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Buanec HL, Schiavon V, Merandet M, How-Kit A, Bergerat D, Fombellida-Lopez C, Bensussan A, Bouaziz JD, Burny A, Darcis G, Song H, Sajadi MM, Kottilil S, Gallo RC, Zagury D. Early elevated IFNα is a key mediator of HIV pathogenesis. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:53. [PMID: 38504106 PMCID: PMC10951235 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A complete understanding of the different steps of HIV replication and an effective drug combination have led to modern antiretroviral regimens that block HIV replication for decades, but these therapies are not curative and must be taken for life. "Elite controllers" (ECs) is a term for the 0.5% of HIV-infected persons requiring no antiretroviral therapy, whose status may point the way toward a functional HIV cure. Defining the mechanisms of this control may be key to understanding how to replicate this functional cure in others. METHODS In ECs and untreated non-EC patients, we compared IFNα serum concentration, distribution of immune cell subsets, and frequency of cell markers associated with immune dysfunction. We also investigated the effect of an elevated dose of IFNα on distinct subsets within dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and CD4+ and CD8 + T cells. RESULTS Serum IFNα was undetectable in ECs, but all immune cell subsets from untreated non-EC patients were structurally and functionally impaired. We also show that the altered phenotype and function of these cell subsets in non-EC patients can be recapitulated when cells are stimulated in vitro with high-dose IFNα. CONCLUSIONS Elevated IFNα is a key mediator of HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Le Buanec
- Université de Paris; INSERM U976, HIPI Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Schiavon
- Université de Paris; INSERM U976, HIPI Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Marine Merandet
- Université de Paris; INSERM U976, HIPI Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | | | - David Bergerat
- Université de Paris; INSERM U976, HIPI Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Céline Fombellida-Lopez
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Institute University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Armand Bensussan
- Université de Paris; INSERM U976, HIPI Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Jean-David Bouaziz
- Université de Paris; INSERM U976, HIPI Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
- Dermatology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Arsène Burny
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Gembloux Agrobiotech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Gilles Darcis
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Institute University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Hongshuo Song
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Mohammad M Sajadi
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Shyamasundaran Kottilil
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert C Gallo
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Le Buanec H, Schiavon V, Merandet M, How-Kit A, Song H, Bergerat D, Fombellida-Lopez C, Bensussan A, Bouaziz JD, Burny A, Darcis G, Sajadi MM, Kottilil S, Zagury D, Gallo RC. IFNα induces CCR5 in CD4 + T cells of HIV patients causing pathogenic elevation. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:52. [PMID: 38504093 PMCID: PMC10951336 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among people living with HIV, elite controllers (ECs) maintain an undetectable viral load, even without receiving anti-HIV therapy. In non-EC patients, this therapy leads to marked improvement, including in immune parameters, but unlike ECs, non-EC patients still require ongoing treatment and experience co-morbidities. In-depth, comprehensive immune analyses comparing EC and treated non-EC patients may reveal subtle, consistent differences. This comparison could clarify whether elevated circulating interferon-alpha (IFNα) promotes widespread immune cell alterations and persists post-therapy, furthering understanding of why non-EC patients continue to need treatment. METHODS Levels of IFNα in HIV-infected EC and treated non-EC patients were compared, along with blood immune cell subset distribution and phenotype, and functional capacities in some cases. In addition, we assessed mechanisms potentially associated with IFNα overload. RESULTS Treatment of non-EC patients results in restoration of IFNα control, followed by marked improvement in distribution numbers, phenotypic profiles of blood immune cells, and functional capacity. These changes still do not lead to EC status, however, and IFNα can induce these changes in normal immune cell counterparts in vitro. Hypothesizing that persistent alterations could arise from inalterable effects of IFNα at infection onset, we verified an IFNα-related mechanism. The protein induces the HIV coreceptor CCR5, boosting HIV infection and reducing the effects of anti-HIV therapies. EC patients may avoid elevated IFNα following on infection with a lower inoculum of HIV or because of some unidentified genetic factor. CONCLUSIONS Early control of IFNα is essential for better prognosis of HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Le Buanec
- Université de Paris; INSERM U976, HIPI Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Schiavon
- Université de Paris; INSERM U976, HIPI Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Marine Merandet
- Université de Paris; INSERM U976, HIPI Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | | | - Hongshuo Song
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - David Bergerat
- Université de Paris; INSERM U976, HIPI Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Céline Fombellida-Lopez
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Institute University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Armand Bensussan
- Université de Paris; INSERM U976, HIPI Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Jean-David Bouaziz
- Université de Paris; INSERM U976, HIPI Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
- Dermatology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Arsène Burny
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Gembloux Agrobiotech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Gilles Darcis
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, GIGA-I3, GIGA-Institute University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Mohammad M Sajadi
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Shyamasundaran Kottilil
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Program in Oncology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | | | - Robert C Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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3
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Karakoese Z, Ingola M, Sitek B, Dittmer U, Sutter K. IFNα Subtypes in HIV Infection and Immunity. Viruses 2024; 16:364. [PMID: 38543729 PMCID: PMC10975235 DOI: 10.3390/v16030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN), immediately triggered following most viral infections, play a pivotal role in direct antiviral immunity and act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses. However, numerous viruses have evolved evasion strategies against IFN responses, prompting the exploration of therapeutic alternatives for viral infections. Within the type I IFN family, 12 IFNα subtypes exist, all binding to the same receptor but displaying significant variations in their biological activities. Currently, clinical treatments for chronic virus infections predominantly rely on a single IFNα subtype (IFNα2a/b). However, the efficacy of this therapeutic treatment is relatively limited, particularly in the context of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Recent investigations have delved into alternative IFNα subtypes, identifying certain subtypes as highly potent, and their antiviral and immunomodulatory properties have been extensively characterized. This review consolidates recent findings on the roles of individual IFNα subtypes during HIV and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infections. It encompasses their induction in the context of HIV/SIV infection, their antiretroviral activity, and the diverse regulation of the immune response against HIV by distinct IFNα subtypes. These insights may pave the way for innovative strategies in HIV cure or functional cure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Karakoese
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (Z.K.); (U.D.)
- Institute for the Research on HIV and AIDS-Associated Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Martha Ingola
- Medical Proteome Center, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.I.); (B.S.)
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Medical Proteome Center, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.I.); (B.S.)
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (Z.K.); (U.D.)
- Institute for the Research on HIV and AIDS-Associated Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (Z.K.); (U.D.)
- Institute for the Research on HIV and AIDS-Associated Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Resop RS, Salvatore B, Kim SJ, Gordon BR, Blom B, Vatakis DN, Uittenbogaart CH. HIV-1 Infection Results in Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Dysregulation in the Human Thymus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13865. [PMID: 37762169 PMCID: PMC10531245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of functional naïve T lymphocytes following the onset of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a crucial issue for people living with HIV (PLWH), even when adhering to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Thus far, reports on the impact of HIV-1 infection on the entry of thymic precursors and the egress of functional naïve T lymphocytes to and from the thymus are limited. We examined the impact of HIV-1 on Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling, which governs the egress of functional naïve thymocytes from the thymus to the periphery. Using in vitro experiments with primary human thymocytes and in vivo and ex vivo studies with humanized mice, we show that HIV-1 infection results in upregulation of the expression of S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1) in the human thymus. Intriguingly, this upregulation occurs during intrathymic infection (direct infection of the human thymic implant) as well as systemic infection in humanized mice. Moreover, considering the dysregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in infected thymi, the increased expression of S1PR1 in response to in vitro exposure to Interferon-Beta (IFN-β) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) indicates that cytokine dysregulation following HIV infection may contribute to upregulation of S1PR1. Finally, an increased presence of CD3hiCD69- (fully mature) as well as CD3hiCD69+ (less mature) T cells in the spleen during HIV infection in humanized mice, combined with earlier expression of S1PR1 during thymocyte development, suggests that upregulation of S1PR1 may translate to increased or accelerated egress from the thymus. The egress of thymocytes that are not functionally mature from the thymus to peripheral blood and lymphoid organs may have implications for the immune function of PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Resop
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (R.S.R.); (B.S.); (S.J.K.)
- UCLA AIDS Institute and Center for AIDS Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Bradley Salvatore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (R.S.R.); (B.S.); (S.J.K.)
| | - Shawn J. Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (R.S.R.); (B.S.); (S.J.K.)
| | - Brent R. Gordon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (R.S.R.); (B.S.); (S.J.K.)
| | - Bianca Blom
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Dimitrios N. Vatakis
- UCLA AIDS Institute and Center for AIDS Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christel H. Uittenbogaart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (R.S.R.); (B.S.); (S.J.K.)
- UCLA AIDS Institute and Center for AIDS Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Mass spectrometry analysis of gut tissue in acute SIV-infection in rhesus macaques identifies early proteome alterations preceding the interferon inflammatory response. Sci Rep 2023; 13:690. [PMID: 36639424 PMCID: PMC9839751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection damages the gut mucosa leading to chronic immune activation, increased morbidities and mortality, and antiretroviral therapies, do not completely ameliorate mucosal dysfunction. Understanding early molecular changes in acute infection may identify new biomarkers underlying gut dysfunction. Here we utilized a proteomics approach, coupled with flow cytometry, to characterize early molecular and immunological alterations during acute SIV infection in gut tissue of rhesus macaques. Gut tissue biopsies were obtained at 2 times pre-infection and 4 times post-infection from 6 macaques. The tissue proteome was analyzed by mass spectrometry, and immune cell populations in tissue and blood by flow cytometry. Significant proteome changes (p < 0.05) occurred at 3 days post-infection (dpi) (13.0%), 14 dpi (13.7%), 28 dpi (16.9%) and 63 dpi (14.8%). At 3 dpi, proteome changes included cellular structural activity, barrier integrity, and activation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) (FDR < 0.0001) prior to the antiviral response at 14 dpi (IFNa/g pathways, p < 0.001). Novel EMT proteomic biomarkers (keratins 2, 6A and 20, collagen 12A1, desmoplakin) and inflammatory biomarkers (PSMB9, FGL2) were associated with early infection and barrier dysfunction. These findings identify new biomarkers preceding inflammation in SIV infection involved with EMT activation. This warrants further investigation of the role of these biomarkers in chronic infection, mucosal inflammation, and disease pathogenesis of HIV.
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Massey J, Jackson K, Singh M, Hughes B, Withers B, Ford C, Khoo M, Hendrawan K, Zaunders J, Charmeteau-De Muylder B, Cheynier R, Luciani F, Ma D, Moore J, Sutton I. Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Results in Extensive Remodelling of the Clonal T Cell Repertoire in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:798300. [PMID: 35197974 PMCID: PMC8859174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.798300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is a vital therapeutic option for patients with highly active multiple sclerosis (MS). Rates of remission suggest AHSCT is the most effective form of immunotherapy in controlling the disease. Despite an evolving understanding of the biology of immune reconstitution following AHSCT, the mechanism by which AHSCT enables sustained disease remission beyond the period of lymphopenia remains to be elucidated. Auto-reactive T cells are considered central to MS pathogenesis. Here, we analyse T cell reconstitution for 36 months following AHSCT in a cohort of highly active MS patients. Through longitudinal analysis of sorted naïve and memory T cell clones, we establish that AHSCT induces profound changes in the dominant T cell landscape of both CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cell clones. Lymphopenia induced homeostatic proliferation is followed by clonal attrition; with only 19% of dominant CD4 (p <0.025) and 13% of dominant CD8 (p <0.005) clones from the pre-transplant repertoire detected at 36 months. Recovery of a thymically-derived CD4 naïve T cell repertoire occurs at 12 months and is ongoing at 36 months, however diversity of the naïve populations is not increased from baseline suggesting the principal mechanism of durable remission from MS after AHSCT relates to depletion of putative auto-reactive clones. In a cohort of MS patients expressing the MS risk allele HLA DRB1*15:01, public clones are probed as potential biomarkers of disease. AHSCT appears to induce sustained periods of disease remission with dynamic changes in the clonal T cell repertoire out to 36 months post-transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Massey
- Department of Haematology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Blood Stem Cell and Cancer Research Group, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Jennifer Massey,
| | - Katherine Jackson
- Immunogenomics Lab, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Mandeep Singh
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Immunogenomics Lab, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Brendan Hughes
- School of Medical Sciences and Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Barbara Withers
- Department of Haematology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Blood Stem Cell and Cancer Research Group, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Carole Ford
- Blood Stem Cell and Cancer Research Group, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa Khoo
- Blood Stem Cell and Cancer Research Group, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin Hendrawan
- Blood Stem Cell and Cancer Research Group, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - John Zaunders
- Immunology Laboratory, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Rémi Cheynier
- Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Fabio Luciani
- School of Medical Sciences and Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - David Ma
- Department of Haematology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Blood Stem Cell and Cancer Research Group, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - John Moore
- Department of Haematology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Blood Stem Cell and Cancer Research Group, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian Sutton
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent’s Clinic, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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Démoulins T, Baron ML, Gauchat D, Kettaf N, Reed SJ, Charpentier T, Kalinke U, Lamarre A, Ahmed R, Sékaly RP, Sarkar S, Kalia V. Induction of thymic atrophy and loss of thymic output by type-I interferons during chronic viral infection. Virology 2022; 567:77-86. [PMID: 35032866 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Type-I interferon (IFN-I) signals exert a critical role in disease progression during viral infections. However, the immunomodulatory mechanisms by which IFN-I dictates disease outcomes remain to be fully defined. Here we report that IFN-I signals mediate thymic atrophy in viral infections, with more severe and prolonged loss of thymic output and unique kinetics and subtypes of IFN-α/β expression in chronic infection compared to acute infection. Loss of thymic output was linked to inhibition of early stages of thymopoiesis (DN1-DN2 transition, and DN3 proliferation) and pronounced apoptosis during the late DP stage. Notably, infection-associated thymic defects were largely abrogated upon ablation of IFNαβR and partially mitigated in the absence of CD8 T cells, thus implicating direct as well as indirect effects of IFN-I on thymocytes. These findings provide mechanistic underpinnings for immunotherapeutic strategies targeting IFN-1 signals to manipulate disease outcomes during chronic infections and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Démoulins
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Dominique Gauchat
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), 1000, rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0C1, Canada
| | - Nadia Kettaf
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Saint-Luc, Montréal, QC, H2X 1P1, Canada
| | - Steven James Reed
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Tania Charpentier
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Department of Pathology, Emory University Winship Cancer Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Surojit Sarkar
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Vandana Kalia
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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8
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Cuvelier P, Roux H, Couëdel-Courteille A, Dutrieux J, Naudin C, Charmeteau de Muylder B, Cheynier R, Squara P, Marullo S. Protective reactive thymus hyperplasia in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2021; 25:4. [PMID: 33397460 PMCID: PMC7781174 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients with COVID-19 (COVID) may develop acute respiratory distress syndrome with or without sepsis, coagulopathy and visceral damage. While chest CT scans are routinely performed in the initial assessment of patients with severe pulmonary forms, thymus involvement and reactivation have not been investigated so far. Methods In this observational study, we systematically scored the enlargement of the thymus and the lung involvement, using CT scans, in all adult patients admitted to the ICU for COVID or any other cause (control group) at one centre between March and April 2020. Initial biological investigations included nasal detection of SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In a subgroup of 24 patients with different degrees of pulmonary involvement and thymus hypertrophy, plasma cytokine concentrations were measured and the export of mature T cells from the thymus was estimated simultaneously by PCR quantification of T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs). Results Eighty-seven patients were studied: 50 COVID patients and 37 controls. Non-atrophic or enlarged thymus was more commonly observed in COVID patients than in controls (66% vs. 24%, p < 0.0001). Thymus enlargement in COVID patients was associated with more extensive lung injury score on CT scans (4 [3–5] vs. 2 [1.5–4], p = 0.01), but a lower mortality rate (8.6% vs. 41.2%, p < 0.001). Other factors associated with mortality were age, lymphopaenia, high CRP and co-morbidities. COVID patients had higher concentrations of IL-7 (6.00 [3.72–9.25] vs. 2.17 [1.76–4.4] pg/mL; p = 0.04) and higher thymic production of new lymphocytes (sj/βTREC ratio = 2.88 [1.98–4.51] vs. 0.23 [0.15–0.60]; p = 0.004). Thymic production was also correlated with the CT scan thymic score (r = 0.38, p = 0.03) and inversely correlated with the number of lymphocytes (r = 0.56, p = 0.007). Conclusion In COVID patients, thymus enlargement was frequent and associated with increased T lymphocyte production, which appears to be a beneficial adaptation to virus-induced lymphopaenia. The lack of thymic activity/reactivation in older SARS-CoV-2 infected patients could contribute to a worse prognosis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelagia Cuvelier
- Clinique Ambroise Paré, 27 bd Victor Hugo, 92200, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| | - Hélène Roux
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | | | - Jacques Dutrieux
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Naudin
- Clinique Ambroise Paré, 27 bd Victor Hugo, 92200, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Rémi Cheynier
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Squara
- Clinique Ambroise Paré, 27 bd Victor Hugo, 92200, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
| | - Stefano Marullo
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
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9
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Jochems SP, Jacquelin B, Tchitchek N, Busato F, Pichon F, Huot N, Liu Y, Ploquin MJ, Roché E, Cheynier R, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Stahl-Henning C, Le Grand R, Tost J, Müller-Trutwin M. DNA methylation changes in metabolic and immune-regulatory pathways in blood and lymph node CD4 + T cells in response to SIV infections. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:188. [PMID: 33298174 PMCID: PMC7724887 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00971-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying HIV-induced inflammation, which persists even during effective long-term treatment, remain incompletely defined. Here, we studied pathogenic and nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections in macaques and African green monkeys, respectively. We longitudinally analyzed genome-wide DNA methylation changes in CD4 + T cells from lymph node and blood, using arrays. DNA methylation changes after SIV infection were more pronounced in lymph nodes than blood and already detected in primary infection. Differentially methylated genes in pathogenic SIV infection were enriched for Th1-signaling (e.g., RUNX3, STAT4, NFKB1) and metabolic pathways (e.g., PRKCZ). In contrast, nonpathogenic SIVagm infection induced DNA methylation in genes coding for regulatory proteins such as LAG-3, arginase-2, interleukin-21 and interleukin-31. Between 15 and 18% of genes with DNA methylation changes were differentially expressed in CD4 + T cells in vivo. Selected identified sites were validated using bisulfite pyrosequencing in an independent cohort of uninfected, viremic and SIV controller macaques. Altered DNA methylation was confirmed in blood and lymph node CD4 + T cells in viremic macaques but was notably absent from SIV controller macaques. Our study identified key genes differentially methylated already in primary infection and in tissues that could contribute to the persisting metabolic disorders and inflammation in HIV-infected individuals despite effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Jochems
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Didot, 75015, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrice Jacquelin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Didot, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), INSERM U1184, CEA, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Florence Busato
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Fabien Pichon
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Nicolas Huot
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Didot, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Mickaël J Ploquin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Didot, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Roché
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- UMR8104, CNRS, U1016, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), INSERM U1184, CEA, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Roger Le Grand
- IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), INSERM U1184, CEA, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jorg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Didot, 75015, Paris, France.
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10
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Rhodes JW, Tong O, Harman AN, Turville SG. Human Dendritic Cell Subsets, Ontogeny, and Impact on HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1088. [PMID: 31156637 PMCID: PMC6532592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in orchestrating host immunity against invading pathogens, representing one of the first responders to infection by mucosal invaders. From their discovery by Ralph Steinman in the 1970s followed shortly after with descriptions of their in vivo diversity and distribution by Derek Hart, we are still continuing to progressively elucidate the spectrum of DCs present in various anatomical compartments. With the power of high-dimensional approaches such as single-cell sequencing and multiparameter cytometry, recent studies have shed new light on the identities and functions of DC subtypes. Notable examples include the reclassification of plasmacytoid DCs as purely interferon-producing cells and re-evaluation of intestinal conventional DCs and macrophages as derived from monocyte precursors. Collectively, these observations have changed how we view these cells not only in steady-state immunity but also during disease and infection. In this review, we will discuss the current landscape of DCs and their ontogeny, and how this influences our understanding of their roles during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake William Rhodes
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Orion Tong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Nicholas Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Applied Medical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Grant Turville
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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11
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Rb-Silva R, Nobrega C, Azevedo C, Athayde E, Canto-Gomes J, Ferreira I, Cheynier R, Yates AJ, Horta A, Correia-Neves M. Thymic Function as a Predictor of Immune Recovery in Chronically HIV-Infected Patients Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:25. [PMID: 30804925 PMCID: PMC6370619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor immunological responders (PIR) are HIV-infected patients with virologic suppression upon antiretroviral therapy (ART) but persistently low CD4+ T cell counts. Early identification of PIR is important given their higher morbimortality compared to adequate immune responders (AIR). In this study, 33 patients severely lymphopenic at ART onset, were followed for at least 36 months, and classified as PIR or AIR using cluster analysis grounded on their CD4+ T cell count trajectories. Based on a variety of immunological parameters, we built predictive models of PIR/AIR outcome using logistic regression. All PIR had CD4+ T cell counts consistently below 500 cells/μL, while all AIR reached this threshold. AIR showed a higher percentage of recent thymic emigrants among CD4+ T cells; higher numbers of sj-TRECs and greater sj/β TREC ratios; and significant increases in thymic volume from baseline to 12 months of ART. We identified mathematical models that correctly predicted PIR/AIR outcome after 36 months of therapy in 77-87% of the cases, based on observations made until 2-6 months after ART onset. This study highlights the importance of thymic activity in the immune recovery of severely lymphopenic patients, and may help to select the patients that will benefit from closer follow-up or novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rb-Silva
- Population Health Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Department of Onco-Hematology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudia Nobrega
- Population Health Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cecilia Azevedo
- Department of Mathematics and Applications, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Center of Mathematics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Emilia Athayde
- Department of Mathematics and Applications, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Center of Mathematics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Canto-Gomes
- Population Health Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ivo Ferreira
- Population Health Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Université Paris Decartes, Paris, France
| | - Andrew J Yates
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ana Horta
- Population Health Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Population Health Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Li Y, Sun B, Esser S, Jessen H, Streeck H, Widera M, Yang R, Dittmer U, Sutter K. Expression Pattern of Individual IFNA Subtypes in Chronic HIV Infection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 37:541-549. [PMID: 29252127 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2017.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-α (IFN-α) plays an important role in HIV pathogenesis. IFN-α consists of 13 individual IFN-α subtypes, which exhibit individual antiviral and immunomodulatory activities in HIV infection. Here, we determined the expression profiles of all IFN-α subtypes in treated and treatment-naive HIV+ patients and their impact on the induction of distinct HIV restriction factors. We collected blood samples of chronic HIV+ patients, which underwent antiretroviral therapy or were treatment-naive, and determined the individual expression levels of different IFN-α subtypes and HIV restriction factors. HIV infection transiently enhanced the expression of IFNA mRNA. The IFN-α response was dominated by the most abundantly expressed subtypes IFNA4, A5, A7, and A14 in all individuals. HIV infection affected the expression pattern of the IFN-α response, in particular for IFNA2 and IFNA16, which were elevated by chronic HIV infection. Elevated expression of HIV restriction factors was observed in chronically HIV-infected patients, which partly decreased during successful antiretroviral treatment. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed that IFN-α6, -α14, and -α21 were most effective in inducing the expression of HIV restriction factors. These results indicate that HIV infection induces a specific expression pattern of IFN-α subtypes, which in turn induce the expression of various HIV restriction factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Li
- 1 Wuhan Institute of Virology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Binlian Sun
- 1 Wuhan Institute of Virology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Stefan Esser
- 2 Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
| | | | - Hendrik Streeck
- 4 Institute for HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- 5 Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - Rongge Yang
- 1 Wuhan Institute of Virology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- 5 Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- 5 Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen, Germany
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13
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Scagnolari C, Antonelli G. Type I interferon and HIV: Subtle balance between antiviral activity, immunopathogenesis and the microbiome. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:19-31. [PMID: 29576284 PMCID: PMC7108411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Induction and action of IFN during acute and chronic HIV-1 infection. Host and viral factors influencing IFN response in HIV-1 infected patients. Type I IFN and IFNα subtypes signatures and their antiviral activity during HIV-1 infection. The microbiome and intestinal IFN responses relationship in HIV-1 infection and disease.
Type I interferon (IFN) response initially limits HIV-1 spread and may delay disease progression by stimulating several immune system components. Nonetheless, persistent exposure to type I IFN in the chronic phase of HIV-1 infection is associated with desensitization and/or detrimental immune activation, thereby hindering immune recovery and fostering viral persistence. This review provides a basis for understanding the complexity and function of IFN pleiotropic activity in HIV-1 infection. In particular, the dichotomous role of the IFN response in HIV-1 immunopathogenesis will be discussed, highlighting recent advances in the dynamic modulation of IFN production in acute versus chronic infection, expression signatures of IFN subtypes, and viral and host factors affecting the magnitude of IFN response during HIV-1 infection. Lastly, the review gives a forward-looking perspective on the interplay between microbiome compositions and IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Scagnolari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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14
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Noël N, Jacquelin B, Huot N, Goujard C, Lambotte O, Müller-Trutwin M. Interferon-associated therapies toward HIV control: The back and forth. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:99-112. [PMID: 29555233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induces a persistent and incurable infection. However, the combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) has markedly changed the evolution of the infection and transformed a deadly disease into a manageable chronic infection. Withdrawal of cART generally leads though to resumption of the viral replication. The eradication of the virus from its cellular and anatomical reservoirs remains a goal-to-achieve for a cure. In this context, developing novel therapies contributing to this aim are an important field of research. Type I IFN has antiviral activity, which, before the presence of efficient anti-HIV drugs, has led to the testing of IFN-based therapeutic strategies during the early years of the pandemic. A historical overview of the results and its limitations that were put into light are reviewed here. In addition, several lessons could be drawn. For instance, the efficacy of the IFN-I depends on the timing of its administration and the context. Thus, the persistence of an endogenous IFN-signature, such as that generally observed in viremic patients, seems to be associated with a lower efficacy of IFN. Based on the lessons from previous trials, and in the context of cART and research for a cure, type I Interferon has regained interest and novel therapeutic approaches are currently tested in combination with cART, some with disappointing, other with encouraging results with regard to a reduction in the size of the HIV reservoir and/or delays in viral rebound after cessation of cART. Additional strategies are currently developed in addition to improve the antiviral function of the IFN-I, by using for instance other IFN subtypes than IFN-Iα2. In parallel, the development of innovative strategies aimed at counteracting the excessive activation of the IFN-pathways have been continued and their results are reviewed here as well. Altogether, the use of IFN-I in anti-HIV therapies has gone through distinct phases and many lessons could be drawn. Novel combinations are currently be tested that might provide interesting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Noël
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation & Persistence, Paris, France; Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Hopitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM/CEA U1184, Immunologie des Maladies Virales et Autoimmunes, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | | | - Nicolas Huot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation & Persistence, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Goujard
- Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Hopitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; CESP, INSERM U1018, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Hopitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM/CEA U1184, Immunologie des Maladies Virales et Autoimmunes, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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15
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Interferon α subtypes in HIV infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:13-18. [PMID: 29475588 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN), which are immediately induced after most virus infections, are central for direct antiviral immunity and link innate and adaptive immune responses. However, several viruses have evolved strategies to evade the IFN response by preventing IFN induction or blocking IFN signaling pathways. Thus, therapeutic application of exogenous type I IFN or agonists inducing type I IFN responses are a considerable option for future immunotherapies against chronic viral infections. An important part of the type I IFN family are 12 IFNα subtypes, which all bind the same receptor, but significantly differ in their biological activities. Up to date only one IFNα subtype (IFNα2) is being used in clinical treatment against chronic virus infections, however its therapeutic success rate is rather limited, especially during Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Recent studies addressed the important question if other IFNα subtypes would be more potent against retroviral infections in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Indeed, very potent IFNα subtypes were defined and their antiviral and immunomodulatory properties were characterized. In this review we summarize the recent findings on the role of individual IFNα subtypes during HIV and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus infection. This includes their induction during HIV/SIV infection, their antiretroviral activity and the regulation of immune response against HIV by different IFNα subtypes. The findings might facilitate novel strategies for HIV cure or functional cure studies.
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16
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Echebli N, Tchitchek N, Dupuy S, Bruel T, Peireira Bittencourt Passaes C, Bosquet N, Le Grand R, Bourgeois C, Favier B, Cheynier R, Lambotte O, Vaslin B. Stage-specific IFN-induced and IFN gene expression reveal convergence of type I and type II IFN and highlight their role in both acute and chronic stage of pathogenic SIV infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190334. [PMID: 29324751 PMCID: PMC5764266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) play a major role in controlling viral infections including HIV/SIV infections. Persistent up-regulation of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) is associated with chronic immune activation and progression in SIV/HIV infections, but the respective contribution of different IFNs is unclear. We analyzed the expression of IFN genes and ISGs in tissues of SIV infected macaques to understand the respective roles of type I and type II IFNs. Both IFN types were induced in lymph nodes during early stage of primary infection and to some extent in rectal biopsies but not in PBMCs. Induction of Type II IFN expression persisted during the chronic phase, in contrast to undetectable induction of type I IFN expression. Global gene expression analysis with a major focus on ISGs revealed that at both acute and chronic infection phases most differentially expressed ISGs were inducible by both type I and type II IFNs and displayed the highest increases, indicating strong convergence and synergy between type I and type II IFNs. The analysis of functional signatures of ISG expression revealed temporal changes in IFN expression patterns identifying phase-specific ISGs. These results suggest that IFN-γ strongly contribute to shape ISG upregulation in addition to type I IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Echebli
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stéphanie Dupuy
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Caroline Peireira Bittencourt Passaes
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie Bosquet
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christine Bourgeois
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Benoit Favier
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- APHP, Service de Médecine Interne–Immunologie Clinique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Bruno Vaslin
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- * E-mail:
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17
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Ponte R, Rancez M, Figueiredo-Morgado S, Dutrieux J, Fabre-Mersseman V, Charmeteau-de-Muylder B, Guilbert T, Routy JP, Cheynier R, Couëdel-Courteille A. Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Triggers Early and Transient Interleukin-7 Production in the Gut, Leading to Enhanced Local Chemokine Expression and Intestinal Immune Cell Homing. Front Immunol 2017; 8:588. [PMID: 28579989 PMCID: PMC5437214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier, one of the first targets of HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is subjected to major physiological changes during acute infection. Having previously shown that pharmaceutical injection of interleukin-7 (IL-7) triggers chemokine expression in many organs leading to massive T-cell homing, in particular to the intestine, we here explored mucosal IL-7 expression as part of the cytokine storm occurring during the acute phase of SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Quantifying both mRNA and protein in tissues, we demonstrated a transient increase of IL-7 expression in the small intestine of SIV-infected rhesus macaques, starting with local detection of the virus by day 3 of infection. We also observed increased transcription levels of several chemokines in the small intestine. In infected macaques, ileal IL-7 expression correlated with the transcription of four of these chemokines. Among these chemokines, the macrophage and/or T-cell attractant chemokines CCL4, CCL25, and CCL28 also demonstrated increased transcription in uninfected IL-7-treated monkeys. Through immunohistofluorescence staining and image analysis, we observed increased CD8+ T-cell numbers and stable CD4+ T-cell counts in the infected lamina propria (LP) during hyperacute infection. Concomitantly, circulating CCR9+beta7+ CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells dropped during acute infection, suggesting augmented intestinal homing of gut-imprinted T-cells. Finally, CD4+ macrophages transiently decreased in the submucosa and concentrated in the LP during the first days of infection. Overall, our study identifies IL-7 as a danger signal in the small intestine of Chinese rhesus macaques in response to acute SIV infection. Through stimulation of local chemokine expressions, this overexpression of IL-7 triggers immune cell recruitment to the gut. These findings suggest a role for IL-7 in the initiation of early mucosal immune responses to SIV and HIV infections. However, IL-7 triggered CD4+ T-cells and macrophages localization at viral replication sites could also participate to viral spread and establishment of viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Ponte
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Magali Rancez
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Figueiredo-Morgado
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Dutrieux
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Fabre-Mersseman
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Charmeteau-de-Muylder
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Guilbert
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Rémi Cheynier
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne Couëdel-Courteille
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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18
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Sandstrom TS, Ranganath N, Angel JB. Impairment of the type I interferon response by HIV-1: Potential targets for HIV eradication. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 37:1-16. [PMID: 28455216 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
By interfering with the type I interferon (IFN1) response, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) can circumvent host antiviral signalling and establish persistent viral reservoirs. HIV-1-mediated defects in the IFN pathway are numerous, and include the impairment of protein receptors involved in pathogen detection, downstream signalling cascades required for IFN1 upregulation, and expression or function of key IFN1-inducible, antiviral proteins. Despite this, the activation of IFN1-inducible, antiviral proteins has been shown to facilitate the killing of latently HIV-infected cells in vitro. Understanding how IFN1 signalling is blocked in physiologically-relevant models of HIV-1 infection, and whether these defects can be reversed, is therefore of great importance for the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at eradicating the HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teslin S Sandstrom
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ORCC Room C4445, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Nischal Ranganath
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ORCC Room C4445, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ORCC Room C4445, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital-General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
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19
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Resop RS, Uittenbogaart CH. Human T-Cell Development and Thymic Egress: An Infectious Disease Perspective. FORUM ON IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL DISEASES AND THERAPEUTICS 2015; 6:33-49. [PMID: 28670486 PMCID: PMC5489135 DOI: 10.1615/forumimmundisther.2015014226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emigration of mature naïve CD4 SP T cells from the human thymus to the periphery is not fully understood, although elucidation of the mechanisms that govern egress of T cells is crucial to understanding both basic immunology and the immune response in diseases such as HIV infection. Recent work has brought to light the requirement for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptors in a variety of fields including mature naïve T-cell egress from the thymus of mice. We are examining the expression and function of this novel requisite T-cell egress receptor within the human thymus, characterizing changes observed in the expression and function of this receptor in infectious diseases. To perform this work, we use a variety of humanized murine models reviewed in this article. Future work in the field of T-cell egress, especially as it pertains to S1P receptors, should advance the fields of basic T-cell immunology and immunopathology and open new avenues for exploration into novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Resop
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen Medical School at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen Medical School at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christel H. Uittenbogaart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen Medical School at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen Medical School at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- University of California at Los Angeles AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen Medical School at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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20
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Thymic HIV-2 infection uncovers posttranscriptional control of viral replication in human thymocytes. J Virol 2014; 89:2201-8. [PMID: 25473058 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03047-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A unique HIV-host equilibrium exists in untreated HIV-2-infected individuals. This equilibrium is characterized by low to undetectable levels of viremia throughout the disease course, despite the establishment of disseminated HIV-2 reservoirs at levels comparable to those observed in untreated HIV-1 infection. Although the clinical spectrum is similar in the two infections, HIV-2 infection is associated with a much lower rate of CD4 T-cell decline and has a limited impact on the mortality of infected adults. Here we investigated HIV-2 infection of the human thymus, the primary organ for T-cell production. Human thymic tissue and suspensions of total or purified CD4 single-positive thymocytes were infected with HIV-2 or HIV-1 primary isolates using either CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptors. We found that HIV-2 infected both thymic organ cultures and thymocyte suspensions, as attested to by the total HIV DNA and cell-associated viral mRNA levels. Nevertheless, thymocytes featured reduced levels of intracellular Gag viral protein, irrespective of HIV-2 coreceptor tropism and cell differentiation stage, in agreement with the low viral load in culture supernatants. Our data show that HIV-2 is able to infect the human thymus, but the HIV-2 replication cycle in thymocytes is impaired, providing a new model to identify therapeutic targets for viral replication control. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 infects the thymus, leading to a decrease in CD4 T-cell production that contributes to the characteristic CD4 T-cell loss. HIV-2 infection is associated with a very low rate of progression to AIDS and is therefore considered a unique naturally occurring model of attenuated HIV disease. HIV-2-infected individuals feature low to undetectable plasma viral loads, in spite of the numbers of circulating infected T cells being similar to those found in patients infected with HIV-1. We assessed, for the first time, the direct impact of HIV-2 infection on the human thymus. We show that HIV-2 is able to infect the thymus but that the HIV-2 replication cycle in thymocytes is impaired. We propose that this system will be important to devise immunotherapies that target viral production, aiding the design of future therapeutic strategies for HIV control.
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