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Chissumba RM, Luciano A, Namalango E, Bauer A, Bhatt N, Wahren B, Nilsson C, Geldmacher C, Scarlatti G, Jani I, Kestens L. Regulatory T cell abundance and activation status before and after priming with HIVIS-DNA and boosting with MVA-HIV/rgp140/GLA-AF may impact the magnitude of the vaccine-induced immune responses. Immunobiology 2018; 223:792-801. [PMID: 30121146 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) in the context of HIV vaccines. Tregs can be differentiated into resting (FoxP3+CD45RA+ - rTregs), activated (FoxP3HighCD45RA- - aTregs) and memory (FoxP3LowCD45RA- - mTregs). Tregs, as CD4 T cells, are also frequent targets for HIV infection. We studied how the abundance and phenotypes of Tregs in terms of activation status and expression of HIV-1 binding molecules would have changed during vaccination in healthy volunteers participating in a phase IIa HIV vaccine clinical trial. Subjects were primed three times with HIVIS-DNA and boosted twice with MVA-CMDR-HIV alone (n = 12) or MVA-CMDR combined with protein CN54rgp140 (n = 13). The proportions of β7 integrin in all CD4 T cells and in the Tregs subset decreased moderately after the final vaccination (p = 0.001 and p = 0.033, respectively) and the rTregs proportion within the total Tregs were also decreased after the final vaccination (p = 0.038). All these proportions returned to normal values within the three months after the final vaccination. The magnitude of HIV-Envelope-specific IFNγ + T cells after vaccination (r = 0.66; p = 0.021) correlated directly with the proportion of Tregs, and correlated inversely correlated with ratios of Th17/Tregs (r = -0.75; p = 0.0057) and Th17/mTregs (r = -0.78; p = 0.0065). Higher titers of IgG gp140 antibodies were observed in subjects with higher mTregs proportions (r = 0.52; p = 0.022). Interestingly, pre-vaccination levels of mTregs correlated with vaccine-induced Env-binding antibodies (r = 0.57; p = 0.01) and presence of neutralizing antibodies (r = 0.61; p = 0.01), while the pre-vaccination Th17/mTregs ratio correlated inversely with the magnitude of cellular IFN-γ ELISpot responses (r = -0.9; p = 0.002). Taken together, these results suggest that pre- and post-vaccination Tregs, their activation status, the Th17/Tregs ratio and other host factors affecting Treg abundance, have an impact on the magnitude of HIV vaccine-induced immune responses. Moreover, the DNA-HIVIS/MVA-HIV regimen, alone or in combination with CN54rgp140 induced moderate and temporary alterations of the Tregs activation status. We also show a decrease in expression of the HIV-1 ligand β7 integrin on Tregs and all CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Matavele Chissumba
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Abílio Luciano
- Instituto de Ciências de Saúde, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Asli Bauer
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Center, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Nilesh Bhatt
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Britta Wahren
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Nilsson
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Department of Immunology, Transplant and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilesh Jani
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Luc Kestens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Abstract
Systemic chronic immune activation is considered today as the driving force of CD4(+) T-cell depletion and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A residual chronic immune activation persists even in HIV-infected patients in which viral replication is successfully inhibited by anti-retroviral therapy, with the extent of this residual immune activation being associated with CD4(+) T-cell loss. Unfortunately, the causal link between chronic immune activation and CD4(+) T-cell loss has not been formally established. This article provides first a brief historical overview on how the perception of the causative role of immune activation has changed over the years and lists the different kinds of immune activation characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The mechanisms proposed to explain the chronic immune activation are multiple and are enumerated here, as well as the mechanisms proposed on how chronic immune activation could lead to AIDS. In addition, we summarize the lessons learned from natural hosts that know how to 'show AIDS the door', and discuss how these studies informed the design of novel immune modulatory interventions that are currently being tested. Finally, we review the current approaches aimed at targeting chronic immune activation and evoke future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Li C, Toth I, Schulze zur Wiesch J, Pereyra F, Rychert J, Rosenberg ES, van Lunzen J, Lichterfeld M, Yu XG. Functional characterization of HLA-G⁺ regulatory T cells in HIV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003140. [PMID: 23382678 PMCID: PMC3561210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells represent a specialized subpopulation of T lymphocytes that may modulate spontaneous HIV-1 disease progression by suppressing immune activation or inhibiting antiviral T cell immune responses. While the effects of classical CD25(hi) FoxP3⁺ Treg during HIV-1 infection have been analyzed in a series of recent investigations, very little is known about the role of non-classical regulatory T cells that can be phenotypically identified by surface expression of HLA-G or the TGF-β latency-associated peptide (LAP). Here, we show that non-classical HLA-G-expressing CD4 Treg are highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection and significantly reduced in persons with progressive HIV-1 disease courses. Moreover, the proportion of HLA-G⁺ CD4 and CD8 T cells was inversely correlated to markers of HIV-1 associated immune activation. Mechanistically, this corresponded to an increased ability of HLA-G⁺ Treg to reduce bystander immune activation, while only minimally inhibiting the functional properties of HIV-1-specific T cells. Frequencies of LAP⁺ CD4 Treg were not significantly reduced in HIV-1 infection, and unrelated to immune activation. These data indicate an important role of HLA-G⁺ Treg for balancing bystander immune activation and anti-viral immune activity in HIV-1 infection and suggest that the loss of these cells during advanced HIV-1 infection may contribute to immune dysregulation and HIV-1 disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program of Biological Sciences in Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ilona Toth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze zur Wiesch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florencia Pereyra
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Rychert
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Rosenberg
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jan van Lunzen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Reuter MA, Pombo C, Betts MR. Cytokine production and dysregulation in HIV pathogenesis: lessons for development of therapeutics and vaccines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:181-91. [PMID: 22743036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have characterized the cytokine modulation observed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals, from initial infection through chronic disease. Progressive and non-progressive HIV infection models show the cytokine milieu differs in terms of production and responsiveness in these two groups, suggesting an understanding of the role cytokines play during infection is necessary for directing the immune response toward viral control. This review will cover cytokine induction and dysfunction during HIV pathogenesis, with a focus on the interplay between cytokines and transcription factors, T cell activation, and exhaustion. We highlight cytokines that have either vaccine adjuvant or therapeutic potential and discuss the need to identify key factors required for prevention of progression, clearance of infection, or protection from acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A Reuter
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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