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Dupnik K, Rivera VR, Dorvil N, Duffus Y, Akbarnejad H, Gao Y, Liu J, Apollon A, Dumont E, Riviere C, Severe P, Lavoile K, Duran Mendicuti MA, Pierre S, Rouzier V, Walsh KF, Byrne AL, Joseph P, Cremieux PY, Pape JW, Koenig SP. Potential Utility of C-reactive Protein for Tuberculosis Risk Stratification Among Patients With Non-Meningitic Symptoms at HIV Diagnosis in Low- and Middle-income Countries. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae356. [PMID: 39022393 PMCID: PMC11252845 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization recommends initiating same-day antiretroviral therapy (ART) while tuberculosis (TB) testing is under way for patients with non-meningitic symptoms at HIV diagnosis, though safety data are limited. C-reactive protein (CRP) testing may improve TB risk stratification in this population. Methods In this baseline analysis of 498 adults (>18 years) with TB symptoms at HIV diagnosis who were enrolled in a trial of rapid ART initiation in Haiti, we describe test characteristics of varying CRP thresholds in the diagnosis of TB. We also assessed predictors of high CRP as a continuous variable using generalized linear models. Results Eighty-seven (17.5%) participants were diagnosed with baseline TB. The median CRP was 33.0 mg/L (interquartile range: 5.1, 85.5) in those with TB, and 2.6 mg/L (interquartile range: 0.8, 11.7) in those without TB. As the CRP threshold increased from ≥1 mg/L to ≥10 mg/L, the positive predictive value for TB increased from 22.4% to 35.4% and negative predictive value decreased from 96.9% to 92.3%. With CRP thresholds varying from <1 to <10 mg/L, a range from 25.5% to 64.9% of the cohort would have been eligible for same-day ART and 0.8% to 5.0% would have untreated TB at ART initiation. Conclusions CRP concentrations can be used to improve TB risk stratification, facilitating same-day decisions about ART initiation. Depending on the CRP threshold, one-quarter to two-thirds of patients could be eligible for same-day ART, with a reduction of 3- to 20-fold in the proportion with untreated TB, compared with a strategy of same-day ART while awaiting TB test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Dupnik
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vanessa R Rivera
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Nancy Dorvil
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Yanique Duffus
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Yipeng Gao
- The Analysis Group, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jingyi Liu
- The Analysis Group, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra Apollon
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Emelyne Dumont
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Cynthia Riviere
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Patrice Severe
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Kerlyne Lavoile
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Samuel Pierre
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Vanessa Rouzier
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- St. Vincent's Hospital and Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathleen F Walsh
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anthony L Byrne
- St. Vincent's Hospital and Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrice Joseph
- Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Jean William Pape
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- St. Vincent's Hospital and Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Serena P Koenig
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Gebregergs GB, Berhe G, Gebrehiwot KG, Mulugeta A. Predictors contributing to the estimation of pulmonary tuberculosis among adults in a resource-limited setting: A systematic review of diagnostic predictions. SAGE Open Med 2024; 12:20503121241243238. [PMID: 38764538 PMCID: PMC11100385 DOI: 10.1177/20503121241243238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Although tuberculosis is highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, millions of cases remain undetected using current diagnostic methods. To address this problem, researchers have proposed prediction rules. Objective We analyzed existing prediction rules for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and identified factors with a moderate to high strength of association with the disease. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search of relevant databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Global Health for Reports, and Google Scholar) up to 14 November 2022. Studies that developed diagnostic algorithms for pulmonary tuberculosis in adults from low and middle-income countries were included. Two reviewers performed study screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. The study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. We performed a narrative synthesis. Results Of the 26 articles selected, only half included human immune deficiency virus-positive patients. In symptomatic human immune deficiency virus patients, radiographic findings and body mass index were strong predictors of pulmonary tuberculosis, with an odds ratio of >4. However, in human immune deficiency virus-negative individuals, the biomarkers showed a moderate association with the disease. In symptomatic human immune deficiency virus patients, a C-reactive protein level ⩾10 mg/L had a sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 40%, respectively, whereas a trial of antibiotics had a specificity of 86% and a sensitivity of 43%. In smear-negative patients, anti-tuberculosis treatment showed a sensitivity of 52% and a specificity of 63%. Conclusions The performance of predictors and diagnostic algorithms differs among patient subgroups, such as in human immune deficiency virus-positive patients, radiographic findings, and body mass index were strong predictors of pulmonary tuberculosis. However, in human immune deficiency virus-negative individuals, the biomarkers showed a moderate association with the disease. A few models have reached the World Health Organization's recommendation. Therefore, more work should be done to strengthen the predictive models for tuberculosis screening in the future, and they should be developed rigorously, considering the heterogeneity of the population in clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gebretsadik Berhe
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Afework Mulugeta
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Reeve BWP, Ndlangalavu G, Mishra H, Palmer Z, Tshivhula H, Rockman L, Naidoo S, Mbu DL, Naidoo CC, Derendinger B, Walzl G, Malherbe ST, van Helden PD, Semitala FC, Yoon C, Gupta RK, Noursadeghi M, Warren RM, Theron G. Point-of-care C-reactive protein and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for tuberculosis screening and diagnosis in unselected antiretroviral therapy initiators: a prospective, cross-sectional, diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12:e793-e803. [PMID: 38583458 PMCID: PMC11035478 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis, a major cause of death in people living with HIV, remains challenging to diagnose. Diagnostic accuracy data are scarce for promising triage and confirmatory tests such as C-reactive protein (CRP), sputum and urine Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra), and urine Determine TB LAM Ag (a lateral flow lipoarabinomannan [LF-LAM] test), without symptom selection. We evaluated novel triage and confirmatory tests in ambulatory people with HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS 897 ART-initiators were recruited irrespective of symptoms and sputum induction offered. For triage (n=800), we evaluated point-of-care blood-based CRP testing, compared with the WHO-recommended four-symptom screen (W4SS). For sputum-based confirmatory testing (n=787), we evaluated Xpert Ultra versus Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert). For urine-based confirmatory testing (n=732), we evaluated Xpert Ultra and LF-LAM. We used a sputum culture reference standard. FINDINGS 463 (52%) of 897 participants were female. The areas under the receiver operator characteristic curves for CRP was 0·78 (95% CI 0·73-0·83) and for number of W4SS symptoms was 0·70 (0·64-0·75). CRP (≥10 mg/L) had similar sensitivity to W4SS (77% [95% CI 68-85; 80/104] vs 77% [68-85; 80/104]; p>0·99] but higher specificity (64% [61-68; 445/696] vs 48% [45-52; 334/696]; p<0·0001]; reducing unnecessary confirmatory testing by 138 (95% CI 117-160) per 1000 people and number-needed-to-test from 6·91 (95% CI 6·25-7·81) to 4·87 (4·41-5·51). Sputum samples with Xpert Ultra, which required induction in 49 (31%) of 158 of people (95% CI 24-39), had higher sensitivity than Xpert (71% [95% CI 61-80; 74/104] vs 56% [46-66; 58/104]; p<0·0001). Of the people with one or more confirmatory sputum or urine test results that were positive, the proportion detected by Xpert Ultra increased from 45% (26-64) to 66% (46-82) with induction. Programmatically done haemoglobin, triage test combinations, and urine tests showed comparatively worse results. INTERPRETATION CRP is a more specific triage test than W4SS in those initiating ART. Sputum induction improves diagnostic yield. Sputum samples with Xpert Ultra is a more accurate confirmatory test than with Xpert. FUNDING South African Medical Research Council, EDCTP2, US National Institutes of Health-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron W P Reeve
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gcobisa Ndlangalavu
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hridesh Mishra
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Zaida Palmer
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Happy Tshivhula
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Loren Rockman
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Selisha Naidoo
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Desiree L Mbu
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charissa C Naidoo
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brigitta Derendinger
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephanus T Malherbe
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul D van Helden
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fred C Semitala
- Makerere University Joint AIDS Program (MJAP), Kampala, Uganda; Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Makerere, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christina Yoon
- Makerere University Joint AIDS Program (MJAP), Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rishi K Gupta
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Robin M Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Grant Theron
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Dupnik K, Rivera VR, Dorvil N, Akbarnejad H, Gao Y, Liu J, Apollon A, Dumond E, Riviere C, Severe P, Lavoile K, Duran Mendicuti MA, Pierre S, Rouzier V, Walsh KF, Byrne AL, Joseph P, Cremieux PY, Pape JW, Koenig SP. Potential Utility of C-reactive Protein for Tuberculosis Risk Stratification among Patients with Non-Meningitic Symptoms at HIV Diagnosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.12.19.23300232. [PMID: 38196598 PMCID: PMC10775334 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.19.23300232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Article Summary We assessed the association between C-reactive protein (CRP) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis in symptomatic patients at HIV diagnosis. We found that CRP concentrations can improve tuberculosis risk stratification, facilitating decision making about whether (specific) tuberculosis testing is indicated before antiretroviral therapy initiation. Background The World Health Organization recommends initiating same-day ART while tuberculosis testing is underway for patients with non-meningitic symptoms at HIV diagnosis, though safety data are limited. C-reactive protein (CRP) testing may improve tuberculosis risk stratification in this population. Methods In this baseline analysis of 498 adults (>18 years) with tuberculosis symptoms at HIV diagnosis who were enrolled in a trial of rapid ART initiation in Haiti, we describe test characteristics of varying CRP thresholds in the diagnosis of TB. We also assessed predictors of high CRP (≥3 mg/dL) using generalized linear models. Results Eighty-seven (17.5%) patients were diagnosed with baseline TB. The median CRP was 33.0 mg/L (IQR: 5.1, 85.5) in those with TB, and 2.6 mg/L (IQR: 0.8, 11.7) in those without TB. As the CRP threshold increased from ≥1 mg/L to ≥10 mg/L, the positive predictive value for TB increased from 22.4% to 35.4%, and negative predictive value decreased from 96.9% to 92.3%. With CRP thresholds varying from <1 to <10 mg/L, a range from 25.5% to 64.9% of the cohort would have been eligible for same-day ART, and 0.8% to 5.0% would have untreated TB at ART initiation. Conclusions CRP concentrations can be used to improve TB risk stratification, facilitating same-day decisions about ART initiation. Depending on the CRP threshold, one-quarter to two-thirds of patients could be eligible for same-day ART, with a reduction of 3-fold to 20-fold in the proportion with untreated TB, compared with a strategy of same-day ART while awaiting TB test results.
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5
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Dhana A, Gupta RK, Hamada Y, Kengne AP, Kerkhoff AD, Yoon C, Cattamanchi A, Reeve BWP, Theron G, Ndlangalavu G, Wood R, Drain PK, Calderwood CJ, Noursadeghi M, Boyles T, Meintjes G, Maartens G, Barr DA. Clinical utility of WHO-recommended screening tools and development and validation of novel clinical prediction models for pulmonary tuberculosis screening among outpatients living with HIV: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev 2023; 32:230021. [PMID: 37286216 PMCID: PMC10245131 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0021-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that outpatient people living with HIV (PLHIV) undergo tuberculosis screening with the WHO four-symptom screen (W4SS) or C-reactive protein (CRP) (5 mg·L-1 cut-off) followed by confirmatory testing if screen positive. We conducted an individual participant data meta-analysis to determine the performance of WHO-recommended screening tools and two newly developed clinical prediction models (CPMs). METHODS Following a systematic review, we identified studies that recruited adult outpatient PLHIV irrespective of tuberculosis signs and symptoms or with a positive W4SS, evaluated CRP and collected sputum for culture. We used logistic regression to develop an extended CPM (which included CRP and other predictors) and a CRP-only CPM. We used internal-external cross-validation to evaluate performance. RESULTS We pooled data from eight cohorts (n=4315 participants). The extended CPM had excellent discrimination (C-statistic 0.81); the CRP-only CPM had similar discrimination. The C-statistics for WHO-recommended tools were lower. Both CPMs had equivalent or higher net benefit compared with the WHO-recommended tools. Compared with both CPMs, CRP (5 mg·L-1 cut-off) had equivalent net benefit across a clinically useful range of threshold probabilities, while the W4SS had a lower net benefit. The W4SS would capture 91% of tuberculosis cases and require confirmatory testing for 78% of participants. CRP (5 mg·L-1 cut-off), the extended CPM (4.2% threshold) and the CRP-only CPM (3.6% threshold) would capture similar percentages of cases but reduce confirmatory tests required by 24, 27 and 36%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS CRP sets the standard for tuberculosis screening among outpatient PLHIV. The choice between using CRP at 5 mg·L-1 cut-off or in a CPM depends on available resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashar Dhana
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rishi K Gupta
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yohhei Hamada
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for International Cooperation and Global TB Information, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andre P Kengne
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew D Kerkhoff
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christina Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Byron W P Reeve
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Grant Theron
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gcobisa Ndlangalavu
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robin Wood
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul K Drain
- Departments of Global Health, Medicine, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Claire J Calderwood
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- The Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tom Boyles
- Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gary Maartens
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David A Barr
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Reeve BW, Ndlangalavu G, Mishra H, Palmer Z, Tshivhula H, Rockman L, Naidoo S, Mbu DL, Naidoo CC, Derendinger B, Walzl G, Malherbe ST, van Helden PD, Semitala FC, Yoon C, Gupta RK, Noursadeghi M, Warren RM, Theron G. Point-of-care C-reactive protein and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for tuberculosis screening and diagnosis in unselected antiretroviral therapy initiators: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.05.30.23290716. [PMID: 37333303 PMCID: PMC10274965 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.23290716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB), a major cause of death in people living with HIV (PLHIV), remains challenging to diagnose. Diagnostic accuracy data are lacking for promising triage tests, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), and confirmatory tests, such as sputum and urine Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Ultra), and urine LAM, without prior symptom selection. Methods 897 PLHIV initiating antiretroviral therapy were consecutively recruited in settings with high TB incidence, irrespective of symptoms. Participants were offered sputum induction, with a liquid culture reference standard. First, we evaluated point-of-care CRP testing on blood, compared to the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended four-symptom screen (W4SS) for triage (n=800). Second, we evaluated Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Ultra) versus Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) for sputum-based confirmatory testing (n=787), with or without sputum induction. Third, we evaluated Ultra and Determine LF-LAM for urine-based confirmatory testing (n=732). Findings CRP and number of W4SS symptoms had areas under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.78 (95% confidence interval 0.73, 0.83) and 0.70 (0.64, 0.75), respectively. For triage, CRP (≥10 mg/l) has similar sensitivity to W4SS [77% (68, 85) vs. 77% (68, 85); p>0.999] but higher specificity [64% (61, 68) vs. 48% (45, 52); p<0.001]; reducing unnecessary confirmatory testing by 138 per 1000 people and the number-needed-to-test from 6.91 (6.25, 7.81) to 4.87 (4.41, 5.51). Using sputum, which required induction in 31% (24, 39) of people, Ultra had higher sensitivity than Xpert [71% (61, 80) vs. 56% (46, 66); p<0.001] but lower specificity [98% (96, 100) vs. 99% (98, 100); p<0.001]. The proportion of people with ≥1 positive confirmatory result detected by Ultra increased from 45% (26, 64) to 66% (46, 82) when induction was done. Programmatically-done haemoglobin, triage test combinations, and urine tests showed comparatively worse performance. Interpretation Among ART-initiators in a high burden setting, CRP is a more specific triage test than W4SS. Sputum induction improves yield. Sputum Ultra is a more accurate confirmatory test than Xpert. Funding SAMRC (MRC-RFA-IFSP-01-2013), EDCTP2 (SF1401, OPTIMAL DIAGNOSIS), NIH/NIAD (U01AI152087). Research in context Evidence before this study: Novel triage and confirmatory tests are urgently needed for TB, especially in key risk groups like PLHIV. Many TB cases do not meet World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended four-symptom screen (W4SS) criteria despite accounting for significant transmission and morbidity. W4SS also lacks specificity, which makes onward referral of triage-positive people for expensive confirmatory testing inefficient and hampers diagnostic scale-up. Alternative triage approaches like CRP have promise, but have comparatively little data in ART-initiators, especially when done without syndromic preselection and using point-of-care (POC) tools. After triage, confirmatory testing can be challenging due to sputum scarcity and paucibacillary early-stage disease. Next generation WHO-endorsed rapid molecular tests (including Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra; Ultra) are a standard-of-care for confirmatory testing. However, there are no supporting data in ART-initiators, among whom Ultra may offer large sensitivity gains over predecessors like Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert). The added value of sputum induction to augment diagnostic sampling for confirmatory testing is also unclear. Lastly, the performance of urine tests (Ultra, Determine LF-LAM) in this population requires more data.Added value of this study: We evaluated repurposed and new tests for triage and confirmatory testing using a rigorous microbiological reference standard in a highly vulnerable high-priority patient population (ART-initiators) regardless of symptoms and ability to naturally expectorate sputum. We showed POC CRP triage is feasible, performs better than W4SS, and that combinations of different triage approaches offer no advantages over CRP alone. Sputum Ultra has superior sensitivity to Xpert; often detecting W4SS-negative TB. Furthermore, without induction, confirmatory sputum-based testing would not be possible in a third of people. Urine tests had poor performance. This study contributed unpublished data to systematic reviews and meta-analyses used by the WHO to inform global policy supporting use of CRP triage and Ultra in PLHIV.Implication of all the available evidence: POC CRP triage testing is feasible and superior to W4SS and, together with sputum induction in people who triage CRP-positive should, after appropriate cost and implementation research, be considered for roll-out in ART-initiators in high burden settings. Such people should be offered Ultra, which outperforms Xpert.
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Ruperez M, Shanaube K, Mureithi L, Wapamesa C, Burnett MJ, Kosloff B, de Haas P, Hayes R, Fidler S, Gachie T, Schaap A, Floyd S, Klinkenberg E, Ayles H. Use of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing for screening of tuberculosis in the community in high-burden settings: a prospective, cross-sectional study in Zambia and South Africa. Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e704-e714. [PMID: 37061309 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND WHO recommends community-wide, systematic tuberculosis screening in high-prevalence settings. C-reactive protein has been proposed as a tuberculosis screening tool for people living with HIV. We aimed to assess the performance of a point-of-care C-reactive protein test for tuberculosis screening in the community in two countries with a high tuberculosis burden. METHODS We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional study in four communities in Zambia and South Africa, nested in a tuberculosis prevalence survey. We included adults (aged ≥15 years) who were sputum-eligible (tuberculosis-suggestive symptoms or computer-aided-detection score ≥40 on chest x-ray) and whose sputum was tested with Xpert Ultra and liquid culture. A 5% random sample of individuals who were non-sputum-eligible was also included. We calculated sensitivity and specificity of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing, alone and combined with symptom screening, to detect tuberculosis in participants who were sputum-eligible, compared with a microbiological reference standard (positive result in Xpert Ultra, culture, or both). FINDINGS Between Feb 19 and Aug 11, 2019, 9588 participants were enrolled in the tuberculosis prevalence study, 1588 of whom had C-reactive protein testing and received results (875 [55·1%] were women and girls, 713 [44·9%] were men and boys, 1317 [82·9%] were sputum-eligible, and 271 [17·1%] were non-sputum-eligible). Among participants who were sputum-eligible, we identified 76 individuals with tuberculosis, of whom 25 were living with HIV. Sensitivity of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing with a cutoff point of 5 mg/L or more was 50·0% (38/76, 95% CI 38·3-61·7) and specificity was 72·3% (890/1231, 69·7-74·8). Point-of-care C-reactive protein combined in parallel with symptom screening had higher sensitivity than symptom screening alone (60·5% [46/76, 95% CI 48·6-71·6] vs 34·2% [26/76, 23·7-46·0]). Specificity of point-of-care C-reactive protein combined in parallel with symptom screening was 51·7% (636/1231, 95% CI 48·8-54·5) versus 70·5% (868/1231, 67·9-73·0) with symptom screening alone. Similarly, in people living with HIV, sensitivity of point-of-care C-reactive protein combined with symptom screening was 72·0% (18/25, 95% CI 50·6-87·9) and that of symptom screening alone was 36·0% (9/25, 18·0-57·5). Specificity of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing combined in parallel with symptom screening in people living with HIV was 47·0% (118/251, 95% CI 40·7-53·4) versus 72·1% (181/251, 66·1-77·6) with symptom screening alone. INTERPRETATION Point-of-care C-reactive protein testing alone does not meet the 90% sensitivity stipulated by WHO's target product profile for desirable characteristics for screening tests for detecting tuberculosis. However, combined with symptom screening, it might improve identification of individuals with tuberculosis in communities with high prevalence, and might be particularly useful where other recommended tools, such as chest x-ray, might not be readily available. FUNDING European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ruperez
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | - Barry Kosloff
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Petra de Haas
- KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Richard Hayes
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Gachie
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Albertus Schaap
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sian Floyd
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Eveline Klinkenberg
- KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Helen Ayles
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia
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8
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Kagujje M, Mwanza W, Somwe P, Chilukutu L, Creswell J, Muyoyeta M. Sensitivity and specificity of CRP and symptom screening as tuberculosis screening tools among HIV-positive and negative outpatients at a primary healthcare facility in Lusaka, Zambia: a prospective cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e061907. [PMID: 37072353 PMCID: PMC10124229 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the performance of point-of-care C-reactive protein (CRP) as a screening tool for tuberculosis (TB) using a threshold of 10 mg/L in both people living with HIV (PLHIV) and HIV-negative individuals and compare it to symptom screening using a composite reference for bacteriological confirmation of TB. METHODS Prospective cross-sectional study. SETTING A primary healthcare facility in Lusaka, Zambia. PARTICIPANTS Consecutive adults (≥18 years) presenting for routine outpatient healthcare were enrolled. Of the 816 individuals approached to participate in the study, 804 eligible consenting adults were enrolled into the study, of which 783 were included in the analysis. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value (NPV) of CRP and symptom screening. RESULTS Overall, sensitivity of WHO-recommended four-symptom screen (W4SS) and CRP were 87.2% (80.0-92.5) and 86.6% (79.6-91.8) while specificity was 30.3% (26.7-34.1) and 34.8% (31.2-38.6), respectively. Among PLHIV, sensitivity of W4SS and CRP was 92.2% (81.1-97.8) and 94.8% (85.6-98.9) while specificity was 37.0% (31.3-43.0) and 27.5% (22.4-33.1), respectively. Among those with CD4≥350, the NPV for CRP was 100% (92.9-100). In the HIV negative, sensitivity of W4SS and CRP was 83.8% (73.4-91.3) and 80.3% (69.5-88.5) while specificity was 25.4% (20.9-30.2) and 40.5% (35.3-45.6), respectively. Parallel use of CRP and W4SS yielded a sensitivity and NPV of 100% (93.8-100) and 100% (91.6-100) among PLHIV and 93.3% (85.1-97.8) and 90.0% (78.2-96.7) among the HIV negatives, respectively. CONCLUSION Sensitivity and specificity of CRP were similar to symptom screening in HIV-positive outpatients. Independent use of CRP offered limited additional benefit in the HIV negative. CRP can independently accurately rule out TB in PLHIV with CD4≥350. Parallel use of CRP and W4SS improves sensitivity irrespective of HIV status and can accurately rule out TB in PLHIV, irrespective of CD4 count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kagujje
- Tuberculosis Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Winnie Mwanza
- Tuberculosis Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Paul Somwe
- Strategic Information Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Lophina Chilukutu
- Tuberculosis Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jacob Creswell
- Innovations and Grants, Stop TB Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Monde Muyoyeta
- Tuberculosis Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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9
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Landscape of TB Infection and Prevention among People Living with HIV. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121552. [PMID: 36558886 PMCID: PMC9786705 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of mortality in people living with HIV (PLHIV) and contributes to up to a third of deaths in this population. The World Health Organization guidelines aim to target early detection and treatment of TB among PLHIV, particularly in high-prevalence and low-resource settings. Prevention plays a key role in the fight against TB among PLHIV. This review explores TB screening tools available for PLHIV, including symptom-based screening, chest radiography, tuberculin skin tests, interferon gamma release assays, and serum biomarkers. We then review TB Preventive Treatment (TPT), shown to reduce the progression to active TB and mortality among PLHIV, and available TPT regimens. Last, we highlight policy-practice gaps and barriers to implementation as well as ongoing research needs to lower the burden of TB and HIV coinfection through preventive activities, innovative diagnostic tests, and cost-effectiveness studies.
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10
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Keter AK, Lynen L, Van Heerden A, Goetghebeur E, Jacobs BK. Implications of covariate induced test dependence on the diagnostic accuracy of latent class analysis in pulmonary tuberculosis. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2022; 29:100331. [PMID: 36111071 PMCID: PMC9468460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2022.100331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Kipyegon Keter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre for Community Based Research, Human Sciences Research Council, Sweetwaters, Bus Depot, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S9, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Corresponding author.
| | - Lutgarde Lynen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alastair Van Heerden
- Centre for Community Based Research, Human Sciences Research Council, Sweetwaters, Bus Depot, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa
- MRC/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Rd, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Els Goetghebeur
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S9, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart K.M. Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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11
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Meca AD, Turcu-Stiolica A, Bogdan M, Subtirelu MS, Cocoș R, Ungureanu BS, Mahler B, Pisoschi CG. Screening performance of C-reactive protein for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-positive patients: A systematic review with a meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:891201. [PMID: 36090970 PMCID: PMC9453225 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious cause of mortality worldwide. In the last years, resistant strains of the etiological agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have emerged, thus demanding more triage tests to identify active pulmonary TB (PTB) patients and to evaluate their disease severity. Therefore, acute-phase reaction serum tests are required for monitoring TB patients, among WHO symptom screening recommendations. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a non-specific inflammatory biomarker that has been recently proposed for TB screening and can be quantitatively analyzed through cost-effective point-of-care assays. A previous meta-analysis found CRP to be highly sensitive and moderately specific for active PTB with confirmed HIV infection. Methods We performed a meta-analysis update of diagnostic tests, pooling sensitivities, and specificities in order to assess the accuracy of CRP as a potential test for the screening of HIV-associated PTB in outpatients. We searched MEDLINE, Web of Science, and SCOPUS for eligible articles before 19 October 2021. Results We identified 13 eligible studies with HIV-positive patients with PTB. At a CRP threshold of 10 mg/L, CRP pooled sensitivity was 87% (76%–93%) and pooled specificity was 67% (49%–81%), with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.858. Using a CRP threshold of 8 mg/L, pooled sensitivity was 82% (72%–89%) and pooled specificity was 82% (67%–92%), with an AUC of 0.879. We found that CRP has a high sensitivity in the screening of PTB in HIV-positive outpatients, consistent with findings reported previously. Conclusions Regardless of pooled specificity, better results were found using the CRP threshold of 8 mg/L as a test screening of PTB, meeting the need of further approaching specific TB diagnostic methods and reducing resource consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea-Daniela Meca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Adina Turcu-Stiolica
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
- *Correspondence: Adina Turcu-Stiolica,
| | - Maria Bogdan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihaela-Simona Subtirelu
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Relu Cocoș
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Silviu Ungureanu
- Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Beatrice Mahler
- Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumology, Bucharest, Romania
- Pneumology Department (II), University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
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12
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Jaganath D, Reza TF, Wambi P, Nakafeero J, Kiconco E, Nanyonga G, Oumo EA, Nsereko MC, Sekadde MP, Nabukenya-Mudiope MG, Kato-Maeda M, Andama A, Yoon C, Mohanty S, Wobudeya E, Cattamanchi A. The Role of C-Reactive Protein as a Triage Tool for Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022; 11:316-321. [PMID: 35451001 PMCID: PMC9302699 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) has shown promise as a triage tool for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in adults living with the human immunodeficiency virus. We performed the first assessment of CRP for TB triage in children. METHODS Symptomatic children less than 15 years old were prospectively enrolled in Kampala, Uganda. We completed a standard TB evaluation and measured CRP using a point-of-care assay. We determined the sensitivity and specificity of CRP to identify pulmonary TB in children using 10 mg/L and 5 mg/L cut-off points and generated a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to determine alternative cut-offs that could approach the target accuracy for a triage test (≥90% sensitivity and ≥70% specificity). RESULTS We included 332 children (median age 3 years old, interquartile range [IQR]: 1-6). The median CRP level was low at 3.0 mg/L (IQR: 2.5-26.6) but was higher in children with Confirmed TB than in children with Unlikely TB (9.5 mg/L vs. 2.9 mg/L, P-value = .03). At a 10 mg/L cut-off, CRP sensitivity was 50.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37.0-63.0) among Confirmed TB cases and specificity was 63.3% (95% CI, 54.7-71.3) among children with Unlikely TB. Sensitivity increased to 56.5% (95% CI, 43.3-69.0) at the 5 mg/L cut-off, but specificity decreased to 54.0% (95% CI, 45.3-62.4). The area under the ROC curve was 0.59 (95% CI, 0.51-0.67), and the highest sensitivity achieved was 66.1% at a specificity of 46.8%. CONCLUSIONS CRP levels were low in children with pulmonary TB, and CRP was unable to achieve the accuracy targets for a TB triage test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devan Jaganath
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tania F Reza
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter Wambi
- Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Emma Kiconco
- Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | - Moorine P Sekadde
- National TB and Leprosy Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Midori Kato-Maeda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alfred Andama
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christina Yoon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Swomitra Mohanty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tuberculosis, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Vulnerable Populations, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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13
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Fu J, Li J, Liu Z, Zheng S, Li X, Ning X, Wang J, Gao W, Li G. Sex-Specific Differences in the Clinical Profile Among Patients with Tracheobronchial Tuberculosis: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Shenzhen, China. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:5741-5750. [PMID: 35761894 PMCID: PMC9233510 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s367070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tracheobronchial tuberculosis (TBTB) has been proposed to occur more commonly in female patients. However, to date, studies that systematically delineate differences between female and male patients with TB infection are lacking. We aimed to comprehensively assess the sex-specific differences in clinical manifestation, bronchoscopy performance, bacteriological examination, and imaging of TBTB in Shenzhen, China. Methods All patients with diagnosed TBTB from August 1, 2018 to July 31, 2021 at The Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen were enrolled in the present study. Demographic information, clinical manifestations, blood tests, chest computed tomography, and bronchoscopic findings were collected, and assessed their sex-specific differences. Results Of these 331 patients, 238 patients (71.9%) were female, and 93 patients (28.1%) were male, with an overall average age of 37.3 years. The average age of male patients with TBTB was more than 5 years older than that of female patients. The prevalence of lymph fistula and diabetes mellitus was significantly higher in male patients than female patients (8.6% vs 1.7%, P = 0.005; 17.2% vs 2.1%, P < 0.001). The positive proportion of sputum smear was higher in male patients (27.9%) than in female patients (16.7%, P = 0.026). Moreover, the mean monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, serum CRP, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in male patients than in female patients (P < 0.05). Conclusion In summary, in patients with TBTB diagnosis, male sex was associated with a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus, lymph fistula, and smear-positive ratio, as well as high inflammation levels. The management of young female and male patients with diabetes mellitus and high inflammation levels should be strengthened. Furthermore, to reduce the burden of TBTB, we must pay attention to the risk of TBTB in past tuberculosis patients, especially male patients under 45 years old and female patients over 45 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Fu
- Department of the Third Pulmonary Disease, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of the Third Pulmonary Disease, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of the Third Pulmonary Disease, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Zheng
- Department of the Third Pulmonary Disease, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of the Third Pulmonary Disease, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjia Ning
- Center of Clinical Epidemiology, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Epidemiology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Center of Clinical Epidemiology, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Epidemiology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenying Gao
- Department of the Third Pulmonary Disease, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobao Li
- Department of the Third Pulmonary Disease, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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14
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Abdulgader SM, Okunola AO, Ndlangalavu G, Reeve BWP, Allwood BW, Koegelenberg CFN, Warren RM, Theron G. Diagnosing Tuberculosis: What Do New Technologies Allow Us to (Not) Do? Respiration 2022; 101:797-813. [PMID: 35760050 PMCID: PMC9533455 DOI: 10.1159/000525142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
New tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics are at a crossroads: their development, evaluation, and implementation is severely damaged by resource diversion due to COVID-19. Yet several technologies, especially those with potential for non-invasive non-sputum-based testing, hold promise for efficiently triaging and rapidly confirming TB near point-of-care. Such tests are, however, progressing through the pipeline slowly and will take years to reach patients and health workers. Compellingly, such tests will create new opportunities for difficult-to-diagnose populations, including primary care attendees (all-comers in high burden settings irrespective of reason for presentation) and community members (with early stage disease or risk factors like HIV), many of whom cannot easily produce sputum. Critically, all upcoming technologies have limitations that implementers and health workers need to be cognizant of to ensure optimal deployment without undermining confidence in a technology that still offers improvements over the status quo. In this state-of-the-art review, we critically appraise such technologies for active pulmonary TB diagnosis. We highlight strengths, limitations, outstanding research questions, and how current and future tests could be used in the presence of these limitations and uncertainties. Among triage tests, CRP (for which commercial near point-of-care devices exist) and computer-aided detection software with digital chest X-ray hold promise, together with late-stage blood-based assays that detect host and/or microbial biomarkers; however, aside from a handful of prototypes, the latter category has a shortage of promising late-stage alternatives. Furthermore, positive results from new triage tests may have utility in people without TB; however, their utility for informing diagnostic pathways for other diseases is under-researched (most sick people tested for TB do not have TB). For confirmatory tests, few true point-of-care options will be available soon; however, combining novel approaches like tongue swabs with established tests like Ultra have short-term promise but first require optimizations to specimen collection and processing procedures. Concerningly, no technologies yet have compelling evidence of meeting the World Health Organization optimal target product profile performance criteria, especially for important operational criteria crucial for field deployment. This is alarming as the target product profile criteria are themselves almost a decade old and require urgent revision, especially to cater for technologies made prominent by the COVID-19 diagnostic response (e.g., at-home testing and connectivity solutions). Throughout the review, we underscore the importance of how target populations and settings affect test performance and how the criteria by which these tests should be judged vary by use case, including in active case finding. Lastly, we advocate for health workers and researchers to themselves be vocal proponents of the uptake of both new tests and those − already available tests that remain suboptimally utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima M Abdulgader
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna O Okunola
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gcobisa Ndlangalavu
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Byron W P Reeve
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian W Allwood
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Coenraad F N Koegelenberg
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rob M Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Grant Theron
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Semitala FC, Chaisson LH, Dowdy DW, Armstrong DT, Opira B, Aman K, Kamya M, Phillips PPJ, Yoon C. Tuberculosis screening improves preventive therapy uptake (TB SCRIPT) trial among people living with HIV in Uganda: a study protocol of an individual randomized controlled trial. Trials 2022; 23:399. [PMID: 35550621 PMCID: PMC9096738 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People living with HIV (PLHIV) have an increased risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB). To reduce the burden of TB among PLHIV, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends systematic TB screening followed by (1) confirmatory TB testing for all who screen positive and (2) TB preventive therapy (TPT) for all TPT-eligible PLHIV who screen negative. Symptom-based screening remains the standard of care in most high TB burden settings, including Uganda. Despite having high sensitivity for active TB among antiretroviral-naïve PLHIV, symptom screening has poor specificity; as such, many high-risk PLHIV without active TB are not referred for TPT. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a promising alternative strategy for TB screening that has comparable sensitivity and higher specificity than symptom screening, and was endorsed by WHO in 2021. However, the impact of CRP-based TB screening on TB burden for PLHIV remains unclear. Methods TB SCRIPT (TB Screening Improves Preventive Therapy Uptake) is a phase 3, multi-center, single-blinded, individual (1:1) randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of CRP-based TB screening on clinical outcomes of PLHIV. The trial aims to compare the effectiveness of a TB screening strategy based on CRP levels using a point-of-care (POC) assay on 2-year TB incidence and all-cause mortality (composite primary trial endpoint) and prevalent TB case detection and uptake of TPT (intermediate outcomes), relative to symptom-based TB screening (current practice). Discussion This study will be critical to improving selection of eligible PLHIV for TPT and helping guide the scale-up and integration of TB screening and TPT activities. This work will enable the field to improve TB screening by removing barriers to TPT initiation among eligible PLHIV, and provide randomized evidence to inform and strengthen WHO guidelines. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04557176. Registered on September 21, 2020. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-022-06371-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred C Semitala
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Makerere University Joint AIDS Program, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lelia H Chaisson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David W Dowdy
- Departments of Epidemiology, International Health, and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Derek T Armstrong
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bishop Opira
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Moses Kamya
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick P J Phillips
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Christina Yoon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave, 5K1, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.
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Chen J, Li L, Chen T, Yang X, Ru H, Li X, Yang X, Xie Q, Xu L. Predicting the risk of active pulmonary tuberculosis in people living with HIV: development and validation of a nomogram. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:388. [PMID: 35439965 PMCID: PMC9019965 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) among people living with HIV (PLHIV) was challenging. The study aimed to develop and validated a simple, convenient screening model for prioritizing TB among PLHIV. METHODS The study included eligible adult PLHIV participants who attended health care in Yunnan, China, from January 2016 to July 2019. Participants included before June 2018 were in the primary set; others were in the independent validation set. The research applied the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression to identify predictors associated with bacteriological confirmed PTB. The TB nomogram was developed by multivariate logistic regression. The C-index, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test (H-L), and the calibration curves were applied to evaluate and calibrate the nomogram. The developed nomogram was validated in the validation set. The clinical usefulness was assessed by cutoff analysis and decision curve analysis in the primary set. RESULT The study enrolled 766 PLHIV, of which 507 were in the primary set and 259 in the validation set, 21.5% and 14.3% individuals were confirmed PTB in two sets, respectively. The final nomogram included 5 predictors: current CD 4 cell count, the number of WHO screen tool, previous TB history, pulmonary cavity, and smoking status (p < 0.05). The C-statistic was 0.72 (95% CI 0.66-0.77) in primary set and 0.68 (95% CI 0.58-0.75) in validation set, ROC performed better than other models. The nomogram calibration was good (H-L χ2 = 8.14, p = 0.15). The area under the decision curve (0.025) outperformed the existing models. The optimal cutoff for screening TB among PLHIV was the score of 100 (sensitivity = 0.93, specificity = 0.35). CONCLUSION The study developed and validated a discriminative TB nomogram among PLHIV in the moderate prevalence of TB and HIV. The easy-to-use and straightforward nomogram would be beneficial for clinical practice and rapid risk screening in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinou Chen
- Division of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Li
- Family Health International Office, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Division of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Haohao Ru
- Division of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Xia Li
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Xinping Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Division of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China.
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Dhana A, Hamada Y, Kengne AP, Kerkhoff AD, Rangaka MX, Kredo T, Baddeley A, Miller C, Singh S, Hanifa Y, Grant AD, Fielding K, Affolabi D, Merle CS, Wachinou AP, Yoon C, Cattamanchi A, Hoffmann CJ, Martinson N, Mbu ET, Sander MS, Balcha TT, Skogmar S, Reeve BWP, Theron G, Ndlangalavu G, Modi S, Cavanaugh J, Swindells S, Chaisson RE, Ahmad Khan F, Howard AA, Wood R, Thit SS, Kyi MM, Hanson J, Drain PK, Shapiro AE, Kufa T, Churchyard G, Nguyen DT, Graviss EA, Bjerrum S, Johansen IS, Gersh JK, Horne DJ, LaCourse SM, Al-Darraji HAA, Kamarulzaman A, Kempker RR, Tukvadze N, Barr DA, Meintjes G, Maartens G. Tuberculosis screening among ambulatory people living with HIV: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:507-518. [PMID: 34800394 PMCID: PMC8942858 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The WHO-recommended tuberculosis screening and diagnostic algorithm in ambulatory people living with HIV is a four-symptom screen (known as the WHO-recommended four symptom screen [W4SS]) followed by a WHO-recommended molecular rapid diagnostic test (eg Xpert MTB/RIF [hereafter referred to as Xpert]) if W4SS is positive. To inform updated WHO guidelines, we aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of alternative screening tests and strategies for tuberculosis in this population. METHODS In this systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis, we updated a search of PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, the Cochrane Library, and conference abstracts for publications from Jan 1, 2011, to March 12, 2018, done in a previous systematic review to include the period up to Aug 2, 2019. We screened the reference lists of identified pieces and contacted experts in the field. We included prospective cross-sectional, observational studies and randomised trials among adult and adolescent (age ≥10 years) ambulatory people living with HIV, irrespective of signs and symptoms of tuberculosis. We extracted study-level data using a standardised data extraction form, and we requested individual participant data from study authors. We aimed to compare the W4SS with alternative screening tests and strategies and the WHO-recommended algorithm (ie, W4SS followed by Xpert) with Xpert for all in terms of diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity), overall and in key subgroups (eg, by antiretroviral therapy [ART] status). The reference standard was culture. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020155895. FINDINGS We identified 25 studies, and obtained data from 22 studies (including 15 666 participants; 4347 [27·7%] of 15 663 participants with data were on ART). W4SS sensitivity was 82% (95% CI 72-89) and specificity was 42% (29-57). C-reactive protein (≥10 mg/L) had similar sensitivity to (77% [61-88]), but higher specificity (74% [61-83]; n=3571) than, W4SS. Cough (lasting ≥2 weeks), haemoglobin (<10 g/dL), body-mass index (<18·5 kg/m2), and lymphadenopathy had high specificities (80-90%) but low sensitivities (29-43%). The WHO-recommended algorithm had a sensitivity of 58% (50-66) and a specificity of 99% (98-100); Xpert for all had a sensitivity of 68% (57-76) and a specificity of 99% (98-99). In the one study that assessed both, the sensitivity of sputum Xpert Ultra was higher than sputum Xpert (73% [62-81] vs 57% [47-67]) and specificities were similar (98% [96-98] vs 99% [98-100]). Among outpatients on ART (4309 [99·1%] of 4347 people on ART), W4SS sensitivity was 53% (35-71) and specificity was 71% (51-85). In this population, a parallel strategy (two tests done at the same time) of W4SS with any chest x-ray abnormality had higher sensitivity (89% [70-97]) and lower specificity (33% [17-54]; n=2670) than W4SS alone; at a tuberculosis prevalence of 5%, this strategy would require 379 more rapid diagnostic tests per 1000 people living with HIV than W4SS but detect 18 more tuberculosis cases. Among outpatients not on ART (11 160 [71·8%] of 15 541 outpatients), W4SS sensitivity was 85% (76-91) and specificity was 37% (25-51). C-reactive protein (≥10 mg/L) alone had a similar sensitivity to (83% [79-86]), but higher specificity (67% [60-73]; n=3187) than, W4SS and a sequential strategy (both test positive) of W4SS then C-reactive protein (≥5 mg/L) had a similar sensitivity to (84% [75-90]), but higher specificity than (64% [57-71]; n=3187), W4SS alone; at 10% tuberculosis prevalence, these strategies would require 272 and 244 fewer rapid diagnostic tests per 1000 people living with HIV than W4SS but miss two and one more tuberculosis cases, respectively. INTERPRETATION C-reactive protein reduces the need for further rapid diagnostic tests without compromising sensitivity and has been included in the updated WHO tuberculosis screening guidelines. However, C-reactive protein data were scarce for outpatients on ART, necessitating future research regarding the utility of C-reactive protein in this group. Chest x-ray can be useful in outpatients on ART when combined with W4SS. The WHO-recommended algorithm has suboptimal sensitivity; Xpert for all offers slight sensitivity gains and would have major resource implications. FUNDING World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashar Dhana
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yohhei Hamada
- Centre for International Cooperation and Global Tuberculosis Information, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andre P Kengne
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew D Kerkhoff
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Molebogeng X Rangaka
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tamara Kredo
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Annabel Baddeley
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cecily Miller
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Satvinder Singh
- Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yasmeen Hanifa
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Alison D Grant
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Africa Health Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Corinne S Merle
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Christina Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Tuberculosis, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Tuberculosis, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Neil Martinson
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Johns Hopkins University Center for Tuberculosis Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Taye T Balcha
- Clinical Infection Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sten Skogmar
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Byron W P Reeve
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Grant Theron
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Gcobisa Ndlangalavu
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Surbhi Modi
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Richard E Chaisson
- Johns Hopkins University Center for Tuberculosis Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Faiz Ahmad Khan
- McGill International Tuberculosis Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea A Howard
- ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robin Wood
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Swe Swe Thit
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Yangon Division, Myanmar
| | - Mar Mar Kyi
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Yangon Division, Myanmar
| | - Josh Hanson
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul K Drain
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adrienne E Shapiro
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tendesayi Kufa
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gavin Churchyard
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; The Aurum Institute, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Duc T Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Edward A Graviss
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie Bjerrum
- Department of Clinical Research, Infectious Diseases, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Isik S Johansen
- Research Unit for Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - David J Horne
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sylvia M LaCourse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Russell R Kempker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nestani Tukvadze
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - David A Barr
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gary Maartens
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Sullivan A, Nathavitharana RR. Addressing TB-related mortality in adults living with HIV: a review of the challenges and potential solutions. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2022; 9:20499361221084163. [PMID: 35321342 PMCID: PMC8935406 DOI: 10.1177/20499361221084163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death in people living with HIV (PLHIV) globally, causing 208,000 deaths in PLHIV in 2019. PLHIV have an 18-fold higher risk of TB, and HIV/TB mortality is highest in inpatient facilities, compared with primary care and community settings. Here we discuss challenges and potential mitigating solutions to address TB-related mortality in adults with HIV. Key factors that affect healthcare engagement are stigma, knowledge, and socioeconomic constraints, which are compounded in people with HIV/TB co-infection. Innovative approaches to improve healthcare engagement include optimizing HIV/TB care integration and interventions to reduce stigma. While early diagnosis of both HIV and TB can reduce mortality, barriers to early diagnosis of TB in PLHIV include difficulty producing sputum specimens, lower sensitivity of TB diagnostic tests in PLHIV, and higher rates of extra pulmonary TB. There is an urgent need to develop higher sensitivity biomarker-based tests that can be used for point-of-care diagnosis. Nonetheless, the implementation and scale-up of existing tests including molecular World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended diagnostic tests and urine lipoarabinomannan (LAM) should be optimized along with expanded TB screening with tools such as C-reactive protein and digital chest radiography. Decreased survival of PLHIV with TB disease is more likely with late HIV diagnosis and delayed start of antiretroviral (ART) treatment. The WHO now recommends starting ART within 2 weeks of initiating TB treatment in the majority of PLHIV, aside from those with TB meningitis. Dedicated TB treatment trials focused on PLHIV are needed, including interventions to improve TB meningitis outcomes given its high mortality, such as the use of intensified regimens using high-dose rifampin, new and repurposed drugs such as linezolid, and immunomodulatory therapy. Ultimately holistic, high-quality, person-centered care is needed for PLHIV with TB throughout the cascade of care, which should address biomedical, socioeconomic, and psychological barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sullivan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruvandhi R. Nathavitharana
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Kumar NP, Moideen K, Nancy A, Viswanathan V, Thiruvengadam K, Sivakumar S, Hissar S, Kornfeld H, Babu S. Acute Phase Proteins Are Baseline Predictors of Tuberculosis Treatment Failure. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731878. [PMID: 34867953 PMCID: PMC8634481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is a characteristic feature of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Whether systemic inflammation is associated with treatment failure in PTB is not known. Participants, who were newly diagnosed, sputum smear and culture positive individuals with drug-sensitive PTB, were treated with standard anti-tuberculosis treatment and classified as having treatment failure or microbiological cure. The plasma levels of acute phase proteins were assessed at baseline (pre-treatment). Baseline levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), alpha-2 macroglobulin (a2M), Haptoglobin and serum amyloid P (SAP) were significantly higher in treatment failure compared to cured individuals. ROC curve analysis demonstrated the utility of these individual markers in discriminating treatment failure from cure. Finally, combined ROC analysis revealed high sensitivity and specificity of 3 marker signatures comprising of CRP, a2M and SAP in distinguishing treatment failure from cured individuals with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 100% and area under the curve of 1. Therefore, acute phase proteins are very accurate baseline predictors of PTB treatment failure. If validated in larger cohorts, these markers hold promise for a rapid prognostic testing for adverse treatment outcomes in PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathella Pavan Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Kadar Moideen
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research, National Institutes of Health, Chennai, India
| | - Arul Nancy
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research, National Institutes of Health, Chennai, India
| | - Vijay Viswanathan
- Department of Diabetology, Prof. M. Viswanathan Diabetes Research Center, Chennai, India
| | - Kannan Thiruvengadam
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Shanmugam Sivakumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Syed Hissar
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Hardy Kornfeld
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Subash Babu
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India.,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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20
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C-Reactive Protein +1444C/T Polymorphism Is Associated with the Susceptibility to Pulmonary Tuberculosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2020:6634879. [PMID: 33415152 PMCID: PMC7769630 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6634879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective The T allele of C-reactive protein (CRP) +1444C/T (rs1130864) polymorphism was associated with increased risk for some inflammatory conditions. The objective of the study was to explore the association between the CRP +1444C/T polymorphism with the susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a Chinese population. Methods This case-control study enrolled 480 PTB patients and 480 healthy controls. The CRP +1444C/T polymorphism was determined using Sanger sequencing. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were assessed to examine the strength of genetic correlation. Results The genotype and allele frequencies of PTB patients differed from controls (CT vs. CC, OR = 1.924, 95% CI: 1.099-3.371, adjusted P value = 0.022; T vs. C, OR = 1.884, 95% CI: 1.085-3.273, adjusted P value = 0.024). Stratified analysis by sex found that PTB patients' genotype and allele frequencies differed from controls in the male subgroup but not the female subgroup. Conclusion In conclusion, the minor T allele of CRP +1444C/T polymorphism was associated with increased PTB risk.
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Derivation and external validation of a risk score for predicting HIV-associated tuberculosis to support case finding and preventive therapy scale-up: A cohort study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003739. [PMID: 34491987 PMCID: PMC8454974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among people living with HIV (PLHIV), more flexible and sensitive tuberculosis (TB) screening tools capable of detecting both symptomatic and subclinical active TB are needed to (1) reduce morbidity and mortality from undiagnosed TB; (2) facilitate scale-up of tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT) while reducing inappropriate prescription of TPT to PLHIV with subclinical active TB; and (3) allow for differentiated HIV-TB care. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used Botswana XPRES trial data for adult HIV clinic enrollees collected during 2012 to 2015 to develop a parsimonious multivariable prognostic model for active prevalent TB using both logistic regression and random forest machine learning approaches. A clinical score was derived by rescaling final model coefficients. The clinical score was developed using southern Botswana XPRES data and its accuracy validated internally, using northern Botswana data, and externally using 3 diverse cohorts of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive and ART-experienced PLHIV enrolled in XPHACTOR, TB Fast Track (TBFT), and Gugulethu studies from South Africa (SA). Predictive accuracy of the clinical score was compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) 4-symptom TB screen. Among 5,418 XPRES enrollees, 2,771 were included in the derivation dataset; 67% were female, median age was 34 years, median CD4 was 240 cells/μL, 189 (7%) had undiagnosed prevalent TB, and characteristics were similar between internal derivation and validation datasets. Among XPHACTOR, TBFT, and Gugulethu cohorts, median CD4 was 400, 73, and 167 cells/μL, and prevalence of TB was 5%, 10%, and 18%, respectively. Factors predictive of TB in the derivation dataset and selected for the clinical score included male sex (1 point), ≥1 WHO TB symptom (7 points), smoking history (1 point), temperature >37.5°C (6 points), body mass index (BMI) <18.5kg/m2 (2 points), and severe anemia (hemoglobin <8g/dL) (3 points). Sensitivity using WHO 4-symptom TB screen was 73%, 80%, 94%, and 94% in XPRES, XPHACTOR, TBFT, and Gugulethu cohorts, respectively, but increased to 88%, 87%, 97%, and 97%, when a clinical score of ≥2 was used. Negative predictive value (NPV) also increased 1%, 0.3%, 1.6%, and 1.7% in XPRES, XPHACTOR, TBFT, and Gugulethu cohorts, respectively, when the clinical score of ≥2 replaced WHO 4-symptom TB screen. Categorizing risk scores into low (<2), moderate (2 to 10), and high-risk categories (>10) yielded TB prevalence of 1%, 1%, 2%, and 6% in the lowest risk group and 33%, 22%, 26%, and 32% in the highest risk group for XPRES, XPHACTOR, TBFT, and Gugulethu cohorts, respectively. At clinical score ≥2, the number needed to screen (NNS) ranged from 5.0 in Gugulethu to 11.0 in XPHACTOR. Limitations include that the risk score has not been validated in resource-rich settings and needs further evaluation and validation in contemporary cohorts in Africa and other resource-constrained settings. CONCLUSIONS The simple and feasible clinical score allowed for prioritization of sensitivity and NPV, which could facilitate reductions in mortality from undiagnosed TB and safer administration of TPT during proposed global scale-up efforts. Differentiation of risk by clinical score cutoff allows flexibility in designing differentiated HIV-TB care to maximize impact of available resources.
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Samuels THA, Wyss R, Ongarello S, Moore DAJ, Schumacher SG, Denkinger CM. Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of laboratory-based c-reactive protein as a triage test for active pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254002. [PMID: 34252128 PMCID: PMC8274836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A highly sensitive triage test that captures most symptomatic patients at increased likelihood of having pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) would ‘rule-out’ lower-risk patients from expensive confirmatory testing. Although studies have assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a C-reactive protein (CRP) triage test for PTB in HIV+ patients, limited data are available from HIV- cohorts. Materials and methods In this retrospective case-control study, 765 serum samples were selected from FIND’s biobank. Each sample had been collected from an adult presenting with respiratory symptomatology to district hospitals in South Africa and referral hospitals in Cambodia, Peru, Georgia and Vietnam between 2007–2017. Serum CRP measurements were obtained using a laboratory-based assay. CRP cutoff-points of ≥8mg/L and ≥10mg/L were predefined as a positive triage test result. The PTB reference standard was two contemporaneously collected sputum liquid culture results. Results CRP demonstrated an overall sensitivity for PTB of 79.8% (95%CI 75.5–83.5) and 77.7% (95%CI 73.4–81.6) for cutoff-points of 8mg/L and 10mg/L respectively. Specificity was 62.8% (95%CI 57.8–67.6%) and 66.6% (95%CI 61.1–70.7) respectively. Area-under-the-curve using Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis was 0.77 (95%CI 0.74–0.81). Threshold analysis showed optimal CRP cutoff-points were higher in HIV+ than HIV- participants. An algorithm in which CRP triage was followed by confirmatory Xpert MTB/Rif testing achieved a sensitivity of 75.1% (95%CI 69.0–80.4%) whilst decreasing Xpert usage by 40.6%. Discussion CRP may not meet the challenge of a catch-all TB triage test. However, it shows promise in HIV+ individuals. Further research is required in a prospective study using point-of-care platforms to further evaluate its capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. A. Samuels
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Romain Wyss
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Ongarello
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David A. J. Moore
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Bouton TC, Jacobson KR. Symptom Screens Are Not Sufficient: The Fight Against Tuberculosis Needs Better Weapons. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:121-123. [PMID: 32296819 PMCID: PMC8246807 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Bouton
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen R Jacobson
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Fusani L, Tersigni C, Chiappini E, Venturini E, Galli L. Old biomarkers in tuberculosis management: are they still useful? a systematic review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:1191-1203. [PMID: 33722116 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1898945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis (TB) can be challenging, given the lack of a gold standard test. Several new biomarkers have been studied for research purposes, but despite encouraging results, they are not used in clinical practice yet. Old biomarkers can be valuable tools in TB management. We conducted a systematic review to provide an update on their possible usefulness in TB patients.Areas covered: C-reactive protein could be useful to rule out TB, due to its high negative predictive value. Moreover, ferritin and erythrocyte sedimentation rates were found to be higher in TB patients with positive sputum smears. The lack of biomarkers decreases during an appropriate treatment course, indicating a poor response to treatment, seems to be correlated with a higher risk of death. Finally, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein seems to be useful in the differential diagnosis with pneumonia.Expert opinion: Old biomarkers are point-of-care tests, cheap and easily interpretable. These characteristics make them particularly useful, especially in TB endemic areas, to better manage patients with TB. Further studies performed in children are essential to implement the use of old biomarkers as diagnostic and prognostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Fusani
- Department of Health Sciences, Post Graduate School of Paediatrics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Tersigni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Chiappini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Galli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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25
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Gersh JK, Barnabas RV, Matemo D, Kinuthia J, Feldman Z, Lacourse SM, Mecha J, Warr AJ, Kamene M, Horne DJ. Pulmonary tuberculosis screening in anti-retroviral treated adults living with HIV in Kenya. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:218. [PMID: 33632173 PMCID: PMC7908695 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People living with HIV (PLHIV) who reside in high tuberculosis burden settings remain at risk for tuberculosis disease despite treatment with anti-retroviral therapy and isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT). The performance of the World Health Organization (WHO) symptom screen for tuberculosis in PLHIV receiving anti-retroviral therapy is sub-optimal and alternative screening strategies are needed. Methods We enrolled HIV-positive adults into a prospective study in western Kenya. Individuals who were IPT-naïve or had completed IPT > 6 months prior to enrollment were eligible. We evaluated tuberculosis prevalence overall and by IPT status. We assessed the accuracy of the WHO symptom screen, GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert), and candidate biomarkers including C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio for identifying pulmonary tuberculosis. Some participants were evaluated at 6 months post-enrollment for tuberculosis. Results The study included 383 PLHIV, of whom > 99% were on antiretrovirals and 88% had received IPT, completed a median of 1.1 years (IQR 0.8–1.55) prior to enrollment. The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis at enrollment was 1.3% (n = 5, 95% CI 0.4–3.0%): 4.3% (0.5–14.5%) among IPT-naïve and 0.9% (0.2–2.6%) among IPT-treated participants. The sensitivity of the WHO symptom screen was 0% (0–52%) and specificity 87% (83–90%). Xpert and candidate biomarkers had poor to moderate sensitivity; the most accurate biomarker was CRP ≥ 3.3 mg/L (sensitivity 80% (28–100) and specificity 72% (67–77)). Six months after enrollment, the incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis following IPT completion was 0.84 per 100 person-years (95% CI, 0.31–2.23). Conclusions In Kenyan PLHIV treated with IPT, tuberculosis prevalence was low at a median of 1.4 years after IPT completion. WHO symptoms screening, Xpert, and candidate biomarkers were insensitive for identifying pulmonary tuberculosis in antiretroviral-treated PLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill K Gersh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ruanne V Barnabas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave, Box 359762, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Matemo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.,School of Public Health and Community Development Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave, Box 359762, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Zachary Feldman
- Albers School of Business and Economics, Seattle University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sylvia M Lacourse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave, Box 359762, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Jerphason Mecha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alex J Warr
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maureen Kamene
- National Tuberculosis, Leprosy, and Lung Disease Program, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David J Horne
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 9th Ave, Box 359762, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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26
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Pujari S, Gugale P, Shah D, Patel D, Gaikwad S, Desouza C, Atre A. Pulmonary tuberculosis masquerading as coronavirus disease 2019 in an HIV-infected individual with advanced immune suppression. AIDS 2020; 34:2165-2168. [PMID: 32910070 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Brief Report: Yield and Efficiency of Intensified Tuberculosis Case-Finding Algorithms in 2 High-Risk HIV Subgroups in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 82:416-420. [PMID: 31658185 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) risk varies among different HIV subgroups, potentially impacting intensified case finding (ICF) performance. We evaluated the performance of the current ICF algorithm [symptom screening, followed by Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) testing] in 2 HIV subgroups and evaluated whether ICF performance could be improved if TB screening was based on C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. METHODS We enrolled consecutive adults with CD4 counts ≤350 cells/µL initiating antiretroviral therapy and performed symptom screening, CRP testing using a low-cost point-of-care (POC) assay, and collected sputum for Xpert testing. We compared the yield and efficiency of the current ICF algorithm to POC CRP-based ICF among patients new to HIV care and patients engaged in care. RESULTS Of 1794 patients, 126/1315 (10%) new patients and 21/479 (4%) engaged patients had Xpert-positive TB. The current ICF algorithm detected ≥98% of all TB cases in both subgroups but required ≥85% of all patients to undergo Xpert testing. POC CRP-based ICF halved the proportion of patients in both subgroups requiring Xpert testing relative to the current ICF algorithm and had lower yield among patients engaged in care [81% vs. 100%, difference -19% (95% confidence interval: -41 to 3)]. Among patients new to care, POC CRP-based ICF had similar yield as the current ICF algorithm [93% vs. 98%, difference -6% (95% confidence interval: -11 to 0)]. CONCLUSIONS Among patients new to care, POC CRP-based screening can improve ICF efficiency without compromising ICF yield, whereas symptom-based screening may be necessary to maximize ICF yield among patients engaged in care.
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Jensen SB, Rudolf F, Wejse C. Utility of a clinical scoring system in prioritizing TB investigations - a systematic review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:475-488. [PMID: 31159621 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1625770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is among the 10 most common causes of death worldwide and it is the leading cause of mortality in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Clinical scoring systems have the potential to improve case finding and to prioritize patients for TB testing. Areas covered: This systematic review investigated the utility of prediction models to improve pulmonary tuberculosis (pTB) case finding. Studies were searched through PubMed until 15th of August 2018 and 20 studies were eligible according to the inclusion criteria. Data on study population, outcome measurements, predictors, and performance were extracted. Many studies showed promising results but lacked external validation. Furthermore, head-to-head studies are needed to compare the different prediction models. Sensitivities of the prediction models ranged from 26% to 96% and specificities from 18% to 92%, negative likelihood ratios (LR-) from 0.22 to 0.8 and positive likelihood ratios(LR+) 1.07 to 7.32. Composite scores including paraclinical measures added to sensitivity. Expert opinion: TB case finding is of utmost importance to advance the quest for global TB elimination, and simple measures to identify high-risk populations or persons to undergo further diagnostic evaluation are highly needed. A number of clinical scores are available and could be implemented in practice to improve case finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Bernth Jensen
- a GloHAU, Center for Global Health, Department of Public Health , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Frauke Rudolf
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark.,c Bandim Health Project , Statens Serum Institute , Bissau , Guinea Bissau
| | - Christian Wejse
- a GloHAU, Center for Global Health, Department of Public Health , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,b Department of Infectious Diseases , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark.,c Bandim Health Project , Statens Serum Institute , Bissau , Guinea Bissau
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29
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Point-of-care C-reactive protein and risk of early mortality among adults initiating antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2019; 33:895-902. [PMID: 30649057 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In resource-limited settings, mortality in the initial months following antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation remains unacceptably high. Novel tools to identify patients at highest risk of poor outcomes are needed. We evaluated whether elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations predict poor outcomes among people living with HIV (PLWH) initiating ART. METHODS We enrolled and followed for 3-months consecutive PLWH with pre-ART CD4 T-cell counts 350 cells/μl or less initiating ART from two HIV clinics in Uganda. Pre-ART CRP concentrations were measured from capillary blood using a point-of-care (POC) assay. After excluding patients with prevalent tuberculosis - the leading cause of HIV death - we measured 3-month mortality rates using Kaplan-Meier curves, used Cox regression to compare differences in survival, and used logistic regression to compare differences in the odds of opportunistic infections, between patients with and without elevated POC CRP (≥8 mg/l). RESULTS Of 1293 patients included [median CD4 T-cell count 181 (interquartile range 82-278)], 23 (1.8%) died within 3 months, including 19 of 355 (5.4%) with elevated POC CRP and four of 938 (0.4%) with nonelevated POC CRP. Eighty-six (6.7%) patients were diagnosed with opportunistic infections, including 39 of 355 (11.0%) with elevated POC CRP and 47 of 938 (5.0%) with nonelevated POC CRP. Elevated POC CRP was associated with mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 10.87, 95% confidence interval 3.64-32.47) and opportunistic infection (adjusted odds ratio 1.95, 95% confidence interval 1.23-3.07). CONCLUSION Among PLWH with advanced HIV, elevated pre-ART POC CRP concentrations are associated with early mortality and opportunistic infections. Pre-ART POC CRP testing may reduce mortality by identifying patients at high risk for poor outcomes.
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Olsson O, Björkman P, Jansson M, Balcha TT, Mulleta D, Yeba H, Valfridsson C, Carlsson F, Skogmar S. Plasma Profiles of Inflammatory Markers Associated With Active Tuberculosis in Antiretroviral Therapy-Naive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Individuals. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz015. [PMID: 30800697 PMCID: PMC6379652 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-coinfected individuals is challenging. We hypothesized that combinations of inflammatory markers could facilitate identification of active TB in HIV-positive individuals. Methods Participants were HIV-positive, treatment-naive adults systematically investigated for TB at Ethiopian health centers. Plasma samples from 130 subjects with TB (HIV+/TB+) and 130 subjects without TB (HIV+/TB−) were tested for concentration of the following markers: CCL5, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL12-p70, IL-18, IL-27, interferon-γ-induced protein-10 (IP-10), procalcitonin (PCT), and soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR). Analyzed markers were then assessed, either individually or in combination, with regard to infection status, CD4 cell count, and HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) levels. Results The HIV+/TB+ subjects had higher levels of all markers, except IL12p70, compared with HIV+/TB− subjects. The CRP showed the best performance for TB identification (median 27.9 vs 1.8 mg/L for HIV+/TB+ and HIV+/TB−, respectively; area under the curve [AUC]: 0.80). Performance was increased when CRP was combined with suPAR analysis (AUC, 0.83 [0.93 for subjects with CD4 cell count <200 cells/mm3]). Irrespective of TB status, IP-10 concentrations correlated with HIV RNA levels, and both IP-10 and IL-18 were inversely correlated to CD4 cell counts. Conclusions Although CRP showed the best single marker discriminatory potential, combining CRP and suPAR analyses increased performance for TB identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Olsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Infection Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Per Björkman
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Infection Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Taye Tolera Balcha
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Infection Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Christine Valfridsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Section for Immunology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Fredric Carlsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Section for Immunology, Lund University, Sweden.,Department of Biology, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Sten Skogmar
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Infection Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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