients with HF. This study aimed to understand the experiences of patients with HF in terms of adherence to physical activity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conducted using conventional qualitative content analysis. Data were collected by semistructured telephone interviews with 25 patients with HF through open-ended questions. Data were collected from patients with HF in Birjand and Mashhad hospitals and heart departments from December 2021 to March 2022. Data were analyzed using Max-QDA10 and data analysis was continuous, comparative, and simultaneous with data collection.

RESULTS

After data analysis, three main categories were identified: (1) patient-related barriers and facilitators, (2) support system-related barriers and facilitators, and (3) environmental barriers and facilitators. These categories were subdivided into two main themes: (1) threatening disease and (2) challenging disease.

CONCLUSION

The results showed that beyond patient-related, support system-related, and environmental categories, perceiving the disease as a challenge or a threat is crucial in the activity of patients with HF. Nurses and other health care providers can train problem-solving behaviors to patients with HF to improve their physical and mental well-being. It is suggested that theoretical-behavioral approaches can be used in future clinical trials to improve adherence to physical activity.

The association between comorbidities and self-care of heart failure: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Because heart failure (HF) is a debilitating chronic cardiac condition and increases with age, most patients with HF experience a broad range of coexisting chronic morbidities. Comorbidities present challenges for patients with HF to successfully perform self-care, but it is unknown what types and number of comorbidities influence HF patients' self-care. The purpose of this study was to explore whether the number of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular conditions are associated with HF self-care.

METHODS

Secondary data analysis was performed with 590 patients with HF. The number of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular conditions was calculated using the list of conditions in the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Self-care was measured with the European HF self-care behavior scale. Multivariable linear regression was performed to explore the relationship between the types and number of comorbidities and self-care.

RESULTS

Univariate analysis revealed that a greater number of non-cardiovascular comorbidities was associated with poorer HF self-care(β=-0.103), but not of more cardiovascular comorbidities. In the multivariate analysis, this relationship disappeared after adjusting for covariates. Perceived control and depressive symptoms were associated with HF self-care.

CONCLUSION

The significant relationship between the number of non-cardiovascular comorbidities and HF self-care was not independent of perceived control and depressive symptoms. This result suggests a possible mediating effect of perceived control and depressive symptoms on the relationship between HF self-care and the number and type of comorbidities.

Patients' Information Needs Related to a Monitoring Implant for Heart Failure: Co-designed Study Based on Affect Stories

BACKGROUND

RealWorld4Clinic is a European consortium that is currently developing an implantable monitoring device for acute heart failure prevention.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to identify the main issues and information needs related to this new cardiac implant from the patients' perspective.

METHODS

A total of 3 patient collaborators were recruited to help us design the study. During 4 remotely held meetings (each lasting for 2 hours), we defined the main questions and hypotheses together. Next, 26 additional interviews were conducted remotely to test these hypotheses. During both phases, we used affect stories, which are life narratives focusing on affect and the relationship between patients and the care ecosystem, to highlight the main social issues that should be addressed by the research according to the patients.

RESULTS

Context of diagnosis, age, and severity of illness strongly influence patient experience. However, these variables do not seem to influence the choice regarding being implanted, which relies mostly on the individual patient's trust in their physicians. It seems that the major cause of anxiety for the patient is not the implant but the disease itself, although some people may initially be concerned over the idea of becoming a cyborg. Remote monitoring of cardiac implants should draw on existing remote disease management programs focusing on a long-term relationship between the patient and their medical team.

CONCLUSIONS

Co-design with affect stories is a useful method for quickly identifying the main social issues related to information about a new health technology.

Self-Care and Quality of Life Among Adult Patients With Heart Failure: Scoping Review

Introduction

Although self-care has a therapeutic effect on heart failure (HF), patients experience a marked reduction in physical and executive function, resulting in poor quality of life (QoL). A literature review revealed limited evidence regarding the possible relationship between self-care and QoL in HF patients. Therefore, this scoping review aimed to identify scientific evidence that examines the extent of self-care, QoL, and relationship between self-care and QoL in patients with HF.

Methods

Full-text research published from March 23, 2010, to March 23, 2020, written in English, that had content on both self-care and QoL among adult patients with HF was included. A literature search of electronic databases and web searches was conducted for published articles. Four databases were used: MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Studies collected from Google and Google Scholar web searches were also included.

Results

Of 1,537 papers identified by the search, 12 were included. The reviewed studies included 3,127 patients. Ten articles used a cross-sectional study design, whereas the remaining articles used a longitudinal and quasi-experimental design. This review found that the extent of self-care practices among patients with HF was inadequate, a significant proportion of patients enrolled in the reviewed studies had a moderate QoL, and higher self-care practices were associated with a better QoL. Self-care behavior and QoL were affected by social support, sex, age, educational level, place of residence, illness knowledge, presence of comorbidities, and functional classification of HF.

Conclusion

Self-care behavior was positively correlated with QoL in patients with HF. Self-care and QoL in these patients have been reported to be affected by several factors. Further research with a rigorous study design is recommended to investigate the influence of self-care practices on QoL in patients with HF.

Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing on contribution to self-care, self-efficacy, and preparedness in caregivers of patients with heart failure: a secondary outcome analysis of the MOTIVATE-HF randomized controlled trial

AIMS

Caregiver characteristics and behaviours are associated with patients' and caregivers' outcomes. However, there is scarce evidence on interventions aimed at improving caregiver contribution (CC) to patient self-care, caregiver self-efficacy, and caregiver preparedness in heart failure (HF). This study aims to evaluate the effect of Motivational Interviewing (MI) on CC to patient self-care, caregiver self-efficacy, and caregiver preparedness in HF.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This is a secondary outcome analysis of MOTIVATE-HF randomized controlled trial. Caregivers of patients with HF were randomized into three arms: Arm 1 (MI for patients), Arm 2 (MI for patients and caregivers), and Arm 3 (standard care). The intervention consisted of one MI session plus three telephone contacts. Data were collected at baseline and after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. A total of 510 patient and caregiver (median age 54 years, 76% females) dyads were enrolled, 235 caregivers and 238 patients completed the study until 12 months. Caregiver contribution to self-care maintenance and management and caregiver preparedness significantly improved over time, but without significant differences among the three arms. At 9 months, caregiver self-efficacy improved more in Arm 2 than Arm 3 [difference: 8.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) (3.13; 13.59), P = 0.001]. This improvement remained significant also at linear mixed model [β^ = 1.39, 95% CI (0.02; 2.75), P = 0.046].

CONCLUSION

Motivational Interviewing did not improve CC to patient self-care and caregiver preparedness. However, it increased caregiver self-efficacy, which is known to be a powerful mediator of CC to self-care.

REGISTRATION

Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02894502.

Psychoemotional risk factors for non-communicable diseases in outpatient practice. Guidelines for internists

Methodological guidelines "Psychoemotional risk factors in outpatient practice" were developed as a practical document for primary care physicians in order to expand and improve knowledge, as well as provide care to the adult population within the studied theme. The methodological guidelines include an information and content part for medical specialists and a practical part for patients, presented in the format of memos. The guidelines include the main sections: definition, structure and epidemiology of psychoemotional risk factors, psychoemotional risk factors in the clinics of internal diseases, screening of psychoemotional risk factors, prevention and correction of psychoemotional risk factors for noncommunicable diseases, non-drug care for patients, pharmacotherapy of psychoemotional disorders. The guidelines are intended for primary care physicians, for specialists who develop and implement educational programs for patients, as well as for therapeutic residents.

Emotion regulation strategies and difficulties in older adults: A systematic review

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the types of emotion regulation (ER) strategies used and difficulties in emotion regulation experienced by older adults, within the theoretical frameworks proposed by Gross, and by Gratz and Roemer, respectively.

METHODS

A systematic search was conducted using principal electronic scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science). The systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses guidelines.

RESULTS

The final number of articles included was 44. Older adults reported a higher use of adaptive ER strategies, as well as fewer difficulties in ER, compared with younger adults. Findings from this review also suggest that the use of maladaptive ER strategies can also expose older adults to psychological distress, and may affect their adaptation to negative disease-related outcomes more common in later life.

CONCLUSIONS

Older adults generally showed a greater emotional control compared with younger subjects. Adaptive control strategies, rather than maladaptive control strategies, were correlated with more positive outcomes for psychological distress and adaptation to chronic diseases.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Understanding the nature of ER processes in older adults may contribute to implement tailored interventions aimed at reinforcing adaptive ER processes.

Values of Importance to Patients With Cardiovascular Disease as a Foundation for eHealth Design and Evaluation: Mixed Methods Study

BACKGROUND

eHealth interventions are developed to support and facilitate patients with lifestyle changes and self-care tasks after being diagnosed with a cardiovascular disease (CVD). Creating long-lasting effects on lifestyle change and health outcomes with eHealth interventions is challenging and requires good understanding of patient values.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to identify values of importance to patients with CVD to aid in designing a technological lifestyle platform.

METHODS

A mixed method design was applied, combining data from usability testing with an additional online survey study, to validate the outcomes of the usability tests.

RESULTS

A total of 11 relevant patient values were identified, including the need for security, support, not wanting to feel anxious, tailoring of treatment, and personalized, accessible care. The validation survey shows that all values but one (value 9: To have extrinsic motivation to accomplish goals or activities [related to health/lifestyle]) were regarded as important/very important. A rating of very unimportant or unimportant was given by less than 2% of the respondents (value 1: 4/641, 0.6%; value 2: 10/641, 1.6%; value 3: 9/641, 1.4%; value 4: 5/641, 0.8%; value 5: 10/641, 1.6%; value 6: 4/641, 0.6%; value 7: 10/639, 1.6%; value 8: 4/639, 0.6%; value 10: 3/636, 0.5%; value 11: 4/636, 0.6%) to all values except but one (value 9: 56/636, 8.8%).

CONCLUSIONS

There is a high consensus among patients regarding the identified values reflecting goals and themes central to their lives, while living with or managing their CVD. The identified values can serve as a foundation for future research to translate and integrate these values into the design of the eHealth technology. This may call for prioritization of values, as not all values can be met equally.

Mindfulness, Anxiety Symptoms, and Quality of Life in Heart Failure

BACKGROUND

An estimated 6.5 million American adults live with heart failure (HF). Elevated anxiety symptoms may worsen HF symptoms and contribute to decreases in overall quality of life (QOL). Mindfulness has been associated with better psychological health with lower levels of anxiety symptoms. Mindfulness may be a modifiable target for reducing anxiety symptoms and increasing QOL in patients with HF.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study is to examine the relationships among anxiety symptoms, dispositional mindfulness, and QOL in patients with symptomatic HF.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, we conducted a secondary analysis of baseline data from 70 participants. We performed descriptive statistics, bivariate Pearson correlations, and multiple linear regression.

RESULTS

The sample included 70 individuals with a mean age of 65 ± 10.5 years, 89% male, mean left ejection fraction of 45.7 ± 13.6, mean total QOL of 36.9 ± 21.7, mean total mindfulness of 82.2 ± 12.8, and mean anxiety of 4.8 ± 2.9. In multiple regression analyses, total mindfulness was significantly associated with lower anxiety (β = -0.491, P < .01), greater observational mindfulness was significantly associated with lower anxiety (β = -0.377, P < .01), and greater nonreactivity to inner experience was significantly associated with lower anxiety (β = -0.320, P < .05). Lower anxiety was associated with greater total QOL (β = 0.488, P < .01), greater physical QOL (β = 0.381, P < .01), and greater emotional QOL (β = 0.639, P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS

Mindfulness may be a way of improving both anxiety symptoms and QOL in this population.

Prevalence, Temporal Change, and Determinants of Anxiety and Depression in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure

BACKGROUND

Anxiety and depression may be under-recognized in patients with heart failure (HF). We therefore investigated the prevalence and temporal change of these symptoms in hospitalized patients with HF.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We prospectively evaluated consecutive hospitalized patients with HF using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) on admission and at discharge. The HADS-A (anxiety) and HADS-D (depression) scores were categorized as follows; 0-7, no symptoms; 8-10, mild; and 11-21, significant anxiety or depression. Symptom worsening was defined as the HADS category at discharge being poorer than that on admission. Of 224 patients (mean age 77.5 years), 35 (16%) and 62 (28%) had significant symptoms of anxiety and depression, respectively. During hospitalization, the HADS-A significantly decreased (on admission; median 6 [interquartile range (IQR) 3-9] vs at discharge; median 4 [IQR 2-7], P < .01), whereas the HADS-D did not improve (on admission; median 8 [IQR 5-11] vs at discharge; median 8 [IQR 4-11], P =.82). Anxiety and depression worsened during hospitalization in 19 (10%) and 40 (21%) patients, respectively. Advanced age, higher natriuretic peptide levels, and acute-on-chronic HF were associated with worsening anxiety, and longer hospitalization length was associated with worsening depression.

CONCLUSIONS

Anxiety and depression were common and depression persisted during HF hospitalization.

What the guide does not tell you: reflections on and lessons learned from applying the COM-B behavior model for designing real life interventions

Substantial inconsistency exists in the effectiveness of existing interventions to improve heart failure (HF) self-care, which can be partially explained by the fact that self-management interventions often lack theoretical models that underpin intervention development. The COM-B behavior model is a comprehensive theoretical framework that can be used to develop effective, theory-based interventions. The aim of this article is to highlight the challenges and practical solutions when applying the COM-B model to HF self-care, in order to provide useful support for researchers intending to use the model for designing behavior change interventions. "The Behaviour Change Wheel" handbook provides a step-by-step guide to understand and change behavior. When following the guide, some practical and methodological challenges were encountered. Lessons learnt to overcome these challenges are reported. Although the handbook is a comprehensive guide for designing behavior change interventions, a number of challenges arose. For example, the descriptions provided in the guide were not always sufficient to make solid judgments on how to categorize determinants; narrowing down intervention possibilities to a manageable number and prioritizing potential behavior change techniques over others involved a certain amount of subjectivity in an otherwise highly systematic and structured approach. For the encountered challenges, solutions are provided to illustrate how the model was applied practically to design theory-based behavior change interventions. This article provides a useful reference for researchers' use of the COM-B behavior model, as it outlines challenges that may occur and potential solutions to overcome them.

Motivating patients in cardiac rehabilitation programs: A multicenter randomized controlled trial

Concerns have been raised about motivation and psychological distress when implementing telerehabilitation in patients with heart failure. The current study compared conventional and telerehabilitation in two groups (n=67; n=70) of patients with heart failure at 0, 6, and 12 months on measures of motivation (Self-Determination Theory measures) and psychological distress (Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale). We found no significant changes in motivation across groups, although our telerehabilitation group had a slightly lower level of controlled motivation and higher levels of relatedness. In addition, there were no differences between groups with regard to psychological distress. This study demonstrates that telerehabilitation motivates patients with heart failure to the same degree as conventional rehabilitation, and that telerehabilitation is not associated with increased psychological distress. As such, telerehabilitation offers an alternative to conventional rehabilitation and addresses some of the barriers for participating in rehabilitation identified in the literature.

Burden of treatment in patients with chronic heart failure - A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Patients with heart failure (HF) must manage both a demanding treatment regimen and self-care, which may lead to a burden of treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess the levels of burdens from treatment and self-care and its associations with psychological distress and health-related quality of life.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study we collected self-report data from 125 patients diagnosed with HF, New York Heart Association classification II and III, who received care in a nurse-led HF outpatient clinic. Clinical variables were collected from the medical records. Data analyses comprised descriptive statistics and partial correlations.

RESULTS

The participants mean age was 67 (±9.2), most were male (74,4%) and the majority had reduced ejection fraction (EF 35.4 ± 10.8). The highest mean burden scores emerged for insufficient medical information (34.65, range 0-86), difficulty with health care service (34.57, range 0-81), and physical and mental fatigue (34.12, range 0-90). Significant positive associations were observed between physical and mental fatigue from self-care, role and social activity limitation, and psychological distress, and health-related QoL.

CONCLUSION

Burden of treatment is an important aspect of HF treatment as it contributes to valuable knowledge on patient workload. This study emphasizes the need to simplify and tailor the treatment regimens to alleviate the burden.

Psychosocial Risk Factors in Cardiac Rehabilitation: Time to Screen Beyond Anxiety and Depression

Background

Although it is well acknowledged that psychosocial risk factors (PSRF) such as low socio-economic status, stress, social isolation, negative emotions and negative personality patterns may contribute to the development and adverse outcome of cardiovascular disease (CVD), screening for PSRF in CVD patients is usually limited to anxiety and depression, mainly for feasibility reasons. We therefore aimed to develop a user-friendly screening battery for routine assessment of PSRFs and to evaluate this instrument regarding feasibility of application, PSRF results and attendance of psychological counselling if recommended to cardiac rehabilitation (CR) patients.

Methods

This is a prospective single center cohort study including 609 consecutive CR patients. We first developed a screening instrument based on seven validated scales for the most relevant PSRFs with totally 90 questions presented in a uniform graphical design to facilitate completion called Psychocardiogram® (PCG) and applied the instrument in consecutive patients attending CR. Patients with positive screening results were invited to a psychological counseling session.

Results

Six hundred and nine consecutive patients, aged 34 to 86 years (mean 60.7 years), 85% men, entering the CR program at the Bern University Hospital with ischemic heart failure (CHF), coronary artery disease (CAD) or peripheral artery disease, were included in this study. Eighty-three point three percent of the patients completed the PCG within 40 minutes. Vital exhaustion and Type-D personality were the most prevalent PSRFs (56.9% and 51.1%, respectively), whereas low social support (14.4%) and elevated depressive symptoms (15.9%), were the least prevalent ones. After screening, 120 patients (52.86%) with at least one PSRF made use of psychological counseling.

Conclusions

We found the PCG to be a useful screening tool for PSRF in CR patients with the potential to get new insights into the prevalence of particular PSRF in specific populations and to better study their impact on occurrence and outcome of CVD.

Depression and Rehospitalization in Patients With Heart Failure After Discharge From Hospital to Home: An Integrative Review

Patients with heart failure are known to be particularly vulnerable to depression resulting in adverse health outcomes. However, there has been no literature review on current evidence regarding the relationship between depression and rehospitalization. This review aims to explore the relationship between depression and rehospitalization in patients with heart failure. A systematic review employing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines included articles published between 2001 and 2019 taken from Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases. We identified 12 relevant studies with participants ranging from 115 to 160,169 patients. Heart failure patients with depression were more likely to be rehospitalized than those without. To explain this, few reasons have been proposed. First, depression could disrupt the regulation of autonomic nervous system, neurohormonal activation, and body’s natural rhythm. Second, depressed patients tend to have poor adherence to medication. Healthcare providers should not only focus on drug and dietary management but also on implementing effective interventions to manage depression, in order to reduce the risk of rehospitalization. Moreover, palliative care should start at the stage of heart failure diagnosis to improve quality of life, better outcomes, and lower cost of care for the patients.

The Self-Care of Heart Failure Index version 7.2: Further psychometric testing

Clinicians and researchers need valid and reliable instruments to evaluate heart failure (HF) self-care. The Self-Care of Heart Failure Index (SCHFI) is a theoretically driven instrument developed for this purpose. The SCHFI measures self-care with three scales: self-care maintenance, measuring behaviors to maintain HF stability; symptom perception, measuring monitoring behaviors; and self-care management, assessing the response to symptoms. After the theory underpinning the SCHFI was updated, the instrument was updated to version 7.2 but it was only tested in the United States. In this study we tested the psychometric characteristics (structural and construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability) of the SCHFI v.7.2 in an Italian population of HF patients. We used a cross-sectional design to study 280 HF patients with additional data collected after 2 weeks for test-retest reliability. Adults with HF (mean age 75.6 (±10.8); 70.8% in New York Heart Association [NYHA] classes II and III) were enrolled from six centers across Italy. Confirmatory factor analysis showed supportive structural validity in the three SCHFI v.7.2 scales (CFI from 0.94 to 0.95; RMSEA from 0.05 to 0.07). Internal consistency reliability estimated with Cronbach's α and composite reliability ranged between .73 and .88; test-retest reliability ranged between 0.73 and 0.92. Construct validity was supported with significant correlations between the SCHFI v.7.2 scale scores and quality of life, brain natriuretic peptide levels and NYHA class. This study further supports the psychometric characteristics of the SCHFI v.7.2, illustrating that it can be used in clinical practice and research also in an Italian population.

Barriers to Self-care Among Patients with Heart Failure: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Heart failure is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease. It is the end stage of most cardiovascular diseases and is characterized by the reduced ability of the heart to pump enough blood to fulfill the metabolic needs of the body. Self-care is the basis of the management of chronic diseases such as heart failure. The aim of this study was to explore the barriers to self-care among patients with heart failure. Methods: This was a qualitative content analysis. Participants were fourteen patients with heart failure and three healthcare providers who were purposively recruited from cardiac care centers in Zanjan, Iran. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews and were analyzed through the conventional qualitative content analysis approach proposed by Elo and Kyngäs. Results: Self-care barriers -care among patients with HF were categorized into three main categories, namely personal factors, disease burden, and inefficient support system. Each category had three subcategories which were respectively lack of self-care knowledge, heart failure-related negative emotions, the difficulty of changing habits, progressive physical decline, comorbid conditions, financial strain, inadequate social support, healthcare providers' inattention to self-care, and limited access to healthcare providers. Conclusion: Patients with heart failure face different personal, disease-related, and support-related barriers to self-care. Based on these barriers, healthcare providers can develop interventions for promoting self-care among patients with heart failure.

The multiple mediating effects of health literacy and self-care confidence between depression and self-care behaviors in patients with heart failure

BACKGROUND

Previous researchers have found that depression can influence self-care behaviors of patients with heart failure (HF). However, the specific path of depression on self-care behaviors remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the multiple mediating effects of health literacy and self-care confidence between depression and self-care behaviors in patients with HF.

METHODS

A cross sectional study on HF patients (n = 310) was conducted at a tertiary hospital in China. The Chinese versions of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D), Health Literacy Scale for Patients with Chronic Disease and Self-care of Heart Failure Index (C-SCHFI) were used to assess depression, health literacy, self-care confidence and self-care behaviors of the HF patients respectively.

RESULTS

Depression had significant negative correlations with health literacy (r = -0.40, P < 0.01), self-care confidence (r = -0.41, P < 0.01), self-care maintenance (r = -0.18, P < 0.01) and management (r = -0.19, P < 0.01). After controlling for covariates, mediation modeling analysis showed that health literacy and self-care confidence were mediating variables between depression and self-care management and all the three paths were significant. A higher level of depression debilitated health literacy (β = -0.23, P < 0.001), and a higher degree of health literacy was associated with better self-care confidence (β = 0.31, P < 0.001) which contributed to better self-care management (β = 0.43, P < 0.001). Total mediation effect was -0.1940 with 95% CI from -0.2702 to -0.1266. However, self-care confidence did not mediate between depression and self-care maintenance.

CONCLUSION

Health literacy and self-care confidence exert a multiple mediating effect on the relationship between depression and self-care management. The relationship between variables should be considered when developing the tailored interventions for patients with HF to enhance their self-care behaviors.

[Using lived experiences and theoretical insights to gain a better understanding of the adaptation difficulties encountered by elderly patients with chronic heart failure during the hospital-to-home transition]

Heart failure is one of the most common reasons for hospitalization in older people, and the hospital-to-home transition can be unsuccessful for these patients. Existing care programs focus primarily on the physiological aspects of the disease and are rarely based on theory. Using Roy's adaptation model (1), the aim of this study was to develop a thorough understanding of the adaptation difficulties and factors that influence how well elderly patients with chronic heart failure cope with the hospital-to-home transition, in order to develop a nursing interventions program. Based on the process proposed by Sidani and Braden (2011), this qualitative descriptive study adopted a deductive approach, with the use of intermediary theories and empirical data, as well as an inductive approach, where older people with chronic heart failure (n=7), caregivers (n=6), and healthcare professionals (n=14) participated in semi-structured individual interviews. The triangulation of data highlights the difficulties and factors influencing adaptation at the physical, psychological, and social levels. Gaining a better understanding of the experience of older people with heart failure when it comes to their transition from hospital to home, and doing so with a holistic vision, provides information for interventions that can contribute to better management of chronic disease and a better quality of life for these elderly patients.

Applying the COM-B behaviour model to overcome barriers to heart failure self-care: A practical application of a conceptual framework for the development of complex interventions (ACHIEVE study)

BACKGROUND

Effective interventions to enhance adherence to self-care recommendations in patients with heart failure have immense potential to improve health and wellbeing. However, there is substantial inconsistency in the effectiveness of existing self-management interventions, partly because they lack theoretical models underpinning intervention development.

AIM

To outline how the capability, opportunity and motivation behaviour model has been applied to guide the development of a theory-based intervention aiming to improve adherence to heart failure self-care recommendations.

METHODS

The application of the capability, opportunity and motivation behaviour model involved three steps: (a) identification of barriers and facilitators to heart failure self-care from two comprehensive meta-studies; (b) identification of appropriate behaviour change techniques to improve heart failure self-care; and (c) involvement of experts to reduce and refine potential behaviour change techniques further.

RESULTS

A total of 119 barriers and facilitators were identified. Fifty-six behaviour change techniques remained after applying three steps of the behaviour model for designing interventions. Expert involvement (n=39, of which 31 were patients (67% men; 45% New York Heart Association II)) further reduced and refined potential behaviour change techniques. Experts disliked some behaviour change techniques such as 'anticipated regret' and 'salience of consequences'. This process resulted in a final comprehensive list consisting of 28 barriers and 49 appropriate behaviour change techniques potentially enhancing self-care that was put forward for further use.

CONCLUSION

The application of the capability, opportunity and motivation behaviour model facilitated identifying important factors influencing adherence to heart failure self-care recommendations. The model served as a comprehensive guide for the selection and design of interventions for improving heart failure self-care adherence. The capability, opportunity and motivation behaviour model enabled the connection of heart failure self-care barriers to particular behaviour change techniques to be used in practice.

The role of health literacy, depression, disease knowledge, and self-efficacy in self-care among adults with heart failure: An updated model

BACKGROUND

Patients with inadequate health literacy and heart failure face high healthcare costs, more hospitalizations, and greater mortality. To address these negative consequences, patients need to improve heart failure self-care. Multiple factors may influence self-care, but the exact model by which they do so is not fully understood.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to examine a model exploring the contribution of health literacy, depression, disease knowledge, and self-efficacy to the performance of heart failure self-care.

METHODS

Using a cross-sectional design, patients were recruited from a heart failure clinic and completed validated assessments of their cognition, health literacy, depression, knowledge, self-efficacy and self-care. Patients were separated into two groups according to their health literacy level: inadequate/marginal and adequate. Differences between groups were assessed with an independent t-test. Hypothesized paths and mediated relationships were estimated and tested using observed variable path analysis.

RESULTS

Participants (n = 100) were mainly male (67%), white (93%), and at least had a high school education (85%). Health literacy was associated with disease knowledge (path coefficient=0.346, p = 0.002), depression was negatively associated with self-efficacy (path coefficient=-0.211, p = 0.037), self-efficacy was positively associated with self-care (path coefficient=0.402, p<0.0005), and there was evidence that self-efficacy mediated the link between depression and self-care. There was no evidence of: mediation of the link between health literacy and self-care by knowledge or self-efficacy; positive associations between knowledge and self-efficacy or self-care; or mediation of the disease knowledge and self-care relationship by self-efficacy. Further, depression was associated with self-care indirectly rather than also directly as hypothesized.

CONCLUSIONS

Self-efficacy and depression are associated with heart failure self-care. Data generated from the model suggest that healthcare professionals should actively engage all patients to gain self-efficacy and address depression to positively affect heart failure self-care.

Comorbid depression in medical diseases

Depression is one of the most common comorbidities of many chronic medical diseases including cancer and cardiovascular, metabolic, inflammatory and neurological disorders. Indeed, the prevalence of depression in these patient groups is often substantially higher than in the general population, and depression accounts for a substantial part of the psychosocial burden of these disorders. Many factors can contribute to the occurrence of comorbid depression, such as shared genetic factors, converging biological pathways, social factors, health behaviours and psychological factors. Diagnosis of depression in patients with a medical disorder can be particularly challenging owing to symptomatic overlap. Although pharmacological and psychological treatments can be effective, adjustments may need to be made for patients with a comorbid medical disorder. In addition, symptoms or treatments of medical disorders may interfere with the treatment of depression. Conversely, symptoms of depression may decrease adherence to treatment of both disorders. Thus, comprehensive treatment plans are necessary to optimize care.

A Structural Equation Model of Gratitude, Self-efficacy, and Medication Adherence in Patients With Stage B Heart Failure

BACKGROUND

Consistent self-care slows the progression of heart failure (HF). Gratitude, the practice of appreciating the positive aspects of life, may influence self-efficacy, which in turn is known to improve self-care. However, little is known about the relationships among gratitude, self-efficacy, and medication adherence in HF.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to test a model to determine if self-efficacy mediates the relationship between gratitude and medication adherence in asymptomatic patients with HF.

METHOD

This is a secondary analysis of data from a prospective observational study. Data were analyzed using a structural equation model to examine associations between gratitude, cardiac-specific self-efficacy, and medication adherence in 153 patients with HF. Gratitude, self-efficacy, and medication adherence were assessed using the Gratitude Questionnaire-6, Cardiac Self-efficacy Scale-Maintain Function Subscale, and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, respectively.

RESULTS

Patient mean (SD) age was 66 (11) years, and 95% of the participants were men. Patients were primarily white (79%), black (12%), or Asian (6%). Gratitude exerted an indirect effect on medication adherence through self-efficacy (b = 0.16; P < .05). Gratitude was positively related to self-efficacy (b = 0.50; P < .05), and self-efficacy was positively related to medication adherence (b = 0.31; P < .05). The model fit was acceptable (comparative fit index = 0.92, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.90, root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.08).

CONCLUSION

In this study, we found evidence that self-efficacy was a mechanism through which gratitude was associated with medication adherence in asymptomatic patients with HF, suggesting a way to improve self-care nonpharmacologically. Future work will examine whether gratitude intervention results in improved self-care.

Existentially Oriented Group Intervention for Patients With Heart Failure: Intervention Development and Preliminary Assessment

BACKGROUND

Patients with heart failure (HF) cope with a chronic, life-threatening, particularly disabling medical condition. Their well-being is considered to be at a greater risk than that of patients with any other cardiovascular disease, and their psychological distress is associated with a worse prognosis. These patients are often preoccupied with existential concerns such as fear of death, loneliness, and a loss of sense of meaning. However, there is a dearth of literature regarding psychological interventions that address these issues among this population.

AIMS

We, the authors of the current pilot study, present the development and initial implementation of a novel protocol: "existentially oriented group intervention for patients with heart failure." Our aims were to test the intervention's feasibility, as well as to explore patients' subjective experience of it.

METHODS

The intervention (consisting of seven 1-hour weekly sessions) was applied to 2 consecutive groups. Twelve patients coping with HF levels III and IV-according to the New York Heart Association classification-from a hospital-based HF clinic participated. The Narrative Evaluation of Intervention Interview was applied.

RESULTS

Although high dropout levels were detected, the patients who fully participated in the program reported on satisfaction and progress in the following 4 domains: personal growth, social support, self-worth, and mastery.

CONCLUSIONS

On the basis of our preliminary findings, the "existentially oriented group intervention for patients with heart failure" is recommended to be further tested among patients coping with HF.

A qualitative study of living with the burden from heart failure treatment: Exploring the patient capacity for self-care

Aim

To explore how patients with heart failure perceive their capacity to manage treatment and self-care.

Design

A qualitative descriptive study.

Methods

Patients (N = 17) were recruited from a nurse-led heart failure outpatient clinic from May-August 2017. Data were collected through individual semi-structured interviews and analysed using systematic text condensation.

Results

Three main themes were identified as follows: "Personal characteristics," "Coping strategies" and "Emotional and informative support." The first main theme contained the subthemes "inherent strength" and "maintenance of a positive attitude." The second main theme included the subthemes "selective denial," "ability to adapt by setting new goals" and "careful selection of information." The third main theme contained the subthemes "support from health professionals enhancing patient capacity," "support from next of kin in patients' self-care" and "practical support and hope from peers."

Evaluating emotional distress and health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure and their family caregivers: Testing dyadic dynamics using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model

PURPOSE

1) To compare levels of emotional symptoms and health-related quality of life between patients with heart failure and their family caregivers; and 2) to examine whether patients' and caregivers' emotional symptoms were associated with their own, as well as their partner's health-related quality of life.

METHOD

In this cross-sectional study, 41 patients-caregiver dyads (78% male patients, aged 68.6 years; and 83% female caregivers, aged 65.8 years) completed all nine dimensions of the Brief Symptom Inventory and the Minnesota Living with Heart failure Questionnaire. Dyadic data were analysed for 6 sub-scales of the Brief Symptom Inventory, using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model.

RESULTS

There were no statistically significant differences in emotional symptoms and health-related quality of life between patients with heart failure and their caregivers. Patients' and caregivers' emotional symptoms were associated with their own health-related quality of life. Caregivers' anxiety, phobic anxiety, obsession-compulsion, depression and hostility negatively influenced their partner's (i.e. the patient's) health-related quality of life. There were no partner effects of patients' emotional symptoms on the health-related quality of life of caregivers.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study suggest that patients may be particularly vulnerable to the emotional distress, i.e. thoughts, impulses and actions of their caregivers. It may be possible to improve patients' health-related quality of life by targeting specific detrimental emotional symptoms of caregivers.

Predictors of Adherence to Self-Care in Rural Patients With Heart Failure

BACKGROUND

The common reality of not following a recommended course of treatment is a major cause of poor health outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF). The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of adherence to HF self-care recommendations in rural HF patients who received an intervention to promote symptom management and self-care.

METHODS

Data from 349 rural HF patients (42% female, 90% Caucasian) randomized to the intervention arms of the study were used. Adherence was measured using the European Heart Failure Self-Care Scale questionnaire, a brief measure that asks patients to report their adherence to a variety of recommended HF symptom management behaviors (ie, daily weight monitoring, when to call the physician, medications, diet, and exercise). The following predictors were tested: age, gender, marital status, education level, depression score (measured using PHQ-9), anxiety score (measured with the Brief Symptom Inventory), and level of perceived control (measured using Control Attitudes Scale-R). Multivariate linear regression was used to test the model.

RESULTS

The model to predict adherence was significant (P < .0001). Of the covariates tested in the regression model, being a male (P = .009), having less anxiety (P = .018), not being depressed (P = .017), and having higher perceived control (P = .003) were predictors of improved self-care score at 3 months.

CONCLUSION

Adherence is a multifaceted and a challenging behavior based on the assumption that the patient agrees with self-care recommendations. These data suggest interventions designed to promote adherence behaviors should include an assessment of gender, anxiety, depression, and perceived control for optimal outcomes.

Self-care Moderates the Relationship Between Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life in Heart Failure

BACKGROUND

Physical symptoms and depression in heart failure (HF) are key drivers of health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Heart failure self-care behaviors are believed to influence how symptoms affect HRQOL.

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study was to determine if HF self-care behaviors moderate the relationships between physical and depressive symptoms and HRQOL.

METHODS

In a cohort of adults with moderate to advanced HF, multivariate linear regression was used to evaluate the interaction between self-care behaviors (Self-care of HF index maintenance and management scales) and physical HF symptoms (HF Somatic Perception Scale) on emotional HRQOL (emotional dimension of Minnesota Living With HF Questionnaire). The interaction between self-care behaviors and depression (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire) was evaluated on physical HRQOL (physical dimension of Minnesota Living With HF Questionnaire).

RESULTS

The mean age of the sample (N = 202) was 57 ± 13 years, 50% were women, and 61% had New York Heart Association class III or IV HF. Controlling for age, Seattle HF score, functional ability, and comorbidities, self-care maintenance and management moderated the relationship between physical HF symptoms and emotional HRQOL. Only self-care maintenance moderated the relationship between depression and physical HRQOL.

CONCLUSION

In HF, HRQOL is dependent on both the severity of physical and depressive symptoms and the level of engagement in HF self-care behaviors. Future research should consider both self-care behaviors and symptoms when examining patient HRQOL.

Knowledge among patients with heart failure: A narrative synthesis of qualitative research

BACKGROUND

Patients' knowledge of heart failure (HF) is integral to improved outcomes. However, the HF literature has not adequately explored the nature of patients' knowledge of HF as part of their lived experience.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to characterize the nature of patients' knowledge of HF, in the context of living with the disease.

METHODS

We conducted a narrative synthesis of qualitative studies that addressed patients' knowledge of HF. Studies were systematically searched and retrieved from MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and PsycARTICLES databases. Findings were synthesized using an iterative coding process carried out by multiple analysts and reported following Enhancing Transparency in the Reporting of Qualitative Health Research (ENTREQ) criteria.

RESULTS

Analysis of 73 eligible articles produced five themes: the content that comprises HF knowledge; development of HF knowledge over time; application of HF knowledge for decision making; communication of information between clinicians and patients; and patients' experience of knowledge.

CONCLUSION

The nature of patients' knowledge of HF is both explicit and implicit, dynamic, and personal. This multidimensional model of knowledge-in-context calls for equally multidimensional research and intervention design.

Depression in heart failure

Heart failure is one of the most prevalent long-term physical health conditions. It is suggested that up to 26 million people are living with it worldwide including approximately 920 000 people in the UK. Evidence has consistently demonstrated the links between cardiac health and mental health; therefore, this article will explain depression and its presentation in heart failure, as these two conditions have been strongly and consistently linked. The prevalence of depression in heart failure will be reviewed from epidemiological studies and an overview of the impact of comorbid depression in heart failure will be provided, with a particular focus on mortality, morbidity and quality of life outcomes. The relationship between depression and heart failure will be discussed by examining pathophysiological and behavioural mechanisms, as well as evidence regarding the appropriate identification and subsequent management of heart failure depression will be reviewed.

Factors Affecting Self-care Maintenance and Management in Patients With Heart Failure: Testing a Path Model

BACKGROUND

Self-care is indispensable for health maintenance and well-being. This naturalistic decision-making process involves behavioral choices to maintain physiological stability (self-care maintenance) and response to occurring symptoms (self-care management). However, several factors affect self-care, but some have contradictory results.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to examine how depressive symptoms, social support, eHealth literacy, and heart failure (HF) knowledge directly and indirectly affect self-care maintenance and management and to identify the mediating role of self-care confidence in self-care maintenance and management.

METHODS

The study included a total of 141 patients with HF (average age, 65.2 years; male, 55.3%). We analyzed their data, including demographic and clinical characteristics, obtained from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, eHealth Literacy Scale, Dutch Heart Failure Knowledge Scale, and Self-Care of Heart Failure Index. Furthermore, path analysis was conducted to examine the effects of the study variables on self-care maintenance and management.

RESULTS

Self-care confidence significantly and directly affected self-care maintenance and management and mediated the relationships between factor variables (depressive symptoms, social support, and HF knowledge) and outcome variables (self-care maintenance and management). Specifically, depressive symptoms had a negative and direct effect on self-care maintenance, whereas eHealth literacy had significant and direct effects on self-care management and HF knowledge.

CONCLUSION

Self-care confidence decreases the negative effects of depressive symptoms on self-care. This study underscores the need for interventions targeting patients' self-care confidence to maximize self-care among patients with HF.

Responsiveness and minimal clinically important difference of the Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire

Background

The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) is one of the most widely used health-related quality of life questionnaires for patients with heart failure (HF). The objective of the present study was to explore the responsiveness of the MLHFQ by estimating the minimal detectable change (MDC) and the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in Spain.

Methods

Patients hospitalized for HF in the participating hospitals completed the MLHFQ at baseline and 6 months, plus anchor questions at 6 months. To study responsiveness, patients were classified as having “improved”, remained “the same” or “worsened”, using anchor questions. We used the standardized effect size (SES), and standardized response mean (SRM) to measure the magnitude of the changes scores and calculate the MDC and MCID.

Results

Overall, 1211 patients completed the baseline and follow-up questionnaires 6 months after discharge. The mean changes in all MLHFQ domains followed a trend (P < 0.0001) with larger gains in quality of life among patients classified as “improved”, smaller gains among those classified as “the same”, and losses among those classified as “worsened”. The SES and SRM responsiveness parameters in the “improved” group were ≥ 0.80 on nearly all scales. Among patients classified as “worsened”, effect sizes were < 0.40, while among patients classified as “the same”, the values ranged from 0.24 to 0.52. The MDC ranged from 7.27 to 16.96. The MCID based on patients whose response to the anchor question was “somewhat better”, ranged from 3.59 to 19.14 points.

Conclusions

All of these results suggest that all domains of the MLHFQ have a good sensitivity to change in the population studied.

Type D Personality as a Risk Factor in Coronary Heart Disease: a Review of Current Evidence

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW

This review article synthesizes recent research findings on the psychological context of Type D personality and the mechanisms through which Type D affects disease progression and prognosis among patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).

RECENT FINDINGS

One in four patients with CHD has a Distressed (Type D) personality, which is characterized by two stable traits: social inhibition and negative affectivity. Type D personality predicts increased mortality and morbidity burden, and poorer health-related quality of life. Type D is part of a family of psychosocial risk factors that affect CHD prognosis. The pattern of co-occurrence of these psychosocial factors and intra-individual differences in psychosocial profiles may affect risk prediction accuracy. Multiple biological and behavioral processes have been associated with Type D personality. Identifying pathways explaining the observed associations between Type D personality and CHD is important to improve etiological and pathophysiological knowledge and to design personalized interventions, and targeting specific risk-associated pathways.