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Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Pérez-Yanes S, Lorenzo-Sánchez I, Trujillo-González R, Estévez-Herrera J, García-Luis J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. HIV Infection: Shaping the Complex, Dynamic, and Interconnected Network of the Cytoskeleton. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13104. [PMID: 37685911 PMCID: PMC10487602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 has evolved a plethora of strategies to overcome the cytoskeletal barrier (i.e., actin and intermediate filaments (AFs and IFs) and microtubules (MTs)) to achieve the viral cycle. HIV-1 modifies cytoskeletal organization and dynamics by acting on associated adaptors and molecular motors to productively fuse, enter, and infect cells and then traffic to the cell surface, where virions assemble and are released to spread infection. The HIV-1 envelope (Env) initiates the cycle by binding to and signaling through its main cell surface receptors (CD4/CCR5/CXCR4) to shape the cytoskeleton for fusion pore formation, which permits viral core entry. Then, the HIV-1 capsid is transported to the nucleus associated with cytoskeleton tracks under the control of specific adaptors/molecular motors, as well as HIV-1 accessory proteins. Furthermore, HIV-1 drives the late stages of the viral cycle by regulating cytoskeleton dynamics to assure viral Pr55Gag expression and transport to the cell surface, where it assembles and buds to mature infectious virions. In this review, we therefore analyze how HIV-1 generates a cell-permissive state to infection by regulating the cytoskeleton and associated factors. Likewise, we discuss the relevance of this knowledge to understand HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis in patients and to develop therapeutic strategies to battle HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Iria Lorenzo-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Rodrigo Trujillo-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
- Analysis Department, Faculty of Mathematics, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Jonay García-Luis
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zheng L, Guo Q. The roles and targeting options of TRIM family proteins in tumor. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:999380. [PMID: 36249749 PMCID: PMC9561884 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.999380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) containing proteins are a class of E3 ubiquitin ligases, which are critically implicated in the occurrence and development of tumors. They can function through regulating various aspects of tumors, such as tumor proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis and the development of drug resistance during tumor therapy. Some members of TRIM family proteins can mediate protein ubiquitination and chromosome translocation via modulating several signaling pathways, like p53, NF-κB, AKT, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin and other molecular regulatory mechanisms. The multi-domain nature/multi-functional biological role of TRIMs implies that blocking just one function or one domain might not be sufficient to obtain the desired therapeutic outcome, therefore, a detailed and systematic understanding of the biological functions of the individual domains of TRIMs is required. This review mainly described their roles and underlying mechanisms in tumorigenesis and progression, and it might shade light on a potential targeting strategy for TRIMs in tumor treatment, especially using PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenzhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lufeng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Lufeng Zheng, ; Qianqian Guo,
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Lufeng Zheng, ; Qianqian Guo,
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3
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Urusov FA, Glazkova DV, Tsyganova GM, Pozdyshev DV, Bogoslovskaya EV, Shipulin GA. The Titer of the Lentiviral Vector Encoding Chimeric TRIM5α-HRH Gene is Reduced Due to Expression of TRIM5α-HRH in Producer Cells and the Negative Effect of Ef1α Promoter. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Lu J, Jia J, Zhang J, Liu X. HIV p17 enhances T cell proliferation by suppressing autophagy through the p17-OLA1-GSK3β axis under nutrient starvation. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3607-3620. [PMID: 32790080 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient starvation is a common phenomenon that occurs during T cell activation. Upon pathogen infection, large amounts of immune cells migrate to infection sites, and antigen-specific T cells are activated; this is followed by rapid proliferation through clonal expansion. The dramatic expansion of cells will commonly lead to nutrient shortage. Cellular autophagy is often upregulated as a way to sustain the body's energy requirements. During infection, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-opts a series of host cell metabolic pathways for replication. Several HIV proteins, such as Env, Nef, and Vpr, have already been reported as being involved in autophagy-related processes. In this report, we identified that the HIV p17 protein acts as a major factor in suppressing the autophagic process in T cells, especially under glucose starvation condition. HIV p17 interacts with Obg-like ATPase 1 (OLA1) and disrupts OLA1-glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β) complex, leading to GSK3β hyperactivation. Consequently, a prior proliferation of HIV-infected T cells under glucose starvation will occur. The inhibition of autophagy also aids HIV replication by antagonizing the antiviral effect of autophagy. Our study shows a new cellular pathway that HIV can hijack for viral spreading by a prior proliferation of HIV-loaded T cells and may provide new therapeutic targets for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiayuan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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5
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A Potent anti-Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Neutralizing Antibody Induction Associated with a Germline Immunoglobulin Gene Polymorphism in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02455-20. [PMID: 33441342 PMCID: PMC8092685 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02455-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection induces B cells with a wide variety of B cell receptor (BCR) repertoires. Patterns of induced BCR repertoires are different in individuals, while the underlying mechanism causing this difference remains largely unclear. In particular, the impact of germ line BCR immunoglobulin (Ig) gene polymorphism on B cell/antibody induction has not fully been determined. In the present study, we found a potent antibody induction associated with a germ line BCR Ig gene polymorphism. B404-class antibodies, which were previously reported as potent anti-simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) neutralizing antibodies using the germ line VH3.33 gene-derived Ig heavy chain, were induced in five of 10 rhesus macaques after SIVsmH635FC infection. Investigation of VH3.33 genes in B404-class antibody inducers (n = 5) and non-inducers (n = 5) revealed association of B404-class antibody induction with a germ line VH3.33 polymorphism. Analysis of reconstructed antibodies indicated that the VH3.33 residue 38 is the determinant for B404-class antibody induction. B404-class antibodies were induced in all the macaques possessing the B404-associated VH3.33 allele, even under undetectable viremia. Our results show that a single nucleotide polymorphism in germ line VH genes could be a determinant for induction of potent antibodies against virus infection, implying that germ line VH-gene polymorphisms can be a factor restricting effective antibody induction or responsiveness to vaccination.IMPORTANCE Vaccines against a wide variety of infectious diseases have been developed mostly to induce antibodies targeting pathogens. However, small but significant percentage of people fail to mount potent antibody responses after vaccination, while the underlying mechanism of host failure in antibody induction remains largely unclear. In particular, the impact of germ line B cell receptor (BCR)/antibody immunoglobulin (Ig) gene polymorphism on B cell/antibody induction has not fully been determined. In the present study, we found a potent anti-simian immunodeficiency virus neutralizing antibody induction associated with a germ line BCR/antibody Ig gene polymorphism in rhesus macaques. Our results demonstrate that a single nucleotide polymorphism in germ line Ig genes could be a determinant for induction of potent antibodies against virus infection, implying that germ line BCR/antibody Ig gene polymorphisms can be a factor restricting effective antibody induction or responsiveness to vaccination.
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Saleemi MA, Ahmad B, Benchoula K, Vohra MS, Mea HJ, Chong PP, Palanisamy NK, Wong EH. Emergence and molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV to target host cells and potential therapeutics. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104583. [PMID: 33035643 PMCID: PMC7536551 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of a new coronavirus, in around late December 2019 which had first been reported in Wuhan, China has now developed into a massive threat to global public health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has named the disease caused by the virus as COVID-19 and the virus which is the culprit was renamed from the initial novel respiratory 2019 coronavirus to SARS-CoV-2. The person-to-person transmission of this virus is ongoing despite drastic public health mitigation measures such as social distancing and movement restrictions implemented in most countries. Understanding the source of such an infectious pathogen is crucial to develop a means of avoiding transmission and further to develop therapeutic drugs and vaccines. To identify the etiological source of a novel human pathogen is a dynamic process that needs comprehensive and extensive scientific validations, such as observed in the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cases. In this context, this review is devoted to understanding the taxonomic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV. Herein, we discuss the emergence and molecular mechanisms of both viral infections. Nevertheless, no vaccine or therapeutic drug is yet to be approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2, although it is highly likely that new effective medications that target the virus specifically will take years to establish. Therefore, this review reflects the latest repurpose of existing antiviral therapeutic drug choices available to combat SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansab Ali Saleemi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Khaled Benchoula
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Sufyan Vohra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Hing Jian Mea
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Navindra Kumari Palanisamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Eng Hwa Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia.
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Glazkova DV, Urusov FA, Bogoslovskaya EV, Shipulin GA. Retrovirus Restriction Factor TRIM5α: The Mechanism of Action and Prospects for Use in Gene Therapy of HIV Infection. Mol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893320050039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are a large group of E3 ubiquitin ligases involved in different cellular functions. Of special interest are their roles in innate immunity, inflammation, and virus replication. We discuss novel roles of TRIM proteins during virus infections that lead to increased pathogenicity. Recent Findings TRIM proteins regulate different antiviral and inflammatory signaling pathways, mostly by promoting ubiquitination of important factors including pattern recognition receptors, adaptor proteins, kinases, and transcription factors that are involved in type I interferon and NF-κB pathways. Therefore, viruses have developed mechanisms to target TRIMs for immune evasion. New evidence is emerging indicating that viruses have the ability to directly use TRIMs and the ubiquitination process to enhance the viral replication cycle and cause increased pathogenesis. A new report on TRIM7 also highlights the potential pro-viral role of TRIMs via ubiquitination of viral proteins and suggests a novel mechanism by which ubiquitination of virus envelope protein may provide determinants of tissue and species tropism. Summary TRIM proteins have important functions in promoting host defense against virus infection; however, viruses have adapted to evade TRIM-mediated immune responses and can hijack TRIMs to ultimately increase virus pathogenesis. Only by understanding specific TRIM-virus interactions and by using more in vivo approaches can we learn how to harness TRIM function to develop therapeutic approaches to reduce virus pathogenesis.
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Li J, Gao C, Huang S, Jin L, Jin C. SAMHD1 expression is associated with low immune activation but not correlated with HIV‑1 DNA levels in CD4+ T cells of patients with HIV‑1. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:879-885. [PMID: 32468062 PMCID: PMC7339818 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile α motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain‑containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) can inhibit reverse transcription of human immunodeficiency virus‑1 (HIV‑1) by hydrolyzing intracellular deoxy‑ribonucleoside triphosphate. However, its role in HIV‑1 disease progression has not been extensively studied. To study the impacts of SAMHD1 on HIV‑1 disease progression, especially on DNA levels, we investigated SAMHD1 levels in the peripheral blood of HIV‑1 elite controllers (ECs), antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive viremic progressors (VPs) and patients with HIV‑1 receiving ART (HIV‑ARTs) compared with healthy controls. In addition, the present study analyzed the relationship between SAMHD1 and interferon‑α, immune activation and HIV‑1 DNA levels. The results of the present study demonstrated elevated SAMHD1 expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of all patients withHIV‑1, but higher SAMHD1 expression in the CD4+ T cells of only ECs compared with healthy controls. Immune activation was increased in the VPs and decreased in the ECs compared with healthy controls. Substantially lower HIV‑1 DNA levels were identified in ECs compared with those in VPs and HIV‑ARTs. SAMHD1 expression was associated with low levels of immune activation. No significant correlation was observed between SAMHD1 and HIV‑1 DNA levels. Overall, the findings of the present study indicated that SAMHD1 was highly expressed in ECs, which may be associated with low immune activation levels, but was not directly related to HIV‑1 DNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Chuanhua Gao
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biomaterials, Department of Materials, College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Longteng Jin
- Department of Childhood Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Changzhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Ganser-Pornillos BK, Pornillos O. Restriction of HIV-1 and other retroviruses by TRIM5. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:546-556. [PMID: 31312031 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells express a variety of innate immune proteins - known as restriction factors - which defend against invading retroviruses such as HIV-1. Two members of the tripartite motif protein family - TRIM5α and TRIMCyp - were identified in 2004 as restriction factors that recognize and inactivate the capsid shell that surrounds and protects the incoming retroviral core. Research on these TRIM5 proteins has uncovered a novel mode of non-self recognition that protects against cross-species transmission of retroviruses. Our developing understanding of the mechanism of TRIM5 restriction underscores the concept that core uncoating and reverse transcription of the viral genome are coordinated processes rather than discrete steps of the post-entry pathway of retrovirus replication. In this Review, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of the molecular mechanism of TRIM5-mediated restriction, highlight recent advances and discuss implications for the development of capsid-targeted antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbie K Ganser-Pornillos
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Owen Pornillos
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Boswell MT, Rowland-Jones SL. Delayed disease progression in HIV-2: the importance of TRIM5α and the retroviral capsid. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:305-317. [PMID: 30773620 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-2 is thought to have entered the human population in the 1930s through cross-species transmission of SIV from sooty mangabeys in West Africa. Unlike HIV-1, HIV-2 has not led to a global pandemic, and recent data suggest that HIV-2 prevalence is declining in some West African states where it was formerly endemic. Although many early isolates of HIV-2 were derived from patients presenting with AIDS-defining illnesses, it was noted that a much larger proportion of HIV-2-infected subjects behaved as long-term non-progressors (LTNP) than their HIV-1-infected counterparts. Many HIV-2-infected adults are asymptomatic, maintaining an undetectable viral load for over a decade. However, despite lower viral loads, HIV-2 progresses to clinical AIDS without therapeutic intervention in most patients. In addition, successful treatment with anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is more challenging than for HIV-1. HIV-2 is significantly more sensitive to restriction by host restriction factor tripartite motif TRIM5α than HIV-1, and this difference in sensitivity is linked to differences in capsid structure. In this review we discuss the determinants of HIV-2 disease progression and focus on the important interactions between TRIM5α and HIV-2 capsid in long-term viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Boswell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Doi N, Miura T, Mori H, Sakawaki H, Koma T, Adachi A, Nomaguchi M. CXCR4- and CCR5-Tropic HIV-1 Clones Are Both Tractable to Grow in Rhesus Macaques. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2510. [PMID: 30405570 PMCID: PMC6200915 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A major issue for present HIV-1 research is to establish model systems that reflect or mimic viral replication and pathogenesis actually observed in infected humans. To this end, various strategies using macaques as infection targets have long been pursued. In particular, experimental infections of rhesus macaques by HIV-1 derivatives have been believed to be best suited, if practicable, for studies on interaction of HIV-1 and humans under various circumstances. Recently, through in vitro genetic manipulations and viral cell-adaptations, we have successfully generated a series of HIV-1 derivatives with CXCR4-tropism or CCR5-tropism that grow in macaque cells to various degrees. Of these viruses, those with best replicative potentials can grow comparably with a pathogenic SIVmac in macaque cells by counteracting major restriction factors TRIM5, APOBEC3, and tetherin proteins. In this study, rhesus macaques were challenged with CXCR4-tropic (MN4/LSDQgtu) or CCR5-tropic (gtu + A4CI1) virus. The two viruses were found to productively infect rhesus macaques, being rhesus macaque-tropic HIV-1 (HIV-1rmt). However, plasma viral RNA was reduced to be an undetectable level in infected macaques at 5–6 weeks post-infection and thereafter. While replicated similarly well in rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells, MN4/LSDQgtu grew much better than gtu + A4CI1 in the animals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that HIV-1 derivatives (variants) grow in rhesus macaques. These viruses certainly constitute firm bases for generating HIV-1rmt clones pathogenic for rhesus monkeys, albeit they grow more poorly than pathogenic SIVmac and SHIV clones reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Doi
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miura
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromi Mori
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakawaki
- Non-human Primate Experimental Facility, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Koma
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akio Adachi
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Abstract
Pandemic HIV-1, a human lentivirus, is the result of zoonotic transmission of SIV from chimpanzees (SIVcpz). How SIVcpz established spread in humans after spillover is an outstanding question. Lentiviral cross-species transmissions are exceptionally rare events. Nevertheless, the chimpanzee and the gorilla were part of the transmission chains that resulted in sustained infections that evolved into HIV-1. Although many restriction factors can repress the early stages of lentiviral replication, others target replication during the late phases. In some cases, viruses incorporate host proteins that interfere with subsequent rounds of replication. Though limited and small, HIVs and SIVs, including SIVcpz can use their genome products to modulate and escape some of these barriers and thus establish a chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Penda Twizerimana
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rachel Scheck
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV-1 infection is of global importance, and still incurs substantial morbidity and mortality. Although major pharmacologic advances over the past two decades have resulted in remarkable HIV-1 control, a cure is still forthcoming. One approach to a cure is to exploit natural mechanisms by which the host restricts HIV-1. Herein, we review past and recent discoveries of HIV-1 restriction factors, a diverse set of host proteins that limit HIV-1 replication at multiple levels, including entry, reverse transcription, integration, translation of viral proteins, and packaging and release of virions. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies of intracellular HIV-1 restriction have offered unique molecular insights into HIV-1 replication and biology. Studies have revealed insights of how restriction factors drive HIV-1 evolution. Although HIV-1 restriction factors only partially control the virus, their importance is underscored by their effect on HIV-1 evolution and adaptation. The list of host restriction factors that control HIV-1 infection is likely to expand with future discoveries. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of regulation by these factors will uncover new targets for therapeutic control of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Soliman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Geetha Srikrishna
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashwin Balagopal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Miyazaki Y, Doi N, Koma T, Adachi A, Nomaguchi M. Novel In Vitro Screening System Based on Differential Scanning Fluorimetry to Search for Small Molecules against the Disassembly or Assembly of HIV-1 Capsid Protein. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1413. [PMID: 28791001 PMCID: PMC5522879 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Varieties of in vitro systems have been used to study biochemical properties of human immunodeficiency virus Gag-capsid protein (HIV Gag-CA). Recently, we have comparatively characterized HIV-1 and HIV-2 Gag-CA proteins using such technology, and have demonstrated that the NaCl-initiated CA-polymerization in vitro and the stability of CA N-terminal domain as judged by differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) are inversely correlated. In this study, we found that ZnCl2 works as a competent initiator of the in vitro HIV-1 CA-polymerization at much lower concentrations than those of NaCl frequently used for the polymerization initiation. We also showed by DSF assays that ZnCl2 highly destabilize HIV-1 CA. Furthermore, PF74, a well-known inducer of premature HIV-1 uncoating in infected cells, was demonstrated to unusually promote the HIV-1 CA-disassembly in the presence of ZnCl2 as revealed by DSF assays. Taken together, we conclude that the DSF method may be useful as an efficient monitoring system to screen anti-HIV-1 CA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Miyazaki
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Doi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical ScienceTokushima, Japan
| | - Takaaki Koma
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical ScienceTokushima, Japan
| | - Akio Adachi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical ScienceTokushima, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical ScienceTokushima, Japan
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16
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Watanabe M, Hatakeyama S. TRIM proteins and diseases. J Biochem 2017; 161:135-144. [PMID: 28069866 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is one of the posttranslational modifications that regulates a number of intracellular events including signal transduction, protein quality control, transcription, cell cycle, apoptosis and development. The ubiquitin system functions as a garbage machine to degrade target proteins and as a regulator for several signalling pathways. Biochemical reaction of ubiquitination requires several enzymes including E1, E2 and E3, and E3 ubiquitin ligases play roles as receptors for recognizing target proteins. Most of the tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are E3 ubiquitin ligases. Recent studies have shown that some TRIM proteins function as important regulators for a variety of diseases including cancer, inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, chromosomal abnormalities and developmental diseases. In this review, we summarize the involvement of TRIM proteins in the aetiology of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Watanabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shigetsugu Hatakeyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
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17
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He H, Xue J, Wang W, Liu L, Ye C, Cong Z, Kimata JT, Qin C, Zhou P. Efficient Transduction of Human and Rhesus Macaque Primary T Cells by a Modified Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Based Lentiviral Vector. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 28:271-285. [PMID: 28042947 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-based lentiviral vectors efficiently transduce genes to human, but not rhesus, primary T cells and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The poor transduction of HIV-1 vectors to rhesus cells is mainly due to species-specific restriction factors such as rhesus TRIM5α. Previously, several strategies to modify HIV-1 vectors were developed to overcome rhesus TRIM5α restriction. While the modified HIV-1 vectors efficiently transduce rhesus HSCs, they remain suboptimal for rhesus primary T cells. Recently, HIV-1 variants that encode combinations of LNEIE mutations in capsid (CA) protein and SIVmac239 Vif were found to replicate efficiently in rhesus primary T cells. Thus, the present study tested whether HIV-1 vectors packaged by a packaging construct containing these CA substitutions could efficiently transduce both human and rhesus primary CD4 T cells. To accomplish this, LNEIE mutations were made in the packaging construct CEMΔ8.9, and recombinant HIV-1 vectors packaged by Δ8.9 WT or Δ8.9 LNEIE were generated. Transduction rates, CA stability, and vector integration in CEMss-CCR5 and CEMss-CCR5-rhTRIM5α/green fluorescent protein cells, as well as transduction rates in human and rhesus primary CD4 T cells by Δ8.9 WT or Δ8.9 LNEIE-packaged HIV-1 vectors, were compared. Finally, the influence of rhesus TRIM5α variations in transduction rates to primary CD4 T cells from a cohort of 37 Chinese rhesus macaques was studied. While it maintains efficient transduction for human T-cell line and primary CD4 T cells, Δ8.9 LNEIE-packaged HIV-1 vector overcomes rhesus TRIM5α-mediated CA degradation, resulting in significantly higher transduction efficiency of rhesus primary CD4 T cells than Δ8.9 WT-packaged HIV-1 vector. Rhesus TRIM5α variations strongly influence transduction efficiency of rhesus primary CD4 T cells by both Δ8.9 WT or Δ8.9 LNEIE-packaged HIV-1 vectors. Thus, it is concluded that Δ8.9 LNEIE-packaged HIV-1 vector overcomes rhesus TRIM5α restriction and efficiently transduces both human and rhesus primary T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- 1 The Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, the Institut Pasteur of Shanghai , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xue
- 2 Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weiming Wang
- 1 The Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, the Institut Pasteur of Shanghai , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- 1 The Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, the Institut Pasteur of Shanghai , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaobaihui Ye
- 1 The Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, the Institut Pasteur of Shanghai , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Cong
- 2 Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jason T Kimata
- 3 Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | - Chuan Qin
- 2 Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Paul Zhou
- 1 The Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, the Institut Pasteur of Shanghai , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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18
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Targeting the rhesus macaque TRIM5α gene to enhance the susceptibility of CD4 + T cells to HIV-1 infection. Arch Virol 2016; 162:793-798. [PMID: 27888407 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The host range of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is extremely narrow, which has hampered the establishment of non-human primate models for HIV-1 infection. The species-specific innate immune factor tripartite motif 5 alpha (TRIM5α) is a key molecule that confers potent resistance against HIV-1 infection. In this study, we targeted the TRIM5α gene of rhesus macaques (rhTRIM5α) using the transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) to study the effect on HIV-1 infection. CD4+ T cells were separated from the peripheral blood of rhesus macaques by magnetic cell sorting, and the positive rate was greater than 99%. TALEN plasmids targeting rhTRIM5α were constructed and introduced into CD4+ T cells by electroporation, with a transfection efficiency of approximately 25%. The genome of the targeted cells was extracted, and the target efficiency was analyzed by T7E1 enzyme digestion. After sorting the positive transductants, the TALENs induced rhTRIM5α mutations at a rate of more than 40%. The ability of the HIV-1 virus to infect the targeted cells was demonstrated by ELISA. The results showed that targeting rhTRIM5α enhanced the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. This finding will pave the way for further establishment of a new rhesus macaque model for HIV-1 studies.
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