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Resop RS, Salvatore B, Kim SJ, Gordon BR, Blom B, Vatakis DN, Uittenbogaart CH. HIV-1 Infection Results in Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Dysregulation in the Human Thymus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13865. [PMID: 37762169 PMCID: PMC10531245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of functional naïve T lymphocytes following the onset of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a crucial issue for people living with HIV (PLWH), even when adhering to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Thus far, reports on the impact of HIV-1 infection on the entry of thymic precursors and the egress of functional naïve T lymphocytes to and from the thymus are limited. We examined the impact of HIV-1 on Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling, which governs the egress of functional naïve thymocytes from the thymus to the periphery. Using in vitro experiments with primary human thymocytes and in vivo and ex vivo studies with humanized mice, we show that HIV-1 infection results in upregulation of the expression of S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1) in the human thymus. Intriguingly, this upregulation occurs during intrathymic infection (direct infection of the human thymic implant) as well as systemic infection in humanized mice. Moreover, considering the dysregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in infected thymi, the increased expression of S1PR1 in response to in vitro exposure to Interferon-Beta (IFN-β) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) indicates that cytokine dysregulation following HIV infection may contribute to upregulation of S1PR1. Finally, an increased presence of CD3hiCD69- (fully mature) as well as CD3hiCD69+ (less mature) T cells in the spleen during HIV infection in humanized mice, combined with earlier expression of S1PR1 during thymocyte development, suggests that upregulation of S1PR1 may translate to increased or accelerated egress from the thymus. The egress of thymocytes that are not functionally mature from the thymus to peripheral blood and lymphoid organs may have implications for the immune function of PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Resop
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (R.S.R.); (B.S.); (S.J.K.)
- UCLA AIDS Institute and Center for AIDS Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Bradley Salvatore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (R.S.R.); (B.S.); (S.J.K.)
| | - Shawn J. Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (R.S.R.); (B.S.); (S.J.K.)
| | - Brent R. Gordon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (R.S.R.); (B.S.); (S.J.K.)
| | - Bianca Blom
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Dimitrios N. Vatakis
- UCLA AIDS Institute and Center for AIDS Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christel H. Uittenbogaart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (R.S.R.); (B.S.); (S.J.K.)
- UCLA AIDS Institute and Center for AIDS Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Dessalles R, Pan Y, Xia M, Maestrini D, D'Orsogna MR, Chou T. How Naive T-Cell Clone Counts Are Shaped By Heterogeneous Thymic Output and Homeostatic Proliferation. Front Immunol 2022; 12:735135. [PMID: 35250963 PMCID: PMC8891377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificity of T cells is that each T cell has only one T cell receptor (TCR). A T cell clone represents a collection of T cells with the same TCR sequence. Thus, the number of different T cell clones in an organism reflects the number of different T cell receptors (TCRs) that arise from recombination of the V(D)J gene segments during T cell development in the thymus. TCR diversity and more specifically, the clone abundance distribution, are important factors in immune functions. Specific recombination patterns occur more frequently than others while subsequent interactions between TCRs and self-antigens are known to trigger proliferation and sustain naive T cell survival. These processes are TCR-dependent, leading to clone-dependent thymic export and naive T cell proliferation rates. We describe the heterogeneous steady-state population of naive T cells (those that have not yet been antigenically triggered) by using a mean-field model of a regulated birth-death-immigration process. After accounting for random sampling, we investigate how TCR-dependent heterogeneities in immigration and proliferation rates affect the shape of clone abundance distributions (the number of different clones that are represented by a specific number of cells, or “clone counts”). By using reasonable physiological parameter values and fitting predicted clone counts to experimentally sampled clone abundances, we show that realistic levels of heterogeneity in immigration rates cause very little change to predicted clone-counts, but that modest heterogeneity in proliferation rates can generate the observed clone abundances. Our analysis provides constraints among physiological parameters that are necessary to yield predictions that qualitatively match the data. Assumptions of the model and potentially other important mechanistic factors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Dessalles
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yunbei Pan
- Department of Mathematics, California State University at Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mingtao Xia
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Davide Maestrini
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maria R D'Orsogna
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Mathematics, California State University at Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tom Chou
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
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3
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Frange P, Montange T, Le Chenadec J, Batalie D, Fert I, Dollfus C, Faye A, Blanche S, Chacé A, Fourcade C, Hau I, Levine M, Mahlaoui N, Marcou V, Tabone MD, Veber F, Hoctin A, Wack T, Avettand-Fenoël V, Warszawski J, Buseyne F. Impact of Early Versus Late Antiretroviral Treatment Initiation on Naive T Lymphocytes in HIV-1-Infected Children and Adolescents - The-ANRS-EP59-CLEAC Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662894. [PMID: 33968064 PMCID: PMC8100053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-1-infected infants reduces mortality and prevents early CD4 T-cell loss. However, the impact of early ART on the immune system has not been thoroughly investigated in children over five years of age or adolescents. Here, we describe the levels of naive CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes (CD4/CD8TN), reflecting the quality of immune reconstitution, as a function of the timing of ART initiation (early (<6 months) versus late (≥24 months of age)). Methods The ANRS-EP59-CLEAC study enrolled 27 children (5-12 years of age) and nine adolescents (13-17 years of age) in the early-treatment group, and 19 children (L-Ch) and 21 adolescents (L-Ado) in the late-treatment group. T lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry and plasma markers were analyzed by ELISA. Linear regression analysis was performed with univariate and multivariate models. Results At the time of evaluation, all patients were on ART and had a good immunovirological status: 83% had HIV RNA loads below 50 copies/mL and the median CD4 T-cell count was 856 cells/µL (interquartile range: 685-1236 cells/µL). In children, early ART was associated with higher CD8TN percentages (medians: 48.7% vs. 31.0%, P = 0.001), and a marginally higher CD4TN (61.2% vs. 53.1%, P = 0.33). In adolescents, early ART was associated with low CD4TN percentages and less differentiated memory CD8 T cells. CD4TN and CD8TN levels were inversely related to cellular activation and gut permeability. Conclusion In children and adolescents, the benefits of early ART for CD8TN were clear after long-term ART. The impact of early ART on CD4TN appears to be modest, because pediatric patients treated late respond to HIV-driven CD4 T-lymphocyte loss by the de novo production of TN cells in the thymus. Our data also suggest that current immune activation and/or gut permeability has a negative impact on TN levels. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02674867.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Frange
- Immunologie, hématologie et rhumatologie pédiatrique, hôpital Necker–Enfants malades, AP–HP- Centre – Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de microbiologie clinique, hôpital Necker–Enfants malades, AP–HP-Centre – Université de Paris, Paris, France
- EHU 7328 PACT, Institut Imagine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Montange
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Département de Virologie, UMR CNRS 3569 Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Le Chenadec
- Départment d’épidémiologie, Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations, INSERM U1018, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Villejuif, France
| | - Damien Batalie
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Département de Virologie, UMR CNRS 3569 Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ingrid Fert
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Département de Virologie, UMR CNRS 3569 Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Dollfus
- Hémato-oncologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Albert Faye
- Pédiatrie Générale, Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Blanche
- Immunologie, hématologie et rhumatologie pédiatrique, hôpital Necker–Enfants malades, AP–HP- Centre – Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Chacé
- Pédiatrie et néonatologie, Centre hospitalier intercommunal de Villeuneuve-Saint-Georges, Villeuneuve-Saint-Georges, France
| | | | - Isabelle Hau
- Pédiatrie Générale, Centre hospitalier intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Martine Levine
- Immuno-hématologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nizar Mahlaoui
- Immunologie, hématologie et rhumatologie pédiatrique, hôpital Necker–Enfants malades, AP–HP- Centre – Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Marcou
- Médecine et réanimation néonatale, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP-Centre – Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Florence Veber
- Immunologie, hématologie et rhumatologie pédiatrique, hôpital Necker–Enfants malades, AP–HP- Centre – Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Hoctin
- Départment d’épidémiologie, Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations, INSERM U1018, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Villejuif, France
| | - Thierry Wack
- Départment d’épidémiologie, Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations, INSERM U1018, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Villejuif, France
| | - Véronique Avettand-Fenoël
- Laboratoire de microbiologie clinique, hôpital Necker–Enfants malades, AP–HP-Centre – Université de Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS 8104/INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Josiane Warszawski
- Départment d’épidémiologie, Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations, INSERM U1018, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Villejuif, France
- INED, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Orsay, France
| | - Florence Buseyne
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Département de Virologie, UMR CNRS 3569 Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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4
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Tolstykh EI, Vozilova AV, Degteva MO, Akleyev AV. Concept of T-Cell Genus as a Basis for Analysis of the Results of Cytogenetic Studies after Local Bone Marrow Exposure. BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359020110151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Goggins JA, Kurtz JR, McLachlan JB. Control of Persistent Salmonella Infection Relies on Constant Thymic Output Despite Increased Peripheral Antigen-Specific T Cell Immunity. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080605. [PMID: 32722409 PMCID: PMC7459538 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent thymic emigrants are the youngest subset of peripheral T cells and their involvement in combating persistent bacterial infections has not been explored. Here, we hypothesized that CD4+ recent thymic emigrants are essential immune mediators during persistent Salmonella infection. To test this, we thymectomized adult mice either prior to, or during, persistent Salmonella infection. We found that thymic output is crucial in the formation of protective immune responses during the early formation of a Salmonella infection but is dispensable once persistent Salmonella infection is established. Further, we show that thymectomized mice demonstrate increased infection-associated mortality and bacterial burdens. Unexpectedly, numbers of Salmonella-specific CD4+ T cells were significantly increased in thymectomized mice compared to sham control mice. Lastly, we found that T cells from thymectomized mice may be impaired in producing the effector cytokine IL-17 at early time points of infection, compared to thymically intact mice. Together, these results imply a unique role for thymic output in the formation of immune responses against a persistent, enteric pathogen.
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6
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Quiros-Roldan E, Properzi M, Paghera S, Raffetti E, Castelli F, Imberti L. Factors associated with immunosenescence during early adulthood in HIV-infected patients after durable efficient combination antiretroviral therapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10057. [PMID: 32572110 PMCID: PMC7308364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatally HIV-infected patients face the consequences of both chronic infection effects per se and long-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on immunosenescence. Aims of our study were to evaluate which factors independently contribute to immunosenescence in HIV-infected young adults with a very different HIV infection duration (perinatally HIV-infected young individuals -pHIVy- and age-matched non perinatally HIV-infected youths –npHIVy), after durable efficient cART. We considered low thymic and bone marrow output, respectively evaluated by quantifying T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs), K-deleting recombination excision circles (KRECs), and shorter telomeres lenght (TL) as surrogate biomarkers of immunosenescence. Twenty-one pHIVy and 19 npHIVy (with a mean HIV duration of 3–8 years) were included; mean age was 27 years for both groups. Immunosenescence biomarkers were comparable between pHIVy and npHIVy (despite longer HIV-infection, higher frequency of AIDS events, past cART-free periods and concomitant chronic viral infections in pHIVy). At the multivariate analysis, CD4+ was the only variable independently associated with TRECs and TL. Our data suggest that a good level of thymic activity can compensate the deleterious effects of past periods without cART, if HIV replication is suppressed for a sufficient time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Martina Properzi
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Simone Paghera
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Raffetti
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesco Castelli
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Imberti
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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7
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Frigati LJ, Ameyan W, Cotton MF, Gregson CL, Hoare J, Jao J, Majonga ED, Myer L, Penazzato M, Rukuni R, Rowland-Jones S, Zar HJ, Ferrand RA. Chronic comorbidities in children and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa in the era of antiretroviral therapy. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2020; 4:688-698. [PMID: 32359507 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Globally, 1·7 million children are living with HIV, of which 90% are in sub-Saharan Africa. The remarkable scale-up of combination antiretroviral therapy has resulted in increasing numbers of children with HIV surviving to adolescence. Unfortunately, in sub-Saharan Africa, HIV diagnosis is often delayed with children starting antiretroviral therapy late in childhood. There have been increasing reports from low-income settings of children with HIV who have multisystem chronic comorbidities despite antiretroviral therapy. Many of these chronic conditions show clinical phenotypes distinct from those in adults with HIV, and result in disability and reduced quality of life. In this Review, we discuss the spectrum and pathogenesis of comorbidities in children with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of perinatally acquired HIV infection is a priority. Additionally, there is a need for increased awareness of the burden of chronic comorbidities. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies need to be collectively developed if children with HIV are to achieve their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Frigati
- SA-MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wole Ameyan
- Department of HIV, Hepatitis and STIs, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mark F Cotton
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jacqueline Hoare
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Jao
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edith D Majonga
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Landon Myer
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martina Penazzato
- Department of HIV, Hepatitis and STIs, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ruramayi Rukuni
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Heather J Zar
- SA-MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rashida A Ferrand
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Abstract
Diversity indices are useful single-number metrics for characterizing a complex distribution of a set of attributes across a population of interest. The utility of these different metrics or sets of metrics depends on the context and application, and whether a predictive mechanistic model exists. In this topical review, we first summarize the relevant mathematical principles underlying heterogeneity in a large population, before outlining the various definitions of 'diversity' and providing examples of scientific topics in which its quantification plays an important role. We then review how diversity has been a ubiquitous concept across multiple fields, including ecology, immunology, cellular barcoding experiments, and socioeconomic studies. Since many of these applications involve sampling of populations, we also review how diversity in small samples is related to the diversity in the entire population. Features that arise in each of these applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xu
- Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
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9
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Associations between recent thymic emigrants and CD4+ T-cell recovery after short-term antiretroviral therapy initiation. AIDS 2020; 34:501-511. [PMID: 31794524 PMCID: PMC7050791 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Objective: Around 20–30% of HIV-infected individuals (HIV+) on successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) fail to normalize their CD4+ T-cell counts. Various factors could contribute to the lack of immune reconstitution, one of them being thymic insufficiency. We aimed to explore associations between recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) and CD4+ T-cell recovery. Design: ART-naive HIV+ individuals who started ART with advanced AIDS were selected. Good versus poor immune reconstitution was defined by CD4+ gains above or below 100 CD4+ T cells/μl. The follow-up period was 6 months. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and flow cytometry was used to characterize RTEs as the fraction of naive CD4+ T cells expressing CD31+, the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule. Markers of cellular activation, senescence, exhaustion and cycling were also assessed. Results: After 6 months on ART, HIV+ individuals with good immune reconstitution had higher absolute numbers of RTEs, compared with those with poor immune reconstitution, and these strongly correlated with CD4+ gains in those individuals with good immune reconstitution but not with poor immune reconstitution. We also found that CD8+ T-cell immune activation decreased as early as 2 months post-ART initiation in individuals with good immune reconstitution, but only at month 6 post-ART in individuals with poor immune reconstitution. Levels of immune activation were inversely correlated with the absolute numbers of RTEs in both groups, but more strongly so in individuals with poor immune reconstitution. Conclusion: We show that RTEs are linked to CD4+ T-cell recovery and that the degree of immune reconstitution is not directly linked to persistent immune activation.
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10
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Kared H, Tan SW, Lau MC, Chevrier M, Tan C, How W, Wong G, Strickland M, Malleret B, Amoah A, Pilipow K, Zanon V, Govern NM, Lum J, Chen JM, Lee B, Florian MC, Geiger H, Ginhoux F, Ruiz-Mateos E, Fulop T, Rajasuriar R, Kamarulzaman A, Ng TP, Lugli E, Larbi A. Immunological history governs human stem cell memory CD4 heterogeneity via the Wnt signaling pathway. Nat Commun 2020; 11:821. [PMID: 32041953 PMCID: PMC7010798 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of the naïve T cell repertoire drives the replenishment potential and capacity of memory T cells to respond to immune challenges. Attrition of the immune system is associated with an increased prevalence of pathologies in aged individuals, but whether stem cell memory T lymphocytes (TSCM) contribute to such attrition is still unclear. Using single cells RNA sequencing and high-dimensional flow cytometry, we demonstrate that TSCM heterogeneity results from differential engagement of Wnt signaling. In humans, aging is associated with the coupled loss of Wnt/β-catenin signature in CD4 TSCM and systemic increase in the levels of Dickkopf-related protein 1, a natural inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Functional assays support recent thymic emigrants as the precursors of CD4 TSCM. Our data thus hint that reversing TSCM defects by metabolic targeting of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be a viable approach to restore and preserve immune homeostasis in the context of immunological history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassen Kared
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Shu Wen Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mai Chan Lau
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Marion Chevrier
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Crystal Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wilson How
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Glenn Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Marie Strickland
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Amanda Amoah
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karolina Pilipow
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Laboratory of Translational Immunology (LTI), Rozzano, Italy
| | - Veronica Zanon
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Laboratory of Translational Immunology (LTI), Rozzano, Italy
| | - Naomi Mc Govern
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jin Miao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | | | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, CCHMC, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Reena Rajasuriar
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tze Pin Ng
- Gerontology Research Programme and Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Laboratory of Translational Immunology (LTI), Rozzano, Italy
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis, Republic of Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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11
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Han J, Mu W, Zhao H, Hao Y, Song C, Zhou H, Sun X, Li G, Dai G, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Zeng H. HIV-1 low-level viremia affects T cell activation rather than T cell development in school-age children, adolescents, and young adults during antiretroviral therapy. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 91:210-217. [PMID: 31821891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Given the improvements in antiretroviral therapy (ART) in recent years, more pediatric HIV patients receiving ART are reaching adolescence and adulthood. This study investigated the influence of poor virological response (low-level viremia (LLV) and virological failure (VF)) on the immune system of these patients. METHODS HIV-infected, ART-experienced pediatric patients (n=206) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The patients were subdivided into school-age children/early adolescents, middle adolescents, and late adolescents/young adults according to their age, and further classified into virological suppression (VS), LLV, and VF groups according to plasma viral load (pVL) measurement. Thymic output, T cells subsets, and immune activation were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with VS patients, VF patients displayed decreased CD4+ T cell counts, while LLV and VS patients had comparable CD4+ T cell counts regardless of age. Compared with VS patients, LLV and VF patients had higher percentages of CD8+HLA-DR+ and CD8+CD38high T cells, and the immune activation was positively correlated with pVL in VF and LLV patients. Thymic output levels (CD31+) and regulatory T cell subpopulations in LLV and VF patients were comparable to those in VS patients. LLV patients showed comparable percentages of T cell subsets (TN, TCM, TEMRA, and TEM) as VS patients in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS LLV causes excessive immune activation although it does not impair T cell recovery or naïve-to-memory T cell conversion in pediatric patients living with HIV. Therefore, T cell immune activation should be monitored at the management of LLV during ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Han
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Weiwei Mu
- Division of Treatment and Care, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yu Hao
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Chuan Song
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Haiwei Zhou
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Division of Treatment and Care, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Guoli Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Guorui Dai
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Fujie Zhang
- Division of Treatment and Care, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Hui Zeng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China.
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12
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Paghera S, Quiros-Roldan E, Sottini A, Properzi M, Castelli F, Imberti L. Lymphocyte homeostasis is maintained in perinatally HIV-infected patients after three decades of life. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2019; 16:26. [PMID: 31636688 PMCID: PMC6791008 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-019-0166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background While immunosenescence, defined as reduced production of new lymphocytes, restriction of T-cell receptor repertoire and telomeres shortening, has been extensively evaluated in HIV-infected children and adults, no data about these parameters are available in perinatally-infected patients with very long-lasting HIV infection. Methods We compared thymic and bone marrow output, telomere length (measured by Real-Time PCR) and T-cell receptor repertoire (determined by spectratyping) of 21 perinatally HIV-infected subjects (with a median of 27 years of infection) with those of 19 age-matched non-perinatally HIV-infected patients and 40 healthy controls. All patients received a combined antiretroviral therapy. Results While thymic and bone marrow output were not different among the analyzed groups, telomere length in peripheral blood cells and T-cell receptor diversity were significantly lower in HIV-perinatally and non-perinatally infected individuals compared to healthy controls. Conclusions In HIV-infected subjects, a normal thymic output together with a reduced telomere length and a restricted T-cell receptor repertoire could be explained by the shift of newly produced cells into memory subsets. This phenomenon may allow to control viral infection and maintain peripheral homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Paghera
- 1Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - E Quiros-Roldan
- 2Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Sottini
- 1Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - M Properzi
- 2Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - F Castelli
- 2Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - L Imberti
- 1Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
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13
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Ferrando-Martinez S, De Pablo-Bernal RS, De Luna-Romero M, De Ory SJ, Genebat M, Pacheco YM, Parras FJ, Montero M, Blanco JR, Gutierrez F, Santos J, Vidal F, Koup RA, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Leal M, Ruiz-Mateos E. Thymic Function Failure Is Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease Progression. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 64:1191-1197. [PMID: 28158588 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymic function has been mainly analyzed with surrogate peripheral markers affected by peripheral T-cell expansion, making it difficult to assess the role of thymic failure in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. The assay of signal-joint/DβJβ T-cell rearrangement excision circles (sj/β-TREC ratio) overcomes this limitation but has only been assayed in small cohorts. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the role of thymic function, measured by the sj/β-TREC ratio, on CD4 T-cell maintenance in prospective HIV cohorts that include patients with a wide age range and different immunological phenotypes. Methods Seven hundred seventy-four patients including typical progressors, long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs), and vertically HIV-infected subjects were analyzed. Thymic function was quantified in peripheral blood samples using the sj/β-TREC ratio. Associations between thymic function and CD4 T-cell dynamics and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) onset were analyzed using linear, logistic, and Cox proportional hazard models. Results Thymic function failure (sj/β-TREC ratio <10) was independently associated with HIV progression. In agreement, patients with distinctive high CD4 T-cell levels and low progression rates (vertically HIV-infected patients and LTNPs, including HIV controllers) had significantly higher thymic function levels whereas patients with thymic function failure had lower CD4 T-cell levels, lower nadir, and faster CD4 T-cell decay. Conclusions This work establishes the relevance of thymic function, measured by sj/β-TREC ratio, in HIV disease progression by analyzing a large number of patients in 3 cohorts with different HIV disease progression phenotypes. These results support and help to understand the mechanisms underlying the rationale of early cART onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ferrando-Martinez
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebeca S De Pablo-Bernal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Marta De Luna-Romero
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Santiago J De Ory
- Molecular Immunobiology Laboratory, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañon, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañon, Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Genebat
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Yolanda M Pacheco
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J Parras
- Infectious Disease Unit, General Universitary Hospital Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Montero
- Infectious Disease Unit, Polytechnic and University Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Ramón Blanco
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital San Pedro, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja, Logrono, Spain
| | - Felix Gutierrez
- Hospital General de Elche and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jesus Santos
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Vidal
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Molecular Immunobiology Laboratory, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañon, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañon, Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
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14
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Tuluc F, Spitsin S, Tustin NB, Murray JB, Tustin R, Schankel LA, Wiznia A, Nachman S, Douglas SD. Decreased PD-1 Expression on CD8 Lymphocyte Subsets and Increase in CD8 Tscm Cells in Children with HIV Receiving Raltegravir. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:133-142. [PMID: 27615375 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on immune recovery, particularly on the percentages of PD-1-positive cells within the major leukocyte subsets. Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma samples collected longitudinally from a subset of 13 children and adolescents (between 9.7 and 18.2 years old) who were enrolled in the International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) P1066 were used for this study. Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry was performed to determine the effect of raltegravir-containing cART regimen on the distribution of leukocyte populations, on the expression of PD-1 on T cell subpopulations, and on the expression of well-established markers of T cell activation (CD38 and HLA-DR) on CD8 T cells. C reactive protein (CRP), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IL-6, and soluble CD163 were assayed in plasma samples by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma viral loads were decreased in all subjects (by an average of 2.9 log units). The cART regimen, including raltegravir, induced changes in CD8 T cell subsets, consistent with an effective antiretroviral outcome and improved immunologic status, including increased percentages of CD8 stem cell memory T cells (Tscm). The percentages of CD8 PD-1-positive cells decreased significantly as compared with baseline levels. Among the proinflammatory markers measured in plasma, sCD163 showed a decline that was associated with cART. cART therapy, including raltegravir, over 48 weeks in children is associated with immune restoration, consistent with effective antiretroviral therapy, namely decreased percentages of PD-1+ CD8+ T cells, an increase in CD8 Tscm cells, and decreased levels of sCD163.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Tuluc
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Flow Cytometry Core Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sergei Spitsin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nancy B. Tustin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer B. Murray
- Flow Cytometry Core Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard Tustin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura A. Schankel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew Wiznia
- Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Sharon Nachman
- Department of Pediatrics, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Steven D. Douglas
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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