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Liang Y, He H, Wang W, Wang H, Mo S, Fu R, Liu X, Song Q, Xia Z, Wang L. Malignant clonal evolution drives multiple myeloma cellular ecological diversity and microenvironment reprogramming. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:182. [PMID: 36131282 PMCID: PMC9492468 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01648-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous disease with different patterns of clonal evolution and a complex tumor microenvironment, representing a challenge for clinicians and pathologists to understand and dissect the contribution and impact of polyclonality on tumor progression. Methods In this study, we established a global cell ecological landscape of the bone marrow (BM) from MM patients, combining single-cell RNA sequencing and single-molecule long-read genome sequencing data. Results The malignant mutation event was localized to the tumor cell clusters with shared mutation of ANK1 and IFITM2 in all malignant subpopulations of all MM patients. Therefore, these two variants occur in the early stage of malignant clonal origin to mediate the malignant transformation of proplasmacytes or plasmacytes to MM cells. Tumor cell stemness index score and pseudo-sequential clonal evolution analysis can be used to divide the evolution model of MM into two clonal origins: types I and IX. Notably, clonal evolution and the tumor microenvironment showed an interactive relationship, in which the evolution process is not only selected by but also reacts to the microenvironment; thus, vesicle secretion enriches immune cells with malignant-labeled mRNA for depletion. Interestingly, microenvironmental modification exhibited significant heterogeneity among patients. Conclusions This characterization of the malignant clonal evolution pattern of MM at the single-cell level provides a theoretical basis and scientific evidence for a personalized precision therapy strategy and further development of a potential new adjuvant strategy combining epigenetic agent and immune checkpoint blockade. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-022-01648-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzheng Liang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Haiyan He
- Department of Hematology, Myeloma & Lymphoma Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Weida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Henan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shaowen Mo
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China.,Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China.,Department of Basic Science, YuanDong International Academy of Life Sciences, Hong Kong, 999077, China.,Experimental Center of BIOQGene, YuanDong International Academy of Life Sciences, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ruiying Fu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xindi Liu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qiong Song
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhongjun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Ravimohan S, Nfanyana K, Tamuhla N, Tiemessen CT, Weissman D, Bisson GP. Common Variation in NLRP3 Is Associated With Early Death and Elevated Inflammasome Biomarkers Among Advanced HIV/TB Co-infected Patients in Botswana. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy075. [PMID: 29732382 PMCID: PMC5928406 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated inflammation is associated with early mortality among HIV/tuberculosis (TB) patients starting antiretroviral therapy (ART); however, the sources of immune activation are unclear. We hypothesized that common variation in innate immune genes contributes to excessive inflammation linked to death. As single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in inflammasome pathway genes can increase risk for inflammatory diseases, we investigated their association with early mortality among a previously described cohort of HIV/TB patients initiating ART in Botswana. Methods We genotyped 8 SNPs within 5 inflammasome pathway genes and determined their association with death. For adjusted analyses, we used a logistic regression model. For SNPs associated with mortality, we explored their relationship with levels of systemic inflammatory markers using a linear regression model. Results Ninety-four patients in the parent study had samples for genetic analysis. Of these, 82 (87%) were survivors and 12 (13%) died within 6 months of starting ART. In a logistic regression model, NLRP3 rs10754558 was independently associated with a 4.1-fold increased odds of death (95% confidence interval, 1.04–16.5). In adjusted linear regression models, the NLRP3 rs10754558-G allele was linked to elevated IL-18 at baseline (Beta, 0.23; SE, 0.10; P = .033) and week 4 post-ART (Beta, 0.24; SE, 0.11; P = .026). This allele was associated with increased MCP-1 at baseline (Beta, 0.24; SE, 0.10; P = .02) and IL-10 (Beta, 0.27; SE, 0.11; P = .013) at week 4 post-ART. Conclusion The NLRP3 rs10754558-G SNP is associated with an increased risk for early mortality in HIV/TB patients initiating ART. These patients may benefit from therapies that decrease inflammasome-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Ravimohan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Neo Tamuhla
- Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV-1 and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Drew Weissman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Gregory P Bisson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Tarosso LF, Vieira VA, Sauer MM, Tomiyama HI, Kalil J, Kallas EG. Conserved HIV-1 Gag p24 Epitopes Elicit Cellular Immune Responses That Impact Disease Outcome. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:832-842. [PMID: 28594230 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the breadth of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cellular immune response and its impact on the control of viral replication have already been addressed, reported data have proven controversial. We hypothesize that the nature of targeted epitopes, rather than the simple breadth or magnitude of responses, correlates with disease outcome. In this study, we explore the occurrence of patterns of Gag p24 recognition among untreated HIV-1-infected patients by identifying the epitopes that compose such patterns and how they distinctly associate with disease progression. Utilizing enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) interferon gamma (IFN-γ), we screened cellular responses of 27 HIV-1-infected subjects against 15-mer peptides encompassing the whole Gag p24 protein. Obtained data were used to develop a clustering analysis that allowed definition of two groups of individuals with totally distinct patterns of recognition. Although targeted Gag p24 peptides were completely different between the two groups, the breadth and magnitude of the responses were not. Interestingly, viral control and preservation of CD4+ T cells were increased in one group. In addition, we compared genetic conservation of amino acid sequences of the recognized peptides, as well as of the human leucocyte antigen class I (HLA-I)-restricted epitopes within them. Subjects presenting higher control of HIV-1 replication targeted more conserved epitopes, and higher genetic variation was present mainly in anchor residues for HLA-I molecules. We strengthen the existing evidence from cases of HIV-1 infection in humans that, cellular immune responses targeting conserved epitopes, rather than the magnitude and breadth of responses, associate with a better control of viral replication and maintenance of peripheral CD4+ T cell counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro F. Tarosso
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius A. Vieira
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana M. Sauer
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena I. Tomiyama
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esper G. Kallas
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bharuthram A, Paximadis M, Picton ACP, Tiemessen CT. Comparison of a quantitative Real-Time PCR assay and droplet digital PCR for copy number analysis of the CCL4L genes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 25:28-35. [PMID: 24727646 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The controversy surrounding the findings that copy number variation, of the CCL3 encoding genes, influences HIV-1 infection and disease progression has been in part attributed to the variable results obtained from methods used for copy number evaluation. Like CCL3, the genes encoding the CC chemokine CCL4, also a natural ligand of the CCR5 receptor, are found to occur in population-specific multiple copy number and have been shown to play a protective role against HIV-1. This study evaluated the standard method of quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) for CCL4L gene copy number determination. The CCL4 encoding genes are CCL4, occurring in two copies per diploid genome (pdg), and the non-allelic CCL4L genes, comprised of CCL4L1 and CCL4L2, which are both found in multiple copies pdg. Copy number of CCL4L, CCL4L1 and CCL4L2 was determined in a cohort of HIV-1-uninfected individuals from the South African Black (n=23) and Caucasian (n=32) population groups using qPCR and ddPCR. A stronger correlation between the number of CCL4L copies and the sum of CCL4L1 and CCL4L2 copies generated by ddPCR (r=0.99, p<0.0001) compared to qPCR (r=0.87, p<0.0001) was observed. Real-Time qPCR exhibited greater inaccuracy at higher copy numbers which is particularly relevant to our cohort of Black individuals who have a higher range of CCL4L copies (3-6) compared to Caucasians (0-4) and a higher population median (4 and 2, respectively). Medians and ranges of CCL4L1 (Black: 2, 0-4, Caucasian: 0, 0-2) and CCL4L2 (Black: 2, 1-5, Caucasian: 2, 0-3) were also higher in the Black population. Droplet digital PCR was shown to be a far superior method to qPCR for assessment of CCL4 gene copy number variation, the accuracy of which is essential for studies of the contribution of variable gene copy number to phenotypic outcomes of host infection and disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avani Bharuthram
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Paximadis
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Anabela C P Picton
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Picton ACP, Paximadis M, Tiemessen CT. Contribution of variable CCL3L copy number to CCL3 protein production in two ethnically divergent South African populations. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 14:347-56. [PMID: 23295355 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
When accounting for the specific population, CCL3L copy number, a measure of the sum of chemokine- and non-chemokine-producing genes (CCL3La and CCL3Lb, respectively), has been reported to associate with risk of HIV-1 infection. In this study, we have described the distribution of CCL3La and CCL3Lb copy number variation in two populations, South African Africans (SAA) and South African Caucasians (SAC), and investigated the impact of these variations upon CCL3 protein production. Despite significant differences in CCL3La and CCL3Lb copy number, no differences in CCL3 production were noted between the two populations. Assuming equal contribution of CCL3 and each copy of CCL3La to CCL3 production, we found that SAC individuals produced higher levels of CCL3 per functional copy of CCL3La compared to SAA individuals (P<0.001). However, when individuals with comparable CCL3La and CCL3Lb gene copy numbers were compared, no difference in production per functional copy between SAA and SAC individuals was noted. Furthermore, we demonstrate that differences noted in cord blood mononuclear cell CCL3 production between HIV-1 intrapartum-infected (IP) and exposed uninfected (EU) infants with comparable CCL3L copy numbers could not be attributed to differences in CCL3Lb copy number. Collectively, our findings suggest that either the CCL3 gene may play a significant role in CCL3 production and/or that as yet undefined mechanisms regulate production of CCL3 from variable CCL3L copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela C P Picton
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Paximadis M, Schramm DB, Gray GE, Sherman G, Coovadia A, Kuhn L, Tiemessen CT. Influence of intragenic CCL3 haplotypes and CCL3L copy number in HIV-1 infection in a sub-Saharan African population. Genes Immun 2012; 14:42-51. [PMID: 23151487 PMCID: PMC3554858 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two CCL3 haplotypes (HapA1 and Hap-A3) and two polymorphic positions shared by the haplotypes (Hap-2SNP) were investigated together with CCL3L copy number (CN), for their role in HIV-1 disease. Hap-A1 was associated with protection from in utero HIV-1 infection: exposed-uninfected infants had higher representation of WT/Hap-A1 than infected infants (excluding intrapartum-infected infants), which maintained significance post maternal Nevirapine (mNVP) and viral load (MVL) correction (P=0.04; OR=0.33). Mother-infant pair analyses showed the protective effect of Hap-A1 is dependent on its presence in the infant. Hap-A3 was associated with increased intrapartum transmission: WT/Hap-A3 was increased in intrapartum vs. non-transmitting mothers, and remained significant post mNVP and MVL correction (P=0.02; OR=3.50). This deleterious effect of Hap-A3 seemed dependent on its presence in the mother. Hap-2SNP was associated with lower CD4 count in the non-transmitting mothers (P=0.03). CCL3 Hap-A1 was associated with high CCL3L CN in total (P=0.001) and exposed-uninfected infants (P=0.006); the effect was not additive, however having either Hap-A1 or high CCL3L CN was more significantly (P=0.0008) associated with protection from in utero infection than Hap-A1 (P=0.028) or high CCL3L CN (P=0.002) alone. Linkage disequilibrium between Hap-A1 and high CCL3L CN appears unlikely given that a Nigerian population showed an opposite relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paximadis
- Centre for HIV and STIs: Cell Biology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Cantsilieris S, White SJ. Correlating multiallelic copy number polymorphisms with disease susceptibility. Hum Mutat 2012; 34:1-13. [PMID: 22837109 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The human genome contains a significant amount of sequence variation, from single nucleotide polymorphisms to large stretches of DNA that may be present in a range of different copies between individuals. Several such regions are variable in >1% of the population (referred to as copy number polymorphisms or CNPs), and many studies have looked for associations between the copy number of genes within multiallelic CNPs and disease susceptibility. Associations have indeed been described for several genes, including the β-defensins (DEFB4, DEFB103, DEFB104), chemokine ligand 3 like 1 (CCL3L1), Fc gamma receptor 3B (FCGR3B), and complement component C4 (C4). However, follow-up replication in independent cohorts has failed to reproduce a number of these associations. It is clear that replicated associations such as those between C4 and systemic lupus erythematosus, and β-defensin and psoriasis, have used robust genotyping methodologies. Technical issues associated with genotyping sequences of high identity may therefore account for failure to replicate other associations. Here, we compare and contrast the most popular approaches that have been used to genotype CNPs, describe how they have been applied in different situations, and discuss potential reasons for the difficulty in reproducibly linking multiallelic CNPs to complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Cantsilieris
- Centre for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Li H, Xie HY, Zhou L, Feng XW, Wang WL, Liang TB, Zhang M, Zheng SS. Copy number variation in CCL3L1 gene is associated with susceptibility to acute rejection in patients after liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2011; 26:314-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mendelian randomization: potential use of genetics to enable causal inferences regarding HIV-associated biomarkers and outcomes. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2011; 5:545-59. [PMID: 20978399 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e32833f2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It is unknown whether biomarkers simply correlate with or are causal for HIV-associated outcomes. Mendelian randomization is a genetic epidemiologic approach used to disentangle causation from association. Here, we discuss the potential use of Mendelian randomization for differentiating whether biomarkers are correlating with or causal for HIV-associated outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Mendelian randomization refers to the random allocation of alleles at the time of gamete formation. In observational epidemiology, this refers to the use of genetic variants to estimate a causal effect between a modifiable risk factor and an outcome of interest. A formal Mendelian randomization study using a genetic marker as a proxy for the biomarker has not been conducted in the HIV field. However, in the postgenomic era, this approach is being used increasingly. Examples are evidence for the causal role of BMI in blood pressure and noncausal role of C-reactive protein in coronary heart disease. We discuss the conceptual framework, uses, and limitations of Mendelian randomization in the context of HIV infection as well as specific biomarkers (IL-6, C-reactive protein) and genetic determinants (e.g., in CCR5, chemokine, and DARC genes) that associate with HIV-related outcomes. SUMMARY Making the distinction between correlation and causality has particular relevance when a biomarker (e.g., IL-6) is potentially modifiable, in which case a biomarker-guided targeted treatment strategy may be feasible. Although the tenets of Mendelian randomization rest on strong assumptions, and conducting a Mendelian randomization study in HIV infection presents many challenges, it may offer the potential to identify causal biomarkers for HIV-associated outcomes.
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Liu S, Yao L, Ding D, Zhu H. CCL3L1 copy number variation and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15778. [PMID: 21209899 PMCID: PMC3012711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies have investigated whether CCL3L1 copy number variation (CNV) influences the risk of HIV-1 infection, there are still no clear conclusions. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis using two models to generate a more robust estimate of the association between CCL3L1 CNV and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. METHODS We divided the cases and controls into two parts as individuals with CCL3L1 gene copy number (GCN) above the population specific median copy number (PMN) and individuals with CCL3L1 GCN below PMN, respectively. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were given for the main analysis. We also conducted stratified analyses by ethnicity, age group and sample size. Relevant literatures were searched through PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge up to March 2010. RESULTS In total, 9 studies with 2434 cases and 4029 controls were included. ORs for the main analysis were 1.35 (95% CI, 1.02-1.78, model: GCN ≤ PMN Vs. GCN > PMN) and 1.70 (95% CI, 1.30-2.23, model: GCN < PMN Vs. GCN ≥ PMN), respectively. Either in stratified analysis, statistically significant results can be detected in some subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses indicate that CCL3L1 CNV is associated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. A lower copy number is associated with an increased risk of HIV-1 infection, while a higher copy number is associated with reduced risk for acquiring HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- SiJie Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - DongLin Ding
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - HuanZhang Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Tiemessen CT, Shalekoff S, Meddows-Taylor S, Schramm DB, Papathanasopoulos MA, Gray GE, Sherman GG, Coovadia AH, Kuhn L. Natural killer cells that respond to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) peptides are associated with control of HIV‐1 infection. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:1444-53. [PMID: 20874516 DOI: 10.1086/656535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific natural killer (CD3- cells), CD4, and CD8 T cellular responses were determined in 79 HIV‐1-infected women in response to HIV‐1 peptide pools (Gag, Pol, Nef, Reg, and Env) with use of a whole‐blood intracellular cytokine staining assay that measures interferon-γ and/or interleukin-2. HIV‐specific CD3- cell responses to any region (Env and Reg predominantly targeted) were associated with lower viral load (P = .031) and higher CD4 T cell count (P = .015). Env‐specific CD3- cell responses were stronger in women who had both Gag CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and, in turn, was associated with lower viral load (P = .005). CD3- cell responders had significantly higher representation of CD4 T cell responses to Env and Reg (P = .012 and P = .015, respectively) and higher magnitudes of CD4 T cell responses (P = .017 and P = .037, respectively) than did nonresponders. Peptide‐specific natural killer cells are associated with markers of less severe disease progression among HIV‐1-infected women (lower viral load and higher CD4 T cell count) and with stronger HIV‐specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline T Tiemessen
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases and Department of Virology, Coronation Women and Children Hospital, Enhancing Childhood HIV Outcomes, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Colobran R, Pedrosa E, Carretero-Iglesia L, Juan M. Copy number variation in chemokine superfamily: the complex scene of CCL3L-CCL4L genes in health and disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 162:41-52. [PMID: 20659124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome copy number changes (copy number variations: CNVs) include inherited, de novo and somatically acquired deviations from a diploid state within a particular chromosomal segment. CNVs are frequent in higher eukaryotes and associated with a substantial portion of inherited and acquired risk for various human diseases. CNVs are distributed widely in the genomes of apparently healthy individuals and thus constitute significant amounts of population-based genomic variation. Human CNV loci are enriched for immune genes and one of the most striking examples of CNV in humans involves a genomic region containing the chemokine genes CCL3L and CCL4L. The CCL3L-CCL4L copy number variable region (CNVR) shows extensive architectural complexity, with smaller CNVs within the larger ones and with interindividual variation in breakpoints. Furthermore, the individual genes embedded in this CNVR account for an additional level of genetic and mRNA complexity: CCL4L1 and CCL4L2 have identical exonic sequences but produce a different pattern of mRNAs. CCL3L2 was considered previously as a CCL3L1 pseudogene, but is actually transcribed. Since 2005, CCL3L-CCL4L CNV has been associated extensively with various human immunodeficiency virus-related outcomes, but some recent studies called these associations into question. This controversy may be due in part to the differences in alternative methods for quantifying gene copy number and differentiating the individual genes. This review summarizes and discusses the current knowledge about CCL3L-CCL4L CNV and points out that elucidating their complete phenotypic impact requires dissecting the combinatorial genomic complexity posed by various proportions of distinct CCL3L and CCL4L genes among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Colobran
- Laboratory of Immunobiology for Research and Application to Diagnosis (LIRAD), Tissue and Blood Bank (BST), Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP) Servei d'Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic (CDB), Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
We examined the effect of CCL3L1 gene copy number on disease progression in a North American white cohort of HIV-1-infected individuals. Although CCL3L1 copy number is enriched in uninfected Caucasians, in HIV-1-infected individuals CCL3L1 copy number did not correlate either with long-term nonprogression or with CD4 cell count or viral load in chronic progressors. These findings underscore the heterogeneity of factors involved with long-term nonprogression when comparing cohorts of varying ethnic backgrounds.
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Shrestha S, Nyaku M, Edberg JC. Variations in CCL3L gene cluster sequence and non-specific gene copy numbers. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:74. [PMID: 20233400 PMCID: PMC2851716 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Copy number variations (CNVs) of the gene CC chemokine ligand 3-like1 (CCL3L1) have been implicated in HIV-1 susceptibility, but the association has been inconsistent. CCL3L1 shares homology with a cluster of genes localized to chromosome 17q12, namely CCL3, CCL3L2, and, CCL3L3. These genes are involved in host defense and inflammatory processes. Several CNV assays have been developed for the CCL3L1 gene. Findings Through pairwise and multiple alignments of these genes, we have shown that the homology between these genes ranges from 50% to 99% in complete gene sequences and from 70-100% in the exonic regions, with CCL3L1 and CCL3L3 being identical. By use of MEGA 4 and BioEdit, we aligned sense primers, anti-sense primers, and probes used in several previously described assays against pre-multiple alignments of all four chemokine genes. Each set of probes and primers aligned and matched with overlapping sequences in at least two of the four genes, indicating that previously utilized RT-PCR based CNV assays are not specific for only CCL3L1. The four available assays measured median copies of 2 and 3-4 in European and African American, respectively. The concordance between the assays ranged from 0.44-0.83 suggesting individual discordant calls and inconsistencies with the assays from the expected gene coverage from the known sequence. Conclusions This indicates that some of the inconsistencies in the association studies could be due to assays that provide heterogenous results. Sequence information to determine CNV of the three genes separately would allow to test whether their association with the pathogenesis of a human disease or phenotype is affected by an individual gene or by a combination of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeep Shrestha
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Public Health, 1665 University Blvd, RPHB Room 217L, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0022, USA.
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Huik K, Sadam M, Karki T, Avi R, Krispin T, Paap P, Rüütel K, Uusküla A, Talu A, Abel-Ollo K, Lutsar I. CCL3L1 copy number is a strong genetic determinant of HIV seropositivity in Caucasian intravenous drug users. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:730-9. [PMID: 20095832 DOI: 10.1086/650491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high copy number of CCL3L1, the most potent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-suppressive chemokine, associates with reduced HIV susceptibility. Whether CCL3L1 influences acquisition of multiple blood-borne infections (eg, hepatitis C virus [HCV], HIV, and hepatitis B virus [HBV] infections), which occur commonly among injection drug users (IDUs), is unknown. METHODS We determined CCL3L1 copy number by real-time polymerase chain reaction among 374 Caucasian IDUs from Estonia; 285 were HCV positive, 208 were HIV positive, 177 were HCV and HIV positive, and 57 were HCV and HIV negative. RESULTS In univariate and multivariate analyses, HCV and HBV seropositivity and duration of IDU each strongly predicted HIV seropositivity. A high CCL3L1 copy number (>2) was associated with an 80% reduced risk of acquiring HIV infection after adjusting for age, sex, HCV and HBV status, CCR5-Delta32 polymorphism, and IDU duration (odds ratio, 0.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.09-0.45). By contrast, CCL3L1 gene dose did not influence HCV seropositivity. Among HCV-positive IDUs, there was a 3.5-fold overrepresentation and 65% underrepresentation of a high CCL3L1 copy number among HCV-positive, HIV-negative subjects and HCV-positive, HIV-positive subjects, respectively. CONCLUSION Among IDUs with extensive exposure to HCV and HIV, CCL3L1 copy number is a major determinant of HIV seropositivity but not of HCV seropositivity. The contrasting distribution of a protective high CCL3L1 copy number among HCV-positive, HIV-negative IDUs versus HCV-positive, HIV-positive IDUs may reflect that HIV preferentially selects for subjects with a low CCL3L1 gene dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Huik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Joubert BR, Lange EM, Franceschini N, Mwapasa V, North KE, Meshnick SR. A whole genome association study of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Malawi. Genome Med 2010; 2:17. [PMID: 20487506 PMCID: PMC2873795 DOI: 10.1186/gm138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 300,000 children are newly infected with HIV each year, predominantly through mother-to-child transmission (HIV MTCT). Identification of host genetic traits associated with transmission may more clearly explain the mechanisms of HIV MTCT and further the development of a vaccine to protect infants from infection. Associations between transmission and a selection of genes or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)s may give an incomplete picture of HIV MTCT etiology. Thus, this study employed a genome-wide association approach to identify novel variants associated with HIV MTCT. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study of HIV MTCT using infants of HIV(+) mothers, drawn from a cohort study of malaria and HIV in pregnancy in Blantyre, Malawi. Whole genome scans (650,000 SNPs genotyped using Illumina genotyping assays) were obtained for each infant. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between each SNP and HIV MTCT. RESULTS Genotype results were available for 100 HIV(+) infants (at birth, 6, or 12 weeks) and 126 HIV(-) infants (at birth, 6, and 12 weeks). We identified 9 SNPs within 6 genes with a P-value < 5 × 10(-5) associated with the risk of transmission, in either unadjusted or adjusted by maternal HIV viral load analyses. Carriers of the rs8069770 variant allele were associated with a lower risk of HIV MTCT (odds ratio = 0.27, 95% confidence interval = 0.14, 0.51), where rs8069770 is located within HS3ST3A1, a gene involved in heparan sulfate biosynthesis. Interesting associations for SNPs located within or near genes involved in pregnancy and development, innate immunological response, or HIV protein interactions were also observed. CONCLUSIONS This study used a genome-wide approach to identify novel variants associated with the risk of HIV MTCT in order to gain new insights into HIV MTCT etiology. Replication of this work using a larger sample size will help us to differentiate true positive findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie R Joubert
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ethan M Lange
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Victor Mwapasa
- College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Steven R Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Shalekoff S, Meddows-Taylor S, Schramm DB, Gray G, Sherman G, Coovadia A, Kuhn L, Tiemessen CT. Single-dose nevirapine exposure affects T cell response and cytokine levels in HIV type 1-infected women. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:1049-53. [PMID: 19795988 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Shalekoff
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephen Meddows-Taylor
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Diana B. Schramm
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Glenda Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto, South Africa
| | - Gayle Sherman
- National Health Laboratory Services and University of the Witwatersrand, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ashraf Coovadia
- Empilweni Clinic, Coronation Women and Children Hospital, Enhancing Childhood HIV Outcomes (ECHO), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Centre, College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Caroline T. Tiemessen
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Tiemessen CT, Shalekoff S, Meddows-Taylor S, Schramm DB, Papathanasopoulos MA, Gray GE, Sherman GG, Coovadia AH, Kuhn L. Cutting Edge: Unusual NK cell responses to HIV-1 peptides are associated with protection against maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5914-8. [PMID: 19414742 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most infants exposed to HIV-1 in utero and at delivery do not acquire infection. We show that mothers and infants who have CD3-negative cells that respond to HIV-1 peptides are substantially less likely to transmit and acquire infection, respectively. The CD3-negative cells, shown to be NK cells, respond with remarkable specificity and high magnitude to HIV-1 peptides from Env (envelope) and Reg (regulatory) protein regions, as measured by a whole blood intracellular cytokine assay only in the context of HIV-1 infection or exposure. These findings identify an important new measure of protective immunity to HIV-1 that highlights the importance of innate immunity in preventing the establishment of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline T Tiemessen
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, South Africa
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20
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Shalekoff S, Meddows-Taylor S, Gray GE, Sherman GG, Coovadia AH, Kuhn L, Tiemessen CT. Identification of human immunodeficiency virus-1 specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses in perinatally-infected infants and their mothers. AIDS 2009; 23:789-98. [PMID: 19293686 PMCID: PMC2761599 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328329c784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few data describing the specificity, breadth and magnitude of T cell responses to HIV-1 in infancy. METHODS HIV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses to peptide pools representing Gag, Env, Pol, Nef and the regulatory regions (Reg) were simultaneously measured in 18 perinatally-infected infants and 14 of their chronically-infected mothers, using a whole blood interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma flow cytometric intracellular cytokine staining assay. RESULTS HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses were detected in all the infants aged 6 weeks and older (range 0.1-6.62%) and their mothers (range 0.1-4.89%). HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses were detected in 33% of the infants (range 0.11-0.54%) and 73% of the mothers (range 0.16-0.84). CD8+ T cell responses in the mothers were almost equally spread between the variable (Nef, Reg and Env) and conserved proteins (Gag and Pol). Conversely, CD8+ T cell responses to the more variable proteins dominated in the perinatally-infected infants comprising 74% of the total response. Interestingly, mothers and infants shared responses to at least one peptide pool, whereas only one mother-infant pair shared a peptide pool targeted by CD4+ T cells. Two in-utero-infected infants tested at birth had CD8+ T cell responses, and one of them had an Env-specific CD4 T cell response. CONCLUSION Our observations that HIV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses can be detected in perinatally-infected infants from 6 weeks of age and that CD8+ T cell responses predominantly target the variable proteins have important implications for HIV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Shalekoff
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
| | - Stephen Meddows-Taylor
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
| | - Glenda E. Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto
| | - Gayle G. Sherman
- National Health Laboratory Services
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Ashraf H. Coovadia
- Empilweni Clinic, Coronation Women and Children Hospital, Enhancing Childhood HIV Outcomes (ECHO), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Centre, College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Caroline T. Tiemessen
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
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Kaur G, Mehra N. Genetic determinants of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS: susceptibility to HIV infection. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2009; 73:289-301. [PMID: 19317737 PMCID: PMC7169862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Interindividual variability in susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, its transmission, disease progression, and response to antiviral therapy has been attributed to host determinants and variability in multiple genes. Although most people exposed to the virus go on to develop full-blown disease at variable intervals, a proportion of them, labeled as long-term nonprogressors or exposed uninfected, possess 'natural resistance' to infection. A better understanding of genetic and immunologic basis of such a natural resistance to infection would bear important implications in designing therapeutic vaccine designs. The genetic variants that could influence susceptibility to HIV-1 and limit AIDS vary in different populations and among individuals. Meta-analyses of large cohort studies have identified numerous 'AIDS restriction genes' that regulate HIV cell entry (particularly chemokine coreceptors and their ligands), acquired and innate immunity (major histocompatibility complex, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, and cytokines), and others [tripartite interaction motif 5 alpha (TRIM5alpha) and apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G] that influence outcome of HIV infection. Studies carried out in the Indian population with regard to genetic polymorphisms in chemokine receptors have shown that (i) the protective CCR5 Delta32 variant is rare, (ii) CCR5HHE carrying *59402A is associated with increased likelihood of infection and development of AIDS, and (iii) the Indian population generally has low CCL3L1 copy numbers (approximately 2.3). These data have implications in developing screening tests that could identify people at higher or lower risk of infection and rate of disease progression, predict vaccine responsiveness in clinical trials and understand the pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kaur
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Shostakovich-Koretskaya L, Catano G, Chykarenko ZA, He W, Gornalusse G, Mummidi S, Sanchez R, Dolan MJ, Ahuja SS, Clark RA, Kulkarni H, Ahuja SK. Combinatorial content of CCL3L and CCL4L gene copy numbers influence HIV-AIDS susceptibility in Ukrainian children. AIDS 2009; 23:679-88. [PMID: 19279442 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283270b3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CCL3L and CCL4L genes encode HIV-suppressive chemokines, colocalize on chromosome 17q12 and have copy number variation. Copy number variation of CCL3L associates with HIV-AIDS susceptibility. Here, we determined the influence of the combinatorial content of distinct CCL3L and CCL4L genes on HIV-AIDS susceptibility. METHODS By designing gene-specific assays, the association between doses of all CCL3L or CCL4L genes or their individual duplicated components (CCL3La/b and CCL4La/b) with HIV-AIDS susceptibility was determined in 298 perinatally exposed Ukrainian children. RESULTS The odds of transmission was increased in children with less than two copies of CCL3L or CCL4L, compared with those with at least two copies, and 10-fold higher when both mother and offspring had less than two CCL3L or CCL4L copies, compared with mother-child pairs with at least two copies. The extent of the pair-wise correlations between CCL3La, CCL3Lb, CCL4La and CCL4Lb copy number varied extensively, with an inverse correlation between CCL4L genes that transcribe a classical chemokine (CCL4La) versus aberrantly-spliced transcripts (CCL4Lb). Children possessing only CCL4Lb progressed four times faster to AIDS than those with only CCL4La. A lower content of CCL3L and CCL4L genes that transcribe classical chemokines was associated with enhanced HIV-AIDS susceptibility. CONCLUSION Transmission risk is greatest when mother and offspring both have low CCL3L or CCL4L gene doses. The impact on HIV-AIDS susceptibility of the chemokine gene-rich locus on 17q12 is dependent on the balance between the doses of genes conferring protective (CCL3La and CCL4La) versus detrimental (CCL4Lb) effects. Hence, the combinatorial genomic content of distinct genes within a copy number variable region may determine disease susceptibility.
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Degenhardt JD, de Candia P, Chabot A, Schwartz S, Henderson L, Ling B, Hunter M, Jiang Z, Palermo RE, Katze M, Eichler EE, Ventura M, Rogers J, Marx P, Gilad Y, Bustamante CD. Copy number variation of CCL3-like genes affects rate of progression to simian-AIDS in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta). PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000346. [PMID: 19165326 PMCID: PMC2621346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in genes underlying host immunity can lead to marked differences in susceptibility to HIV infection among humans. Despite heavy reliance on non-human primates as models for HIV/AIDS, little is known about which host factors are shared and which are unique to a given primate lineage. Here, we investigate whether copy number variation (CNV) at CCL3-like genes (CCL3L), a key genetic host factor for HIV/AIDS susceptibility and cell-mediated immune response in humans, is also a determinant of time until onset of simian-AIDS in rhesus macaques. Using a retrospective study of 57 rhesus macaques experimentally infected with SIVmac, we find that CCL3L CNV explains approximately 18% of the variance in time to simian-AIDS (p<0.001) with lower CCL3L copy number associating with more rapid disease course. We also find that CCL3L copy number varies significantly (p<10(-6)) among rhesus subpopulations, with Indian-origin macaques having, on average, half as many CCL3L gene copies as Chinese-origin macaques. Lastly, we confirm that CCL3L shows variable copy number in humans and chimpanzees and report on CCL3L CNV within and among three additional primate species. On the basis of our findings we suggest that (1) the difference in population level copy number may explain previously reported observations of longer post-infection survivorship of Chinese-origin rhesus macaques, (2) stratification by CCL3L copy number in rhesus SIV vaccine trials will increase power and reduce noise due to non-vaccine-related differences in survival, and (3) CCL3L CNV is an ancestral component of the primate immune response and, therefore, copy number variation has not been driven by HIV or SIV per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah D. Degenhardt
- Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Paola de Candia
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Adrien Chabot
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stuart Schwartz
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Les Henderson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Binhua Ling
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Meredith Hunter
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Zhaoshi Jiang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Palermo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Katze
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Evan E. Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mario Ventura
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Universita' degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, and Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Preston Marx
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Yoav Gilad
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YG); (CDB)
| | - Carlos D. Bustamante
- Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YG); (CDB)
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Gornalusse G, Mummidi S, He W, Silvestri G, Bamshad M, Ahuja SK. CCL3L Copy number variation and the co-evolution of primate and viral genomes. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000359. [PMID: 19180232 PMCID: PMC2628739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- German Gornalusse
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Srinivas Mummidi
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Weijing He
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mike Bamshad
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genome Sciences, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sunil K. Ahuja
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Kulkarni H, Marconi VC, Agan BK, McArthur C, Crawford G, Clark RA, Dolan MJ, Ahuja SK. Role of CCL3L1-CCR5 genotypes in the epidemic spread of HIV-1 and evaluation of vaccine efficacy. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3671. [PMID: 18989363 PMCID: PMC2576446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms in CCR5, the major coreceptor for HIV, and CCL3L1, a potent CCR5 ligand and HIV-suppressive chemokine, are determinants of HIV-AIDS susceptibility. Here, we mathematically modeled the potential impact of these genetic factors on the epidemic spread of HIV, as well as on its prevention. METHODS AND RESULTS Ro, the basic reproductive number, is a fundamental concept in explaining the emergence and persistence of epidemics. By modeling sexual transmission among HIV+/HIV- partner pairs, we find that Ro estimates, and concordantly, the temporal and spatial patterns of HIV outgrowth are highly dependent on the infecting partners' CCL3L1-CCR5 genotype. Ro was least and highest when the infected partner possessed protective and detrimental CCL3L1-CCR5 genotypes, respectively. The modeling data indicate that in populations such as Pygmies with a high CCL3L1 gene dose and protective CCR5 genotypes, the spread of HIV might be minimal. Additionally, Pc, the critical vaccination proportion, an estimate of the fraction of the population that must be vaccinated successfully to eradicate an epidemic was <1 only when the infected partner had a protective CCL3L1-CCR5 genotype. Since in practice Pc cannot be >1, to prevent epidemic spread, population groups defined by specific CCL3L1-CCR5 genotypes might require repeated vaccination, or as our models suggest, a vaccine with an efficacy of >70%. Further, failure to account for CCL3L1-CCR5-based genetic risk might confound estimates of vaccine efficacy. For example, in a modeled trial of 500 subjects, misallocation of CCL3L1-CCR5 genotype of only 25 (5%) subjects between placebo and vaccine arms results in a relative error of approximately 12% from the true vaccine efficacy. CONCLUSIONS CCL3L1-CCR5 genotypes may impact on the dynamics of the HIV epidemic and, consequently, the observed heterogeneous global distribution of HIV infection. As Ro is lowest when the infecting partner has beneficial CCL3L1-CCR5 genotypes, we infer that therapeutic vaccines directed towards reducing the infectivity of the host may play a role in halting epidemic spread. Further, CCL3L1-CCR5 genotype may provide critical guidance for optimizing the design and evaluation of HIV-1 vaccine trials and prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kulkarni
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vincent C. Marconi
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Service, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
- San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brian K. Agan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carole McArthur
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - George Crawford
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Clark
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Dolan
- Infectious Disease Service, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
- San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sunil K. Ahuja
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Kulkarni H, Agan BK, Marconi VC, O'Connell RJ, Camargo JF, He W, Delmar J, Phelps KR, Crawford G, Clark RA, Dolan MJ, Ahuja SK. CCL3L1-CCR5 genotype improves the assessment of AIDS Risk in HIV-1-infected individuals. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3165. [PMID: 18776933 PMCID: PMC2522281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether vexing clinical decision-making dilemmas can be partly addressed by recent advances in genomics is unclear. For example, when to initiate highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during HIV-1 infection remains a clinical dilemma. This decision relies heavily on assessing AIDS risk based on the CD4+ T cell count and plasma viral load. However, the trajectories of these two laboratory markers are influenced, in part, by polymorphisms in CCR5, the major HIV coreceptor, and the gene copy number of CCL3L1, a potent CCR5 ligand and HIV-suppressive chemokine. Therefore, we determined whether accounting for both genetic and laboratory markers provided an improved means of assessing AIDS risk. METHODS AND FINDINGS In a prospective, single-site, ethnically-mixed cohort of 1,132 HIV-positive subjects, we determined the AIDS risk conveyed by the laboratory and genetic markers separately and in combination. Subjects were assigned to a low, moderate or high genetic risk group (GRG) based on variations in CCL3L1 and CCR5. The predictive value of the CCL3L1-CCR5 GRGs, as estimated by likelihood ratios, was equivalent to that of the laboratory markers. GRG status also predicted AIDS development when the laboratory markers conveyed a contrary risk. Additionally, in two separate and large groups of HIV+ subjects from a natural history cohort, the results from additive risk-scoring systems and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis revealed that the laboratory and CCL3L1-CCR5 genetic markers together provided more prognostic information than either marker alone. Furthermore, GRGs independently predicted the time interval from seroconversion to CD4+ cell count thresholds used to guide HAART initiation. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the laboratory and genetic markers captures a broader spectrum of AIDS risk than either marker alone. By tracking a unique aspect of AIDS risk distinct from that captured by the laboratory parameters, CCL3L1-CCR5 genotypes may have utility in HIV clinical management. These findings illustrate how genomic information might be applied to achieve practical benefits of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kulkarni
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brian K. Agan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Service, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
- San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vincent C. Marconi
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Service, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
- San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert J. O'Connell
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Service, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jose F. Camargo
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Weijing He
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Judith Delmar
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Service, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
- San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenneth R. Phelps
- Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - George Crawford
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Clark
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Dolan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Service, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, United States of America
- San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sunil K. Ahuja
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Nakajima T, Kimura A. Genetic factors that confer sensitivity to HAART in HIV-infected subjects: implication of a benefit of an earlier initiation of HAART. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 9:1347-51. [DOI: 10.2217/14622416.9.9.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of: Ahuja SK, Kulkarni H, Catano G et al.: CCL3L1-CCR5 genotype influences durability of immune recovery during antiretroviral therapy of HIV-1-infected individuals. Nat. Med. 14(4), 413–420 (2008). It is widely accepted that the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) varies widely among HIV-infected individuals. Host genetic factors are thought to be linked to the sensitivity to HAART in HIV-infected individuals. Ahuja et al. attempted to identify the genes that determine the sensitivity to HAART in HIV-infected subjects. Based on the hypothesis that CD4+ depletion and the recovery process in HIV-infected subjects are under the control of specific common genetic pathways, they evaluated the associations of genetic variations, such as CCR5 genotype, CCL3L1 copy number variation and HLA alleles, with the sensitivity to HAART in two cohorts from the USA. They found that the CCL3L1-CCR5 genetic risk status, but not HLA-B*57, is apparently a good predictor of the recovery rate of CD4+ T cells during HAART. In particular, the recovery rate of CD4+ T cells during HAART has the most sensitive association with the copy number of CCL3L1. Furthermore, Ahuja et al. studied the impact of CCL3L1-CCR5 genetic risks in HIV-infected individuals initiating HAART during acute or early infection. They suggested that CCL3L1-CCR5 genetic risk status may be a useful guide in deciding whether to initiate HAART in HIV-infected subjects with a level of 350 CD4+ T cells/mm3or more. This study has provided a critical breakthrough in predicting the response to HAART in HIV-infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory of Genome Diversity, School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinori Kimura
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory of Genome Diversity, School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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