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Nissen K, Chipchase L, Conroy T, Farrer O. The impact of using an authentic patient video on health professional students' attitudes toward interprofessional and person-centered care. J Interprof Care 2024; 38:722-728. [PMID: 38600788 DOI: 10.1080/13561820.2024.2334959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Authentic patient activities in an interprofessional education (IPE) setting can develop collaborative, practice ready health professionals who have the skills to work within and across teams with patients at the center of their care. In this qualitative study, the student experience of a novel interprofessional case study activity, with lived experience content delivered via an authentic patient video was explored. Transcripts were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis and identified three major themes: (a) from disease-centered to person-centered care, (b) reflecting on roles in interprofessional collaborative practice, and (c) teamwork and lived experience facilitates learning. When considered within the Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) framework, the student experience suggested positive change in all four core competencies: interprofessional communication, values and ethics, roles and responsibilities and teamwork. In addition, students highly valued the interprofessional learning experience, and the patient video created a more realistic case study by reducing clinical assumptions. In conclusion, a short, single exposure to a written case followed by an authentic patient video in an IPE setting had an immediate positive impact on entry-level student health professionals. This simple methodology is a viable way of bringing the authentic patient voice into the classroom with additional benefit from the interprofessional format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahlia Nissen
- College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Lucy Chipchase
- College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Tiffany Conroy
- College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Olivia Farrer
- College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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Dewi SP, Wilson A, Duvivier R, Kelly B, Gilligan C. Do the teaching, practice and assessment of clinical communication skills align? BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:609. [PMID: 38824578 PMCID: PMC11144343 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence indicates that communication skills teaching learnt in the classroom are not often readily transferable to the assessment methods that are applied nor to the clinical environment. An observational study was conducted to objectively evaluate students' communication skills in different learning environments. The study sought to investigate the extent to which the communication skills demonstrated by students in classroom, clinical, and assessment settings align. METHOD A mixed methods study was conducted to observe and evaluate students during the fourth year of a five-year medical program. Participants were videorecorded during structured classroom 'interactional skills' sessions, as well as clinical encounters with real patients and an OSCE station calling upon communication skills. The Calgary Cambridge Observational Guides was used to evaluate students at different settings. RESULT This study observed 28 students and findings revealed that while in the classroom students were able to practise a broad range of communication skills, in contrast in the clinical environment, information-gathering and relationship-building with patients became the focus of their encounters with patients. In the OSCEs, limited time and high-pressure scenarios caused the students to rush to complete the task which focussed solely on information-gathering and/or explanation, diminishing opportunity for rapport-building with the patient. CONCLUSION These findings indicate a poor alignment that can develop between the skills practiced across learning environments. Further research is needed to investigate the development and application of students' skills over the long term to understand supports for and barriers to effective teaching and learning of communication skills in different learning environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Puspa Dewi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor Km. 21 Sumedang West Java, Bandung, Indonesia.
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales , Australia.
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Amanda Wilson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Robbert Duvivier
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales , Australia
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions (CEDAR), Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brian Kelly
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Conor Gilligan
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales , Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Rumbach AF, Aldridge D, Hill AE. Student Perceptions of Simulation to Enhance Clinical Readiness for Assessment and Management of Adults With Voice Disorders. J Voice 2024; 38:641-653. [PMID: 34848106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simulation is a safe, supported, and accessible learning method for students to gain skills and experience, especially in difficult to access range of practice areas such as voice. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to explore change in students' perceptions of knowledge, confidence, anxiety, and clinical readiness for assessment and management of an adult with a voice disorder after participation in simulation-based learning activities. METHODS Participants (N = 113) were students enrolled in a mandatory course dedicated to the voice and voice disorders. Students completed 32 hours of academic coursework which included lectures and tutorials and two 30-minute simulation-based learning activities with a standardized patient playing the role of an adult with a voice disorder. The impact of the simulation-based learning activities on student perceptions of their knowledge, confidence, anxiety, and clinical readiness for work within the area of voice were surveyed at three time points: (1) pre lectures, (2) post lectures but pre simulation, and (3) post simulation. Change across time was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni adjustment. RESULTS All students perceived significant (P ≤ 0.001) positive changes in knowledge and confidence across time points for all activities, except for writing an assessment report. Anxiety related to the management of a client with a voice disorder fluctuated significantly (P ≤ 0.001) throughout the program. Overall, the majority (>90%) of students agreed or strongly agreed that the simulation-based learning activities were useful and helped them to develop clinical skills, apply content taught in lectures, and gain confidence and interest in voice. CONCLUSION This study supports incorporation of simulation-based learning as part of students' clinical preparation for the assessment and management of voice disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna F Rumbach
- Speech Pathology, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Danielle Aldridge
- Speech Pathology, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anne E Hill
- Speech Pathology, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Lavanya KM, Somu LK, Mishra SK. Effectiveness of Scenario-based Roleplay as a Method of Teaching Soft Skills for Undergraduate Medical Students. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2024; 14:78-84. [PMID: 38912358 PMCID: PMC11189269 DOI: 10.4103/ijabmr.ijabmr_431_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the widespread acknowledgment of the need and significance of soft skills (SKs) in health professions education, the subject is not emphasized enough in training students. These skills can be taught to undergraduates through roleplay. Communication skills and teamwork were taught by scenario-based roleplay and assessed in this study. Objectives The study aimed to implement scenario-based roleplay as a method of teaching communication skills and teamwork to undergraduate medical students and to assess their perceptions. Methodology A prospective study was conducted in the simulation/skills laboratory among 41 Phase I undergraduate medical students. The SKs taught during the sessions included communication skills, empathy, and teamwork. Results The mean of the responses obtained from Gap Kalamazoo Communication Skills Checklist score in the first encounter was 27.0, 38.12 in the second encounter, and 41.24 in the third encounter. The mean scores showed a statistically significant difference between E1 and E2, E1 and E3, and E2 and E3. Posttest scores of students to self-efficacy questionnaire showed significant improvement compared to pre-test scores. Students in the present study opined that they could learn the aspects that could not have been learned in didactic lectures about communication skills and teamwork. Conclusion Scenario-based roleplay can be used as an effective method for teaching SKs such as communication skills and teamwork for undergraduate medical students. Different scenarios which replicate the real-life situations can be incorporated to help students to learn and face the real-life encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- KM Lavanya
- Health Professions Education, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University, Puducherry, India
- Department of Community Medicine, GSL Medical College, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lava Kumar Somu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sushant Kumar Mishra
- Department of Community Medicine, GSL Medical College, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Kodikara K, Seneviratne T, Premaratna R. Pre-clerkship procedural training in venipuncture: a prospective cohort study on skills acquisition and durability. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:729. [PMID: 37803328 PMCID: PMC10559527 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of simulation-based training for skill acquisition is widely recognized. However, the impact of simulation-based procedural training (SBPT) on pre-clerkship medical students and the retention of procedural skills learned through this modality are rarely investigated. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted among pre-clerkship medical students. Learners underwent SBPT in venipuncture in the skills laboratory. Assessments were conducted at two main points: 1) immediate assessment following the training and 2) delayed assessment one year after training. Learner self-assessments, independent assessor assessments for procedural competency, and communication skills assessments were conducted in both instances. The students were assessed for their competency in performing venipuncture by an independent assessor immediately following the training in the simulated setting and one-year post-training in the clinical setting, using the Integrated Procedural Protocol Instrument (IPPI). The student's communication skills were assessed by standardized patients (SP) and actual patients in the simulated and clinical settings, respectively, using the Communication Assessment Tool (CAT). RESULTS Fifty-five pre-clerkship medical students were recruited for the study. A significant increase was observed in self-confidence [mean: 2.89 SD (Standard Deviation) (0.69)] and self-perceived competency [mean: 2.42 SD (0.57)] in performing venipuncture, which further improved at the delayed assessment conducted in the clinical setting (p < 0.001). Similarly, the IPPI ratings showed an improvement [immediate assessment: mean: 2.25 SD (1.62); delayed assessment: mean: 2.78 SD (0.53); p < 0.01] in venipuncture skills when assessed by an independent assessor blinded to the study design. A significant difference (p < 0.01) was also observed in doctor-patient communication when evaluated by SPs [mean: 2.49 SD (0.57)] and patients [mean: 3.76 SD (0.74)]. CONCLUSION Simulation-based venipuncture training enabled students to perform the procedure with confidence and technical accuracy. Improved rating scores received at a one-year interval denote the impact of clinical training on skills acquisition. The durability of skills learned via SBPT needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaumudee Kodikara
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
| | - Thilanka Seneviratne
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Ranjan Premaratna
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
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McLinden D, Hailstone K, Featherston S. History and physical exam: a retrospective analysis of a clinical opportunity. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:699. [PMID: 37752450 PMCID: PMC10523620 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND All learners at the Northern Ontario School of Medicine University complete a longitudinal integrated clerkship experience in their third year, which serves to improve learner experience with community and clinical acute and chronic health needs. Early in the program, Muskoka faculty (two of the 15 LIC sites of NOSM U) became aware that learners never had the occasion to complete a full history and physical exam on a real patient with complex needs. Recognizing this as a critical experience, a program was initiated to provide learners with this opportunity. This manuscript reports on the effectiveness and impact of this novel program and outlines the procedure developed to incorporate a similar program should communities see the relevance. METHODS Using a mixed method design, feedback was collected from learners and preceptors following the implementation of a novel learning opportunity for clinical clerks. Learners completed a full history and physical exam on volunteer complex patients, with supervision and immediate feedback. Using semi structured surveys, data was collected from each learner and preceptor to determine the program impact and optimize the program. Laurentian University research ethics board, certificate number 6021120. RESULTS Both learners and preceptors agreed this was a valuable experience for learners, a good use of their time and contributed to essential skills including, communication, time management and appropriate data collection. The use of real patients was reported to be very appropriate by learners and faculty and often highlighted gaps in the learner's knowledge that they were then able to address. CONCLUSION Feedback collected in this study confirms that providing medical learners the opportunity to complete a full history and physical exam with supervision and feedback was significantly beneficial from both a clinical and a skills-based aspect. Requiring learners to complete this task within the established period forced them to manage their time, focus on clinical consideration and remain on task. Enhancing learning opportunities is associated with improved outcomes and understanding in medical learners. Positive community experience is also related to learner retention, which is paramount for attracting new physicians in a time with significantly limited human health resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McLinden
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
- Huntsville Physicians Local Education Group, 100 Frank Miller Drive, Huntsville, ON, P1H 1H7, Canada
- Algonquin Family Health Team, Howland Building, 100 Frank Miller Drive, Huntsville, ON, P1H 1H7, Canada
| | - Krista Hailstone
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.
- Huntsville Physicians Local Education Group, 100 Frank Miller Drive, Huntsville, ON, P1H 1H7, Canada.
| | - Sue Featherston
- Huntsville Physicians Local Education Group, 100 Frank Miller Drive, Huntsville, ON, P1H 1H7, Canada
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Makins N, Naidoo T, Hassim T, Babalola O, Dormehl C, Mkhabela R, Degni L, Motloutsi KL, Mokhachane M. A cross-sectional study on factors influencing patient participation in undergraduate medical education in a public and private hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:687. [PMID: 37735370 PMCID: PMC10514977 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04663-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The active involvement of patients in medical education is a common practice globally. Despite this, there is a global paucity of data on patients' views on their role in medical education. As such this study aimed to identify factors that influence patient participation in undergraduate medical education in public and private hospitals in Johannesburg. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted, using a 23-question, self-designed, paper questionnaire to collect data on patients' perceptions of student involvement in their care - with regard to consent, confidentiality, ethics, and patient preferences. Participants were recruited on a voluntary basis in the Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Gynaecology, at selected hospital sites. Fisher's Exact and Chi-Square statistical tests were used where appropriate. RESULTS Two hundred and one adult patients, comprised of 150 public sector patients and 51 private sector patients, completed the questionnaire. One hundred and sixty-nine patients (84,1%) were willing to participate in undergraduate medical education and no notable difference between these sectors was demonstrated (p = 0,41). The results further demonstrated that the main factors influencing patient participation in undergraduate medical education across both sectors were (1) the presence of a supervising professional, (2) the perceived degree of invasiveness of a procedure, and (3) the perceived expertise of the student. In addition, data across other key themes such as consent, confidentiality, ethics, and patient preferences and perceptions were elucidated. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the majority of inpatients across the public and private sectors are willing to participate in undergraduate medical education to facilitate the development of healthcare professionals. It also demonstrated that most patients have a positive experience. However, more measures of quality informed consent need to be instituted to optimise the current role of the South African public health sector, whilst facilitating the development of a similar role for the South African private sector in future clinical education. In addition, further research is necessary to evaluate these findings in a South African context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Makins
- Unit for Undergraduate Medical Education, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Tamiraa Naidoo
- Unit for Undergraduate Medical Education, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Taariq Hassim
- Unit for Undergraduate Medical Education, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ohunayo Babalola
- Unit for Undergraduate Medical Education, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Charlize Dormehl
- Unit for Undergraduate Medical Education, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Remind Mkhabela
- Unit for Undergraduate Medical Education, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lorenzo Degni
- Unit for Undergraduate Medical Education, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kgotatso Liz Motloutsi
- Unit for Undergraduate Medical Education, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mantoa Mokhachane
- Unit for Undergraduate Medical Education, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Flanagan OL, Cummings KM. Standardized Patients in Medical Education: A Review of the Literature. Cureus 2023; 15:e42027. [PMID: 37593270 PMCID: PMC10431693 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of standardized patients (SPs) was first introduced in the 1960s by Dr. Howard Barrows of the University of Southern California and has been applied in medical school education since that time. This practice has allowed medical students to practice skills on live persons who are teachers rather than on real patients, who may be endangered by their emerging skills. Previous studies supported the use of SPs but did not measure whether they improved clinical competence or students' confidence in their skills. This literature review evaluated whether current medical education literature supports or refutes the use of SPs compared to other modalities such as simulated patients (SiPs) and virtual reality (VR) in the improvement of student confidence, clinical performance, and interpersonal communication skills. The research questions posed for this review were as follows: do medical students in their first two years of education who have practiced skills using SPs have more self-confidence in their ability to perform skills on real patients than those students who did not use SPs, do medical students in their third and fourth years of medical school have higher clinical competency with sensitive patient examinations after using SPs in their first two years of medical education than those students who did not use SPs, and do medical students who have used SPs for discussing sensitive issues have better interpersonal skills when they encounter real patients in the clinical setting than those who have not used SPs? The methodology for this descriptive, systematic review of the literature was organized using a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart to describe how articles were collected and synthesized to evaluate the variables under study. The results of this study revealed that students learned the most when SPs were used because they were able to teach students the skills that they needed in a safe learning environment. Medical students performing sensitive patient examinations with SPs learned not only how to perform the examinations but also how to improve their communication with patients. Students and residents reported increased confidence and clinical competence when performing new skills with SPs rather than with peer practice, virtual reality, or real patients in a clinical setting. Although the utilization of SPs has been studied in multiple ways and found to be a powerful tool in the education of undergraduate medical students and interns, there is still much study to be done to address the human needs of real patients. Gaps in this literature included small sample sizes, a lack of standardized assessment tools, and the need to include a multidisciplinary approach that addresses cultural awareness and appreciation. The authors found limited studies analyzing the effect the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had on the use of SPs in medical school education. Continued scientific inquiry in post-pandemic medical education is an essential component for dissemination as most schools have reintroduced the use of SPs, which strengthens the concept that their use is superior to the other simulation methods used when SPs were not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavia L Flanagan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM), Elmira, USA
| | - Kristina M Cummings
- Department of Family Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM), Elmira, USA
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Dewi SP, Wilson A, Duvivier R, Kelly B, Gilligan C. Perceptions of medical students and their facilitators on clinical communication skills teaching, learning, and assessment. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1168332. [PMID: 37435523 PMCID: PMC10332845 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1168332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite various efforts to develop communication skills (CS) in the classroom, the transfer of these skills into clinical practice is not guaranteed. This study aimed to identify barriers and facilitators of transferring CS from the classroom to clinical environments. Methods A qualitative study was conducted at one Australian medical school to explore the experiences and perceptions of facilitators and students in relation to teaching and learning clinical CS. Thematic analysis was used to analyze data. Results Twelve facilitators and sixteen medical students participated in semi-structured interviews and focus-group discussions, respectively. Primary themes included the value of teaching and learning, alignment between approaches to teaching and actual clinical practices and students' perceptions of practice, and challenges in different learning environments. Discussion This study reinforces the value of teaching and learning CS by facilitators and students. Classroom learning provides students with a structure to use in communicating with real patients, which can be modified to suit various situations. Students have limited opportunities, however, to be observed and receive feedback on their real-patient encounters. Classroom session that discussed CS experiences during clinical rotation is recommended to strengthen learning both the content and process of CS as well as transitioning to the clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Puspa Dewi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda Wilson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robbert Duvivier
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, Netherlands
- Centre for Education Development and Research in Health Professions (CEDAR), Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Brian Kelly
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Conor Gilligan
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Koster ES, Philbert D. Communication and relationship building in pharmacy education: Experiences from a student-patient buddy project. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2023:S1877-1297(23)00072-2. [PMID: 37160409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In order to deliver patient-centred pharmaceutical care, pharmacy students need to develop the appropriate competences and skills. During their regular study program, they have limited long-term patient contact. We therefore implemented a student-patient buddy project to give students opportunity to practice and learn from the patient contact. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING A student-patient buddy project was implemented in a 10-week first-year master experiential learning course, including a community pharmacy internship. The pharmacist paired the student with a community-dwelling patient. Student learning activities included: (1) three meetings at the university to prepare and discuss buddy contact moments, (2) three buddy contact moments, (3) discussion with the internship providing pharmacist, and (4) a written reflection report. FINDINGS In total, 66 students participated from April to June 2021. Most students found patient contact fun and a useful learning experience. Students mentioned that patients were very open and there was opportunity to build a relationship. The first conversation was experienced as exciting and sometimes difficult. Understanding the person was perceived as important. Internship pharmacists were positive about the project and saw learning benefits for students, as well as added value for the pharmacy, mainly because patients seemed to appreciate the contact. SUMMARY A student-patient buddy project is a good way to expand the limited long-term "real" patient care experiences of pharmacy students. This enables them to practice communication and building relationships with patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Koster
- Utrecht University, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, PO Box 80082, 3508, TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - D Philbert
- Utrecht University, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, PO Box 80082, 3508, TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Rowe D, Garcia A, Rossi B. Comparison of virtual reality and physical simulation training in first-year radiography students in South America. J Med Radiat Sci 2022. [PMID: 36502536 DOI: 10.1002/jmrs.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the learning outcomes achieved by first-year radiography students educated with either virtual reality (VR) simulation training or physical simulation training. The implementation of VR has been proposed to enhance learning in radiography students and provide a more effective and efficient approach to simulation. However, the learning outcomes achieved with this approach have not been widely investigated. METHODS Through stratified randomisation, 188 radiography students were allocated to one of two matched groups: a VR group (using Virtual Medical Coaching's Radiography simulation) and a physical simulation group (using Philips' X-ray equipment). Both groups were taught 31 radiography views over one 25-week semester. Both groups were assessed in an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), using actors as patients in a physical X-ray environment. Assessment was conducted by assigning objective count scores for five assessment criteria. RESULTS The VR group achieved shorter OSCE duration and fewer errors in moving equipment and patient positioning: these results were statistically significant (P < 0.00). There was no significant difference in the frequency of errors in radiographic exposure setting between the VR and the physical simulation group. The current findings concur with the limited number of published studies concerning VR simulation in radiography. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrated superior effectiveness and efficiency in the VR group. This provides preliminary evidence to introduce VR simulation in the host institution and provide evidence that it may be possible to replace the use of physical simulation across other years of the degree. Further research investigating these possibilities is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rowe
- University of Chile Clinical Hospital, Independencia, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | | | - Benito Rossi
- Clinica Alemana, Vitacura, Región Metropolitana, Chile
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Herrmann-Werner A, Erschens R, Fries M, Wehner H, Zipfel S, Festl-Wietek T. The effects of diverse fidelity scenarios on stress in medical students when taking patients' medical histories: A longitudinal study. Stress Health 2022. [PMID: 36288563 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Taking patients' medical history correctly is the basis of diagnosis and therapy. Medical students as a vulnerable group may perceive patient-physician interactions as stressful. This study examines stress among medical students in different degrees of fidelity when taking a patient's medical history. In this longitudinal study, students' stress levels were assessed during scenarios with different degrees of fidelity (role-play, simulated patient encounters and real patient encounters) using standardised questionnaires (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and a distress scale) and the physiological measurement of heart rate variability. The stress level of participating medical students (N = 128) was expected to significantly increase during scenarios of increasing fidelity (Mroleplay = 2.08 ± 0.92; SPEs: Msimulatedpatient = 2.68 ± 1.08; RPEs: Mrealpatient = 3.35 ± 1.08; p < 0.001). Whereas physiological stress was significantly higher with real patients (N = 106), psychological stress was not affected by the fidelity of the scenarios (N = 85). Medical students experienced stress when taking patients' medical history. Medical students might be unaware of their perceived stress based on the results. Thus, they should know how to cope with stress in such situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Herrmann-Werner
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tuebingen, Internal Medicine, Tuebingen, Germany.,TIME-Tuebingen Insitute for Medical Education, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Erschens
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tuebingen, Internal Medicine, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Fries
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hannah Wehner
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tuebingen, Internal Medicine, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tuebingen, Internal Medicine, Tuebingen, Germany.,Deanery of Students' Affairs, Faculty of Medicine Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Festl-Wietek
- TIME-Tuebingen Insitute for Medical Education, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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13
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Burnier I, Northrop G, Fotsing S. Nomenclature of real patients in health professional education by role and engagement: a narrative literature review. CANADIAN MEDICAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 2022; 13:69-76. [PMID: 36310908 PMCID: PMC9588179 DOI: 10.36834/cmej.72429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH PROBLEM Real patients living with a disease and engaged in the education of healthcare professionals are referred to by different terms. To address this, A.Towle proposed a draft taxonomy. OBJECTIVE Our objective is to extract from the literature the definitions given for the following terms: (1) patient educator, (2) patient instructor, (3) patient mentor, (4) partner patient, (5) patient teacher, (6) Volunteer Patient in order to clearly identify their roles and level of engagement. METHODS The literature search was carried out in Medline, CINAHL, PsychInfo and Eric by adding medical education or healthcare professional to our previously identified keywords to ensure that it is indeed literature dealing with real patients' involvement in the education of healthcare professionals. RESULTS Certain terms refer to real and simulated patients. Roles are more or less well described but may refer to multiple terms. The notion of engagement is discussed, but not specifically. CONCLUSION Explicitly defining the terms used according to the task descriptions and level of engagement would help contribute to Towle's taxonomy. Real patients would thus feel more legitimately involved in health professional education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Burnier
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grace Northrop
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salomon Fotsing
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Feijoo-Cid M, García-Sierra R, García García R, Ponce Luz H, Fernández-Cano MI, Portell M. Transformative learning experience among nursing students with patients acting as teachers: Mixed methods, non-randomized, single-arm study. J Adv Nurs 2022; 78:3444-3456. [PMID: 35841333 PMCID: PMC9540309 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the effects of expert HIV patients acting as teachers to Spanish nursing students both on their HIV-related knowledge, attitudes and practices and on their approach to the care model as well as to explore their learning experience. DESIGN Non-randomized, single-arm study with quantitative before and after measurements and qualitative data. METHODS The intervention consisted of five 90-min workshops led by two women living with HIV. Thirty-four nursing students participated, and quantitative and qualitative data were gathered from February to June 2018. We used the Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS) and the KAP questionnaire on HIV/AIDS to collect quantitative data. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were found in the global score for care orientation and its two dimensions, caring and sharing. About the changes resulting from the workshops, the quantitative results-more patient-centred care perception and better attitudes towards people living with HIV-match the qualitative findings in all the aspects studied, except in sharing. CONCLUSION Incorporating expert patients as teachers in the nursing bachelor's degree resulted in more patient-centred care and improved knowledge, attitudes and practices. The workshops conducted by qualified expert patients showed transformative learning power, as the participants improved professional and personal aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Feijoo-Cid
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Grup de Recerca Multidisciplinar en Salut i Societat (GREMSAS), (2017 SGR 917), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa García-Sierra
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Grup de Recerca Multidisciplinar en Salut i Societat (GREMSAS), (2017 SGR 917), Barcelona, Spain.,Research Support Unit Metropolitana Nord, Primary Care Research Institute Jordi Gol (IDIAPJGol), Mataró, Spain
| | - Rubén García García
- Anaesthesia, Resuscitation and Pain Management Department, Hospital Universitari Vall Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helena Ponce Luz
- Emergency Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Fernández-Cano
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Grup de Recerca Multidisciplinar en Salut i Societat (GREMSAS), (2017 SGR 917), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Portell
- Departament of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Grup de Recerca i Innovació en Dissenys (GRID) (2017 SGR 1405)
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15
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Lange S, Krüger N, Warm M, op den Winkel M, Buechel J, Huber J, Genzel-Boroviczény O, Fischer MR, Dimitriadis K. Online medical history taking course: Opportunities and limitations in comparison to traditional bedside teaching. GMS JOURNAL FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 39:Doc34. [PMID: 36119150 PMCID: PMC9469571 DOI: 10.3205/zma001555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obtaining a systematic medical history (MH) from a patient is a core competency in medical education and plays a vital role in the diagnosis of diseases. At the Faculty of Medicine at LMU Munich, students have their first course in MH taking during their second year. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the traditional bedside MH taking course had to be transformed into an online course (OC). Our objectives were to implement an online MH taking course, to evaluate its feasibility and to compare the evaluation results to a historic cohort that had undertaken the traditional bedside teaching course (BTC). METHODS 874 second-year students participated in the OC (BTC=827). After teaching the theoretical background via asynchronous online lectures, students participated in a practical exercise with fellow students using the video communication platform Zoom where they were able to practice taking a MH on the basis of fictitious, text-based patient cases. Students were then asked to evaluate the course through a standardized online survey with 31 questions on teaching quality and self-perceived learning success, which had also been used in previous years. The survey results were compared to the results of the historic cohort using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS A total of n=162 students (18.5%) evaluated the OC. In the historic cohort, n=252 (30.5%) completed the survey. 85.3% of the OC respondents thought that the atmosphere during the practical exercise was productive and 83.0% greatly appreciated the flexibility in terms of time management. Moreover, they appreciated the online resources as well as having the opportunity to undertake a MH taking course during the COVID-19 pandemic. 27.7% of the respondents thought that traditional BTCs should be supplemented through more online activities in the future. With respect to the ability of independently taking a MH upon completion of the course, the OC was rated significantly lower relative to the BTC (mean OC=2.4, SD=±1.1 vs. mean BTC=1.9, SD=±1.1 (1=strongly agree; 5=strongly disagree); p<0.0001). CONCLUSION OCs are a feasible format and seem to convey the theory and practical implementation in a peer-exercise format of MH taking to medical students. The theoretical background can be acquired with great flexibility. Nevertheless, the students' self-appraisal suggested that the traditional teaching format was more effective at teaching MH taking skills. Thus, we propose a blended learning concept, combining elements of both formats. In this context, we suggest prospective, randomized trials to evaluate blended learning approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvan Lange
- University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Institute of Medical Education, Munich, Germany
| | - Nils Krüger
- University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Institute of Medical Education, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Warm
- University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Institute of Medical Education, Munich, Germany
- University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Department of Internal Medicine III, Munich, Germany
| | - Mark op den Winkel
- University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Department of Internal Medicine II, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Buechel
- University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Huber
- University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Institute of Medical Education, Munich, Germany
| | - Orsolya Genzel-Boroviczény
- University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Division of Neonatology Campus Innenstadt, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin R. Fischer
- University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Institute of Medical Education, Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Dimitriadis
- University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Institute of Medical Education, Munich, Germany
- University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Department of Neurology, Munich, Germany
- University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich, Germany
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16
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Ajab S, Pearson E, Dumont S, Mitchell A, Kastelik J, Balaji P, Hepburn D. An Alternative to Traditional Bedside Teaching During COVID-19: High-Fidelity Simulation-Based Study. JMIR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 8:e33565. [PMID: 35404828 PMCID: PMC9089324 DOI: 10.2196/33565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bedside teaching is integral to medical education and has been highlighted to improve clinical and communication skills, as well as clinical reasoning. Despite the significant advantages of bedside teaching, its usage within medical education has been declining, and COVID-19 has added additional challenges. The pandemic has resulted in a significant reduction in opportunities to deliver bedside teaching due to risk of viral exposure, patients declining student interactions, and ward closures. Educators have therefore been required to be innovative in their teaching methods, leading to the use of online learning, social media platforms, and simulation. Simulation-based education allows for learning in a low-risk environment and affords the opportunity for deliberated repeated practice with case standardization. The results demonstrate that simulation-based training can increase students' confidence, increase the rates of correct clinical diagnoses, and improve retention of skills and knowledge when compared with traditional teaching methods. OBJECTIVE To mitigate the impact of COVID-19 upon bedside teaching for third year students at Hull York Medical School amid closure of the cardiorespiratory wards, a high-fidelity simulation-based model of traditional bedside teaching was designed and implemented. The objectives of the teaching session were to enable students to perform history taking and a focused cardiorespiratory clinical examination in a COVID-19-safe environment using SimMan 3G. METHODS Four clinical teaching fellows with experience of simulation-based medical education scripted histories for 2 common cardiorespiratory cases, which were asthma and aortic stenosis. The simulation sessions were designed for students to take a focused cardiorespiratory history and clinical examination using SimMan 3G. All cases involved dynamic vital signs, and the simulator allowed for auscultation of an ejection systolic murmur and wheezing in accordance with the cases chosen. Key aspects of the pathologies, including epidemiology, differential diagnoses, investigations, and management, were summarized using an interactive PowerPoint presentation, followed by a debriefing session. RESULTS In total, 12 third year medical students undertook the sessions, and overall feedback was highly positive. Of the 10 students who completed the feedback questionnaires, 90% (n=9) felt more confident in their clinical examination skills following the teaching; 100% (n=10) of the students responded that they would recommend the session to a colleague; and implementation of regular simulation was frequently requested on feedback. These results are in keeping with the current literature. CONCLUSIONS Bedside teaching continues to face ongoing challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic as well as declining patient recruitment and fluctuations in clinical findings. The support for simulation-based medical education is derived from high-quality studies; however, studies describing the use of this technology for bedside teaching in the undergraduate curriculum are limited. The authors describe a highly effective teaching session amid the pandemic, which allowed for maintenance of staff and student safety alongside continued education during a challenging time for educators globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Ajab
- Hull York Medical School, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Pearson
- Hull York Medical School, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Dumont
- Hull York Medical School, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Mitchell
- Hull York Medical School, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Kastelik
- Hull York Medical School, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Packianathaswamy Balaji
- Hull York Medical School, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - David Hepburn
- Hull York Medical School, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, United Kingdom
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Murry LT, Reist JC, Fravel MA, Knockel LE, Witry MJ. An Exploratory Mixed Methods Study of Standardized Patient Comments on Empathy and Student Communication Scores. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2022; 86:ajpe8642. [PMID: 34301573 PMCID: PMC8887057 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To quantify student pharmacists' communication ability based on scores from standardized patient (SP) communication rubrics, describe and categorize SP comments about student empathy, and test the relationship between students' communication scores and empathy.Methods. A concurrent mixed methods research design was used to assess a graded performance-based assessment (PBA) of student pharmacists that had been conducted at one college of pharmacy. The PBA rubrics (n=218) completed by SPs contained 20 assessment items and space for open-ended feedback. Scoring categories for communication assessment included: yes, inconsistent, no, and not applicable (N/A). Descriptive statistics were calculated for rubric scores. Feedback from standardized patients was analyzed and used to categorize student interactions during the encounter as reflecting high empathy, mixed empathy, or low empathy. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA was used to test the relationship between empathy category and communication score.Results. Standardized patients had written comments on 141 of the 218 rubrics (64.7%). The mean communication score was 39.0±1.6 (range, 31-40) out of a maximum 40 points. The total scores for the low, mixed, and high empathy category transformations were 6 (4.3%), 95 (67.4%), and 40 (28.4%), respectively. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA were significant, suggesting that communication scores were different between empathy categories.Conclusion. There was a positive association between students' scores on communication rubrics and student empathy categorization, with student pharmacists exhibiting different levels of clinical empathy. While the PBA of interest was not specifically focused on empathy, SPs frequently provided feedback about empathy to students, suggesting that showing empathy during the encounter was important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Murry
- The University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jeffrey C Reist
- The University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Laura E Knockel
- The University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mathew J Witry
- The University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa
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18
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Lovink A, Groenier M, van der Niet A, Miedema H, Rethans JJ. The contribution of simulated patients to meaningful student learning. PERSPECTIVES ON MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 10:341-346. [PMID: 34637120 PMCID: PMC8633349 DOI: 10.1007/s40037-021-00684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Communication training with simulated patients (SPs) is widely accepted as a valuable and effective means of teaching communication skills. However, it is unclear which elements within SP-student encounters make these learning experiences meaningful. This study focuses on the SP's role during meaningful learning of the student by giving an in-depth understanding of the contribution of the SP from a student perspective. METHODS Fifteen bachelor Technical Medicine students were interviewed. Technical medicine students become technical physicians who optimize individual patient care through the use of personalized technology. Their perceptions of meaningful learning experiences during SP-student encounters were explored through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, and analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Three main themes were identified that described what students considered to be important for meaningful learning experiences. First, SPs provide implicit feedback-in-action. Through this, students received an impression of their communication during the encounter. Implicit feedback-in-action was perceived as an authentic reaction of the SPs. Second, implicit feedback-in-action could lead to a process of reflection-in-action, meaning that students reflect on their own actions during the consultation. Third, interactions with SPs contributed to students' identity development, enabling them to know themselves on a professional and personal level. DISCUSSION During SP encounters, students learn more than just communication skills; the interaction with SPs contributes to their professional and personal identity development. Primarily, the authentic response of an SP during the interaction provides students an understanding of how well they communicate. This raises issues whether standardizing SPs might limit opportunities for meaningful learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Lovink
- Department of Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - Marleen Groenier
- Department of Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke van der Niet
- Department IQ Healthcare, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heleen Miedema
- Department of Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Joost Rethans
- Skillslab, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Volabailu R, Acharya S, Mohan VK, Holla R. Effectiveness of Roleplay Video Method in Teaching Communication Skills for Undergraduate Medical Students in Pharmacology in Indian Medical School. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES NU 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background Communication is an important skill to be honed and applied by Indian medical graduate, as per revised regulations on Graduate Medical Education 2019. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of roleplay video demonstration in teaching communication skills to students using standard pharmacology drug prescription scenarios.
Materials and Methods In this study, 136 students were divided into three batches, and in each batch, they were paired as a group of one doctor and patient and were asked to perform a roleplay of doctor-patient communication to a standard drug prescription case scenario. Communication skills of the simulated doctor were assessed before and after the administration of standard roleplay video, using modified Kalamazoo consensus statement by both the patient (peer evaluation) and the doctor (self-assessment). The effectiveness of roleplay was evaluated by comparing the total score before and after the roleplay demonstration using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The difference between the scores of self-evaluation and peer evaluation was tested using Mann–Whitney U test.
Results The communication skills score of after intervention-before intervention (p = 0.001) showed 59 positive ranks and 36.64 mean rank among patient group and 61 positive ranks and 36.74 mean rank among doctors' group, indicating there was a significant improvement in communication.
Conclusion Roleplay video demonstration improved the communication skills of students in the pharmacology practical class session. It helped in the active participation of the students and was appreciated by the majority of the students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandra Volabailu
- Department of Pharmacology, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Deralakatte, Nitte Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Swathi Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Deralakatte, Nitte Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkatesh Krishna Mohan
- Department of Pharmacology, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Deralakatte, Nitte Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajendra Holla
- Department of Pharmacology, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Deralakatte, Nitte Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
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Walter S, Speidel R, Hann A, Leitner J, Jerg-Bretzke L, Kropp P, Garbe J, Ebner F. Skepticism towards advancing VR technology - student acceptance of VR as a teaching and assessment tool in medicine. GMS JOURNAL FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 38:Doc100. [PMID: 34651058 PMCID: PMC8493843 DOI: 10.3205/zma001496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The high didactic potential of Virtual Reality (VR) contrasts with the point of view of students that the technology only has a relatively low significance for current and future teaching. This discrepancy was studied in a differentiated manner in order to gear the further development and implementation of VR towards the target group. Methods: From January 2020 to July 2020, medical students (N=318) were asked to watch ten videos online and rate them on the basis of acceptance indicators (e.g., fun and fairness). Using obstetrics as an example, the videos demonstrated five levels of VR technology functionality (e.g., haptic and adaptive feedback), some of which were visionary, in two use scenarios (teaching and the OSCE). The individual and aggregate indicators were compared with non-parametric testing procedures across application scenarios, functional levels and genders. In addition, correlations between the acceptance and the factors of semester, age, computer affinity, and previous VR experience were analyzed. Results: Across all functional levels, VR was more likely to be accepted in the classroom than in the OSCE. Comparisons across functional levels also revealed that the VR ready to be marketed was significantly more accepted than the visionary functions. This skepticism toward advancing VR technology was most pronounced with regard to the vision of autonomous VR examinations and among female students with a low computer affinity. Conclusion: The results suggest that the students' reservations are due to a lack of experience with the VR technology. In order for young physicians to become familiar with the technology and to be able to use it competently in the everyday clinical practice in the future, VR should not only be used as a teaching tool but also be part of the curriculum. Practical examinations using VR, on the other hand, are only recommended once the technology has become established in teaching and has been proven to be reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Walter
- Ulm University Hospital, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Psychology Section, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Speidel
- University of Ulm, Faculty of Medicine, Competence Center eEducation in Medicine, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Hann
- University Hospital Würzburg, Medical Clinic and Policlinic II, Gastroenterology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janine Leitner
- Ulm University Hospital, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Psychology Section, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lucia Jerg-Bretzke
- Ulm University Hospital, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Psychology Section, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Kropp
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute for Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jakob Garbe
- Halle University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine I, Halle, Germany
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21
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Kirubarajan A, Li X, Got T, Yau M, Sobel M. Improving Medical Student Comfort and Competence in Performing Gynecological Exams: A Systematic Review. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2021; 96:1353-1365. [PMID: 33883396 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Performing a gynecological exam is an essential skill for physicians. While interventions have been implemented to optimize how this skill is taught in medical school, it remains an area of concern and anxiety for many medical students. To date, a comprehensive assessment of these interventions has not been done. The authors conducted a systematic review of the literature on interventions that aim to improve medical student education on gynecological exams. METHOD The authors searched 6 databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, EBSCO CINAHL Plus, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and ERIC [Proquest]) from inception to August 4, 2020. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: focus on medical students, intervention with the purpose of teaching students to better perform gynecological exams, and reported outcomes/evaluation. Extracted data included study location, study design, sample size, details of the intervention and evaluation, and context of the pelvic exam. All outcomes were summarized descriptively; key outcomes were coded as subjective or objective assessments. RESULTS The search identified 5,792 studies; 50 met the inclusion criteria. The interventions described were diverse, with many controlled studies evaluating multiple methods of instruction. Gynecological teaching associates (GTAs), or professional patients, were the most common method of education. GTA-led teaching resulted in improvements in student confidence, competence, and communication skills. Physical adjuncts, or anatomic models and simulators, were the second most common category of intervention. Less resource-intensive interventions, such as self-directed learning packages, online training modules, and video clips, also demonstrated positive results in student comfort and competence. All studies highlighted the need for improved education on gynecological exams. CONCLUSIONS The literature included evaluations of numerous interventions for improving medical student comfort and competence in performing gynecological exams. GTA-led teaching may be the most impactful educational tool described, though less resource-intensive interventions can also be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Kirubarajan
- A. Kirubarajan is a fourth-year medical student, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xinglin Li
- X. Li is a fourth-year medical student, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiffany Got
- T. Got is a fourth-year medical student, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Yau
- M. Yau is a third-year medical student, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mara Sobel
- M. Sobel is assistant professor, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Goethe Doualla FC, Bediang G, Nganou-Gnindjio C. Evaluation of a digitally enhanced cardiac auscultation learning method: a controlled study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:380. [PMID: 34247603 PMCID: PMC8273941 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac auscultation remains an efficient and accessible diagnostic tool, especially in resource-limited countries where modern diagnostic devices like cardiac ultrasound are expensive and difficult to access. However, cardiac auscultation skills of medical students and physicians are declining, mainly because of an ineffective teaching method for this technique. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of a digitally enhanced cardiac auscultation learning method on participants' theoretical knowledge and auscultation skills. METHODS This will be a controlled study with two parallel arms (1:1). Participants (fourth-year medical students) will be divided into two groups: an intervention group (receiving additional lectures, clinical internship and audio listening sessions) and a control group (receiving additional lectures and clinical internship). At the beginning of the study, all participants will undergo a pre-test that consist of two parts: a knowledge assessment based on multiple-choice questions and a skills assessment based on recognition of cardiac sounds from audio files. Thereafter, three specific additional lectures on cardiac auscultation will be delivered and all participants will take part in their official clinical internship. During these clinical internships (eight weeks), participants of the intervention group will be invited to two listening sessions based on five digital recordings of heart sounds. At the end of the clinical internship, all participants will be invited to a post-test to evaluate their knowledge, skills and satisfaction according to their learning method. The main outcome will be the participants' knowledge progression. The other outcomes will be the participants' skills progression, participants' total progression and satisfaction. Data will be collected and analyzed in per protocol. DISCUSSION This study could contribute to the development of a learning method that takes into account the advantages of the conventional method and the contribution of digital technology. Positive results could lead to improved cardiac auscultation skills among health professionals, especially in developing countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered on the Pan-African Clinical Trials Registry ( http://www.pactr.org ) under unique identification number: PACTR202001504666847 , registered the 29 November 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georges Bediang
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Chris Nganou-Gnindjio
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Falk EE, Allen KE, DeGroote NP, Wasilewski-Masker K, Brock KE. Feasibility, Acceptability, and Education of Pediatric Oncology Providers Before and After an Embedded Pediatric Palliative Oncology Clinic. JCO Oncol Pract 2021; 17:e714-e729. [PMID: 33606559 DOI: 10.1200/op.20.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Most pediatric palliative care (PPC) education is trainee-directed, didactic, or simulation-based and therefore limited in scope, realism, and audience. We explored whether an embedded pediatric palliative oncology (PPO) clinic is associated with improved pediatric oncology provider palliative care comfort, knowledge, and attitudes toward PPC and if the model is feasible for both clinical care and education of providers of all levels. METHODS Oncology providers (oncologists, advanced practice providers, and fellows) were enrolled in this study. Based on interaction with the PPO clinic, two cohorts were defined: PPO providers (n = 11, 37.9%) and non-PPO providers (n = 18, 62.1%). Providers in both groups responded to qualitative and quantitative questionnaires about the feasibility and acceptability of PPO clinic, their attitudes toward PPC, and knowledge and comfort in PPC concepts at baseline and 1 year. Descriptive statistics were performed; demographic and outcome variables across cohorts by PPO grouping and experience were compared. RESULTS All 29 pediatric oncology providers reported acceptability of a PPO clinic and favorable attitudes about PPC. The most feasible clinic model was oncology followed by PPO visits. Non-PPO group and less experienced (≤ 10 years) providers had greater improvement in knowledge and comfort with PPC skills than PPO group or more experienced providers. Providers lacked comfort in non-pain symptom management skills. CONCLUSION This embedded PPO clinic model was feasible, acceptable, and highly rated by responding oncology clinicians, but was insufficient as a sole method of educating multidisciplinary oncology providers. Methods of combining clinical and formal education are needed to impart sustained educational change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Falk
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kristen E Allen
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Nicholas P DeGroote
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Karen Wasilewski-Masker
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Katharine E Brock
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Palliative Care, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Dow N, Wass V, Macleod D, Muirhead L, McKeown J. 'GP Live'- recorded General Practice consultations as a learning tool for junior medical students faced with the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. EDUCATION FOR PRIMARY CARE 2020; 31:377-381. [PMID: 32842902 DOI: 10.1080/14739879.2020.1812440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First year medical students value doctor and patient contact. However, it can be challenging to achieve positive exposure to primary care on a large scale. The COVID-19 pandemic has placed even greater pressure on placing students in General Practice (GP). AIM To assess the feasibility and acceptability of showing Year 1 medical students authentic recorded consultations between GPs and patients, and then explore what they gained from this. METHOD Using Panopto® Video Platform, we pre-recorded real Primary Care consultations, with patient and GP consent, which were then processed securely using the University of Aberdeen server. These were shown to all Year 1 medical students who immediately debriefed these consultations in small groups with a GP tutor. Subsequently two focus groups were held with 11 students to evaluate what they had learnt. LEARNING OUTCOMES The consultations were easy to record and play during the teaching session, although there were some issues with sound quality. All students in the focus groups enjoyed the experience. They gained new knowledge about the skills of GPs, and recognised GPs as positive role models. Students were able to identify a variety of communication and consultation skills used by the GP, which reinforced their teaching on these delivered elsewhere in the course. CONCLUSION Using pre-recorded consultations as a teaching tool is reproducible, time-efficient and beneficial to students. We propose that this model of using authentic 'live' interactions between GPs and patients represents a valuable undergraduate educational opportunity and could be utilised by medical schools internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Dow
- General Practice and Community Medical Education, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK
| | - Val Wass
- General Practice and Community Medical Education, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK
| | - David Macleod
- General Practice and Community Medical Education, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK
| | - Laura Muirhead
- General Practice and Community Medical Education, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK
| | - John McKeown
- General Practice and Community Medical Education, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, UK
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Lai MMY, Roberts N, Mohebbi M, Martin J. A randomised controlled trial of feedback to improve patient satisfaction and consultation skills in medical students. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:277. [PMID: 32819352 PMCID: PMC7439652 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of feedback has been integral to medical student learning, but rigorous evidence to evaluate its education effect is limited, especially in the role of patient feedback in clinical teaching and practice improvement. The aim of the Patient Teaching Associate (PTA) Feedback Study was to evaluate whether additional written consumer feedback on patient satisfaction improved consultation skills among medical students and whether multisource feedback (MSF) improved student performance. METHODS In this single site, double-blinded randomised controlled trial, 71 eligible medical students from two universities in their first clinical year were allocated to intervention or control and followed up for one semester. They participated in five simulated student-led consultations in a teaching clinic with patient volunteers living with chronic illness. Students in the intervention group received additional written feedback on patient satisfaction combined with guided self-reflection. The control group received usual immediate formative multisource feedback from tutors, patients and peers. Student characteristics, baseline patient-rated satisfaction scores and tutor-rated consultation skills were measured. RESULTS Follow-up assessments were complete in 70 students attending the MSF program. At the final consultation episodes, both groups improved patient-rated rapport (P = 0.002), tutor-rated patient-centeredness and tutor-rated overall consultation skills (P = 0.01). The intervention group showed significantly better tutor-rated patient-centeredness (P = 0.003) comparing with the control group. Distress relief, communication comfort, rapport reported by patients and tutor-rated clinical skills did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The innovative multisource feedback program effectively improved consultation skills in medical students. Structured written consumer feedback combined with guided student reflection further improved patient-centred practice and effectively enhanced the benefit of an MSF model. This strategy might provide a valuable adjunct to communication skills education for medical students. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Number ACTRN12613001055796 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Y Lai
- Medical Student Programs, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University and Deakin University, Level 2, Arnold Street, Box Hill, VIC, 3128, Australia.
- Curtin University Medical School, Perth, Australia.
| | - Noel Roberts
- Medical Student Programs, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University and Deakin University, Level 2, Arnold Street, Box Hill, VIC, 3128, Australia
| | | | - Jenepher Martin
- Medical Student Programs, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University and Deakin University, Level 2, Arnold Street, Box Hill, VIC, 3128, Australia
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Louw JM, Hugo JFM. Learning person-centred consultation skills in clinical medicine: A randomised controlled case study. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2020; 62:e1-e9. [PMID: 32633995 PMCID: PMC8378123 DOI: 10.4102/safp.v62i1.5109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Training institutions need to ensure that healthcare students learn the skills to conduct person-centred consultations. We studied changes in person-centred practice over time following a quality improvement (QI) intervention among Bachelor of Clinical Medical Practice undergraduate students.Methods: Students were randomised to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received training and did a QI cycle on their own consultation skills. Consultations with simulated patients were recorded during structured clinical examinations in June (baseline) and November (post-intervention) 2015.Results: Matched consultations for 64 students were analysed. The total SEGUE (Set the stage, Elicit information, Give information, Understand the patient’s perspective and End the encounter scores) were significantly higher in the final assessment compared to baseline for both the whole group and the intervention group (p = 0.005 and 0.015, respectively). The improvement did not differ significantly between intervention and control groups (p = 0.778). Third-year students improved significantly more than second years (p = 0.007).Conclusion: The person-centred practice (including collaboration) of clinical associate students did improve over the period studied. The results show that students’ learning of person-centred practice also happened in ways other than through the QI intervention. There is a need to develop students’ collaborative skills during the medical consultation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakobus M Louw
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
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Rockey NG, Ramos GP, Romanski S, Bierle D, Bartlett M, Halland M. Patient participation in medical student teaching: a survey of hospital patients. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:142. [PMID: 32381082 PMCID: PMC7206775 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the common practice of involving in-patients in the teaching of medical students little is known about the experience for patients. This study investigated inpatients' willingness, motivations and experience with participation in medical student bedside teaching. METHODS In-patients at a tertiary hospital who participated in medical student teaching answered a 22 question survey. The survey examined the motivations, impact and overall experience for these patients. RESULTS During July and August of 2019, 111 patients aged 19-93 years completed the survey. Most patients who were approached by preceptors to participate in teaching agreed to participate (74%). Ninety-six percent of patients felt like they could have said no if they had not wanted to participate in medical student teaching. Ninety percent of patients valued the time they spent with students. CONCLUSIONS Most hospital inpatients are willing to participate in medical student teaching in order to be helpful, and most have a positive experience. Preceptors in undergraduate medical education should prioritize a quality informed consent process and understand that the teaching experience can be mutually productive for patients and students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Rockey
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, 200 1st SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Susan Romanski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Dennis Bierle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Matthew Bartlett
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Magnus Halland
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Fog-Petersen C, Borgnakke K, Hemmingsen R, Gefke M, Arnfred S. Clerkship students' use of a video library for training the mental status examination. Nord J Psychiatry 2020; 74:332-339. [PMID: 31906771 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2019.1709892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Fewer patient encounters and diminished bedside teaching pose a challenge to medical students' opportunity to learn during clinical clerkships in psychiatry. Videos can be used for close examination of signs and symptoms and to increase engagement and recall. A video library holding recordings of psychiatric patients with mental status examinations were prepared. We explored the students' use of this library during their clerkships.Methods and materials: The video library was introduced to three rotations of medical students and made accessible on hospital computers. Four students volunteered as key informants and were followed daily throughout the clerkship by the first author, using the ethnographic method of participant observation. At the end of the clerkship, group interviews were conducted with each rotation of students, including the key informants. Twelve students participated in the study. Field notes taken during participant observation and the transcribed interviews were merged in a thematic analysis.Results: The analysis reveals the students' autonomous and arbitrary use of the video library. Creatively extending the use of the videos, they scheduled their video sessions according to their individual needs. The students furthermore blended experiences gained from the library and in the ward, thus coping in various ways with the shortcomings of the video library.Conclusions: The medical students felt they benefited from the simplified learning situation offered by the video library. Their frequent shortcuts through the videos during sessions highlighted weaknesses in the feedback and reflection processes occasioned by the library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Fog-Petersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Psychiatry est, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Karen Borgnakke
- Department of Media, Cognition and Communication, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ralf Hemmingsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Gefke
- Psychiatric Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Sidse Arnfred
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen and Psychiatry est, Slagelse, Denmark
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Bellier A, Chaffanjon P, Krupat E, Francois P, Labarère J. Cross-cultural adaptation of the 4-Habits Coding Scheme into French to assess physician communication skills. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230672. [PMID: 32298278 PMCID: PMC7161987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Four Habits Coding Scheme (4-HCS) is a standardized instrument designed to assess physicians’ communication skills from an external rater’s perspective, based on video-recorded consultations. Objective To perform the cross-cultural adaptation of the 4-HCS into French and to assess its psychometric properties. Methods The 4-HCS was cross-culturally adapted by conducting forward and backward translations with independent translators, following international guidelines. Four raters rated 200 video-recorded medical student consultations with standardized patients, using the French version of the 4-HCS. We examined the internal consistency, factor structure, construct validity, and reliability of the 4-HCS. Results The mean overall 4-HCS score was 76.44 (standard deviation, 12.34), with no floor or ceiling effects across subscales. The median rating duration of rating was 8 min (range, 4–19). Cronbach’s alpha was 0.94 for the overall 4-HCS, ranging from 0.72 to 0.88 across subscales. In confirmatory factor analysis, goodness-of-fit statistics did not corroborate the hypothesized 4-habit structure. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in two dimensions, with the merging of three conceptually related habits into a single dimension and substantial cross-loading for 15 out of 23 items. Median average absolute-agreement intra-class correlation coefficient estimates were 0.74 (range, 0.68–0.84) and 0.85 (range, 0.76–0.91) for inter- and intra-rater reliability of habit subscales, respectively. Conclusion The French version of the 4-HCS demonstrates satisfactory internal consistency but requires the use of two independent raters to achieve acceptable reliability. The underlying factor structure of the original US version and cross-cultural adaptations of the 4-HCS deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bellier
- Quality of Care Unit, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- School of Medicine, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
- Computational and Mathematical Biology Team, TIMC-IMAG, UMR 5525, CNRS, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
- CIC 1406, INSERM, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Edward Krupat
- Center for Evaluation, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patrice Francois
- Quality of Care Unit, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - José Labarère
- Quality of Care Unit, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- School of Medicine, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
- Computational and Mathematical Biology Team, TIMC-IMAG, UMR 5525, CNRS, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
- CIC 1406, INSERM, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
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Carty M, O’Riordan N, Ivers M, Higgins MF. Patient perspectives of bedside teaching in an obstetrics, Gynaecology and neonatology hospital. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:111. [PMID: 32293405 PMCID: PMC7158153 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osler taught doctors to "have no teaching without a patient for a text, and the best teaching is that taught by the patient himself". Bedside teaching (BST) facilitates clinical practice of skills, teaches empathy, instils confidence and builds on patient-doctor relationships. However, its use has declined dramatically due to concerns regarding privacy and autonomy. Most of the research in this area concentrates on medical student or academic opinion of BST using survey based methods. This qualitative study aimed to explore the patient's experiences and opinions of BST. METHODS With ethical approval a qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews which were examined using Thematic Analysis. Patients who had participated in a BST tutorial were invited to participate and gave written consent after discussion with a study researcher. RESULTS Twenty-two patients were interviewed (obstetrics ante-natal [n = 10], obstetrics post-natal [n = 5] and gynaecology [n = 7]) ranging from ages 24-80 yrs. Four major themes were identified, with 11 sub-themes. The major themes included (i) Professional Mannerisms (ii) Privacy and Personal Wellbeing (iii) Quality of Patient Experience of BST and (iv) Clinical Experience and Learning Importance. The reaction of patients toward teaching at the bedside was altruistic and positive, with importance placed on learning. CONCLUSION This research supports the concept of patient focused learning, and can reassure faculty that patients largely support its continuation as an integral component in education. Future research aims to extend this assessment to other patient groups with the aim of learning from and improving their experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Carty
- UCD School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Donnybrook, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nicola O’Riordan
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mary Ivers
- UCD School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Donnybrook, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mary F. Higgins
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, UCD School of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Maternity Hospital, Holles Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Hester RL, Pruett W, Clemmer J, Ruckdeschel A. Simulation of integrative physiology for medical education. Morphologie 2019; 103:187-193. [PMID: 31563456 PMCID: PMC7219081 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Medical education is founded on the understanding of physiology. While lecture materials and reading contribute to the learning of physiology, the richness and complexity of the subject suggest that more active learning methods may provide a richer introduction to the science as it applies to the practice of medicine. Simulation has been previously used in basic science to better understand the interaction of physiological systems. In the current context, simulation generally refers to interactive case studies performed with a manikin or anatomic device. More recently, simulation has grown to encompass computational simulation: virtual models of physiology and pathophysiology where students can see in a mechanistic setting how tissues and organs interact with one another to respond to changes in their environment. In this manuscript, we discuss how simulation fits into the overall history of medical education, and detail two computational simulation products designed for medical education. The first of these is an acute simulator, JustPhysiology, which reduces the scope of a large model, HumMod, down to a more focused interface. The second is Sycamore, an electronic health record-delivered, real time simulator of patients designed to teach chronic patient care to students. These products represent a new type of tool for medical and allied health students to encourage active learning and integration of basic science knowledge into clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Hester
- Department of physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Center for computational medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - W Pruett
- Department of physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Center for computational medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - J Clemmer
- Department of physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Center for computational medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - A Ruckdeschel
- Center for computational medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Ward A, Bethea J, Hsu R. Exploring life with a long-term condition using asynchronous online communication. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2019; 102:2325-2329. [PMID: 31447196 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We describe the development and evaluation of a novel programme that uses an online patient portal system to provide medical students with early and authentic experience of patient interaction. METHODS Focus group discussions were held with students, tutors and patients who had taken part in the first year of the programme. RESULTS The programme provided an opportunity for early patient interaction in a safe environment. Students were able to practice communication skills learnt elsewhere in the course as well as identifying some of the different skills required for asynchronous online interactions. The approach gave opportunities to develop understanding of aspects of life with a long-term condition. CONCLUSION Using an online patient portal system to interact with a patient enabled students to develop and apply their communication skills in a safe environment and gain a holistic view of a patient's experience. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Medical students need to be equipped with the skills needed to communicate electronically with patients. Current medical curricula currently focus on more traditional models of the consultation. Further research is needed to establish best practice in this rapidly growing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Ward
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - Jane Bethea
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ron Hsu
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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van der Vleuten C, van den Eertwegh V, Giroldi E. Assessment of communication skills. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2019; 102:2110-2113. [PMID: 31351785 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper addresses how communication skills can best be assessed. Since assessment and learning are strongly connected, the way communication skills are best learned is also described. RESULTS Communication skills are best learned in a longitudinal fashion with ample practice in an authentic setting. Confrontation of behavior initiates the learning process and should be supported by meaningful feedback through direct observation. When done appropriately a set of (learned) communication skills become integrated skilled communication, being versatilely used in purposeful goal-oriented clinical communication. The assessment of communication skills should follow a modern approach to assessment where the learning function of assessment is considered a priority. Individual assessments are feedback-oriented to promote further learning and development. The resulting rich information may be used to make progression decisions, usually in a group or committee decision. CONCLUSION This modern programmatic approach to assessment fits the learning of skilled communication well. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Implementation of a programmatic assessment approach to communication will entail a major innovation to education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cees van der Vleuten
- Maastricht University, Department of Educational Development and Research, School of Health Professions Education(SHE), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Valerie van den Eertwegh
- Maastricht University, Skillslab, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Giroldi
- Maastricht University, Department of Educational Development and Research, School of Health Professions Education(SHE), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht University, Department of Family Medicine, Care and Public, Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Wilson WJ, Schmulian D, Sher A, Morris S, Hill AE. Student perceptions of two simulated learning environments in paediatric audiology. Int J Audiol 2019; 59:16-23. [PMID: 31486696 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2019.1660004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To determine audiology student perceptions of two simulated learning environments (SLE) in paediatric audiology.Design: A one-shot case study design.Study sample: Fifteen audiology students who completed questionnaires after participating in two SLEs, one simulating auditory brainstem response (ABR) assessments of neonates in a hospital ward and one simulating visually reinforced orientation audiometry (VROA) assessments of young children in an audiology clinic.Results: The students responded positively to 11/11 areas of audiometric testing and client interaction in both SLEs, to 7/7 aspects of their interactions with the mannequins in both SLEs, and to 8/8 aspects of their interactions with fellow students playing the role of parent in the ABR SLE and 7/8 of these aspects in the VROA SLE. The students reported low levels of anxiety towards both SLEs but rated the ABR SLE more highly than the VROA SLE in areas of preparedness, effectiveness, realism, pre-SLE training, reinforcement of lecture content, and overall usefulness.Conclusions: The participating students responded positively to almost all aspects of both SLEs. Further research is warranted using research designs capable of determining if these SLEs directly improve student abilities as they transition from academic settings to clinical placements in paediatric audiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Wilson
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - D Schmulian
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A Sher
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S Morris
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A E Hill
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Mohiaddin H, Malik A, Murtagh GM. Maximizing the acquisition of core communication skills at the start of medical training. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2019; 10:727-735. [PMID: 31695549 PMCID: PMC6717721 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s212727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical communication teaching for medical undergraduates may involve real patient contact alongside simulated patient (SP) contact. However, there is still comparatively little known about the experience of learning with real patients and how that may impact on the SP encounter. AIM To explore the impact of real patient contact on the experience of communication skills training and SP contact for first-year medical undergraduate students. METHODS As part of the 6-year MBBS undergraduate medical degree at Imperial College London, students are obliged to undertake communication skills training, which involves teaching with simulated and real patients. In 2017 (toward the end of formal teaching), a small sample of Year 1 medical students, who had taken part in extra-curricular teaching with real patients were recruited for the study to compare their performance with a control group in a SP encounter. The performance of both groups was analyzed alongside follow-up focus group data from a sample of the study group. RESULTS Quantitative analysis revealed there was no significant difference in communication skills during a scored SP interview between students with real patient contact and those without. Focus group data, however, revealed valuable insights into the experience of learning with real patients. Students reported a marked increase in their confidence and ability to naturalize their communication skills as a result of real patient contact. Students also reported that skills gained through real patient contact may not always transfer easily to the SP setting. CONCLUSION Real patient contact is an invaluable component of communication training for undergraduate medical students. For successful implementation, there needs to be a clear curricular purpose at pedagogical, practical and organizational levels. Students' experience of real patient contact can provide an informed foundation upon which to implement other modes of teaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mohiaddin
- Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anam Malik
- Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ged M Murtagh
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1BL, UK
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Rowland P, Anderson M, Kumagai AK, McMillan S, Sandhu VK, Langlois S. Patient involvement in health professionals' education: a meta-narrative review. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2019; 24:595-617. [PMID: 30306292 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-018-9857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
More than 100 years ago, Osler inspired educators to consider health professions education (HPE) as intricately reliant on patients. Since that time, patient involvement in HPE has taken on many different meanings. The result is a disparate body of literature that is challenging to search, making it difficult to determine how to continue to build knowledge in the field. To address this problem, we conducted a review of the literature on patient involvement in HPE using a meta-narrative approach. The aim of the review was to synthesize how questions of patient involvement in HPE have been considered across various research traditions and over time. In this paper, we focus on three scholarly communities concerned with various interpretations of patient involvement in HPE-patient as teachers, real patients as standardized patients, and bedside learning. Focus on these three research communities served as a way to draw out various meta-narratives in which patients are thought of in particular ways, specific rationales for involvement are offered, and different research traditions are put to use in the field. Attending to the intersections between these meta-narratives, we focus on the potentially incommensurate ways in which "active" patient engagement is considered within the broader field and the possible implications. We end by reflecting on these tensions and what they might mean for the future of patient involvement, specifically patient involvement as part of future iterations of competency based education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rowland
- Wilson Centre, Toronto, Canada.
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Ave, Eaton North, 1-812, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.
- Centre for Interprofessional Education, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Melanie Anderson
- University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Ave, Eaton North, 1-812, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Arno K Kumagai
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah McMillan
- University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Ave, Eaton North, 1-812, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Vijay K Sandhu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sylvia Langlois
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Bernardo MO, Cecilio-Fernandes D, Lima ARDA, Silva JF, Ceccato HD, Costa MJ, de Carvalho-Filho MA. Investigating the relation between self-assessment and patients' assessments of physicians-in-training empathy: a multicentric, observational, cross-sectional study in three teaching hospitals in Brazil. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029356. [PMID: 31243037 PMCID: PMC6597646 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the associations between self-assessed empathy levels by physicians in training and empathy levels as perceived by their patients after clinical encounters. The authors also examined whether patient assessments were valid and reliable tools to measure empathy in physicians in training. DESIGN A multicentric, observational, cross-sectional study. SETTING This study was conducted in three public teaching hospitals in Brazil. PARTICIPANTS From the 668 patients invited to participate in this research, 566 (84.7%) agreed. Of these, 238 (42%) were male and 328 (58%) were female. From the invited 112 physicians in training, 86 (76.8%) agreed. Of the 86 physicians in training, 35 (41%) were final-year medical students and 51 (59%) were residents from clinical and surgical specialties. The gender distribution was 39 (45%) males and 47 (51%) females. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Physicians in training filled the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSE) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Patients answered the Jefferson Scale of Patient's Perceptions of Physician Empathy (JSPPPE) and the Consultation and Relational Empathy Scale (CARE). RESULTS This study found non-significant correlations between patient and physicians-in-training self-assessments, except for a weak correlation (0.241, p<0.01) between the JSPPPE score and the JSE compassionate care subscore. CARE and JSPPPE scales proved to be valid and reliable instruments. CONCLUSIONS Physicians-in-training self-assessments of empathy differ from patient assessments. Knowledge about empathy derived from self-assessment studies probably does not capture the perspective of the patients, who are key stakeholders in patient-centred care. Future research on the development of physician empathy or on outcomes of educational interventions to foster empathy should include patient perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Oliveira Bernardo
- Radiology, Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas e da Saude, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario Cecilio-Fernandes
- CEDAR - Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Julian Furtado Silva
- Internal Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hugo Dugolin Ceccato
- Internal Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuel João Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Marco Antonio de Carvalho-Filho
- CEDAR - Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Internal Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Barbosa M, Del Piccolo L, Barbosa A. Effectiveness of a brief training program in relational/communication skills for medical residents. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2019; 102:1104-1110. [PMID: 30686501 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of a brief training program in relational/communication skills (RCS) for medical residents. METHODS This longitudinal study enrolled 64 medical residents who participated in a RCS training program in small groups. Teaching was based on interviews with standardized patients and reflective practice. Video-recorded consultations were coded according to the Verona-Coding-Definitions-of-Emotional-Sequences (VR-CoDES) and a coding system developed to assess ten communication skills for breaking bad news. The outcome measures were: independent raters' score in RCS for breaking bad news and the percentage of providing space and empathic responses, by comparing baseline (T1) skills with those after three-days (T2) and three-months (T3). RESULTS After the training program residents provided more space for further disclosure of cues and concerns according to VR-CoDES definitions. There were significant improvements in seven of the ten communication skills for breaking bad news. All of these improvements were observed either at T2 or at T3. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a brief RCS training program designed to improve medical residents' ability to respond appropriately to patients' cues and concerns and to conduct a breaking bad news encounter. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Brief RCS training programs adopting multiple approaches, should be offered as mandatory during residency programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Barbosa
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Lidia Del Piccolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - António Barbosa
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Dzulkarnain AAA, Sani MKA, Rahmat S, Jusoh M. The Influence of Feedback in the Simulated Patient Case-History Training among Audiology Students at the International Islamic University Malaysia. J Audiol Otol 2019; 23:121-128. [PMID: 30857383 PMCID: PMC6646892 DOI: 10.7874/jao.2018.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives There is a scant evidence on the use of simulations in audiology (especially in Malaysia) for case-history taking, although this technique is widely used for training medical and nursing students. Feedback is one of the important components in simulations training; however, it is unknown if feedback by instructors could influence the simulated patient (SP) training outcome for case-history taking among audiology students. Aim of the present study is to determine whether the SP training with feedback in addition to the standard role-play and seminar training is an effective learning tool for audiology case-history taking. Subjects and Methods Twenty-six second-year undergraduate audiology students participated. A cross-over study design was used. All students initially attended two hours of seminar and role-play sessions. They were then divided into three types of training, 1) SP training (Group A), 2) SP with feedback (Group B), and 3) a non-additional training group (Group C). After two training sessions, the students changed their types of training to, 1) Group A and C: SP training with feedback, and 2) Group B: non-additional training. All the groups were assessed at three points: 1) pre-test, 2) intermediate, and 3) post-test. The normalized median score differences between and within the respective groups were analysed using non-parametric tests at 95% confidence intervals. Results Groups with additional SP trainings (with and without feedback) showed a significantly higher normalized gain score than no training group (p<0.05). Conclusions The SP training (with/ without feedback) is a beneficial learning tool for history taking to students in audiology major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Aidil Arafat Dzulkarnain
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Maryam Kamilah Ahmad Sani
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Sarah Rahmat
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Masnira Jusoh
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
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Englar RE. Tracking Veterinary Students' Acquisition of Communication Skills and Clinical Communication Confidence by Comparing Student Performance in the First and Twenty-Seventh Standardized Client Encounters. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2018; 46:235-257. [PMID: 30285598 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.0917-117r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The American Veterinary Medical Association's Council on Education mandates that veterinary students graduate with competence in clinical communication. Communication competence facilitates the successful transition of students into clinical practice by improving veterinary client satisfaction and reducing the risk of litigation. Curricular experimentation with communications training has led to innovative approaches to this content area, including the adoption of standardized patients from human health care education. Although the use of standardized clients (SCs) is time and resource intensive, their use by veterinary educators has allowed students to work through authentic cases in a safe learning environment in which learner goals drive training. Despite the increasing popularity of SC-based communications curricula, outcomes assessment studies that track the resultant student growth are lacking. Ninety students in the inaugural class of 2018 at Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine participated in 27 SC encounters over eight consecutive quarters. Students' use of Calgary-Cambridge Guide communication skills was compared in the first and twenty-seventh encounters. On the basis of SC evaluations of student performance, students increased their use of all communication skills in the final encounter compared with baseline. Students were also more likely to take a comprehensive patient history, build rapport, and retain the client. Mean scores for pre- and post-encounter communication confidence, as self-reported by students, also increased. These findings support that a SC-rich curriculum facilitates student acquisition of communication skills and promotes confidence when students approach entry-level clinical tasks such as history taking.
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Flood T, Wilson I, Cathcart J. Service user involvement in radiotherapy and oncology education; the patient perspective. Radiography (Lond) 2018; 24:185-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Blake L, Yang FM, Brandon H, Wilson B, Page R. A Clinical Librarian Embedded in Medical Education: Patient-Centered Encounters for Preclinical Medical Students. Med Ref Serv Q 2018; 37:19-30. [PMID: 29327991 DOI: 10.1080/02763869.2018.1404384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adding patient encounters and simulation to the preclinical years of medical school is becoming increasingly popular. This article describes the creation of active learning opportunities by a clinical librarian that are aimed at training preclinical students through the use of simulated patient scenarios. Scenarios for second-year students walk them through the evidence-based resources needed in clinical years and beyond through a standardized patient encounter. Scenarios for first-year students involve role-play of cases where the patient and physician bring contrasting ideas to the outpatient interaction. All scenarios are carried out under the guidance of a clinician and librarian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Blake
- a UAMS Medical Library , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Frances M Yang
- b Medical College of Georgia , Augusta University , Augusta , Georgia , USA
| | - Hutton Brandon
- b Medical College of Georgia , Augusta University , Augusta , Georgia , USA
| | - Benjamin Wilson
- b Medical College of Georgia , Augusta University , Augusta , Georgia , USA
| | - Renee Page
- b Medical College of Georgia , Augusta University , Augusta , Georgia , USA
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Khoo EJ, Schremmer RD, Diekema DS, Lantos JD. Ethical Concerns When Minors Act as Standardized Patients. Pediatrics 2017; 139:peds.2016-2795. [PMID: 28174202 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When minors are asked to assist medical educators by acting as standardized patients (SPs), there is a potential for the minors to be exploited. Minors deserve protection from exploitation. Such protection has been written into regulations governing medical research and into child labor laws. But there are no similar guidelines for minors' work in medical education. This article addresses the question of whether there should be rules. Should minors be required to give their informed consent or assent? Are there certain practices that could cause harm for the children who become SPs? We present a controversial case and ask a number of experts to consider the ethical issues that arise when minors are asked to act as SPs in medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John D Lantos
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; and
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Abstract
STATEMENT Serious games are computer-based games designed for training purposes. They are poised to expand their role in medical education. This systematic review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, aimed to synthesize current serious gaming trends in health care training, especially those pertaining to developmental methodologies and game evaluation. PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were queried for relevant documents published through December 2014. Of the 3737 publications identified, 48 of them, covering 42 serious games, were included. From 2007 to 2014, they demonstrate a growth from 2 games and 2 genres to 42 games and 8 genres. Overall, study design was heterogeneous and methodological quality by MERQSI score averaged 10.5/18, which is modest. Seventy-nine percent of serious games were evaluated for training outcomes. As the number of serious games for health care training continues to grow, having schemas that organize how educators approach their development and evaluation is essential for their success.
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Hughes J, Wilson WJ, MacBean N, Hill AE. A tool for assessing case history and feedback skills in audiology students working with simulated patients. Int J Audiol 2016; 55:765-774. [PMID: 27696974 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2016.1214758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a tool for assessing audiology students taking a case history and giving feedback with simulated patients (SP). DESIGN Single observation, single group design. STUDY SAMPLE Twenty-four first-year audiology students, five simulated patients, two clinical educators, and three evaluators. RESULTS The Audiology Simulated Patient Interview Rating Scale (ASPIRS) was developed consisting of six items assessing specific clinical skills, non-verbal communication, verbal communication, interpersonal skills, interviewing skills, and professional practice skills. These items are applied once for taking a case history and again for giving feedback. The ASPIRS showed very high internal consistency (α = 0.91-0.97; mean inter-item r = 0.64-0.85) and fair-to-moderate agreement between evaluators (29.2-54.2% exact and 79.2-100% near agreement; κweighted up to 0.60). It also showed fair-to-moderate absolute agreement amongst evaluators for single evaluator scores (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] r = 0.35-0.59) and substantial consistency of agreement amongst evaluators for three-evaluator averaged scores (ICC r = 0.62-0.81). Factor analysis showed the ASPIRS' 12 items fell into two components, one containing all feedback items and one containing all case history items. CONCLUSION The ASPIRS shows promise as the first published tool for assessing audiology students taking a case history and giving feedback with an SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hughes
- a School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences , The University of Queensland , Australia
| | - Wayne J Wilson
- a School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences , The University of Queensland , Australia
| | - Naomi MacBean
- a School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences , The University of Queensland , Australia
| | - Anne E Hill
- a School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences , The University of Queensland , Australia
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Predicting surgical skill acquisition in preclinical medical students. Am J Surg 2016; 212:596-601. [PMID: 27567113 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to identify factors that predict medical student success in acquiring invasive procedural skills. We hypothesized that students with interest in surgery and with prior procedural experience would have higher rates of success. METHODS Preclinical students were enrolled in a simulation course comprised of suturing, intubation, and central venous catheterization. Students completed surveys to describe demographics, specialty interest area, prior experience, and confidence. Using linear regression, variables predictive of proficiency were identified. RESULTS Forty-five participants completed the course. Under univariate analysis, composite pretest score was inversely associated with confidence (P = .039). Under multivariable analysis, female gender was associated with higher pretest suturing score (P = .016). Male gender (P = .029) and high confidence (P = .021) were associated with greater improvement in suturing. CONCLUSIONS Among novices, higher confidence can predict lower baseline technical proficiency. Although females had higher pretest suturing scores, high confidence and male gender were associated with the greatest degree of improvement.
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Clarke PB, Binkley EE, Andrews SM. Actors in the Classroom: The Dramatic Pedagogy Model of Counselor Education. JOURNAL OF CREATIVITY IN MENTAL HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15401383.2016.1196156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hughes J, Wilson WJ, MacBean N, Hill AE. Simulated patients versus seminars to train case history and feedback skills in audiology students: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Audiol 2016; 55:758-764. [DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2016.1210829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hughes
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wayne J. Wilson
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Naomi MacBean
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne E. Hill
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Murphy S, Imam B, MacIntyre DL. Standardized Patients versus Volunteer Patients for Physical Therapy Students' Interviewing Practice: A Pilot Study. Physiother Can 2016; 67:378-84. [PMID: 27504038 DOI: 10.3138/ptc.2014-50e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the use of standardized patients (SPs) and volunteer patients (VPs) for physical therapy students' interviewing practice in terms of students' perception and overall costs. METHODS Students in the Master of Physical Therapy programme (n=80) at a Canadian university were divided into 20 groups of 4 and were randomly assigned to interview either an SP (10 groups) or a VP (10 groups). Students completed a survey about their perception of the usefulness of the activity and the ease and depth of information extraction. Survey responses as well as costs of the interview exercise were compared between SP and VP groups. RESULTS No statistically significant between-groups difference was found for the majority of survey items. The cost of using an SP was $148, versus $50 for a VP. CONCLUSIONS Students' perceptions of the usefulness of the activity in helping them to develop their interview skills and of the ease and depth of extracting information were similar for both SPs and VPs. Because the cost of using an SP is about three times that of using a VP, using VPs seem to be a more cost-effective option.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bita Imam
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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Yoon BY, Choi I, Choi S, Kim TH, Roh H, Rhee BD, Lee JT. Using standardized patients versus video cases for representing clinical problems in problem-based learning. KOREAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 2016; 28:169-78. [PMID: 26923094 PMCID: PMC4951740 DOI: 10.3946/kjme.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The quality of problem representation is critical for developing students' problem-solving abilities in problem-based learning (PBL). This study investigates preclinical students' experience with standardized patients (SPs) as a problem representation method compared to using video cases in PBL. METHODS A cohort of 99 second-year preclinical students from Inje University College of Medicine (IUCM) responded to a Likert scale questionnaire on their learning experiences after they had experienced both video cases and SPs in PBL. The questionnaire consisted of 14 items with eight subcategories: problem identification, hypothesis generation, motivation, collaborative learning, reflective thinking, authenticity, patient-doctor communication, and attitude toward patients. RESULTS The results reveal that using SPs led to the preclinical students having significantly positive experiences in boosting patient-doctor communication skills; the perceived authenticity of their clinical situations; development of proper attitudes toward patients; and motivation, reflective thinking, and collaborative learning when compared to using video cases. The SPs also provided more challenges than the video cases during problem identification and hypotheses generation. CONCLUSION SPs are more effective than video cases in delivering higher levels of authenticity in clinical problems for PBL. The interaction with SPs engages preclinical students in deeper thinking and discussion; growth of communication skills; development of proper attitudes toward patients; and motivation. Considering the higher cost of SPs compared with video cases, SPs could be used most advantageously during the preclinical period in the IUCM curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Young Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ikseon Choi
- Learning, Design, and Technology Program, The University of Georgia College of Education, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Seokjin Choi
- Department of Radiology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyerin Roh
- Department of Medical Education, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Byoung Doo Rhee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Corresponding Author: Jong-Tae Lee (http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6132-897X) Department of Preventive Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Korea Tel: +82.51.890.6742 Fax: +82.51.895.1864
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