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Zhang X, Wang J. The effects of medication therapy management on medication utilization among Medicare beneficiaries with HIV/AIDS. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2024; 64:463-470.e2. [PMID: 38182001 PMCID: PMC10942721 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medicare Part D plans are required to provide medication therapy management (MTM) programs to eligible beneficiaries to optimize medication utilization. MTM programs' effects on medication utilization among older persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHs) remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This study examined the effects of the Medicare MTM programs on medication utilization among PLWHs. METHODS This study analyzed 2017 Medicare databases linked to the Area Health Resources Files. Recipients and nonrecipients of the MTM services were compared on their medication utilization: adherence to antiretroviral medications, drug-drug interactions (DDI), and concurrent use of opioids and benzodiazepines. The intervention group comprised recipients of the MTM services, and the control group was nonrecipients meeting the eligibility criteria. A propensity score with a ratio of 1:2 between the intervention and control groups was used to identify study groups with balanced characteristics. A logistic regression was used to control for patient/community characteristics. RESULTS After matching, the intervention and comparison groups comprised 3298 and 6596 beneficiaries for the antiretroviral adherence measure, 809 and 1618 for the DDI measure, and 691 and 1382 for the concurrent use of opioids and benzodiazepines measure. The intervention was associated with higher odds of adherence to antiretroviral medications (adjusted odds ratio = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04-1.26), and no concurrent use of opioids and benzodiazepines (adjusted odds ratio = 1.255, 95% CI = 1.005-1.568). The study groups did not differ on no DDI (adjusted odds ratio = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.74-1.20). CONCLUSIONS Medicare MTM programs effectively improved medication utilization among PLWHs. Future studies should explore the long-term effects of the program.
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Smith A, Goulet JL, Vlahov D, Justice AC, Womack JA. Risk factors for suicide among veterans living with and without HIV: a nested case-control study. AIDS Behav 2024; 28:115-124. [PMID: 37751112 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-023-04164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The rate of suicide among people with HIV (PWH) remains elevated compared to the general population. The aim of the study was to examine the association between a broad range of risk factors, HIV-specific risk factors, and suicide. We conducted a nested case-control study using data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) between 2006 and 2015. The risk of suicide was estimated using conditional logistic regression and models were stratified by HIV status. Most risk factors associated with suicide were similar between PWH and people without HIV; these included affective disorders, use of benzodiazepines, and mental health treatment. Among PWH, HIV-specific risk factors were not associated with suicide. A multiplicative interaction was observed between a diagnosis of HIV and a previous suicide attempt. Among PWH, a high prevalence of psychiatric, substance use disorders and multimorbidity contribute to the risk of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Smith
- Yale School of Nursing, 400 West Campus Drive, Orange, CT, 06477, USA.
- Yale School of Public Health, Orange, USA.
| | - Joseph L Goulet
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Vlahov
- Yale School of Nursing, 400 West Campus Drive, Orange, CT, 06477, USA
| | - Amy C Justice
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julie A Womack
- Yale School of Nursing, 400 West Campus Drive, Orange, CT, 06477, USA
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Ellis RJ, Marquine MJ, Kaul M, Fields JA, Schlachetzki JCM. Mechanisms underlying HIV-associated cognitive impairment and emerging therapies for its management. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:668-687. [PMID: 37816937 PMCID: PMC11052664 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
People living with HIV are affected by the chronic consequences of neurocognitive impairment (NCI) despite antiretroviral therapies that suppress viral replication, improve health and extend life. Furthermore, viral suppression does not eliminate the virus, and remaining infected cells may continue to produce viral proteins that trigger neurodegeneration. Comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus are likely to contribute substantially to CNS injury in people living with HIV, and some components of antiretroviral therapy exert undesirable side effects on the nervous system. No treatment for HIV-associated NCI has been approved by the European Medicines Agency or the US Food and Drug Administration. Historically, roadblocks to developing effective treatments have included a limited understanding of the pathophysiology of HIV-associated NCI and heterogeneity in its clinical manifestations. This heterogeneity might reflect multiple underlying causes that differ among individuals, rather than a single unifying neuropathogenesis. Despite these complexities, accelerating discoveries in HIV neuropathogenesis are yielding potentially druggable targets, including excessive immune activation, metabolic alterations culminating in mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of metal ion homeostasis and lysosomal function, and microbiome alterations. In addition to drug treatments, we also highlight the importance of non-pharmacological interventions. By revisiting mechanisms implicated in NCI and potential interventions addressing these mechanisms, we hope to supply reasons for optimism in people living with HIV affected by NCI and their care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - María J Marquine
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Rodriguez MT, McLaurin KA, Shtutman M, Kubinak JL, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. Therapeutically targeting the consequences of HIV-1-associated gastrointestinal dysbiosis: Implications for neurocognitive and affective alterations. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 229:173592. [PMID: 37390973 PMCID: PMC10494709 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 50 % of the individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are plagued by debilitating neurocognitive impairments (NCI) and/or affective alterations. Sizeable alterations in the composition of the gut microbiome, or gastrointestinal dysbiosis, may underlie, at least in part, the NCI, apathy, and/or depression observed in this population. Herein, two interrelated aims will be critically addressed, including: 1) the evidence for, and functional implications of, gastrointestinal microbiome dysbiosis in HIV-1 seropositive individuals; and 2) the potential for therapeutically targeting the consequences of this dysbiosis for the treatment of HIV-1-associated NCI and affective alterations. First, gastrointestinal microbiome dysbiosis in HIV-1 seropositive individuals is characterized by decreased alpha (α) diversity, a decreased relative abundance of bacterial species belonging to the Bacteroidetes phylum, and geographic-specific alterations in Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) spp. Fundamentally, changes in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Bacillota spp. may underlie, at least in part, the deficits in γ-aminobutyric acid and serotonin neurotransmission, as well as prominent synaptodendritic dysfunction, observed in this population. Second, there is compelling evidence for the therapeutic utility of targeting synaptodendritic dysfunction as a method to enhance neurocognitive function and improve motivational dysregulation in HIV-1. Further research is needed to determine whether the therapeutics enhancing synaptic efficacy exert their effects by altering the gut microbiome. Taken together, understanding gastrointestinal microbiome dysbiosis resulting from chronic HIV-1 viral protein exposure may afford insight into the mechanisms underlying HIV-1-associated neurocognitive and/or affective alterations; mechanisms which can be subsequently targeted via novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason T Rodriguez
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Kristen A McLaurin
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Jason L Kubinak
- Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine Columbia, 6311 Garners Ferry Road, Building 2, Columbia, SC 29209, United States of America
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America.
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JAKEMAN B, SCHERRER AU, DARLING KEA, DAMAS J, BIELER-AESCHLIMANN M, HASSE B, SCHLOSSER L, HACHFELD A, GUTBROD K, TARR PE, CALMY A, ASSAL F, KUNZE U, STOECKLE M, SCHMID P, TOLLER G, ROSSI S, DI BENEDETTO C, DU PASQUIER R, CAVASSINI M, MARZOLINI C. Anticholinergic and sedative medications are associated with neurocognitive performance of well-treated people living with HIV. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac457. [PMID: 36147598 PMCID: PMC9487636 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously showed that anticholinergic (ACH) medications contribute to self-reported neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in elderly people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). The current cross-sectional study further evaluated the effect of ACH and sedative drugs on neurocognitive function in PWH who underwent comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Methods A medication review was performed in PWH enrolled in the prospective Neurocognitive Assessment in Metabolic and Aging Cohort within the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Neurocognitive functions were analyzed in 5 domains (motor skills, speed of information, attention/working memory, executive functions, and verbal learning memory). The effect of ACH and sedative medications on neurocognitive functioning was evaluated using linear regression models for the continuous (mean z-score) outcome and multivariable logistic regression models for the binary (presence/absence) outcome. Results A total of 963 PWH (80% male, 92% Caucasian, 96% virologically suppressed, median age 52) were included. Fourteen percent of participants were prescribed ≥1 ACH medication and 9% were prescribed ≥1 sedative medication. Overall, 40% of participants had NCI. Sedative medication use was associated with impaired attention/verbal learning and ACH medication use with motor skills deficits both in the continuous (mean z-score difference −0.26 to −0.14, P < .001 and P = .06) and binary (odds ratio [OR], ≥1.67; P < .05) models. Their combined use was associated with deficits in overall neurocognitive functions in both models (mean z-score difference −0.12, P = .002 and OR = 1.54, P = .03). These associations were unchanged in a subgroup analysis of participants without depression (n = 824). Conclusions Anticholinergic and sedative medications contribute to NCI. Clinicians need to consider these drugs when assessing NCI in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette JAKEMAN
- Department of Pharmaceutical Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy , Albuquerque , USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel , Switzerland
| | - Alexandra U SCHERRER
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich , Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Katharine E A DARLING
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Jose DAMAS
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Melanie BIELER-AESCHLIMANN
- Service of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Barbara HASSE
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Ladina SCHLOSSER
- Department of Neuropsychology, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Anna HACHFELD
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern , Switzerland
| | - Klemens GUTBROD
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland and Neurozentrum , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Philip E TARR
- University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Bruderholz, University of Basel , Switzerland
| | - Alexandra CALMY
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, University of Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Frederic ASSAL
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva, University of Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Ursula KUNZE
- Memory Clinic, Felix Platter Hospital University Center for Medicine of Aging , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Marcel STOECKLE
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel , Switzerland
| | - Patrick SCHMID
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Gianina TOLLER
- Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Stefania ROSSI
- Neuropsychology and Speech Therapy Unit, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano , Switzerland
| | | | - Renaud DU PASQUIER
- Service of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Matthias CAVASSINI
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Catia MARZOLINI
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel , Switzerland
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The association between benzodiazepine use and greater risk of neurocognitive impairment is moderated by medical burden in people with HIV. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:410-421. [PMID: 35389174 PMCID: PMC9470605 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepine use is linked to neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in the general population and people with HIV (PWH); however, this relationship may depend on age-related factors such as medical comorbidities, which occur at an elevated rate and manifest earlier in PWH. We retrospectively examined whether chronological age or medical burden, a clinical marker for aging, moderated the relationship between benzodiazepine use and NCI in PWH. Participants were 435 PWH on antiretroviral therapy who underwent neurocognitive and medical evaluations, including self-reported current benzodiazepine use. A medical burden index score (proportion of accumulated multisystem deficits) was calculated from 28 medical deficits. Demographically corrected cognitive deficit scores from 15 neuropsychological tests were used to calculate global and domain-specific NCI based on established cut-offs. Logistic regressions separately modeled global and domain-specific NCI as a function of benzodiazepine x age and benzodiazepine x medical burden interactions, adjusting for current affective symptoms and HIV disease characteristics. A statistically significant benzodiazepine x medical burden interaction (p = .006) revealed that current benzodiazepine use increased odds of global NCI only among those who had a high medical burden (index score > 0.3 as indicated by the Johnson–Neyman analysis), which was driven by the domains of processing speed, motor, and verbal fluency. No age x benzodiazepine interactive effects on NCI were present. Findings suggest that the relationship between BZD use and NCI among PWH is specific to those with greater medical burden, which may be a greater risk factor for BZD-related NCI than chronological age.
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Lowton K, Chiba G. Assessing the clinical utility of the severity dependence scale for benzodiazepine use disorder. S Afr J Psychiatr 2021; 27:1571. [PMID: 34394974 PMCID: PMC8335755 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v27i0.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Benzodiazepines are often used as a part of mental health pharmacological management; however, often when prescribed for extended periods, they increase the risk of benzodiazepine use disorder (BUD). Clinical interviews are at the centre of diagnosing this disorder. However, in addition to clinical assessment a simple, validated questionnaire conducted by any healthcare professional may aid in screening for BUD and referral for further management. Aim To compare the accuracy of the severity dependence scale (SDS) as a screening tool for BUD against the standard clinical interviews using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, edition 5, (DSM 5) checklist amongst benzodiazepine users with primary psychiatric disorders. Setting Outpatient psychiatric clinic in South Rand Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted, once informed consent was attained, looking at demographic and clinical profiles of benzodiazepine users. Clinical interviews were conducted in 81 patients who completed the SDS. In comparing the results of the SDS and clinical interview outcomes, chi-square tests were used to determine an association between categorical variables. A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated in determining the cut-off score in the SDS with the highest sensitivity and specificity. Results This study indicated that a cutoff score of greater than or equal to six of the SDS showed 86% sensitivity and 90.3% specificity compared to a diagnosis of BUD made with clinical interview. The only categorical variables of marginal significance (p~0.06) in comparison to a BUD diagnosis were with benzodiazepine type (oxazepam) and longer duration of use (greater than 24 months). Conclusion This study identified the SDS as a useful screening tool for BUD with a high sensitivity and specificity compared to interview outcomes. Statistically, correlates were identified between duration and type of benzodiazepine prescribed and BUD suggesting emphasis on these factors when prescribing benzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Lowton
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gaveeta Chiba
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Copenhaver MM, Sanborn V, Shrestha R, Mistler C, Gunstad J. Association between the brief inventory of neurocognitive impairment (BINI) and objective cognitive testing among persons with opioid use disorders in drug treatment. J Addict Dis 2020; 39:166-174. [PMID: 33047651 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2020.1831129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the association between subjective cognitive dysfunction and objective test performance in persons enrolled in drug treatment and stabilized on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). A total of 177 participants completed the self-reported brief inventory of neurocognitive impairment (BINI) and NIH Toolbox test battery. In participants with neurocognitive dysfunction, scores on all BINI subscales were negatively associated with objective performance on the NIH Toolbox (BINI Global r = -0.26, p = 0.01; BINI Subscales ranging -0.22 to -0.32, all p's < 0.03). Using cutoff scores, results showed participants who scored above the cutoff on the BINI Learning subscale demonstrated significant evidence of objective neurocognitive dysfunction on the NIH Toolbox (65% vs. 35%; χ2 = 6.57, p = 0.02), suggesting possible clinical utility. Future studies are needed to determine the feasibility of using the BINI to inform the accommodation of patients with specific neurocognitive profiles to optimize treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Copenhaver
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Roman Shrestha
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Colleen Mistler
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - John Gunstad
- Department of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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Benzodiazepine Use and HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Impairment: Which Comes First? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 83:e26-e27. [PMID: 31914007 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Qiu ZK, Liu X, Chen Y, Wu RJ, Guan SF, Pan YY, Wang QB, Tang D, Zhu T, Chen JS. Translocator protein 18 kDa: a potential therapeutic biomarker for post traumatic stress disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:695-707. [PMID: 32172519 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is widely regarded as a stress-related and trauma disorder. The symptoms of PTSD are characterized as a spectrum of vulnerabilities after the exposure to an extremely traumatic stressor. Considering as one of complex mental disorders, little progress has been made toward its diagnostic biomarkers, despite the involvement of PTSD has been studied. Many studies into the underlying neurobiology of PTSD implicated the dysfunction of neurosteroids biosynthesis and neuorinflammatory processes. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) has been considered as one of the promising therapeutic biomarkers for neurological stress disorders (like PTSD, depression, anxiety, et al) without the benzodiazepine-like side effects. This protein participates in the formation of neurosteroids and modulation of neuroinflammation. The review outlines current knowledge involving the role of TSPO in the neuropathology of PTSD and the anti-PTSD-like effects of TSPO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- Pharmacy Department of Medical Supplies Center of General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Jia Wu
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Feng Guan
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Yun Pan
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Bo Wang
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Sheng Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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