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Kerr MD, Johnson WT, McBride DA, Chumber AK, Shah NJ. Biodegradable scaffolds for enhancing vaccine delivery. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10591. [PMID: 38023723 PMCID: PMC10658593 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained release of vaccine components is a potential method to boost efficacy compared with traditional bolus injection. Here, we show that a biodegradable hyaluronic acid (HA)-scaffold, termed HA cryogel, mediates sustained antigen and adjuvant release in vivo leading to a durable immune response. Delivery from subcutaneously injected HA cryogels was assessed and a formulation which enhanced the immune response while minimizing the inflammation associated with the foreign body response was identified, termed CpG-OVA-HAC2. Dose escalation studies with CpG-OVA-HAC2 demonstrated that both the antibody and T cell responses were dose-dependent and influenced by the competency of neutrophils to perform oxidative burst. In immunodeficient post-hematopoietic stem cell transplanted mice, immunization with CpG-OVA-HAC2 elicited a strong antibody response, three orders of magnitude higher than dose-matched bolus injection. In a melanoma model, CpG-OVA-HAC2 induced dose-responsive prophylactic protection, slowing the tumor growth rate and enhancing overall survival. Upon rechallenge, none of the mice developed new tumors suggesting the development of robust immunological memory and long-lasting protection against repeat infections. CpG-OVA-HAC2 also enhanced survival in mice with established tumors. The results from this work support the potential for CpG-OVA-HAC2 to enhance vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Kerr
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Wade T. Johnson
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - David A. McBride
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Arun K. Chumber
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nisarg J. Shah
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Chemical Engineering ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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Li L, Du J, Liu S, Yang R, Xu X, Yang Y, Ma X, Li G, Liu S, Li G, Liang S. The potential role of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides on diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy mediated by P2Y12 receptor in rat stellate ganglia. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110044. [PMID: 37264553 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac autonomic neuropathy has a high prevalence in type 2 diabetes, which increases the risk of cardiovascular system disorders. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN), a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligand, has been shown to have cardioprotection and cellular protection. Our previous work showed that P2Y12 in stellate ganglia (SG) is involved in the process of diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy (DCAN). Here, we aim to investigate whether CpG-ODN 1826 plays a protective role in DCAN and whether this beneficial protection involves regulation of the P2Y12-mediated cardiac sympathetic injury. Our results revealed that CpG-ODN 1826 activated TLR9 receptor, improved the abnormal blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) and sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) activity in diabetic rats and reduced the up-regulated NF-κB, P2Y12 receptor, TNF-α and IL-1β in SG. Meanwhile, CpG-ODN 1826 significantly decreased the elevated ATP, nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4), iron, ROS and MDA levels and increased GPX4 and GSH levels. In addition, CpG-ODN 1826 contributes to maintain normalization of mitochondrial structure in SG. Overall, CpG-ODN 1826 alleviates the sympathetic excitation and abnormal neuron-glial signal communication via activating TLR9 receptors to achieve a balance of autonomic activity and relieve the DCAN in rats. The mechanism may involve the regulation of P2Y12 receptor in SG by reducing ATP release and NF-κB expression, which counteract neuroinflammation and ferroptosis mediated by activated P2Y12 in SG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Junpei Du
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Shipan Liu
- Undergraduate Student at Class 2103, First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Runan Yang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Xiumei Xu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Guilin Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Guodong Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China.
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Wall J, Naganathar S, Praditsuktavorn B, Bugg OF, McArthur S, Thiemermann C, Tremoleda JL, Brohi K. Modeling Cardiac Dysfunction Following Traumatic Hemorrhage Injury: Impact on Myocardial Integrity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2774. [PMID: 31866998 PMCID: PMC6908477 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction (CD) importantly contributes to mortality in trauma patients, who survive their initial injuries following successful hemostatic resuscitation. This poor outcome has been correlated with elevated biomarkers of myocardial injury, but the pathophysiology triggering this CD remains unknown. We investigated the pathophysiology of acute CD after trauma using a mouse model of trauma hemorrhage shock (THS)-induced CD with echocardiographic guidance of fluid resuscitation, to assess the THS impact on myocardial integrity and function. Mice were subjected to trauma (soft tissue and bone fracture) and different degrees of hemorrhage severity (pressure controlled ~MABP < 35 mmHg or <65 mmHg) for 1 h, to characterize the acute impact on cardiac function. In a second study, mice were subjected to trauma and hemorrhage (MABP < 35 mmHg) for 1 h, then underwent two echocardiographic-guided resuscitations to baseline stroke volume at 60 and 120 min, and were monitored up to 180 min to study the longer impact of THS following resuscitation. Naïve and sham animals were used as controls. At 60 min post-THS injury, animals showed a lower cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV) and an early rise of heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP = 167 ± 38 ng/ml; 90% increase from shams, 3.54 ± 3.06 ng/ml), when subjected to severe hemorrhage and injury. Despite resuscitation, these animals maintained lower CO (6 ml/min vs. 23 ml/min), lower SV (10 μl vs. 46 μl; both ~75% decreased), and higher H-FABP (levels (340 ± 115 ng/ml vs. 10.3 ± 0.2 ng/ml; all THS vs. shams, P < 0.001) at 180 min post-THS injury. Histopathological and flow-cytometry analysis of the heart confirmed an influx of circulatory leukocytes, compared to non-injured hearts. Myocardial injury was supported by an increase of troponin I and h-FABP and the widespread ultrastructural disorganization of the morphology of sarcomeres and mitochondria. DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation driven by leakage of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) may suggest a mitochondria-driven progressive cell death. THS modeling in the mouse results in cardiomyocyte damage and reduced myocardial function, which mimics the cardiac dysfunction seen in trauma patients. This CD model may, therefore, provide further understanding to the mechanisms underlying CD and act as a tool for developing cardioprotective therapeutics to improve survival after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Wall
- Centre for Trauma Sciences, Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sriveena Naganathar
- Centre for Trauma Sciences, Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Banjerd Praditsuktavorn
- Centre for Trauma Sciences, Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar F Bugg
- Centre for Trauma Sciences, Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon McArthur
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology & Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Thiemermann
- Centre for Trauma Sciences, Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi L Tremoleda
- Centre for Trauma Sciences, Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karim Brohi
- Centre for Trauma Sciences, Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Mechanisms Involved in Secondary Cardiac Dysfunction in Animal Models of Trauma and Hemorrhagic Shock. Shock 2017; 48:401-410. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Mechanisms contributing to cardiac remodelling. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2319-2345. [PMID: 28842527 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac remodelling is classified as physiological (in response to growth, exercise and pregnancy) or pathological (in response to inflammation, ischaemia, ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, biomechanical stress, excess neurohormonal activation and excess afterload). Physiological remodelling of the heart is characterized by a fine-tuned and orchestrated process of beneficial adaptations. Pathological cardiac remodelling is the process of structural and functional changes in the left ventricle (LV) in response to internal or external cardiovascular damage or influence by pathogenic risk factors, and is a precursor of clinical heart failure (HF). Pathological remodelling is associated with fibrosis, inflammation and cellular dysfunction (e.g. abnormal cardiomyocyte/non-cardiomyocyte interactions, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy alterations, impairment of metabolism and signalling pathways), leading to HF. This review describes the key molecular and cellular responses involved in pathological cardiac remodelling.
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Melatonin reduces PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress during myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury: role of RISK and SAFE pathways interaction. Apoptosis 2016; 21:809-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Krogmann AO, Lüsebrink E, Steinmetz M, Asdonk T, Lahrmann C, Lütjohann D, Nickenig G, Zimmer S. Proinflammatory Stimulation of Toll-Like Receptor 9 with High Dose CpG ODN 1826 Impairs Endothelial Regeneration and Promotes Atherosclerosis in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146326. [PMID: 26751387 PMCID: PMC4709087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLR) of the innate immune system have been closely linked with the development of atherosclerotic lesions. TLR9 is activated by unmethylated CpG motifs within ssDNA, but also by CpG motifs in nucleic acids released during vascular apoptosis and necrosis. The role of TLR9 in vascular disease remains controversial and we sought to investigate the effects of a proinflammatory TLR9 stimulation in mice. Methods and Findings TLR9-stimulation with high dose CpG ODN at concentrations between 6.25nM to 30nM induced a significant proinflammatory cytokine response in mice. This was associated with impaired reendothelialization upon acute denudation of the carotid and increased numbers of circulating endothelial microparticles, as a marker for amplified endothelial damage. Chronic TLR9 agonism in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice fed a cholesterol-rich diet increased aortic production of reactive oxygen species, the number of circulating endothelial microparticles, circulating sca-1/flk-1 positive cells, and most importantly augmented atherosclerotic plaque formation when compared to vehicle treated animals. Importantly, high concentrations of CpG ODN are required for these proatherogenic effects. Conclusions Systemic stimulation of TLR9 with high dose CpG ODN impaired reendothelialization upon acute vascular injury and increased atherosclerotic plaque development in ApoE-/- mice. Further studies are necessary to fully decipher the contradictory finding of TLR9 agonism in vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O. Krogmann
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, 53105, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Enzo Lüsebrink
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Steinmetz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Asdonk
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Catharina Lahrmann
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institut für klinische Chemie und klinische Pharmakologie, Universität Bonn, 53125, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Nickenig
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zimmer
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, 53105, Bonn, Germany
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Cross talk of the first-line defense TLRs with PI3K/Akt pathway, in preconditioning therapeutic approach. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2015; 3:4. [PMID: 26056605 PMCID: PMC4456045 DOI: 10.1186/s40591-015-0041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor family (TLRs), pattern recognition receptors, is expressed not only on immune cells but also on non-immune cells, including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells. One main function of TLRs in the non-immune system is to regulate apoptosis. TLRs are the central mediators in hepatic, pulmonary, brain, and renal ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Up-regulation of TLRs and their ligation by either exogenous or endogenous danger signals plays critical roles in ischemia/reperfusion-induced tissue damage. Conventional TLR-NF-κB pathways are markedly activated in failing and ischemic myocardium. Recent studies have identified a cross talk between TLR activation and the PI3K/Akt pathway. The activation of TLRs is proposed to be the most potent preconditioning method after ischemia, to improve the cell survival via the mechanism involved the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and to attenuate the subsequent TLR-NF-κB pathway stimulation. Thus, TLRs could be a great target in the new treatment approaches for myocardial I/R injury.
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Pourrajab F, Yazdi MB, Zarch MB, Zarch MB, Hekmatimoghaddam S. Cross talk of the first-line defense TLRs with PI3K/Akt pathway, in preconditioning therapeutic approach. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2015; 3:4. [PMID: 26056605 PMCID: PMC4456045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor family (TLRs), pattern recognition receptors, is expressed not only on immune cells but also on non-immune cells, including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells. One main function of TLRs in the non-immune system is to regulate apoptosis. TLRs are the central mediators in hepatic, pulmonary, brain, and renal ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Up-regulation of TLRs and their ligation by either exogenous or endogenous danger signals plays critical roles in ischemia/reperfusion-induced tissue damage. Conventional TLR-NF-κB pathways are markedly activated in failing and ischemic myocardium. Recent studies have identified a cross talk between TLR activation and the PI3K/Akt pathway. The activation of TLRs is proposed to be the most potent preconditioning method after ischemia, to improve the cell survival via the mechanism involved the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and to attenuate the subsequent TLR-NF-κB pathway stimulation. Thus, TLRs could be a great target in the new treatment approaches for myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pourrajab
- />School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Professor Hessabi 11 BLV, Shohadaye Gomnam BLV, Yazd, Iran P.O. 8915173149
- />Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Baghi Yazdi
- />School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Professor Hessabi 11 BLV, Shohadaye Gomnam BLV, Yazd, Iran P.O. 8915173149
| | - Mojtaba Babaei Zarch
- />School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Professor Hessabi 11 BLV, Shohadaye Gomnam BLV, Yazd, Iran P.O. 8915173149
| | - Mohammadali Babaei Zarch
- />School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Professor Hessabi 11 BLV, Shohadaye Gomnam BLV, Yazd, Iran P.O. 8915173149
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Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction is a major consequence that contributes to the high mortality of trauma-hemorrhage (TH) patients. Recent evidence suggests that innate immune and inflammatory responses mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of acute organ dysfunction during TH. This study investigated the role of TLR4 in cardiac dysfunction following TH. Toll-like receptor 4-deficient (TLR4-/-, n = 7/group) and age-matched wild-type (WT, n = 8/group) mice were subjected to TH that was induced by soft tissue injury and blood withdrawal from the jugular vein to a mean arterial pressure of 35 ± 5 mmHg. Cardiac function and mean arterial pressure were measured with a Millar system before, during, and after blood withdrawal. Sham surgical-operated mice served as control (WT, n = 9/group; TLR4-/-, n = 10/group). Cardiac function in WT mice was significantly reduced following TH. However, cardiac function was well preserved in TLR4-/- mice. Administration of a TLR4 antagonist (3 mg/kg) to WT mice also significantly attenuated TH-induced cardiac dysfunction. Western blot showed that either TLR4-/- or TLR4 antagonist markedly attenuated TH-induced decreases in the levels of phosphorylated-Akt in myocardium. In addition, inhibition of TLR4 attenuated TH-induced myocardial nuclear factor κB-binding activity as well as lung myeloperoxidase activity and tumor necrosis factor α production. The data indicate that TLR4 plays a central role in TH-induced cardiac dysfunction. Toll-like receptor 4 deficiency or TLR4 inhibition attenuated cardiac dysfunction following TH, which may involve activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling and decrease in nuclear factor κB-binding activity. Toll-like receptor 4 antagonism may be a new and novel approach for the treatment and management of cardiac dysfunction in TH patients.
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11
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Li W, Wang X, He M, Wang C, Qiao Z, Wang Q, Ren S, Yu Q. Activating Na+-K+ ATPase: a potential cardioprotective therapy during early hemorrhagic shock. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:685-7. [PMID: 25459134 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell volume and resting potential are heavily affected by the activity of Na+-K+ ATPase (NKA, Na+-K+ pump), an essential membrane protein that regulates plasma K+ and Na+ levels. It is generally accepted that the ineffective perfusion of body tissues inhibits NKA activity and that NKA activity and heart failure are closely related. Recently, research has proven that the activation of NKA provides significant cardioprotection against ischemic injury. Based on these data, we propose that NKA stimulation could attenuate the development of heart arrhythmia during the early phase of hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Li
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xuanlin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Min He
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhixin Qiao
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qingjun Wang
- Shenzhou Biology & Technology Co., Ltd., Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010206, China
| | - Suping Ren
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Qun Yu
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
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Lu C, Ha T, Wang X, Liu L, Zhang X, Kimbrough EO, Sha Z, Guan M, Schweitzer J, Kalbfleisch J, Williams D, Li C. The TLR9 ligand, CpG-ODN, induces protection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000629. [PMID: 24721797 PMCID: PMC4187520 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to be involved in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. TLR9 is located in intracellular compartments and recognizes CpG-DNA. This study examined the effect of CpG-ODN on cerebral I/R injury. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6 mice were treated with CpG-ODN by i.p. injection 1 hour before the mice were subjected to cerebral ischemia (60 minutes) followed by reperfusion (24 hours). Scrambled-ODN served as control-ODN. Untreated mice, subjected to cerebral I/R, served as I/R control. The effect of inhibitory CpG-ODN (iCpG-ODN) on cerebral I/R injury was also examined. In addition, we examined the therapeutic effect of CpG-ODN on cerebral I/R injury by administration of CpG-ODN 15 minutes after cerebral ischemia. CpG-ODN administration significantly decreased cerebral I/R-induced infarct volume by 69.7% (6.4±1.80% vs 21.0±2.85%, P<0.05), improved neurological scores, and increased survival rate, when compared with the untreated I/R group. Therapeutic administration of CpG-ODN also significantly reduced infarct volume by 44.7% (12.6±2.03% vs 22.8±2.54%, P<0.05) compared with untreated I/R mice. Neither control-ODN, nor iCpG-ODN altered I/R-induced cerebral injury or neurological deficits. Nissl staining showed that CpG-ODN treatment preserved neuronal morphology in the ischemic hippocampus. Immunoblot showed that CpG-ODN administration increased Bcl-2 levels by 41% and attenuated I/R-increased levels of Bax and caspase-3 activity in ischemic brain tissues. Importantly, CpG-ODN treatment induced Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation in brain tissue and cultured microglial cells. PI3K inhibition with LY294002 abolished CpG-ODN-induced protection. CONCLUSION CpG-ODN significantly reduces cerebral I/R injury via a PI3K/Akt-dependent mechanism. Our data also indicate that CpG-ODN may be useful in the therapy of cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lu
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, 37614, TN (C.L., T.H., X.W., X.Z., E.O.K., Z.S., M.G., D.W., C.L.)
| | - Tuanzhu Ha
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, 37614, TN (C.L., T.H., X.W., X.Z., E.O.K., Z.S., M.G., D.W., C.L.)
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, 37614, TN (C.L., T.H., X.W., X.Z., E.O.K., Z.S., M.G., D.W., C.L.)
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China (L.L.)
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, 37614, TN (C.L., T.H., X.W., X.Z., E.O.K., Z.S., M.G., D.W., C.L.)
| | - Erinmarie Olson Kimbrough
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, 37614, TN (C.L., T.H., X.W., X.Z., E.O.K., Z.S., M.G., D.W., C.L.)
| | - Zhanxin Sha
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, 37614, TN (C.L., T.H., X.W., X.Z., E.O.K., Z.S., M.G., D.W., C.L.)
| | - Meijian Guan
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, 37614, TN (C.L., T.H., X.W., X.Z., E.O.K., Z.S., M.G., D.W., C.L.)
| | - John Schweitzer
- Department of Pathology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, 37614, TN (J.S.)
| | - John Kalbfleisch
- Department of Biomedical Computing, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN37614 (J.K.)
| | - David Williams
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, 37614, TN (C.L., T.H., X.W., X.Z., E.O.K., Z.S., M.G., D.W., C.L.)
| | - Chuanfu Li
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, 37614, TN (C.L., T.H., X.W., X.Z., E.O.K., Z.S., M.G., D.W., C.L.)
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Ward TL, Hosid S, Ioshikhes I, Altosaar I. Human milk metagenome: a functional capacity analysis. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:116. [PMID: 23705844 PMCID: PMC3679945 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk contains a diverse population of bacteria that likely influences colonization of the infant gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies, however, have been limited to characterization of this microbial community by 16S rRNA analysis. In the present study, a metagenomic approach using Illumina sequencing of a pooled milk sample (ten donors) was employed to determine the genera of bacteria and the types of bacterial open reading frames in human milk that may influence bacterial establishment and stability in this primal food matrix. The human milk metagenome was also compared to that of breast-fed and formula-fed infants' feces (n = 5, each) and mothers' feces (n = 3) at the phylum level and at a functional level using open reading frame abundance. Additionally, immune-modulatory bacterial-DNA motifs were also searched for within human milk. RESULTS The bacterial community in human milk contained over 360 prokaryotic genera, with sequences aligning predominantly to the phyla of Proteobacteria (65%) and Firmicutes (34%), and the genera of Pseudomonas (61.1%), Staphylococcus (33.4%) and Streptococcus (0.5%). From assembled human milk-derived contigs, 30,128 open reading frames were annotated and assigned to functional categories. When compared to the metagenome of infants' and mothers' feces, the human milk metagenome was less diverse at the phylum level, and contained more open reading frames associated with nitrogen metabolism, membrane transport and stress response (P < 0.05). The human milk metagenome also contained a similar occurrence of immune-modulatory DNA motifs to that of infants' and mothers' fecal metagenomes. CONCLUSIONS Our results further expand the complexity of the human milk metagenome and enforce the benefits of human milk ingestion on the microbial colonization of the infant gut and immunity. Discovery of immune-modulatory motifs in the metagenome of human milk indicates more exhaustive analyses of the functionality of the human milk metagenome are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya L Ward
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; and Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sergey Hosid
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; and Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ilya Ioshikhes
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; and Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Illimar Altosaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; and Ottawa Institute of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
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14
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Yang L, Cai X, Liu J, Jia Z, Jiao J, Zhang J, Li C, Li J, Tang XD. CpG-ODN attenuates pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure by activation of PI3Kα-Akt signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62373. [PMID: 23638055 PMCID: PMC3640052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase α (PI3Kα) represents a potential novel drug target for pathological cardiac hypertrophy (PCH) and heart failure. Oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) are classic agonists of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), which typically activates PI3K-Akt signaling in immune cells; however, the role of the nucleotide TLR9 agonists in cardiac myocytes is largely unknown. Here we report that CpG-ODN C274 could both attenuate PCH and improve cardiac dysfunction by activating PI3Kα-Akt signaling cascade. In vitro studies indicated that C274 could blunt reactivation of fetal cardiac genes and cell enlargement induced by a hypertrophic agent, isoproterenol. The anti-hypertrophic effect of C274 was suppressed by a pan-PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, or a small interfering RNA targeting PI3Kα. In vivo studies demonstrated that PCH, as marked by increased heart weight (HW) and cardiac ANF mRNA, was normalized by pre-administration with C274. In addition, Doppler echocardiography detected cardiac ventricular dilation, and contractile dysfunction in isoproterenol-treated animals, consistent with massive replacement fibrosis, reflecting cardiac cell death. As expected, pre-treatment of mice with C274 could prevent cardiac dysfunction associated with diminished cardiac cell death and fibrosis. In conclusion, CpG-ODNs are novel cardioprotective agents possessing antihypertrophic and anti-cell death activity afforded by engagement of the PI3Kα-Akt signaling. CpG-ODNs may have clinical use curbing the progression of PCH and preventing heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangyu Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhe Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinjin Jiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jincai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Changlin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (XDT)
| | - Xiang D. Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Chinese Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (XDT)
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15
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Gao M, Ha T, Zhang X, Wang X, Liu L, Kalbfleisch J, Singh K, Williams D, Li C. The Toll-like receptor 9 ligand, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, attenuates cardiac dysfunction in polymicrobial sepsis, involving activation of both phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Akt and extracellular-signal-related kinase signaling. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1471-9. [PMID: 23359590 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a role in the pathophysiology of sepsis and multiple organ failure. This study examined the effect of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN), the TLR9 ligand, on polymicrobial sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with CpG-ODN, control CpG-ODN (control-ODN), or inhibitory CpG-ODN (iCpG-ODN) 1 hour prior to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. Mice that underwent sham surgery served as sham controls. Cardiac function was examined by echocardiography before and 6 hours after CLP. RESULTS Cardiac function was significantly decreased 6 hours after CLP. CpG-ODN prevented CLP-induced cardiac dysfunction, as evidenced by maintenance of the ejection fraction and fractional shortening. Control-ODN or iCpG-ODN did not alter CLP-induced cardiac dysfunction. CpG-ODN significantly attenuated CLP-induced myocardial apoptosis and increased myocardial Akt and extracellular-signal-related kinase (ERK) phosphorylation levels following CLP. In vitro experiments demonstrated that CpG-ODN promotes an association between TLR9 and Ras, resulting in Akt and ERK phosphorylation. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) by Ly294002 or inhibition of ERK by U0126 in vivo abolished CpG-ODN attenuation of CLP-induced cardiac dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS CpG-ODN prevents CLP-induced cardiac dysfunction, in part through activation of PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling. Modulation of TLR9 could be an effective approach for treatment of cardiovascular dysfunction in patients with sepsis or septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gao
- Department of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614-0575, USA
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16
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Cao Z, Ren D, Ha T, Liu L, Wang X, Kalbfleisch J, Gao X, Kao R, Williams D, Li C. CpG-ODN, the TLR9 agonist, attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: involving activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1832:96-104. [PMID: 22917564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implicated in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The TLR9 ligand, CpG-ODN has been reported to improve cell survival. We examined effect of CpG-ODN on myocardial I/R injury. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with either CpG-ODN, control-ODN, or inhibitory CpG-ODN (iCpG-ODN) 1h prior to myocardial ischemia (60min) followed by reperfusion. Untreated mice served as I/R control (n=10/each group). Infarct size was determined by TTC straining. Cardiac function was examined by echocardiography before and after myocardial I/R up to 14days. RESULTS CpG-ODN administration significantly decreased infarct size by 31.4% and improved cardiac function after myocardial I/R up to 14days. Neither control-ODN nor iCpG-ODN altered I/R-induced myocardial infarction and cardiac dysfunction. CpG-ODN attenuated I/R-induced myocardial apoptosis and prevented I/R-induced decrease in Bcl2 and increase in Bax levels in the myocardium. CpG-ODN increased Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation in the myocardium. In vitro data suggested that CpG-ODN treatment induced TLR9 tyrosine phosphorylation and promoted an association between TLR9 and the p85 subunit of PI3K. Importantly, PI3K/Akt inhibition and Akt kinase deficiency abolished CpG-ODN-induced cardioprotection. CONCLUSION CpG-ODN, the TLR9 ligand, induces protection against myocardial I/R injury. The mechanisms involve activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Cao
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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