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Mattathil JG, Volz A, Onabajo OO, Maynard S, Bixler SL, Shen XX, Vargas-Inchaustegui D, Robert-Guroff M, Lebranche C, Tomaras G, Montefiori D, Sutter G, Mattapallil JJ. Direct intranodal tonsil vaccination with modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine protects macaques from highly pathogenic SIVmac251. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1264. [PMID: 36882405 PMCID: PMC9990026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a mucosally transmitted virus that causes immunodeficiency and AIDS. Developing efficacious vaccines to prevent infection is essential to control the epidemic. Protecting the vaginal and rectal mucosa, the primary routes of HIV entry has been a challenge given the significant compartmentalization between the mucosal and peripheral immune systems. We hypothesized that direct intranodal vaccination of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) such as the readily accessible palatine tonsils could overcome this compartmentalization. Here we show that rhesus macaques primed with plasmid DNA encoding SIVmac251-env and gag genes followed by an intranodal tonsil MALT boost with MVA encoding the same genes protects from a repeated low dose intrarectal challenge with highly pathogenic SIVmac251; 43% (3/7) of vaccinated macaques remained uninfected after 9 challenges as compared to the unvaccinated control (0/6) animals. One vaccinated animal remained free of infection even after 22 challenges. Vaccination was associated with a ~2 log decrease in acute viremia that inversely correlated with anamnestic immune responses. Our results suggest that a combination of systemic and intranodal tonsil MALT vaccination could induce robust adaptive and innate immune responses leading to protection from mucosal infection with highly pathogenic HIV and rapidly control viral breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffy G Mattathil
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Sean Maynard
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra L Bixler
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Sobia P, Archary D. Preventive HIV Vaccines-Leveraging on Lessons from the Past to Pave the Way Forward. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091001. [PMID: 34579238 PMCID: PMC8472969 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost four decades on, since the 1980’s, with hundreds of HIV vaccine candidates tested in both non-human primates and humans, and several HIV vaccines trials later, an efficacious HIV vaccine continues to evade us. The enormous worldwide genetic diversity of HIV, combined with HIV’s inherent recombination and high mutation rates, has hampered the development of an effective vaccine. Despite the advent of antiretrovirals as pre-exposure prophylaxis and preventative treatment, which have shown to be effective, HIV infections continue to proliferate, highlighting the great need for a vaccine. Here, we provide a brief history for the HIV vaccine field, with the most recent disappointments and advancements. We also provide an update on current passive immunity trials, testing proof of the concept of the most clinically advanced broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for HIV prevention. Finally, we include mucosal immunity, the importance of vaccine-elicited immune responses and the challenges thereof in the most vulnerable environment–the female genital tract and the rectal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract for heterosexual and men who have sex with men transmissions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Sobia
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
| | - Derseree Archary
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-(0)-31-655-0540
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Frenkel LM, Kuller L, Beck IA, Tsai CC, Joy JP, Mulvania TM, Hu SL, Montefiori DC, Anderson DM. Immunization by exposure to live virus (SIVmne/HIV-2287) during antiretroviral drug prophylaxis may reduce risk of subsequent viral challenge. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0240495. [PMID: 33914754 PMCID: PMC8084236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale/Study design A major challenge in the development of HIV vaccines is finding immunogens that elicit protection against a broad range of viral strains. Immunity to a narrow range of viral strains may protect infants of HIV-infected women or partners discordant for HIV. We hypothesized that immunization to the relevant viral variants could be achieved by exposure to infectious virus during prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs. To explore this approach in an animal model, macaques were exposed to live virus (SIVmne or HIV-2287) during prophylaxis with parenteral tenofovir and humoral and cellular immune responses were quantified. Subsequently, experimental animals were challenged with homologous virus to evaluate protection from infection, and if infection occurred, the course of disease was compared to control animals. Experimental animals uninfected with SIVmne were challenged with heterologous HIV-2287 to assess resistance to retroviral infection. Methodology/Principal findings Juvenile female Macaca nemestrina (N = 8) were given ten weekly intravaginal exposures with either moderately (SIVmne) or highly (HIV-2287) pathogenic virus during tenofovir prophylaxis. Tenofovir protected all 8 experimental animals from infection, while all untreated control animals became infected. Specific non-neutralizing antibodies were elicited in blood and vaginal secretions of experimental animals, but no ELISPOT responses were detected. Six weeks following the cessation of tenofovir, intravaginal challenge with homologous virus infected 2/4 (50%) of the SIVmne-immunized animals and 4/4 (100%) of the HIV-2287-immunized animals. The two SIVmne-infected and 3 (75%) HIV-2287-infected had attenuated disease, suggesting partial protection. Conclusions/Significance Repeated exposure to SIVmne or HIV-2287, during antiretroviral prophylaxis that blocked infection, induced binding antibodies in the blood and mucosa, but not neutralizing antibodies or specific cellular immune responses. Studies to determine whether antibodies are similarly induced in breastfeeding infants and sexual partners discordant for HIV infection and receiving pre-exposure antiretroviral prophylaxis are warranted, including whether these antibodies appear to confer partial or complete protection from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Frenkel
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - LaRene Kuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ingrid A. Beck
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Che-Chung Tsai
- Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jaimy P. Joy
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thera M. Mulvania
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. Anderson
- Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Zolla-Pazner S, Alvarez R, Kong XP, Weiss S. Vaccine-induced V1V2-specific antibodies control and or protect against infection with HIV, SIV and SHIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2019; 14:309-317. [PMID: 30994501 PMCID: PMC6542703 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In humans, only one independent immunologic correlate of reduced risk of HIV infection has been identified: a robust antibody (Ab) response to the V1V2 domain of the gp120 envelope (Env) protein. In recent years, the presence and level of V1V2-specific Abs has also been correlated with protection from SIV and SHIV infections. Here, we review the multitude of studies showing the in-vivo protective effects of V1V2 Abs and review their immunologic characteristics and antiviral functions. RECENT FINDINGS Structural and immunologic studies have defined four epitope families in the V1V2 domain: one epitope family, V2q, which preferentially presents as a quaternary structure of the Env trimer, and another epitope family (V2qt) which requires the quaternary trimeric Env structure; these two epitope types are recognized by two families of monoclonal Abs (mAbs)-V2q-specific and V2qt-specific mAbs-which display broad and potent neutralizing activity. A third epitope family, V2i, is present as a discontinuous conformational structure that overlays the α4β7 integrin binding motif, and a fourth epitope family (V2p) exists on V2 peptides. Antibodies specific for V2i and V2p epitopes display only poor neutralizing activity but effectively mediate other antiviral activities and have been correlated with control of and/or protection from HIV, SIV and SHIV. Notably, V2q and V2qt Abs have not been induced by any vaccines, but V2p and V2i Abs have been readily induced with various vaccines in nonhuman primates and humans. SUMMARY The correlation of vaccine-induced V2p and V2i Abs with protection from HIV, SIV and SHIV suggests that these Ab types are extremely important to induce with prophylactic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Raymond Alvarez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Svenja Weiss
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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Optimized Mucosal Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Prime/Soluble gp120 Boost HIV Vaccination Regimen Induces Antibody Responses Similar to Those of an Intramuscular Regimen. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00475-19. [PMID: 31068425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00475-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of mucosal vaccines over injected vaccines are difficult to ascertain, since mucosally administered vaccines often induce serum antibody responses of lower magnitude than those induced by injected vaccines. This study aimed to determine if mucosal vaccination using a modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 (MVAgp120) prime and a HIV-1 gp120 protein boost could be optimized to induce serum antibody responses similar to those induced by an intramuscularly (i.m.) administered MVAgp120 prime/gp120 boost to allow comparison of an i.m. immunization regimen to a mucosal vaccination regimen for the ability to protect against a low-dose rectal simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge. A 3-fold higher antigen dose was required for intranasal (i.n.) immunization with gp120 to induce serum anti-gp120 IgG responses not significantly different than those induced by i.m. immunization. gp120 fused to the adenovirus type 2 fiber binding domain (gp120-Ad2F), a mucosal targeting ligand, exhibited enhanced i.n. immunogenicity compared to gp120. MVAgp120 was more immunogenic after i.n. delivery than after gastric or rectal delivery. Using these optimized vaccines, an i.n. MVAgp120 prime/combined i.m. (gp120) and i.n. (gp120-Ad2F) boost regimen (i.n./i.m.-plus-i.n.) induced serum anti-gp120 antibody titers similar to those induced by the intramuscular prime/boost regimen (i.m./i.m.) in rabbits and nonhuman primates. Despite the induction of similar systemic anti-HIV-1 antibody responses, neither the i.m./i.m. nor the i.n./i.m.-plus-i.n. regimen protected against a repeated low-dose rectal SHIV challenge. These results demonstrate that immunization regimens utilizing the i.n. route are able to induce serum antigen-specific antibody responses similar to those induced by systemic immunization.IMPORTANCE Mucosal vaccination is proposed as a method of immunization able to induce protection against mucosal pathogens that is superior to protection provided by parenteral immunization. However, mucosal vaccination often induces serum antigen-specific immune responses of lower magnitude than those induced by parenteral immunization, making the comparison of mucosal and parenteral immunization difficult. We identified vaccine parameters that allowed an immunization regimen consisting of an i.n. prime followed by boosters administered by both i.n. and i.m. routes to induce serum antibody responses similar to those induced by i.m. prime/boost vaccination. Additional studies are needed to determine the potential benefit of mucosal immunization for HIV-1 and other mucosally transmitted pathogens.
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Kozlowski PA, Aldovini A. Mucosal Vaccine Approaches for Prevention of HIV and SIV Transmission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 15:102-122. [PMID: 31452652 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Optimal protective immunity to HIV will likely require that plasma cells, memory B cells and memory T cells be stationed in mucosal tissues at portals of viral entry. Mucosal vaccine administration is more effective than parenteral vaccine delivery for this purpose. The challenge has been to achieve efficient vaccine uptake at mucosal surfaces, and to identify safe and effective adjuvants, especially for mucosally administered HIV envelope protein immunogens. Here, we discuss strategies used to deliver potential HIV vaccine candidates in the intestine, respiratory tract, and male and female genital tract of humans and nonhuman primates. We also review mucosal adjuvants, including Toll-like receptor agonists, which may adjuvant both mucosal humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV protein immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Anna Aldovini
- Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, 02115, USA
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7
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Creighton RL, Woodrow KA. Microneedle-Mediated Vaccine Delivery to the Oral Mucosa. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801180. [PMID: 30537400 PMCID: PMC6476557 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The oral mucosa is a minimally invasive and immunologically rich site that is underutilized for vaccination due to physiological and immunological barriers. To develop effective oral mucosal vaccines, key questions regarding vaccine residence time, uptake, adjuvant formulation, dose, and delivery location must be answered. However, currently available dosage forms are insufficient to address all these questions. An ideal oral mucosal vaccine delivery system would improve both residence time and epithelial permeation while enabling efficient delivery of physicochemically diverse vaccine formulations. Microneedles have demonstrated these capabilities for dermal vaccine delivery. Additionally, microneedles enable precise control over delivery properties like depth, uniformity, and dosing, making them an ideal tool to study oral mucosal vaccination. Select studies have demonstrated the feasibility of microneedle-mediated oral mucosal vaccination, but they have only begun to explore the broad functionality of microneedles. This review describes the physiological and immunological challenges related to oral mucosal vaccine delivery and provides specific examples of how microneedles can be used to address these challenges. It summarizes and compares the few existing oral mucosal microneedle vaccine studies and offers a perspective for the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Creighton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kim A Woodrow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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8
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Vaccine-Induced Protection from Homologous Tier 2 SHIV Challenge in Nonhuman Primates Depends on Serum-Neutralizing Antibody Titers. Immunity 2018; 50:241-252.e6. [PMID: 30552025 PMCID: PMC6335502 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Passive administration of HIV neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) can protect macaques from hard-to-neutralize (tier 2) chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge. However, conditions for nAb-mediated protection after vaccination have not been established. Here, we selected groups of 6 rhesus macaques with either high or low serum nAb titers from a total of 78 animals immunized with recombinant native-like (SOSIP) Env trimers. Repeat intrarectal challenge with homologous tier 2 SHIVBG505 led to rapid infection in unimmunized and low-titer animals. High-titer animals, however, demonstrated protection that was gradually lost as nAb titers waned over time. An autologous serum ID50 nAb titer of ∼1:500 afforded more than 90% protection from medium-dose SHIV infection. In contrast, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and T cell activity did not correlate with protection. Therefore, Env protein-based vaccination strategies can protect against hard-to-neutralize SHIV challenge in rhesus macaques by inducing tier 2 nAbs, provided appropriate neutralizing titers can be reached and maintained.
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9
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Nieuwenhuizen NE, Kaufmann SHE. Next-Generation Vaccines Based on Bacille Calmette-Guérin. Front Immunol 2018; 9:121. [PMID: 29459859 PMCID: PMC5807593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the intracellular bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a major health threat. A live, attenuated mycobacterium known as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), derived from the causative agent of cattle TB, Mycobacterium bovis, has been in clinical use as a vaccine for 90 years. The current incidence of TB demonstrates that BCG fails to protect sufficiently against pulmonary TB, the major disease manifestation and source of dissemination. The protective efficacy of BCG is on average 50% but varies substantially with geographical location and is poorer in those with previous exposure to mycobacteria. BCG can also cause adverse reactions in immunocompromised individuals. However, BCG has contributed to reduced infant TB mortality by protecting against extrapulmonary TB. In addition, BCG has been associated with reduced general childhood mortality by stimulating immune responses. In order to improve the efficacy of BCG, two major strategies have been employed. The first involves the development of recombinant live mycobacterial vaccines with improved efficacy and safety. The second strategy is to boost BCG with subunit vaccines containing Mtb antigens. This article reviews recombinant BCG strains that have been tested against TB in animal models. This includes BCG strains that have been engineered to induce increased immune responses by the insertion of genes for Mtb antigens, mammalian cytokines, or host resistance factors, the insertion of bacterial toxin-derived adjuvants, and the manipulation of bacterial genes in order to increase antigen presentation and immune activation. Subunit vaccines for boosting BCG are also briefly discussed.
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Menon V, Ayala VI, Rangaswamy SP, Kalisz I, Whitney S, Galmin L, Ashraf A, LaBranche C, Montefiori D, Petrovsky N, Kalyanaraman VS, Pal R. DNA prime/protein boost vaccination elicits robust humoral response in rhesus macaques using oligomeric simian immunodeficiency virus envelope and Advax delta inulin adjuvant. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2143-2155. [PMID: 28758637 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The partial success of the RV144 trial underscores the importance of envelope-specific antibody responses for an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Oligomeric HIV-1 envelope proteins delivered with a potent adjuvant are expected to elicit strong antibody responses with broad neutralization specificity. To test this hypothesis, two SIV envelope proteins were formulated with delta inulin-based adjuvant (Advax) and used to immunize nonhuman primates. Oligomeric gp140-gp145 from SIVmac251 and SIVsmE660 was purified to homogeneity. Oligomers showed high-affinity interaction with CD4 and were highly immunogenic in rabbits, inducing Tier 2 SIV-neutralizing antibodies. The immunogenicity of an oligomeric Env DNA prime and protein boost together with Advax was evaluated in Chinese rhesus macaques. DNA administration elicited antibodies to both envelopes, and titres were markedly enhanced following homologous protein boosts via intranasal and intramuscular routes. Strong antibody responses were detected against the V1 and V2 domains of gp120. During peak immune responses, a low to moderate level of neutralizing activity was detected against Tier 1A/1B SIV isolates, with a moderate level noted against a Tier 2 isolate. Increased serum antibody affinity to SIVmac251 gp140 and generation of Env-specific memory B cells were observed in the immunized macaques. Animals were subjected to low-dose intravaginal challenge with SIVmac251 one week after the last protein boost. One out of three immunized animals was protected from infection. Although performed with a small number of macaques, this study demonstrates the utility of oligomeric envelopes formulated with Advax in eliciting broad antibody responses with the potential to provide protection against SIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Menon
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Victor I Ayala
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Irene Kalisz
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Lindsey Galmin
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Asma Ashraf
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd and Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | | | - Ranajit Pal
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
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Recombinant BCG Expressing LTAK63 Adjuvant induces Superior Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2109. [PMID: 28522873 PMCID: PMC5437048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop an improved BCG vaccine against tuberculosis we have taken advantage of the adjuvant properties of a non-toxic derivative of Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin (LT), LTAK63. We have constructed rBCG strains expressing LTAK63 at different expression levels. Mice immunized with BCG expressing low levels of LTAK63 (rBCG-LTAK63lo) showed higher Th1 cytokines and IL-17 in the lungs, and when challenged intratracheally with Mycobacterium tuberculosis displayed a 2.0–3.0 log reduction in CFU as compared to wild type BCG. Histopathological analysis of lung tissues from protected mice revealed a reduced inflammatory response. Immunization with rBCG-LTAK63lo also protected against a 100-fold higher challenge dose. Mice immunized with rBCG-LTAK63lo produced an increase in TGF-β as compared with BCG after challenge, with a corresponding reduction in Th1 and Th17 cytokines, as determined by Real Time RT-PCR. Furthermore, rBCG-LTAK63lo also displays protection against challenge with a highly virulent Beijing isolate. Our findings suggest that BCG with low-level expression of the LTAK63 adjuvant induces a stronger immune response in the lungs conferring higher levels of protection, and a novel mechanism subsequently triggers a regulatory immune response, which then limits the pathology. The rBCG-LTAK63lo strain can be the basis of an improved vaccine against tuberculosis.
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12
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Sealy RE, Hurwitz JL. Short Communication: Parallel Analyses of Systemic and Local Vaccinations with Envelope Formulated in Adjuvant for Induction of HIV-Specific Antibodies in the Vaginal Mucosa. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:424-427. [PMID: 27825246 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent HIV-1 infections in females, vaccines that elicit antibodies in vaginal secretions are much desired. To induce these antibodies, intravaginal vaccinations are sometimes recommended. However, the benefit of intravaginal vaccination remains a topic of debate, and parallel studies of intravaginal and intramuscular vaccination routes are rarely performed. Here we describe tests of mucosal and systemic antibodies after mouse vaccinations by several routes with HIV-1 envelope protein formulated in adjuvant. Response magnitudes were as follows: intraperitoneal > intramuscular = intravaginal tissue ≥ subcutaneous. We found that the well-accepted and logistically feasible intramuscular immunization was similar to intravaginal tissue immunization for the induction of antibodies in blood and vaginal secretions. Results suggest that a routine comparison of intravaginal and intramuscular immunizations may serve as a beneficial gatekeeper for the development of new intravaginal HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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13
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Update on Chlamydia trachomatis Vaccinology. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00543-16. [PMID: 28228394 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00543-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Attempts to produce a vaccine to protect against Chlamydia trachomatis-induced trachoma were initiated more than 100 years ago and continued for several decades. Using whole organisms, protective responses were obtained. However, upon exposure to C. trachomatis, disease exacerbation developed in some immunized individuals, precluding the implementation of the vaccine. Evidence of the role of C. trachomatis as a sexually transmitted pathogen started to emerge in the 1960s, and it soon became evident that it can cause acute infections and long-term sequelae in women, men, and newborns. The main focus of this minireview is to summarize recent findings and discuss formulations, including antigens, adjuvants, routes, and delivery systems for immunization, primarily explored in the female mouse model, with the goal of implementing a vaccine against C. trachomatis genital infections.
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14
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Superior Efficacy of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Combined with Antiretroviral Prevention in Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Challenged Nonhuman Primates. J Virol 2016; 90:5315-5328. [PMID: 27009957 PMCID: PMC4934744 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00230-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccines and antiretroviral (ARV) prevention have demonstrated partial success against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in clinical trials, their combined introduction could provide more potent protection. Furthermore, combination approaches could ameliorate the potential increased risk of infection following vaccination in the absence of protective immunity. We used a nonhuman primate model to determine potential interactions of combining a partially effective ARV microbicide with an envelope-based vaccine. The vaccine alone provided no protection from infection following 12 consecutive low-dose intravaginal challenges with simian-HIV strain SF162P3, with more animals infected compared to naive controls. The microbicide alone provided a 68% reduction in the risk of infection relative to that of the vaccine group and a 45% reduction relative to that of naive controls. The vaccine-microbicide combination provided an 88% reduction in the per-exposure risk of infection relative to the vaccine alone and a 79% reduction relative to that of the controls. Protected animals in the vaccine-microbicide group were challenged a further 12 times in the absence of microbicide and demonstrated a 98% reduction in the risk of infection. A total risk reduction of 91% was observed in this group over 24 exposures (P = 0.004). These important findings suggest that combined implementation of new biomedical prevention strategies may provide significant gains in HIV prevention. IMPORTANCE There is a pressing need to maximize the impact of new biomedical prevention tools in the face of the 2 million HIV infections that occur each year. Combined implementation of complementary biomedical approaches could create additive or synergistic effects that drive improved reduction of HIV incidence. Therefore, we assessed a combination of an untested vaccine with an ARV-based microbicide in a nonhuman primate vaginal challenge model. The vaccine alone provided no protection (and may have increased susceptibility to a simian-HIV vaginal challenge), while the microbicide reduced the infection risk compared to that of vaccinated and naive animals. Importantly, the combined interventions provided the greatest level of protection, which was sustained following withdrawal of the microbicide. The data suggest that provision of ARV prophylaxis during vaccination reduces the potential for unexpected increased risks of infection following immunization and augments vaccine efficacy. These findings are important for the potential adoption of ARV prophylaxis as the baseline intervention for future HIV/AIDS vaccines.
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Crooks ET, Tong T, Chakrabarti B, Narayan K, Georgiev IS, Menis S, Huang X, Kulp D, Osawa K, Muranaka J, Stewart-Jones G, Destefano J, O’Dell S, LaBranche C, Robinson JE, Montefiori DC, McKee K, Du SX, Doria-Rose N, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Zhu P, Schief WR, Wyatt RT, Whalen RG, Binley JM. Vaccine-Elicited Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Bind to Quaternary Epitopes Involving Glycan-Deficient Patches Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004932. [PMID: 26023780 PMCID: PMC4449185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliciting broad tier 2 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) is a major goal of HIV-1 vaccine research. Here we investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit nAbs. Unusually potent nAb titers developed in 2 of 8 rabbits immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and in 1 of 20 rabbits immunized with DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. Specifically, trimer VLP sera took advantage of the unusual absence of a glycan at residue 197 (present in 98.7% of Envs). Intriguingly, removing the N197 glycan (with no loss of tier 2 phenotype) rendered 50% or 16.7% (n = 18) of clade B tier 2 isolates sensitive to the two trimer VLP sera, showing broad neutralization via the surface masked by the N197 glycan. Neutralizing sera targeted epitopes that overlap with the CD4 binding site, consistent with the role of the N197 glycan in a putative “glycan fence” that limits access to this region. A bioinformatics analysis suggested shared features of one of the trimer VLP sera and monoclonal antibody PG9, consistent with its trimer-dependency. The neutralizing DNA trimer serum took advantage of the absence of a glycan at residue 230, also proximal to the CD4 binding site and suggesting an epitope similar to that of monoclonal antibody 8ANC195, albeit lacking tier 2 breadth. Taken together, our data show for the first time that strain-specific holes in the glycan fence can allow the development of tier 2 neutralizing antibodies to native spikes. Moreover, cross-neutralization can occur in the absence of protecting glycan. Overall, our observations provide new insights that may inform the future development of a neutralizing antibody vaccine. Here we show that native HIV-1 Env spikes expressed in a natural membrane context can induce potent tier 2 nAbs in rabbits. These antibodies reacted exclusively with epitopes present on these trimers and not with isolated Env subunits. Intriguingly, the neutralizing sera were found to take advantage of natural gaps in the carbohydrate defenses of Env spikes of the vaccine strain. Some sera were able to neutralize heterologous isolates, provided that a key, regulating glycan was removed. Overall, these findings suggest that native, membrane-expressed trimers hold promise for further development as vaccine candidates. In the future, by adapting our current findings, we might be able to encourage nAb development to key conserved sites by introducing additional, targeted gaps in the trimer's glycan shell. We suggest that the rare ability to predictably induce potent autologous neutralizing antibodies to field isolates, as we report here, provides a foundation for exploring new strategies aimed at inducing neutralization breadth which is widely expected to be essential for vaccine-induced protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema T. Crooks
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Tommy Tong
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Bimal Chakrabarti
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kristin Narayan
- Altravax, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sergey Menis
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxing Huang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel Kulp
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Keiko Osawa
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Guillaume Stewart-Jones
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Destefano
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Sijy O’Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James E. Robinson
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sean X. Du
- Altravax, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ping Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - William R. Schief
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard T. Wyatt
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - James M. Binley
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Primate immune responses to HIV-1 Env formulated in the saponin-based adjuvant AbISCO-100 in the presence or absence of TLR9 co-stimulation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8925. [PMID: 25762407 PMCID: PMC4356977 DOI: 10.1038/srep08925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based vaccines require adjuvants to achieve optimal responses. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 agonists were previously shown to improve responses to protein-based vaccines, such as the Hepatitis B virus vaccine formulated in alum. Here, we used CpG-C together with the clinically relevant saponin-based adjuvant AbISCO-100/Matrix-M (AbISCO), to assess if TLR9 co-stimulation would quantitatively or qualitatively modulate HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-specific B and T cell responses in rhesus macaques. The macaques were inoculated with soluble Env trimers in AbISCO, with or without the addition of CpG-C, using an interval similar to the Hepatitis B virus vaccine. Following a comprehensive evaluation of antigen-specific responses in multiple immune compartments, we show that the Env-specific circulating IgG, memory B cells and plasma cells displayed similar kinetics and magnitude in the presence or absence of CpG-C and that there was no apparent difference between the two groups in the elicited HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers or antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses. Importantly, the control of SHIV viremia was significantly improved in animals from both Env-immunized groups relative to adjuvant alone controls, demonstrating the potential of AbISCO to act as a stand-alone adjuvant for Env-based vaccines.
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17
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Comparison of subcutaneous versus intranasal immunization of male koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) for induction of mucosal and systemic immunity against Chlamydia pecorum. Vaccine 2015; 33:855-60. [PMID: 25562793 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia pecorum infections are debilitating in the koala, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality, with current antibiotic treatments having minimal success and adversely affecting gut microflora. This, combined with the sometimes-asymptomatic nature of the infection, suggests that an efficacious anti-chlamydial vaccine is required to control chlamydial infections in the koala. To date vaccination studies have focused primarily on female koalas, however, given the physiological differences between male and female reproductive tracts, we tested the efficacy of a vaccine in 12 captive male koalas. We evaluated the potential of both subcutaneous and intranasal vaccine delivery to elicit mucosal immunity in male koalas. Our results showed that both intranasal and subcutaneous delivery of a vaccine consisting of C. pecorum major outer membrane protein (MOMP) and the adjuvant immunostimulating complex (ISC) induced significant immune responses in male koalas. Subcutaneous immunization elicited stronger cell-mediated responses in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), and greater plasma antibody levels whereas the intranasal immunization elicited stronger humoral responses in urogenital tract (UGT) secretions. This is the first time a Chlamydia vaccine has been tested in the male koala and the first assessment of a mucosal vaccination route in this species. Our results suggest that vaccination of male koalas can elicit mucosal immunity and could contribute to the long-term survivability of wild populations of the koala.
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18
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Bowles EJ, Schiffner T, Rosario M, Needham GA, Ramaswamy M, McGouran J, Kessler B, LaBranche C, McMichael AJ, Montefiori D, Sattentau QJ, Hanke T, Stewart-Jones GBE. Comparison of neutralizing antibody responses elicited from highly diverse polyvalent heterotrimeric HIV-1 gp140 cocktail immunogens versus a monovalent counterpart in rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114709. [PMID: 25490553 PMCID: PMC4260879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliciting neutralizing antibodies capable of inactivating a broad spectrum of HIV-1 strains is a major goal of HIV-1 vaccine design. The challenge is that envelopes (Envs) of circulating viruses are almost certainly different from any Env used in a vaccine. A novel immunogen composed of a highly diverse set of gp140 Envs including subtypes A, B, C, D and F was developed to stimulate a more cross-neutralizing antibody response. Env heterotrimers composed of up to 54 different gp140s were produced with the aim of focusing the response to the conserved regions of Env while reducing the dominance of any individual hypervariable region. Heterotrimeric gp140 Envs of inter- and intra-subtype combinations were shown to bind CD4 and a panel of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies with similar affinity to monovalent UG37 gp140. Macaques immunized with six groups of heterotrimer mixtures showed slightly more potent neutralizing antibody responses in TZM-BL tier 1 and A3R5 tier 2 pseudovirus assays than macaques immunized with monovalent Env gp140, and exhibited a marginally greater focus on the CD4-binding site. Carbopol enhanced neutralization when used as an adjuvant instead of RIBI in combination with UG37 gp140. These data indicate that cross-subtype heterotrimeric gp140 Envs may elicit some improvement of the neutralizing antibody response in macaques compared to monovalent gp140 Env.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Bowles
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EJB); (GSJ)
| | - Torben Schiffner
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maximillian Rosario
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma A. Needham
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Meghna Ramaswamy
- Division of Retrovirology, Centre for AIDS Reagents, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna McGouran
- Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt Kessler
- Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. McMichael
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Montefiori
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Quentin J. Sattentau
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EJB); (GSJ)
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19
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Thomas MA, Tuero I, Demberg T, Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Musich T, Xiao P, Venzon D, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, DiPasquale J, Reed SG, DeVico A, Fouts T, Lewis GK, Gallo RC, Robert-Guroff M. HIV-1 CD4-induced (CD4i) gp120 epitope vaccines promote B and T-cell responses that contribute to reduced viral loads in rhesus macaques. Virology 2014; 471-473:81-92. [PMID: 25461534 PMCID: PMC4312258 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To target the HIV CD4i envelope epitope, we primed rhesus macaques with replicating Ad-rhFLSC (HIV-1BaLgp120 linked to macaque CD4 D1 and D2), with or without Ad-SIVgag and Ad-SIVnef. Macaques were boosted with rhFLSC protein. Memory T-cells in PBMC, bronchoalveolar lavage and rectal tissue, antibodies with neutralizing and ADCC activity, and Env-specific secretory IgA in rectal secretions were elicited. Although protective neutralizing antibody levels were induced, SHIVSF162P4 acquisition following rectal challenge was not prevented. Rapid declines in serum ADCC activity, Env-specific memory B cells in PBMC and bone marrow, and systemic and mucosal memory T cells were observed immediately post-challenge together with delayed anamnestic responses. Innate immune signaling resulting from persisting Ad replication and the TLR-4 booster adjuvant may have been in conflict and reoriented adaptive immunity. A different adjuvant paired with replicating Ad, or a longer post-prime interval allowing vector clearance before boosting might foster persistent T- and B-cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Thomas
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Iskra Tuero
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Thorsten Demberg
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Diego A Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Thomas Musich
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Peng Xiao
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | | | - Janet DiPasquale
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, United States
| | - Anthony DeVico
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Timothy Fouts
- Profectus BioSciences, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - George K Lewis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert C Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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20
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Antibody persistence and T-cell balance: two key factors confronting HIV vaccine development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15614-21. [PMID: 25349379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413550111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for a prophylactic AIDS vaccine is ongoing, but it is now clear that the successful vaccine must elicit protective antibody responses. Accordingly, intense efforts are underway to identify immunogens that elicit these responses. Regardless of the mechanism of antibody-mediated protection, be it neutralization, Fc-mediated effector function, or both, antibody persistence and appropriate T-cell help are significant problems confronting the development of a successful AIDS vaccine. Here, we discuss the evidence illustrating the poor persistence of antibody responses to Env, the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1, and the related problem of CD4(+) T-cell responses that compromise vaccine efficacy by creating excess cellular targets of HIV-1 infection. Finally, we propose solutions to both problems that are applicable to all Env-based AIDS vaccines regardless of the mechanism of antibody-mediated protection.
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21
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Shingai M, Donau OK, Plishka RJ, Buckler-White A, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Nason MC, Montefiori D, Moldt B, Poignard P, Diskin R, Bjorkman PJ, Eckhaus MA, Klein F, Mouquet H, Cetrulo Lorenzi JC, Gazumyan A, Burton DR, Nussenzweig MC, Martin MA, Nishimura Y. Passive transfer of modest titers of potent and broadly neutralizing anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies block SHIV infection in macaques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2061-74. [PMID: 25155019 PMCID: PMC4172223 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Five potent and broadly anti-HIV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are able to block infection by two different SHIVs in monkeys. The authors show that antibodies targeting the outer glycan coat were the most effective and determined that titers of roughly 1:100 protected half the animals. It is widely appreciated that effective human vaccines directed against viral pathogens elicit neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). The passive transfer of anti–HIV-1 NAbs conferring sterilizing immunity to macaques has been used to determine the plasma neutralization titers, which must be present at the time of exposure, to prevent acquisition of SIV/HIV chimeric virus (SHIV) infections. We administered five recently isolated potent and broadly acting anti-HIV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to rhesus macaques and challenged them intrarectally 24 h later with either of two different R5-tropic SHIVs. By combining the results obtained from 60 challenged animals, we determined that the protective neutralization titer in plasma preventing virus infection in 50% of the exposed monkeys was relatively modest (∼1:100) and potentially achievable by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Shingai
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Olivia K Donau
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ronald J Plishka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alicia Buckler-White
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John R Mascola
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Martha C Nason
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Brian Moldt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Pascal Poignard
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ron Diskin
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Michael A Eckhaus
- Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | | | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, MA 021142
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Malcolm A Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, and Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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22
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Tuero I, Robert-Guroff M. Challenges in mucosal HIV vaccine development: lessons from non-human primate models. Viruses 2014; 6:3129-58. [PMID: 25196380 PMCID: PMC4147690 DOI: 10.3390/v6083129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficacious HIV vaccine is urgently needed to curb the AIDS pandemic. The modest protection elicited in the phase III clinical vaccine trial in Thailand provided hope that this goal might be achieved. However, new approaches are necessary for further advances. As HIV is transmitted primarily across mucosal surfaces, development of immunity at these sites is critical, but few clinical vaccine trials have targeted these sites or assessed vaccine-elicited mucosal immune responses. Pre-clinical studies in non-human primate models have facilitated progress in mucosal vaccine development by evaluating candidate vaccine approaches, developing methodologies for collecting and assessing mucosal samples, and providing clues to immune correlates of protective immunity for further investigation. In this review we have focused on non-human primate studies which have provided important information for future design of vaccine strategies, targeting of mucosal inductive sites, and assessment of mucosal immunity. Knowledge gained in these studies will inform mucosal vaccine design and evaluation in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra Tuero
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Chanzu N, Ondondo B. Induction of Potent and Long-Lived Antibody and Cellular Immune Responses in the Genitorectal Mucosa Could be the Critical Determinant of HIV Vaccine Efficacy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:202. [PMID: 24847327 PMCID: PMC4021115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of HIV prevention has indeed progressed in leaps and bounds, but with major limitations of the current prevention and treatment options, the world remains desperate for an HIV vaccine. Sadly, this continues to be elusive, because more than 30 years since its discovery there is no licensed HIV vaccine. Research aiming to define immunological biomarkers to accurately predict vaccine efficacy have focused mainly on systemic immune responses, and as such, studies defining correlates of protection in the genitorectal mucosa, the primary target site for HIV entry and seeding are sparse. Clearly, difficulties in sampling and analysis of mucosal specimens, as well as their limited size have been a major deterrent in characterizing the type (mucosal antibodies, cytokines, chemokines, or CTL), threshold (magnitude, depth, and breadth) and viral inhibitory capacity of HIV-1-specific immune responses in the genitorectal mucosa, where they are needed to immediately block HIV acquisition and arrest subsequent virus dissemination. Nevertheless, a few studies document the existence of HIV-specific immune responses in the genitorectal mucosa of HIV-infected aviremic and viremic controllers, as well as in highly exposed persistently seronegative (HEPS) individuals with natural resistance to HIV-1. Some of these responses strongly correlate with protection from HIV acquisition and/or disease progression, thus providing significant clues of the ideal components of an efficacious HIV vaccine. In this study, we provide an overview of the key features of protective immune responses found in HEPS, elite and viremic controllers, and discuss how these can be achieved through mucosal immunization. Inevitably, HIV vaccine development research will have to consider strategies that elicit potent antibody and cellular immune responses within the genitorectal mucosa or induction of systemic immune cells with an inherent potential to home and persist at mucosal sites of HIV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Chanzu
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Beatrice Ondondo
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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Microbicides: Molecular Strategies for Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Viral Disease. Antiviral Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555815493.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Page M, Quartey-Papafio R, Robinson M, Hassall M, Cranage M, Stott J, Almond N. Complement-mediated virus infectivity neutralisation by HLA antibodies is associated with sterilising immunity to SIV challenge in the macaque model for HIV/AIDS. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88735. [PMID: 24551145 PMCID: PMC3925162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterilising immunity is a desired outcome for vaccination against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and has been observed in the macaque model using inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). This protection was attributed to antibodies specific for cell proteins including human leucocyte antigens (HLA) class I and II incorporated into virions during vaccine and challenge virus preparation. We show here, using HLA bead arrays, that vaccinated macaques protected from virus challenge had higher serum antibody reactivity compared with non-protected animals. Moreover, reactivity was shown to be directed against HLA framework determinants. Previous studies failed to correlate serum antibody mediated virus neutralisation with protection and were confounded by cytotoxic effects. Using a virus entry assay based on TZM-bl cells we now report that, in the presence of complement, serum antibody titres that neutralise virus infectivity were higher in protected animals. We propose that complement-augmented virus neutralisation is a key factor in inducing sterilising immunity and may be difficult to achieve with HIV/SIV Env-based vaccines. Understanding how to overcome the apparent block of inactivated SIV vaccines to elicit anti-envelope protein antibodies that effectively engage the complement system could enable novel anti-HIV antibody vaccines that induce potent, virolytic serological response to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Page
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruby Quartey-Papafio
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Robinson
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Hassall
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Cranage
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Stott
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Almond
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, United Kingdom
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Dey AK, Srivastava IK. Novel adjuvants and delivery systems for enhancing immune responses induced by immunogens. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:227-51. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Baroncelli S, Negri DRM, Michelini Z, Cara A. Macaca mulatta,fascicularisandnemestrinain AIDS vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:1419-34. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.9.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Induction of HIV-blocking anti-CCR5 IgA in Peyers's patches without histopathological alterations. J Virol 2014; 88:3623-35. [PMID: 24403594 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03663-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The chemokine receptor CCR5 is essential for HIV infection and is thus a potential target for vaccine development. However, because CCR5 is a host protein, generation of anti-CCR5 antibodies requires the breaking of immune tolerance and thus carries the risk of autoimmune responses. In this study, performed in mice, we compared 3 different immunogens representing surface domains of murine CCR5, 4 different adjuvants, and 13 different immunization protocols, with the goal of eliciting HIV-blocking activity without inducing autoimmune dysfunction. In all cases the CCR5 sequences were presented as fusions to the Flock House virus (FHV) capsid precursor protein. We found that systemic immunization and mucosal boosting elicited CCR5-specific antibodies and achieved consistent priming in Peyer's patches, where most cells showed a phenotype corresponding to activated B cells and secreted high levels of IgA, representing up to one-third of the total HIV-blocking activity. Histopathological analysis revealed mild to moderate chronic inflammation in some tissues but failed in reporting signs of autoimmune dysfunction associated with immunizations. Antisera against immunogens representing the N terminus and extracellular loops 1 and 2 (Nter1 and ECL1 and ECL2) of CCR5 were generated. All showed specific anti-HIV activity, which was stronger in the anti-ECL1 and -ECL2 sera than in the anti-Nter sera. ECL1 and ECL2 antisera induced nearly complete long-lasting CCR5 downregulation of the receptor, and especially, their IgG-depleted fractions prevented HIV infection in neutralization and transcytosis assays. In conclusion, the ECL1 and ECL2 domains could offer a promising path to achieve significant anti-HIV activity in vivo. IMPORTANCE The study was the first to adopt a systematic strategy to compare the immunogenicities of all extracellular domains of the CCR5 molecule and to set optimal conditions leading to generation of specific antibodies in the mouse model. There were several relevant findings, which could be translated into human trials. (i) Prime (systemic) and boost (mucosal) immunization is the best protocol to induce anti-self antibodies with the expected properties. (ii) Aluminum is the best adjuvant in mice and thus can be easily used in nonhuman primates (NHP) and humans. (iii) The Flock House virus (FHV) system represents a valid delivery system, as the structure is well known and is not pathogenic for humans, and it is possible to introduce constrained regions able to elicit antibodies that recognize conformational epitopes. (iv) The best CCR5 vaccine candidate should include either extracellular loop 1 or 2 (ECL1 or ECL2), but not N terminus domains.
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McLinden RJ, LaBranche CC, Chenine AL, Polonis VR, Eller MA, Wieczorek L, Ochsenbauer C, Kappes JC, Perfetto S, Montefiori DC, Michael NL, Kim JH. Detection of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a human CD4⁺/CXCR4⁺/CCR5⁺ T-lymphoblastoid cell assay system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77756. [PMID: 24312168 PMCID: PMC3842913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive assays are needed to meaningfully assess low levels of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that may be important for protection against the acquisition of HIV-1 infection in vaccine recipients. The current assay of choice uses a non-lymphoid cell line (TZM-bl) that may lack sensitivity owing to over expression of CD4 and CCR5. We used transfection of a human CD4+/CXCR4+/α4β7+ T-lymphoblastoid cell line (A3.01) with a CMV IE promoter-driven CCR5neo vector to stably express CCR5. The resulting line, designated A3R5, is permissive to a wide range of CCR5-tropic circulating strains of HIV-1, including HIV-1 molecular clones containing a Tat-inducible Renilla luciferase reporter gene and expressing multiple Env subtypes. Flow cytometric analysis found CCR5 surface expression on A3R5 cells to be markedly less than TZM-bl but similar to CD3.8 stimulated PBMC. More importantly, neutralization mediated by a diverse panel of monoclonal antibodies, HIV-1 positive polyclonal sera and sCD4 was consistently greater in A3R5 compared to TZM-bl cells. The A3R5 cell line provides a novel approach to guide the development and qualification of promising new HIV-1 vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. McLinden
- Military HIV- Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke U. Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Agnès-Laurence Chenine
- Military HIV- Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victoria R. Polonis
- Military HIV- Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Eller
- Military HIV- Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Wieczorek
- Military HIV- Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - John C. Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Stephen Perfetto
- Vaccine Research Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke U. Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- Military HIV- Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- Military HIV- Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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Barouch DH, Stephenson KE, Borducchi EN, Smith K, Stanley K, McNally AG, Liu J, Abbink P, Maxfield LF, Seaman MS, Dugast AS, Alter G, Ferguson M, Li W, Earl PL, Moss B, Giorgi EE, Szinger JJ, Eller LA, Billings EA, Rao M, Tovanabutra S, Sanders-Buell E, Weijtens M, Pau MG, Schuitemaker H, Robb ML, Kim JH, Korber BT, Michael NL. Protective efficacy of a global HIV-1 mosaic vaccine against heterologous SHIV challenges in rhesus monkeys. Cell 2013; 155:531-9. [PMID: 24243013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The global diversity of HIV-1 represents a critical challenge facing HIV-1 vaccine development. HIV-1 mosaic antigens are bioinformatically optimized immunogens designed for improved coverage of HIV-1 diversity. However, the protective efficacy of such global HIV-1 vaccine antigens has not previously been evaluated. Here, we demonstrate the capacity of bivalent HIV-1 mosaic antigens to protect rhesus monkeys against acquisition of infection following heterologous challenges with the difficult-to-neutralize simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV-SF162P3. Adenovirus/poxvirus and adenovirus/adenovirus vector-based vaccines expressing HIV-1 mosaic Env, Gag, and Pol afforded a significant reduction in the per-exposure acquisition risk following repetitive, intrarectal SHIV-SF162P3 challenges. Protection against acquisition of infection correlated with vaccine-elicited binding, neutralizing, and functional nonneutralizing antibodies, suggesting that the coordinated activity of multiple antibody functions may contribute to protection against difficult-to-neutralize viruses. These data demonstrate the protective efficacy of HIV-1 mosaic antigens and suggest a potential strategy for the development of a global HIV-1 vaccine. PAPERCLIP:
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Huang L, Kusagawa S, Zeng H, Yang G, Sun B, Miura T, Yang R. Development of a novel rhesus macaque model with an infectious R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus encoding HIV-1 CRF08_BC env. J Med Primatol 2013; 43:11-21. [PMID: 24020838 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CRF08_BC strain is one of the most predominant circulating Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains in the Chinese pandemic. A simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) encoding HIV-1 CRF08_BC env is highly desirable to evaluate candidate AIDS vaccines in non-human primates. METHODS SHIV-KBQJ-12, which carries the envelope glycoprotein from QJ001, an infectious molecular clone of HIV-1 CRF08_BC, was generated. The replication capacity of SHIV-KBQJ-12 was determined both in human and rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in Chinese rhesus macaques. RESULTS SHIV-KBQJ-12 replicated efficiently in human and macaque PBMCs and displayed a preference for CCR5 as an entry coreceptor. Productive infection of two macaques by intravenous inoculation with SHIV-KBQJ-12 was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS SHIV-KBQJ-12 is an R5-tropic chimeric virus that can establish productive infection both in vitro and in vivo in Chinese rhesus macaques and will be useful to assess candidate HIV-1 CRF08_BC vaccines in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Yi G, Lapelosa M, Bradley R, Mariano TM, Dietz DE, Hughes S, Wrin T, Petropoulos C, Gallicchio E, Levy RM, Arnold E, Arnold GF. Chimeric rhinoviruses displaying MPER epitopes elicit anti-HIV neutralizing responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72205. [PMID: 24039745 PMCID: PMC3765159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of an effective AIDS vaccine has been a formidable task, but remains a critical necessity. The well conserved membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV-1 gp41 glycoprotein is one of the crucial targets for AIDS vaccine development, as it has the necessary attribute of being able to elicit antibodies capable of neutralizing diverse isolates of HIV. Methodology/Principle Findings Guided by X-ray crystallography, molecular modeling, combinatorial chemistry, and powerful selection techniques, we designed and produced six combinatorial libraries of chimeric human rhinoviruses (HRV) displaying the MPER epitopes corresponding to mAbs 2F5, 4E10, and/or Z13e1, connected to an immunogenic surface loop of HRV via linkers of varying lengths and sequences. Not all libraries led to viable chimeric viruses with the desired sequences, but the combinatorial approach allowed us to examine large numbers of MPER-displaying chimeras. Among the chimeras were five that elicited antibodies capable of significantly neutralizing HIV-1 pseudoviruses from at least three subtypes, in one case leading to neutralization of 10 pseudoviruses from all six subtypes tested. Conclusions Optimization of these chimeras or closely related chimeras could conceivably lead to useful components of an effective AIDS vaccine. While the MPER of HIV may not be immunodominant in natural infection by HIV-1, its presence in a vaccine cocktail could provide critical breadth of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mauro Lapelosa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rachel Bradley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Denise Elsasser Dietz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Scott Hughes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Terri Wrin
- Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Chris Petropoulos
- Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emilio Gallicchio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ronald M. Levy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Eddy Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GA); (EA)
| | - Gail Ferstandig Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GA); (EA)
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Davis D, Koornstra W, Fagrouch Z, Verschoor EJ, Heeney JL, Bogers WMJM. In vitro neutralization of low dose inocula at physiological concentrations of a monoclonal antibody which protects macaques against SHIV challenge. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72702. [PMID: 23977339 PMCID: PMC3745472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Passive transfer of antibodies can be protective in the simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)--rhesus macaque challenge model. The human monoclonal antibody IgG1 b12 neutralizes human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) in vitro and protects against challenge by SHIV. Our hypothesis is that neutralizing antibodies can only completely inactivate a relatively small number of infectious virus. METHODS AND FINDINGS We have used GHOST cell assays to quantify individual infectious events with HIV-1SF162 and its SHIV derivatives: the relatively neutralization sensitive SHIV(SF162P4) isolate and the more resistant SHIV(SF162P3). A plot of the number of fluorescent GHOST cells with increasing HIV-1SF162 dose is not linear. It is likely that with high-dose inocula, infection with multiple virus produces additive fluorescence in individual cells. In studies of the neutralization kinetics of IgG1 b12 against these isolates, events during the absorption phase of the assay, as well as the incubation phase, determine the level of neutralization. It is possible that complete inactivation of a virus is limited to the time it is exposed on the cell surface. Assays can be modified so that neutralization of these very low doses of virus can be quantified. A higher concentration of antibody is required to neutralize the same dose of resistant SHIV(SF162P3) than the sensitive SHIV(SF162P4). In the absence of selection during passage, the density of the CCR5 co-receptor on the GHOST cell surface is reduced. Changes in the CD4 : CCR5 density ratio influence neutralization. CONCLUSIONS Low concentrations of IgG1 b12 completely inactivate small doses of the neutralization resistant SHIV(SF162P3). Assays need to be modified to quantify this effect. Results from modified assays may predict protection following repeated low-dose shiv challenges in rhesus macaques. It should be possible to induce this level of antibody by vaccination so that modified assays could predict the outcome of human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Davis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Most neutralizing antibodies act at the earliest steps of viral infection and block interaction of the virus with cellular receptors to prevent entry into host cells. The inability to induce neutralizing antibodies to HIV has been a major obstacle to HIV vaccine research since the early days of the epidemic. However, in the past three years, the definition of a neutralizing antibody against HIV has been revolutionized by the isolation of extremely broad and potent neutralizing antibodies from HIV-infected individuals. Considerable hurdles remain for inducing neutralizing antibodies to a protective level after immunization. Meanwhile, novel technologies to bypass the induction of antibodies are being explored to provide prophylactic antibody-based interventions. This review addresses the challenge of inducing HIV neutralizing antibodies upon immunization and considers notable recent advances in the field. A greater understanding of the successes and failures for inducing a neutralizing response upon immunization is required to accelerate the development of an effective HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E McCoy
- Wohl Virion Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
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Eugene HS, Pierce-Paul BR, Cragio JK, Ross TM. Rhesus macaques vaccinated with consensus envelopes elicit partially protective immune responses against SHIV SF162p4 challenge. Virol J 2013; 10:102. [PMID: 23548077 PMCID: PMC3637437 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a preventative HIV/AIDS vaccine is challenging due to the diversity of viral genome sequences, especially in the viral envelope (Env₁₆₀). Since it is not possible to directly match the vaccine strain to the vast number of circulating HIV-1 strains, it is necessary to develop an HIV-1 vaccine that can protect against a heterologous viral challenge. Previous studies from our group demonstrated that a mixture of wild type clade B Env(gp160s) were able to protect against a heterologous clade B challenge more effectively than a consensus clade B Envg(p160) vaccine. In order to broaden the immune response to other clades of HIV, in this study rhesus macaques were vaccinated with a polyvalent mixture of purified HIV-1 trimerized consensus Envg(p140) proteins representing clades A, B, C, and E. The elicited immune responses were compared to a single consensus Env(gp140) representing all isolates in group M (Con M). Both vaccines elicited anti- Env(gp140) IgG antibodies that bound an equal number of HIV-1 Env(gp160) proteins representing clades A, B and C. In addition, both vaccines elicited antibodies that neutralized the HIV-1(SF162) isolate. However, the vaccinated monkeys were not protected against SHIV(SF162p4) challenge. These results indicate that consensus Env(gp160) vaccines, administered as purified Env(gp140) trimers, elicit antibodies that bind to Env(gp160s) from strains representing multiple clades of HIV-1, but these vaccines did not protect against heterologous SHIV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermancia S Eugene
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 9047 BST3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Abstract
Vaccines are arguably the most powerful medical intervention in the fight against infectious diseases. The enormity of the global human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic makes the development of an AIDS vaccine a scientific and humanitarian priority. Research on vaccines that induce T-cell immunity has dominated much of the recent development effort, mostly because of disappointing efforts to induce neutralizing antibodies through vaccination. Whereas T cells are known to limit HIV and other virus infections after infection, their role in protection against initial infection is much less clear. In this article, we will review the rationale behind a T-cell-based vaccine approach, provide an overview of the methods and platforms that are being applied, and discuss the impact of recent vaccine trial results on the future direction of T-cell vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Narayan KM, Agrawal N, Du SX, Muranaka JE, Bauer K, Leaman DP, Phung P, Limoli K, Chen H, Boenig RI, Wrin T, Zwick MB, Whalen RG. Prime-boost immunization of rabbits with HIV-1 gp120 elicits potent neutralization activity against a primary viral isolate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52732. [PMID: 23326351 PMCID: PMC3541383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a vaccine for HIV-1 requires a detailed understanding of the neutralizing antibody responses that can be experimentally elicited to difficult-to-neutralize primary isolates. Rabbits were immunized with the gp120 subunit of HIV-1 JR-CSF envelope (Env) using a DNA-prime protein-boost regimen. We analyzed five sera that showed potent autologous neutralizing activity (IC50s at ∼10(3) to 10(4) serum dilution) against pseudoviruses containing Env from the primary isolate JR-CSF but not from the related isolate JR-FL. Pseudoviruses were created by exchanging each variable and constant domain of JR-CSF gp120 with that of JR-FL or with mutations in putative N-glycosylation sites. The sera contained different neutralizing activities dependent on C3 and V5, C3 and V4, or V4 regions located on the glycan-rich outer domain of gp120. All sera showed enhanced neutralizing activity toward an Env variant that lacked a glycosylation site in V4. The JR-CSF gp120 epitopes recognized by the sera are generally distinct from those of several well characterized mAbs (targeting conserved sites on Env) or other type-specific responses (targeting V1, V2, or V3 variable regions). The activity of one serum requires specific glycans that are also important for 2G12 neutralization and this serum blocked the binding of 2G12 to gp120. Our findings show that different fine specificities can achieve potent neutralization of HIV-1, yet this strong activity does not result in improved breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Narayan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
- Altravax, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Nitish Agrawal
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sean X. Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
- Altravax, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Janelle E. Muranaka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
- Altravax, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine Bauer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Leaman
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pham Phung
- Monogram Biosciences, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kay Limoli
- Monogram Biosciences, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Helen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca I. Boenig
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
- Altravax, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Terri Wrin
- Monogram Biosciences, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Whalen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Maxygen, Inc., Redwood City, California, United States of America
- Altravax, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
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39
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McBurney SP, Landucci G, Forthal DN, Ross TM. Evaluation of heterologous vaginal SHIV SF162p4 infection following vaccination with a polyvalent Clade B virus-like particle vaccine. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1063-72. [PMID: 22214267 PMCID: PMC3423648 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast diversity of HIV-1 infections has greatly impeded the development of a successful HIV-1/AIDS vaccine. Previous vaccine work has demonstrated limited levels of protection against SHIV/SIV infection, but protection was observed only when the challenge virus was directly matched to the vaccine strain. As it is likely impossible to directly match the vaccine strain to all infecting strains in nature, it is necessary to develop an HIV-1 vaccine that can protect against a heterologous viral challenge. In this study we investigated the ability of polyvalent and consensus vaccines to protect against a heterologous clade B challenge. Rhesus macaques were vaccinated with ConB or PolyB virus-like particle vaccines. All vaccines were highly immunogenic with high titers of antibody found in all vaccinated groups against SIV Gag. Antibody responses were also observed against a diverse panel of clade B envelopes. Following vaccination nonhuman primates (NHPs) were challenged via the vaginal route with SHIV(SF162p4). The PolyB vaccine induced a 66.7% reduction in the rate of infection as well as causing a two log reduction in viral burden if infection was not blocked. ConB vaccination had no effect on either the infection rate or viral burden. These results indicate that a polyvalent clade-matched vaccine is better able to protect against a heterologous challenge as compared to a consensus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P. McBurney
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Graduate Program in Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary Landucci
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Graduate Program in Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Arias MA, Van Roey GA, Tregoning JS, Moutaftsi M, Coler RN, Windish HP, Reed SG, Carter D, Shattock RJ. Glucopyranosyl Lipid Adjuvant (GLA), a Synthetic TLR4 agonist, promotes potent systemic and mucosal responses to intranasal immunization with HIVgp140. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41144. [PMID: 22829921 PMCID: PMC3400629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful vaccine development against HIV will likely require the induction of strong, long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses in both the systemic and mucosal compartments. Based on the known immunological linkage between the upper-respiratory and urogenital tracts, we explored the potential of nasal adjuvants to boost immunization for the induction of vaginal and systemic immune responses to gp140. Mice were immunized intranasally with HIV gp140 together with micellar and emulsion formulations of a synthetic TLR4 agonist, Glucopyranosyl Lipid Adjuvant (GLA) and responses were compared to R848, a TLR7/8 agonist, or chitosan, a non TLR adjuvant. GLA and chitosan but not R848 greatly enhanced serum immunoglobulin levels when compared to antigen alone. Both GLA and chitosan induced high IgG and IgA titers in nasal and vaginal lavage and feces. The high IgA and IgG titers in vaginal lavage were associated with high numbers of gp140-specific antibody secreting cells in the genital tract. Whilst both GLA and chitosan induced T cell responses to immunization, GLA induced a stronger Th17 response and chitosan induced a more Th2 skewed response. Our results show that GLA is a highly potent intranasal adjuvant greatly enhancing humoral and cellular immune responses, both systemically and mucosally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A. Arias
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Griet A. Van Roey
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Tregoning
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalini Moutaftsi
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hillarie P. Windish
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Diseases Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Section of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Heterologous protection elicited by candidate monomeric recombinant HIV-1 gp120 vaccine in the absence of cross neutralising antibodies in a macaque model. Retrovirology 2012; 9:56. [PMID: 22799593 PMCID: PMC3418562 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current data suggest that an efficacious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine should elicit both adaptive humoral and cell mediated immune responses. Such a vaccine will also need to protect against infection from a range of heterologous viral variants. Here we have developed a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) based model in cynomolgus macaques to investigate the breadth of protection conferred by HIV-1W61D recombinant gp120 vaccination against SHIVsbg and SHIVSF33 challenge, and to identify correlates of protection. RESULTS High titres of anti-envelope antibodies were detected in all vaccinees. The antibodies reacted with both the homologous HIV-1W61D and heterologous HIV-1IIIB envelope rgp120 which has an identical sequence to the SHIVsbg challenge virus. Significant titres of virus neutralising antibodies were detected against SHIVW61D expressing an envelope homologous with the vaccine, but only limited cross neutralisation against SHIVsbg, SHIV-4 and SHIVSF33 was observed. Protection against SHIVsbg infection was observed in vaccinated animals but none was observed against SHIVSF33 challenge. Transfer of immune sera from vaccinated macaques to naive recipients did not confer protection against SHIVsbg challenge. In a follow-up study, T cell proliferative responses detected after immunisation with the same vaccine against a single peptide present in the second conserved region 2 of HIV-1 W61D and HIV-1 IIIB gp120, but not SF33 gp120. CONCLUSIONS Following extended vaccination with a HIV-1 rgp120 vaccine, protection was observed against heterologous virus challenge with SHIVsbg, but not SHIVSF33. Protection did not correlate with serological responses generated by vaccination, but might be associated with T cell proliferative responses against an epitope in the second constant region of HIV-1 gp120. Broader protection may be obtained with recombinant HIV-1 envelope based vaccines formulated with adjuvants that generate proliferative T cell responses in addition to broadly neutralising antibodies.
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Virological and molecular characterization of a simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) encoding the envelope and reverse transcriptase genes from HIV-1. Virology 2012; 432:173-83. [PMID: 22769870 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simian-human immunodeficiency virus encoding both reverse transcriptase (RT) and envelope genes of HIV-1 (RT Env SHIV) is important for evaluating biomedical prevention modalities for HIV/AIDS. We describe virological characterization of a clade B RT Env SHIV following infection of macaques via multiple routes. In vivo passage of the RT Env SHIV through Indian rhesus macaque enhanced infectivity. Expanded virus had minimal envelope heterogeneity and was inhibited by NNRTIs and CCR5 antagonists. Infection of macaques with RT Env SHIV via mucosal or intravenous routes resulted in stable infection accompanied by peak plasma viremia of approximately 5×10(6) copies/ml that was controlled beyond set point. Molecular homogeneity of the virus was maintained following in vivo passage. Inhibition of RT Env SHIV by RT and entry inhibitors and ease of in vivo transmission make it a useful model for testing the efficacy of combinations of entry and RT inhibitors in nonhuman primates.
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Borsetti A, Maggiorella MT, Sernicola L, Bellino S, Ferrantelli F, Belli R, Fulgenzi D, Mee ET, Rose NJ, Cafaro A, Ensoli B, Titti F. Influence of MHC class I and II haplotypes on the experimental infection of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques with SHIVSF162P4cy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 80:36-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2012.01875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Haynes BF, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ, Zolla-Pazner S, Tomaras GD, Alam SM, Evans DT, Montefiori DC, Karnasuta C, Sutthent R, Liao HX, DeVico AL, Lewis GK, Williams C, Pinter A, Fong Y, Janes H, DeCamp A, Huang Y, Rao M, Billings E, Karasavvas N, Robb ML, Ngauy V, de Souza MS, Paris R, Ferrari G, Bailer RT, Soderberg KA, Andrews C, Berman PW, Frahm N, De Rosa SC, Alpert MD, Yates NL, Shen X, Koup RA, Pitisuttithum P, Kaewkungwal J, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Michael NL, Kim JH. Immune-correlates analysis of an HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1275-86. [PMID: 22475592 PMCID: PMC3371689 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1113425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1508] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the RV144 trial, the estimated efficacy of a vaccine regimen against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was 31.2%. We performed a case-control analysis to identify antibody and cellular immune correlates of infection risk. METHODS In pilot studies conducted with RV144 blood samples, 17 antibody or cellular assays met prespecified criteria, of which 6 were chosen for primary analysis to determine the roles of T-cell, IgG antibody, and IgA antibody responses in the modulation of infection risk. Assays were performed on samples from 41 vaccinees who became infected and 205 uninfected vaccinees, obtained 2 weeks after final immunization, to evaluate whether immune-response variables predicted HIV-1 infection through 42 months of follow-up. RESULTS Of six primary variables, two correlated significantly with infection risk: the binding of IgG antibodies to variable regions 1 and 2 (V1V2) of HIV-1 envelope proteins (Env) correlated inversely with the rate of HIV-1 infection (estimated odds ratio, 0.57 per 1-SD increase; P=0.02; q=0.08), and the binding of plasma IgA antibodies to Env correlated directly with the rate of infection (estimated odds ratio, 1.54 per 1-SD increase; P=0.03; q=0.08). Neither low levels of V1V2 antibodies nor high levels of Env-specific IgA antibodies were associated with higher rates of infection than were found in the placebo group. Secondary analyses suggested that Env-specific IgA antibodies may mitigate the effects of potentially protective antibodies. CONCLUSIONS This immune-correlates study generated the hypotheses that V1V2 antibodies may have contributed to protection against HIV-1 infection, whereas high levels of Env-specific IgA antibodies may have mitigated the effects of protective antibodies. Vaccines that are designed to induce higher levels of V1V2 antibodies and lower levels of Env-specific IgA antibodies than are induced by the RV144 vaccine may have improved efficacy against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton F Haynes
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute and the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Immunogenicity of HIV virus-like particles in rhesus macaques by intranasal administration. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:970-3. [PMID: 22461530 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00068-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Female rhesus macaques were immunized with HIV virus-like particles (HIV-VLPs) or HIV DNA administered as sequential combinations of mucosal (intranasal) and systemic (intramuscular) routes, according to homologous or heterologous prime-boost schedules. The results show that in rhesus macaques only the sequential intranasal and intramuscular administration of HIV-VLPs, and not the intranasal alone, is able to elicit humoral immune response at the systemic as well as the vaginal level.
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46
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Hessell AJ, Haigwood NL. Neutralizing antibodies and control of HIV: moves and countermoves. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2012; 9:64-72. [PMID: 22203469 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-011-0105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is now evident that powerful antibodies directed to conserved regions of HIV-1 envelope protein develop during chronic infection in some individuals and that these antibodies can neutralize a broad array of diverse isolates in vitro, so termed broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). A great deal of effort is directed internationally at understanding the ontogeny of NAbs during infection as well as in designing and testing immunogens that can elicit bNAbs in animal models and in humans. Given the parrying tactics of Env, multiple approaches, along with high-resolution structural studies, will be needed to reach a degree of understanding sufficient to design an effective vaccine. We discuss and note here some of the most important recent advances in our knowledge of how neutralizing antibodies develop in vivo, the recent discovery of extremely powerful neutralizing monoclonal antibodies isolated from natural infection, enhanced methodologies that have accelerated discoveries on both fronts, and the progress made in eliciting potent NAbs with limited breadth by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann J Hessell
- Pathobiology and Immunology Division, Oregon National Primate Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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Kong L, Sattentau QJ. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity in HIV-1 Antibody-Based Vaccine Design. JOURNAL OF AIDS & CLINICAL RESEARCH 2012; S8:3. [PMID: 23227445 PMCID: PMC3515071 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies can protect from infection by immunodeficiency viruses. However, the induction by active vaccination of antibodies that can potently neutralize a broad range of circulating virus strains is a goal not yet achieved, despite more than 2 decades of research. Here we review progress made in the field, from early empirical studies to today's rational structure-based vaccine antigen design. We discuss the existence of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their implications for epitope discovery and recent progress made in antigen design. Finally, we consider the relationship between antigenicity and immunogenicity for B cell recognition and antibody production, a major hurdle for rational vaccine design to overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Kong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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Dey AK, Burke B, Sun Y, Hartog K, Heeney JL, Montefiori D, Srivastava IK, Barnett SW. Use of a polyanionic carbomer, Carbopol971P, in combination with MF59, improves antibody responses to HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Vaccine 2012; 30:2749-59. [PMID: 22366638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Identification of optimal antigen(s) and adjuvant combination(s) to elicit potent, protective, and long-lasting immunity has been a major challenge for the development of effective vaccines against chronic viral pathogens, such as HIV-1, for which there are not yet any licensed vaccines. Here we describe the use of a novel adjuvant approach employing Carbopol 971P(®) NF (hereafter referred to as Carbopol971P), a cross-linked polyanionic carbomer, in combination with the Novartis proprietary oil-in-water adjuvant, MF59, as a potentially safe and effective adjuvant to augment humoral immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). Intramuscular immunization of small animals with recombinant Env glycoprotein (gp140) formulated in Carbopol971P plus MF59 gave significantly higher titers of binding and virus neutralizing antibodies as compared to immunization using gp140 with either MF59 or Carbopol971P alone. In addition, the antibodies generated were of higher avidity. Importantly, the use of Carbopol971P plus MF59 did not cause any serious adverse reactions or any obvious health problems in animals upon intramuscular administration. Hence, the Carbopol971P plus MF59 adjuvant formulation may provide a benefit for future vaccine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antu K Dey
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, 45 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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49
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Dey AK, Burke B, Sun Y, Sirokman K, Nandi A, Hartog K, Lian Y, Geonnotti AR, Montefiori D, Franti M, Martin G, Carfi A, Kessler P, Martin L, Srivastava IK, Barnett SW. Elicitation of neutralizing antibodies directed against CD4-induced epitope(s) using a CD4 mimetic cross-linked to a HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30233. [PMID: 22291921 PMCID: PMC3265465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) structures that can generate broadly neutralizing antibodies (BNAbs) is pivotal to the development of a successful vaccine against HIV-1 aimed at eliciting effective humoral immune responses. To that end, the production of novel Env structure(s) that might induce BNAbs by presentation of conserved epitopes, which are otherwise occluded, is critical. Here, we focus on a structure that stabilizes Env in a conformation representative of its primary (CD4) receptor-bound state, thereby exposing highly conserved "CD4 induced" (CD4i) epitope(s) known to be important for co-receptor binding and subsequent virus infection. A CD4-mimetic miniprotein, miniCD4 (M64U1-SH), was produced and covalently complexed to recombinant, trimeric gp140 envelope glycoprotein (gp140) using site-specific disulfide linkages. The resulting gp140-miniCD4 (gp140-S-S-M64U1) complex was recognized by CD4i antibodies and the HIV-1 co-receptor, CCR5. The gp140-miniCD4 complex elicited the highest titers of CD4i binding antibodies as well as enhanced neutralizing antibodies against Tier 1 viruses as compared to gp140 protein alone following immunization of rabbits. Neutralization against HIV-2(7312/V434M) and additional serum mapping confirm the specific elicitation of antibodies directed to the CD4i epitope(s). These results demonstrate the utility of structure-based approach in improving immunogenic response against specific region, such as the CD4i epitope(s) here, and its potential role in vaccine application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antu K. Dey
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian Burke
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yide Sun
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Klara Sirokman
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Avishek Nandi
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karin Hartog
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ying Lian
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anthony R. Geonnotti
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael Franti
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Grégoire Martin
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Andrea Carfi
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pascal Kessler
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Loïc Martin
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Indresh K. Srivastava
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susan W. Barnett
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Chhatbar C, Mishra R, Kumar A, Singh SK. HIV vaccine: hopes and hurdles. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:948-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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