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Sorouri F, Emamgholipour Z, Keykhaee M, Najafi A, Firoozpour L, Sabzevari O, Sharifzadeh M, Foroumadi A, Khoobi M. The situation of small molecules targeting key proteins to combat SARS-CoV-2: Synthesis, metabolic pathway, mechanism of action, and potential therapeutic applications. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:273-311. [PMID: 33687881 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210308144302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to the global epidemic and high mortality of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), there is an immediate need to discover drugs that can help before a vaccine becomes available. Given that the process of producing new drugs is so long, the strategy of repurposing existing drugs is one of the promising options for the urgent treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19 disease. Although FDA has approved Remdesivir for the use in hospitalized adults and pediatric patients suffering from COVID-19, no fully effective and reliable drug has been yet identified worldwide to treat COVID-19 specifically. Thus, scientists are still trying to find antivirals specific to COVID-19. This work reviews the chemical structure, metabolic pathway, mechanism of action of existing drugs with potential therapeutic applications for COVID-19. Further, we summarized the molecular docking stimulation of the medications related to key protein targets. These already drugs could be developed for further clinical trials to supply suitable therapeutic options for patients suffering from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Sorouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
| | - Zahra Emamgholipour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
| | - Maryam Keykhaee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
| | - Alireza Najafi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Loghman Firoozpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
| | - Omid Sabzevari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran. Iran
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Kichloo A, Albosta M, Kumar A, Aljadah M, Mohamed M, El-Amir Z, Wani F, Jamal S, Singh J, Kichloo A. Emerging therapeutics in the management of COVID-19. World J Virol 2021; 10:1-29. [PMID: 33585175 PMCID: PMC7852573 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v10.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) pandemic has placed a tremendous burden on healthcare systems globally. Therapeutics for treatment of the virus are extremely inconsistent due to the lack of time evaluating drug efficacy in clinical trials. Currently, there is a deficiency of published literature that comprehensively discusses all therapeutics being considered for the treatment of COVID-19. A review of the literature was performed for articles related to therapeutics and clinical trials in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. We used PubMed, Google Scholar, and Clinicaltrials.gov to search for articles relative to the topic of interest. We used the following keywords: "COVID-19", "therapeutics", "clinical trials", "treatment", "FDA", "ICU", "mortality", and "management". In addition, searches through the references of retrieved articles was also performed. In this paper, we have elaborated on the therapeutic strategies that have been hypothesized or trialed to-date, the mechanism of action of each therapeutic, the clinical trials finished or in-process that support the use of each therapeutic, and the adverse effects associated with each therapeutic. Currently, there is no treatment that has been proven to provide significant benefit in reducing morbidity and mortality. There are many clinical trials for numerous different therapeutic agents currently underway. By looking back and measuring successful strategies from previous pandemics in addition to carrying out ongoing research, we provide ourselves with the greatest opportunity to find treatments that are beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Kichloo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samaritan Medical Center, Watertown, NY 13601, United States
| | - Michael Albosta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University, Saginaw, MI 48602, United States
| | - Akshay Kumar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Michael Aljadah
- Deparment of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Mohamed Mohamed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University, Saginaw, MI 48602, United States
| | - Zain El-Amir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University, Saginaw, MI 48602, United States
| | - Farah Wani
- Department of Family Medicine, Samaritan Medical Center, Watertown, NY 13601, United States
| | - Shakeel Jamal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University, Saginaw, MI 48602, United States
| | - Jagmeet Singh
- Department of Transplant Nephrology, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Sayre, PA 18510, United States
| | - Akif Kichloo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Saraswathi Institue of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh 245304, India
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3
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Artese A, Svicher V, Costa G, Salpini R, Di Maio VC, Alkhatib M, Ambrosio FA, Santoro MM, Assaraf YG, Alcaro S, Ceccherini-Silberstein F. Current status of antivirals and druggable targets of SARS CoV-2 and other human pathogenic coronaviruses. Drug Resist Updat 2020; 53:100721. [PMID: 33132205 PMCID: PMC7448791 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviridae is a peculiar viral family, with a very large RNA genome and characteristic appearance, endowed with remarkable tendency to transfer from animals to humans. Since the beginning of the 21st century, three highly transmissible and pathogenic coronaviruses have crossed the species barrier and caused deadly pneumonia, inflicting severe outbreaks and causing human health emergencies of inconceivable magnitude. Indeed, in the past two decades, two human coronaviruses emerged causing serious respiratory illness: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), causing more than 10,000 cumulative cases, with mortality rates of 10 % for SARS-CoV-1 and 34.4 % for MERS-CoV. More recently, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged in China and has been identified as the etiological agent of the recent COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. It has rapidly spread throughout the world, causing nearly 22 million cases and ∼ 770,000 deaths worldwide, with an estimated mortality rate of ∼3.6 %, hence posing serious challenges for adequate and effective prevention and treatment. Currently, with the exception of the nucleotide analogue prodrug remdesivir, and despite several efforts, there is no known specific, proven, pharmacological treatment capable of efficiently and rapidly inducing viral containment and clearance of SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as no broad-spectrum drug for other human pathogenic coronaviruses. Another confounding factor is the paucity of molecular information regarding the tendency of coronaviruses to acquire drug resistance, a gap that should be filled in order to optimize the efficacy of antiviral drugs. In this light, the present review provides a systematic update on the current knowledge of the marked global efforts towards the development of antiviral strategies aimed at coping with the infection sustained by SARS-CoV-2 and other human pathogenic coronaviruses, displaying drug resistance profiles. The attention has been focused on antiviral drugs mainly targeting viral protease, RNA polymerase and spike glycoprotein, that have been tested in vitro and/or in clinical trials as well as on promising compounds proven to be active against coronaviruses by an in silico drug repurposing approach. In this respect, novel insights on compounds, identified by structure-based virtual screening on the DrugBank database endowed by multi-targeting profile, are also reported. We specifically identified 14 promising compounds characterized by a good in silico binding affinity towards, at least, two of the four studied targets (viral and host proteins). Among which, ceftolozane and NADH showed the best multi-targeting profile, thus potentially reducing the emergence of resistant virus strains. We also focused on potentially novel pharmacological targets for the development of compounds with anti-pan coronavirus activity. Through the analysis of a large set of viral genomic sequences, the current review provides a comprehensive and specific map of conserved regions across human coronavirus proteins which are essential for virus replication and thus with no or very limited tendency to mutate. Hence, these represent key druggable targets for novel compounds against this virus family. In this respect, the identification of highly effective and innovative pharmacological strategies is of paramount importance for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of the current pandemic but potentially also for future and unavoidable outbreaks of human pathogenic coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Artese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, Catanzaro, Italy,Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valentina Svicher
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giosuè Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, Catanzaro, Italy,Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Romina Salpini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Velia Chiara Di Maio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mohammad Alkhatib
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Yehuda G. Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Lab, Faculty of Biology, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, Catanzaro, Italy,Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, Università “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, Catanzaro, Italy
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Al-Horani RA, Kar S. Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutics That Target the Post-Entry Stages of the Viral Life Cycle: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2020; 12:E1092. [PMID: 32993173 PMCID: PMC7600245 DOI: 10.3390/v12101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to challenge health care systems around the world. Scientists and pharmaceutical companies have promptly responded by advancing potential therapeutics into clinical trials at an exponential rate. Initial encouraging results have been realized using remdesivir and dexamethasone. Yet, the research continues so as to identify better clinically relevant therapeutics that act either as prophylactics to prevent the infection or as treatments to limit the severity of COVID-19 and substantially decrease the mortality rate. Previously, we reviewed the potential therapeutics in clinical trials that block the early stage of the viral life cycle. In this review, we summarize potential anti-COVID-19 therapeutics that block/inhibit the post-entry stages of the viral life cycle. The review presents not only the chemical structures and mechanisms of the potential therapeutics under clinical investigation, i.e., listed in clinicaltrials.gov, but it also describes the relevant results of clinical trials. Their anti-inflammatory/immune-modulatory effects are also described. The reviewed therapeutics include small molecules, polypeptides, and monoclonal antibodies. At the molecular level, the therapeutics target viral proteins or processes that facilitate the post-entry stages of the viral infection. Frequent targets are the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and the viral proteases such as papain-like protease (PLpro) and main protease (Mpro). Overall, we aim at presenting up-to-date details of anti-COVID-19 therapeutics so as to catalyze their potential effective use in fighting the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A. Al-Horani
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA;
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Chibber P, Haq SA, Ahmed I, Andrabi NI, Singh G. Advances in the possible treatment of COVID-19: A review. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 883:173372. [PMID: 32682787 PMCID: PMC7366101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the global pandemic caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has put a challenge to identify or derive the therapeutics for its prevention and treatment. Despite the unprecedented advances in the modern medicinal system, currently, there are no proven effective therapies. However, rapid research on SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology help unveiling some new targets for potential drug therapies. Many drugs have been screened, and even their clinical trials are going on at an exceptional pace. Amongst these RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors (favipiravir and remdesivir) and steroids especially dexamethasone showed promising effects. The biological agents like tocilizumab, interferons, and convalescent plasma prove to be beneficial in viral clearance. Moreover, many immunomodulatory and viral S protein targeting vaccines have their ongoing clinical trials. The establishment of various in vitro and in vivo models for preclinical studies can additionally help the current research. The volume and the pace of the clinical trials launched to evaluate the safety and efficacy of various agents against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reflect the need for high-quality evidence for various therapies to be practiced by clinicians. This study aims to sum up all the current advances in the global medicinal system against the COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chibber
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India.
| | - Syed Assim Haq
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Irfan Ahmed
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Nusrit Iqbal Andrabi
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Gurdarshan Singh
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India.
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6
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Malik S, Gupta A, Zhong X, Rasmussen TP, Manautou JE, Bahal R. Emerging Therapeutic Modalities against COVID-19. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E188. [PMID: 32784499 PMCID: PMC7465781 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has quickly spread worldwide, bringing the whole world as well as the economy to a standstill. As the world is struggling to minimize the transmission of this devastating disease, several strategies are being actively deployed to develop therapeutic interventions. Pharmaceutical companies and academic researchers are relentlessly working to investigate experimental, repurposed or FDA-approved drugs on a compassionate basis and novel biologics for SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis and treatment. Presently, a tremendous surge of COVID-19 clinical trials are advancing through different stages. Among currently registered clinical efforts, ~86% are centered on testing small molecules or antibodies either alone or in combination with immunomodulators. The rest ~14% of clinical efforts are aimed at evaluating vaccines and convalescent plasma-based therapies to mitigate the disease's symptoms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current therapeutic modalities being evaluated against SARS-CoV-2 virus in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.M.); (X.Z.); (T.P.R.); (J.E.M.)
| | - Anisha Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA;
| | - Xiaobo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.M.); (X.Z.); (T.P.R.); (J.E.M.)
| | - Theodore P. Rasmussen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.M.); (X.Z.); (T.P.R.); (J.E.M.)
| | - Jose E. Manautou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.M.); (X.Z.); (T.P.R.); (J.E.M.)
| | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (S.M.); (X.Z.); (T.P.R.); (J.E.M.)
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Ancy I, Sivanandam M, Kumaradhas P. Possibility of HIV-1 protease inhibitors-clinical trial drugs as repurposed drugs for SARS-CoV-2 main protease: a molecular docking, molecular dynamics and binding free energy simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:5368-5375. [PMID: 32627689 PMCID: PMC7441795 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1786459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Initially, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was emerged from Wuhan, China and rapidly spreading across the world and urges the scientific community to develop antiviral therapeutic agents. Among several strategies, drug repurposing will help to react immediately to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic. In the present study, we have chosen two clinical trial drugs against HIV-1 protease namely, TMB607 and TMC310911 to use as the inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) enzyme. To make use of these two inhibitors as the repurposed drugs for COVID-19, it is essential to know the molecular basis of the binding mechanism of these two molecules with the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. To understand the binding mechanism, we have performed molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and binding free energy calculations against the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The docking results indicate that both molecules form intermolecular interactions with the active site amino acids of Mpro enzyme. However, during the MD simulations, TMB607 forms strong interaction with the key amino acids of Mpro, and remains intact. The RMSD and RMSF values of both complexes were stable throughout the MD simulations. The MM-GBSA binding free energy values of both complexes are −43.7 and −34.9 kcal/mol, respectively. This in silico study proves that the TMB607 molecule binds strongly with the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro enzyme and it may be suitable for the drug repurposing of COVID-19 and further drug designing. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
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Affiliation(s)
- Iruthayaraj Ancy
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Mugudeeswaran Sivanandam
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Poomani Kumaradhas
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
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8
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Encinar JA, Menendez JA. Potential Drugs Targeting Early Innate Immune Evasion of SARS-Coronavirus 2 via 2'-O-Methylation of Viral RNA. Viruses 2020; 12:E525. [PMID: 32397643 PMCID: PMC7291090 DOI: 10.3390/v12050525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing the COVID-19 respiratory disease pandemic utilizes unique 2'-O-methyltransferase (2'-O-MTase) capping machinery to camouflage its RNA from innate immune recognition. The nsp16 catalytic subunit of the 2'-O-MTase is unusual in its requirement for a stimulatory subunit (nsp10) to catalyze the ribose 2'-O-methylation of the viral RNA cap. Here we provide a computational basis for drug repositioning or de novo drug development based on three differential traits of the intermolecular interactions of the SARS-CoV-2-specific nsp16/nsp10 heterodimer, namely: (1) the S-adenosyl-l-methionine-binding pocket of nsp16, (2) the unique "activating surface" between nsp16 and nsp10, and (3) the RNA-binding groove of nsp16. We employed ≈9000 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved investigational and experimental drugs from the DrugBank repository for docking virtual screening. After molecular dynamics calculations of the stability of the binding modes of high-scoring nsp16/nsp10-drug complexes, we considered their pharmacological overlapping with functional modules of the virus-host interactome that is relevant to the viral lifecycle, and to the clinical features of COVID-19. Some of the predicted drugs (e.g., tegobuvir, sonidegib, siramesine, antrafenine, bemcentinib, itacitinib, or phthalocyanine) might be suitable for repurposing to pharmacologically reactivate innate immune restriction and antagonism of SARS-CoV-2 RNAs lacking 2'-O-methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Encinar
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) and Molecular and Cell Biology Institute (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier A. Menendez
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17005 Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute, 17007 Girona, Spain
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Vadhadiya PM, Jean MA, Bouzriba C, Tremblay T, Lagüe P, Fortin S, Boukouvalas J, Giguère D. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Diol-Based Peptidomimetics as Potential HIV Protease Inhibitors and Antitumor Agents. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1779-1791. [PMID: 29858881 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptidomimetic HIV protease inhibitors are an important class of drugs used in the treatment of AIDS. The synthesis of a new type of diol-based peptidomimetics is described. Our route is flexible, uses d-glucal as an inexpensive starting material, and makes minimal use of protection/deprotection cycles. Binding affinities from molecular docking simulations suggest that these compounds are potential inhibitors of HIV protease. Moreover, the antiproliferative activities of compounds 33 a, 35 a, and 35 b on HT-29, M21, and MCF7 cancer cell lines are in the low micromolar range. The results provide a platform that could facilitate the development of medically relevant asymmetrical diol-based peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh M Vadhadiya
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval-RQRM, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marc-Alexandre Jean
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval-RQRM, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Chahrazed Bouzriba
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Oncology Division, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, 10 rue de l'Espinay, Quebec City, QC, G1L 3L5, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Thomas Tremblay
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval-RQRM, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Patrick Lagüe
- Départment de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Université Laval, 1045, Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sébastien Fortin
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Oncology Division, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, 10 rue de l'Espinay, Quebec City, QC, G1L 3L5, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - John Boukouvalas
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval-RQRM, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Denis Giguère
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval-RQRM, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Midde NM, Patters BJ, Rao P, Cory TJ, Kumar S. Investigational protease inhibitors as antiretroviral therapies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1189-200. [PMID: 27415449 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1212837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has tremendously improved the life expectancy of the HIV-infected population over the past three decades. Protease inhibitors have been one of the major classes of drugs in HAART regimens that are effective in treating HIV. However, the emergence of resistance and cross-resistance against protease inhibitors encourages researchers to develop new PIs with broad-spectrum activity, as well as novel means of enhancing the efficacy of existing PIs. AREAS COVERED In this article we discuss recent advances in HIV protease inhibitor (PI) development, focusing on both investigational and experimental agents. We also include a section on pharmacokinetic booster drugs for improved bioavailability of protease inhibitors. Further, we discuss novel drug delivery systems using a variety of nanocarriers for the delivery of PIs across the blood-brain barrier to treat the HIV in the brain. EXPERT OPINION We discuss our opinion on the promises and challenges on the development of novel investigational and experimental PIs that are less toxic and more effective in combating drug-resistance. Further, we discuss the future of novel nanocarriers that have been developed to deliver PIs to the brain cells. Although these are promising findings, many challenges need to be overcome prior to making them a viable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M Midde
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Benjamin J Patters
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Pss Rao
- b Pharmaceutical Science , College of Pharmacy, University of Findlay , Findlay , OH , USA
| | - Theodore J Cory
- c Clinical Pharmacy , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
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Ghosh AK, Osswald HL, Prato G. Recent Progress in the Development of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors for the Treatment of HIV/AIDS. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5172-208. [PMID: 26799988 PMCID: PMC5598487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 protease inhibitors continue to play an important role in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, transforming this deadly ailment into a more manageable chronic infection. Over the years, intensive research has led to a variety of approved protease inhibitors for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. In this review, we outline current drug design and medicinal chemistry efforts toward the development of next-generation protease inhibitors beyond the currently approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Heather L. Osswald
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Gary Prato
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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