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Darmawan G, Liman LMS, Wibowo SAK, Hamijoyo L, Apriani L, Atik N, Alisjahbana B, Sahiratmadja E. Global tuberculosis disease and infection in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lupus 2024; 33:555-573. [PMID: 38490946 DOI: 10.1177/09612033241239504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common infections among systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. We aimed to evaluate the global prevalence of TB infection and disease, its type, and medication risk factors in SLE patients. METHODS We searched PubMed, Science Direct, EBSCO, and Web of Science databases from inception to April 30, 2023, and included studies assessing TB among SLE patients. We estimated the prevalence of TB disease (including type of TB disease), TB infection, and SLE medication as TB risk factors. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 14.2 and Review Manager 5.3. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies met the eligibility criteria. The global prevalence of TB disease was 4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 3-4%, n = 25) and TB infection was 18% (95% CI: 10-26%, n = 3). The pooled prevalence of pulmonary TB, extrapulmonary TB, and disseminated TB were 2% (95% CI: 2-3%, n = 20), 1% (95% CI: 1-2%, n = 17), and 1% (95% CI: 0-1%, n = 6), respectively. The 1-year cumulative glucocorticoid (GC) dose in SLE patients contracting TB was higher than in those without TB, having a mean difference of 2.56 (95% CI: 0.22-4.91, p < .00001, n = 3). The odd ratio of TB was 2.11 (95% CI: 1.01-4.41, p = .05, n = 3) in SLE patients receiving methylprednisolone (MP) pulse therapy as compared to those without MP pulse therapy. Other immunosuppressive agents were not significantly associated with TB. CONCLUSION TB prevalence in SLE was relatively high and associated with GC. Awareness of TB and lowering GC dose are warranted to alleviate the TB burden in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guntur Darmawan
- Doctoral Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Krida Wacana Christian University, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Suryo Anggoro Kusumo Wibowo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Laniyati Hamijoyo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Lika Apriani
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Nur Atik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Bachti Alisjahbana
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Edhyana Sahiratmadja
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Al-arbi KMS, Magula NP, Mody GM. Tuberculosis remains a major burden in systemic lupus erythematosus patients in Durban, South Africa. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1118390. [PMID: 36936236 PMCID: PMC10014752 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1118390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Infections are common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with tuberculosis (TB) being important in an endemic environment. We studied the prevalence and spectrum of TB in SLE in Durban, South Africa. Methods A medical records review of SLE patients seen over 13-year period, and the demographic data, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome were noted. Results There were 512 SLE patients and 72 (14.1%) had TB. Thirty (41.7%) had pulmonary TB (PTB) and 42 (58.3%) had extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB). The prevalence of TB among the different ethnic groups was 36/282 (12.8%) for Indian people, 29/184 (15.8%) Black African people, 7/26 (26.9%) admixed African people and none among the 18 White people. Comparison of the 72 SLE-TB patients with 72 SLE controls showed no difference in gender, age at SLE diagnosis and disease duration. The SLE-TB patients had a significant increase in the clinical and laboratory features of disease activity (arthritis, mucocutaneous lesions, renal involvement, vasculitis, low complement, raised ds-DNA antibodies), and cumulative prednisone use over the preceding 3 months.Compared to PTB, the EPTB patients were significantly younger, developed TB earlier after SLE diagnosis, and had higher disease activity. The EPTB patients also had increase in features of disease activity (renal, thrombocytopenia, ds-DNA antibodies), and increase in ever use of intravenous methylprednisolone (IV-MP) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). On multivariate analysis, the independent risk factors for EPTB were ever use of MMF (p = 0.003) and IV-MP (p = 0.027). Analysis of the cumulative SLE criteria showed renal involvement was an independent risk factor for EPTB. The outcome was similar in both groups. Conclusion We show an increased prevalence of TB (14.1%) and EPTB (58.3%) in SLE in an endemic area and confirm that features of disease activity and use of immunosuppressive therapy are the major risk factors. Renal involvement (as a cumulative criterion) is an independent risk factor for EPTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Mohamed Sefow Al-arbi
- Department of Rheumatology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal and Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nombulelo P. Magula
- Division of Internal Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Girish M. Mody
- Department of Rheumatology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal and Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Girish M. Mody,
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Wu Q, Liu Y, Wang W, Zhang Y, Liu K, Chen SH, Chen B. Incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:938406. [PMID: 35935948 PMCID: PMC9355093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.938406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients are particularly susceptible to infections, such as pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). This meta-analysis aimed to determine the incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in SLE patients. Methods The Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched for articles of relevant studies published from the dates the databases were established until April 30, 2022. The I2 statistic and Q test were used to evaluate heterogeneity among the analysed studies. Random-effects models were utilised and subgroup analyses were conducted for analysis of the study data. Results A total of 35 studies with 46,327 SLE patients were eligible for analysis. The incidence and prevalence of TB among the SLE patients were 1.16 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69-1.93) and 3.59% (95% CI: 2.57%-5.02%), respectively. The pooled prevalence of SLE-PTB and SLE-EPTB was 2.46% (95% CI: 1.73%-3.51%) and 1.42% (95% CI: 0.98%-2.06%), respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that the incidence of SLE-TB was higher in Africa and in countries with a high TB burden than in countries with a low TB burden. The prevalence of SLE-TB was elevated in Asia, in patients taking a mean daily dose of glucocorticoids ≥20 mg, in studies with small sample sizes (n <1000) and ended before 2001. Conclusions The available evidence suggests that both the incidence and prevalence of TB in SLE patients are high. This study provides a more specific understanding of SLE-TB, which can help health policymakers in the development of preventive strategies for reducing the SLE-TB burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kui Liu
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Song-Hua Chen
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Chen,
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Molooghi K, Sheybani F, Naderi H, Mirfeizi Z, Morovatdar N, Baradaran A. Central nervous system infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lupus Sci Med 2022; 9:9/1/e000560. [PMID: 34980679 PMCID: PMC8724813 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2021-000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on central nervous system (CNS) infections in patients with SLE, in order to describe their clinical and microbiological characteristics, and outcomes. A systematic search of PubMed/Medline and Embase electronic databases was performed (March 2021) to identify all published studies on CNS infections and their characteristics in patients with SLE. A random-effects model was adopted and findings were reported with 95% CI. Overall, 6 studies involving 17 751 patients with SLE and 209 SLE cases with CNS infection were included in our meta-analysis. The frequency rate of CNS infections in patients with SLE was 0.012 (95% CI: 0.008 to 0.018). Meningitis was the most common clinical syndrome (93.5%, n=109/114, 95% CI: 82.6% to 97.8%) and Cryptococcus neoformans (35.9%, n=55, 95% CI: 27.2% to 45.7%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (27.1%, n=43, 95% CI: 14.6% to 44.8%) were the most common causative pathogens. Our patient-pool showed a mean SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score of 7.9 (95% CI: 6.1 to 9.6), while 92.4% (n=72/76, 95% CI: 83.0% to 96.8%) of cases were on oral systemic corticosteroids, with a prednisone equivalent mean daily dose of 30.9 mg/day (95% CI: 18.0 to 43.7). Our meta-analysis revealed a mortality rate of 29.0% (95% CI: 15.0% to 48.6%). Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for cryptococcal and tuberculosis (TB) meningitis in patients with SLE with suspected CNS infection, particularly in those with higher SLEDAI and on higher doses of systemic corticosteroids. In conclusion, initiation of empiric antituberculous treatment for patients with SLE who are highly suspected to have CNS TB is warranted while awaiting the results of diagnostic tests. Antifungals might also be potentially useful empirically in patients with SLE who are suspected to have fungal CNS infections. However, with respect to side effects such as toxicity and high cost of antifungals, decision regarding early antifungal therapy should be guided by early and less time-consuming fungal diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Molooghi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fereshte Sheybani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Naderi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Mirfeizi
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negar Morovatdar
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ashkan Baradaran
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Muhammed H, Jain A, Pattanaik SS, Chatterjee R, Naveen R, Kabeer H, Gupta L, Misra DP, Agarwal V, Lawrence A, Misra R, Aggarwal A. Clinical spectrum of active tuberculosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 2021; 41:2185-2193. [PMID: 34191047 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-021-04933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is paucity of data on tuberculosis in Indian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We retrospectively studied clinical features and outcome of tuberculosis in SLE. METHODS Medical records of patients who developed tuberculosis simultaneous or after the diagnosis of SLE were retrospectively reviewed. All patients fulfilled 1997 ACR and/or SLICC 2012 classification criteria for SLE. A diagnosis of tuberculosis required bacteriological, histopathological or CT/MRI suggestive of tuberculosis and initiation of four drug antituberculous therapy. Baseline parameters were compared with the rest of cohort to identify predictors of tuberculosis. RESULTS In our cohort of 1335 SLE patients, 48 (3.6%) developed tuberculosis. Incidence of tuberculosis was calculated to be 733 per 100,000 patient years and occurred after a mean disease duration of 3.0 ± 4.1 years. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (n = 37) was commoner than pulmonary tuberculosis (n =11). Most common radiological pattern in pulmonary tuberculosis was miliary and musculoskeletal TB was most common extrapulmonary TB. A microbiological diagnosis was obtained in 52.1% patients. Male gender was associated with higher risk of tuberculosis [OR 3.30 (1.55-7.05)]. Mortality was 14.5% and all patients who died had either disseminated (n = 5) or central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (n = 2). CONCLUSION Incidence of tuberculosis in SLE is higher than general population and is associated with different phenotype and higher mortality. Male gender was associated with increased risk of tuberculosis in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafis Muhammed
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India.,Department of General Medicine, Government Medical College, Calicut, India
| | - Avinash Jain
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India.,Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, India
| | - Sarit Sekhar Pattanaik
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Rudrarpan Chatterjee
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - R Naveen
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Hina Kabeer
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Latika Gupta
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Durga P Misra
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Vikas Agarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Able Lawrence
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Ramnath Misra
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Amita Aggarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India.
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6
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Nataprawira HM, Sapartini G, Indriani K. Delayed Diagnosis of Tuberculoma in a Child with Nephritis due to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Turk Thorac J 2018; 19:153-155. [PMID: 30083408 DOI: 10.5152/turkthoracj.2018.17033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculoma is one of the manifestations of tuberculosis infection in the central nervous system. Even though its prevalence is only 1%, the mortality rate is high. Clinical presentation in immunocompromised patients with tuberculoma maybe different, thus making the diagnosis difficult. We present the case of a 13-year-old girl who was admitted for routine intravenous administration of cyclophosphamide and steroid therapy for nephritis due to systemic lupus erythematosus. She experienced severe headache and focal seizure on the second day of hospitalization. Neurology examination did not show any abnormalities. The Xpert MTB/RIF from the cerebrospinal fluid and sputum yielded negative results. Computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging showed tuberculoma with caseous necrosisaround the fibrous capsule in the right occipital lobe of the brain. Electroencephalography showed no abnormalities. Clinical improvement was seen after 3weeks of treatment; however, antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heda Melinda Nataprawira
- Division of Respirology, Department of Child Health, Padjadjaran University School of Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Gartika Sapartini
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Padjadjaran University School of Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ketut Indriani
- Department of Child Health, Padjadjaran University School of Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
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8
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Li JCH, Fong W, Wijaya L, Leung YY. Disseminated tuberculosis masquerading as a presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 21:352-355. [PMID: 28971575 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) infection is the endemic in Asia-Pacific region. Miliary TB is a disseminated form which may present similarly as autoimmune conditions. Here we describe a 17-year-old girl who had miliary TB with manifestations mimicking new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) including oral ulcers, serositis, cytopenia, proteinuria and raised autoantibody titers. Complex associations between SLE and TB are highlighted. High index of clinical suspicion for TB infection is needed upon presentations resembling immune diseases like SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C-H Li
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Li Ka Shing, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Warren Fong
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Limin Wijaya
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Infectious Disease, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Y Leung
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Hussein DAEM, Habeeb RAEM, El-Azizi NO, Salah El-Deen NNM, Morad CS, Hawwash AM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. THE EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Cooray S, Zhang H, Breen R, Carr-White G, Howard R, Cuadrado M, D’Cruz D, Sanna G. Cerebral tuberculosis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus following cyclophosphamide treatment: a case report. Lupus 2017; 27:670-675. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203317722849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Cooray
- Louise Coote Lupus Unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - H Zhang
- Louise Coote Lupus Unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R Breen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - G Carr-White
- Cardiothoracic Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R Howard
- Department of Neurology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M Cuadrado
- Louise Coote Lupus Unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - D D’Cruz
- Louise Coote Lupus Unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - G Sanna
- Louise Coote Lupus Unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Bhattacharya PK, Jamil M, Roy A, Talukdar KK. SLE and Tuberculosis: A Case Series and Review of Literature. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:OR01-OR03. [PMID: 28384925 PMCID: PMC5376776 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/22749.9398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Tuberculosis (TB) are intricately related with an increase in the risk of TB in SLE. Primary mechanisms pertaining to the increased susceptibility for TB are the inherent immunodeficient state of SLE and use of immunosuppressant agents in the treatment of SLE. We report a case series of five female patients of SLE with TB who presented between January 2015 and December 2015 in a tertiary care teaching hospital in North Eastern India. All the patients were young to middle aged females having SLE with or without lupus nephritis who were on immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids, mycophenolate mofetil or cyclophosphamide. Two of the cases had sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis while rest had Extra-Pulmonary TB (EPTB). The response to anti-tubercular therapy led to clinical improvement in all the cases except one who had an adverse outcome. Our series further substantiates the increased risk of TB in SLE thus, prompting further research towards better management of these two disease entities in conjunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Kumar Bhattacharya
- Professor and Head, Department of General Medicine, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Md Jamil
- Assistant Professor, Department of General Medicine, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Aakash Roy
- Postgraduate Student, Department of General Medicine, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Kishore Kumar Talukdar
- Postgraduate Student, Department of General Medicine, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
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12
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Ruangnapa K, Dissaneewate P, Vachvanichsanong P. Tuberculosis in SLE patients: rare diagnosis, risky treatment. Clin Exp Med 2014; 15:429-32. [PMID: 25099176 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-014-0302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We document three cases of tuberculosis (TB) in 237 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Their ages at SLE and TB diagnoses were 13/15, 10/25, and 13/24 years. All were female and in all the TB was diagnosed during a period of lupus flare-up when they were receiving prednisolone and other immunosuppressive drugs. All three patients had extrapulmonary TB: Two had miliary TB and one had disseminated TB through the muscles, left knee joint, and lungs. All three patients experienced anti-TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity manifesting as jaundice along with elevated transaminase enzymes from the first-line anti-TB drugs they received, leading to a change to second-line drugs in two of them. In conclusion, although TB in SLE patients is not common, it should be considered when a patient is nonresponsive to the SLE treatment. Higher rates of extrapulmonary TB and anti-TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity in SLE patients with TB were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokpan Ruangnapa
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Thailand
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Parker JJ, Svingos RS, Reeder DN, Grieser E. A rare cause of blindness. J Emerg Med 2013; 45:e27-e30. [PMID: 23522955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) infection remains a serious problem in many underdeveloped countries. TB is largely perceived as a disease affecting the pulmonary system, yet despite declining cases of pulmonary TB in the United States (US), extrapulmonary infections are being reported at an increasing proportion of total TB cases. Moreover, due to the insidious nature of extrapulmonary TB (EPTB), it may not be readily recognized by emergency physicians, as it masquerades as more commonly encountered infectious or inflammatory processes. OBJECTIVES The incidence of ocular TB infection varies widely by geographic area, but has historically been low in the US. However, a resurgence of TB in developed European nations is cause for concern, as an increasing percentage of these infections have revealed ocular involvement. CASE REPORT We present a case report of blindness caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and highlight some of the challenges the emergency physician may encounter when diagnosing EPTB. The case includes the patient's treatment course and subsequent follow-up. CONCLUSION Loss of vision may be a presenting complaint for active tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Parker
- Emergency Department, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
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16
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Takeda N, Nojima T, Terao C, Yukawa N, Kawabata D, Ohmura K, Usui T, Fujii T, Ito Y, Iinuma Y, Mimori T. Interferon-gamma release assay for diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2011; 20:792-800. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203310397966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to analyze the performance of an interferon-gamma release assay, QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT-2G), for diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We performed the QFT-2G and tuberculin skin test (TST) in 71 SLE patients. The QFT-2G results of 279 patients with other connective tissue diseases (CTD) and 35 healthy controls were analyzed. Of the 71 SLE patients, two (2.8%) were positive and 46 (64.8%) were negative by QFT-2G. All SLE patients had no evidence of active MTB infection, apart from one. QFT-2G produced a significantly higher number of indeterminate results in patients with SLE (23/71, 32.4%) compared with those with other CTD (5.7%) or healthy controls (0%) ( p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001). Decreased lymphocyte counts and high SLEDAI scores in SLE patients were shown to be risk factors for indeterminate results by multivariate analysis ( p = 0.02 and p = 0.04). Among all patients with CTD, SLE itself and lymphocytopenia were found to be independent risks for indeterminate results ( p = 0.00000625 and p = 0.000107). In conclusion, QFT-2G may have more potential to assist in the diagnosis of active and latent MTB infection than TST in SLE patients. However, because of the high frequency of indeterminate results, caution must be used when interpreting the results of QFT-2G among SLE patients, especially those who have parallel or subsequent flares.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Takeda
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Nojima
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - C Terao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - N Yukawa
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - D Kawabata
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Ohmura
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Usui
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Fujii
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y Iinuma
- Department of Clinical Infection Disease, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - T Mimori
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
Intraocular manifestations of tuberculosis (TB) are rare, but TB infection is common worldwide, especially in developing economies, and in immigrant populations and immunocompromised patients in developed nations. The current review focuses on the clinical characteristics and diagnostic modalities useful in the diagnosis of intraocular TB. Specifically, IFN-gamma Release Assays (IGRAs), antigen-detection assays, and polymerase chain reactions will be discussed. Clinical management of TB patients includes counseling and testing for HIV infection. The use of corticosteroids along with anti-tuberculous medications and special therapeutic considerations in immunocompromised patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Cutrufello
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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