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Nurmukanova V, Matsvay A, Gordukova M, Shipulin G. Square the Circle: Diversity of Viral Pathogens Causing Neuro-Infectious Diseases. Viruses 2024; 16:787. [PMID: 38793668 PMCID: PMC11126052 DOI: 10.3390/v16050787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinfections rank among the top ten leading causes of child mortality globally, even in high-income countries. The crucial determinants for successful treatment lie in the timing and swiftness of diagnosis. Although viruses constitute the majority of infectious neuropathologies, diagnosing and treating viral neuroinfections remains challenging. Despite technological advancements, the etiology of the disease remains undetermined in over half of cases. The identification of the pathogen becomes more difficult when the infection is caused by atypical pathogens or multiple pathogens simultaneously. Furthermore, the modern surge in global passenger traffic has led to an increase in cases of infections caused by pathogens not endemic to local areas. This review aims to systematize and summarize information on neuroinvasive viral pathogens, encompassing their geographic distribution and transmission routes. Emphasis is placed on rare pathogens and cases involving atypical pathogens, aiming to offer a comprehensive and structured catalog of viral agents with neurovirulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Nurmukanova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina Matsvay
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Gordukova
- G. Speransky Children’s Hospital No. 9, 123317 Moscow, Russia
| | - German Shipulin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
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Vilibic-Cavlek T, Bogdanic M, Peric T, Radmanic L, Antolasic L, Milasincic L, Zidovec-Lepej S. Prevalence of JC Polyomavirus in Patients with Neuroinvasive Disease of Unknown Etiology in Croatia. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 60:69. [PMID: 38256330 PMCID: PMC10820756 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: John Cunningham polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a highly prevalent virus in the human population. The prevalence of JCPyV in patients with central nervous system disorders has not been examined extensively. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of JCPyV DNA/antibodies in patients with neuroinvasive diseases (NID) of unknown etiology. Materials and Methods: The study included 132 patients with NID (febrile headache, meningitis, encephalitis) tested from January 2021 to December 2022. The control group consisted of 47 asymptomatic individuals. In patients with NID, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected in the acute phase of the disease. CSF samples were tested for JCPyV DNA (PCR), while serum samples were tested for JCPyV IgG antibodies (ELISA). In controls, serum samples were tested for JCPyV IgG antibodies (ELISA). Results: JCPyV DNA was not detected in any of the CSF samples from patients with NID. JCPyV IgG antibodies were detected in 88.6% of patients and 74.5% of controls (p < 0.001). In the patients' group, a significant difference in the IgG prevalence was observed between males (94.6%) and females (81.0%). In addition, significant differences in the seropositivity between age groups were found. The lowest seroprevalence (28.6%) was in patients less than 20 years, followed by a sharp increase in the 20-29-year group (69.2%), after which the seroprevalence remained stable (90.0-94.1%) in patients up to 69 years. All patients older than 70 years were JCPyV IgG-seropositive. No significant difference in the seroprevalence was found in patients presenting with febrile headache (81.6%), meningitis (93.3%), or meningoencephalitis (91.3%). No difference in the seropositivity between genders was found in controls. Although the seropositivity steadily increased in older participants, these differences were not significant. Analyzing the JCPyV antibody levels in patients with NID, the median antibody titers differed significantly between groups, ranging from 248 AU/mL (younger age groups) to 400 AU/mL (older age groups). Conclusions: Higher seroprevalence in the patients' group highlights the need to further investigate the possible association of JCPyV and NID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (L.A.); (L.M.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Bogdanic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (L.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Tajana Peric
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.P.); (L.R.); (S.Z.-L.)
| | - Leona Radmanic
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.P.); (L.R.); (S.Z.-L.)
| | - Ljiljana Antolasic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (L.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Ljiljana Milasincic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (L.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Snjezana Zidovec-Lepej
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.P.); (L.R.); (S.Z.-L.)
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Butic AB, Spencer SA, Shaheen SK, Lukacher AE. Polyomavirus Wakes Up and Chooses Neurovirulence. Viruses 2023; 15:2112. [PMID: 37896889 PMCID: PMC10612099 DOI: 10.3390/v15102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a human-specific polyomavirus that establishes a silent lifelong infection in multiple peripheral organs, predominantly those of the urinary tract, of immunocompetent individuals. In immunocompromised settings, however, JCPyV can infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS), where it causes several encephalopathies of high morbidity and mortality. JCPyV-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a devastating demyelinating brain disease, was an AIDS-defining illness before antiretroviral therapy that has "reemerged" as a complication of immunomodulating and chemotherapeutic agents. No effective anti-polyomavirus therapeutics are currently available. How depressed immune status sets the stage for JCPyV resurgence in the urinary tract, how the virus evades pre-existing antiviral antibodies to become viremic, and where/how it enters the CNS are incompletely understood. Addressing these questions requires a tractable animal model of JCPyV CNS infection. Although no animal model can replicate all aspects of any human disease, mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) in mice and JCPyV in humans share key features of peripheral and CNS infection and antiviral immunity. In this review, we discuss the evidence suggesting how JCPyV migrates from the periphery to the CNS, innate and adaptive immune responses to polyomavirus infection, and how the MuPyV-mouse model provides insights into the pathogenesis of JCPyV CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aron E. Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (A.B.B.); (S.A.S.); (S.K.S.)
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Schweitzer F, Laurent S, Cortese I, Fink GR, Silling S, Skripuletz T, Metz I, Wattjes MP, Warnke C. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Tools, and Potential Biomarkers of Response to Therapy. Neurology 2023; 101:700-713. [PMID: 37487750 PMCID: PMC10585672 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCV) establishes an asymptomatic latent and/or persistent infection in most of the adult population. However, in immunocompromised individuals, JCV can cause a symptomatic infection of the brain, foremost progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). In the past 2 decades, there has been increasing concern among patients and the medical community because PML was observed as an adverse event in individuals treated with modern (selective) immune suppressive treatments for various immune-mediated diseases, especially multiple sclerosis. It became evident that this devastating complication also needs to be considered beyond the patient populations historically at risk, including those with hematologic malignancies or HIV-infected individuals. We review the clinical presentation of PML, its variants, pathogenesis, and current diagnostic approaches. We further discuss the need to validate JCV-directed interventions and highlight current management strategies based on early diagnosis and restoring JCV-specific cellular immunity, which is crucial for viral clearance and survival. Finally, we discuss the importance of biomarkers for diagnosis and response to therapy, instrumental in defining sensitive study end points for successful clinical trials of curative or preventive therapeutics. Advances in understanding PML pathophysiology, host and viral genetics, and diagnostics in conjunction with novel immunotherapeutic approaches indicate that the time is right to design and perform definitive trials to develop preventive options and curative therapy for JCV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Schweitzer
- From the Department of Neurology (F.S., S.L., G.R.F., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Experimental Immunotherapeutics Unit (I.C.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Cognitive Neuroscience (G.R.F.), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich; Institute of Virology (S.S.), National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (I.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; and Department of Neuroradiology (M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Sarah Laurent
- From the Department of Neurology (F.S., S.L., G.R.F., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Experimental Immunotherapeutics Unit (I.C.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Cognitive Neuroscience (G.R.F.), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich; Institute of Virology (S.S.), National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (I.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; and Department of Neuroradiology (M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Irene Cortese
- From the Department of Neurology (F.S., S.L., G.R.F., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Experimental Immunotherapeutics Unit (I.C.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Cognitive Neuroscience (G.R.F.), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich; Institute of Virology (S.S.), National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (I.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; and Department of Neuroradiology (M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- From the Department of Neurology (F.S., S.L., G.R.F., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Experimental Immunotherapeutics Unit (I.C.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Cognitive Neuroscience (G.R.F.), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich; Institute of Virology (S.S.), National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (I.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; and Department of Neuroradiology (M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Steffi Silling
- From the Department of Neurology (F.S., S.L., G.R.F., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Experimental Immunotherapeutics Unit (I.C.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Cognitive Neuroscience (G.R.F.), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich; Institute of Virology (S.S.), National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (I.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; and Department of Neuroradiology (M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- From the Department of Neurology (F.S., S.L., G.R.F., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Experimental Immunotherapeutics Unit (I.C.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Cognitive Neuroscience (G.R.F.), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich; Institute of Virology (S.S.), National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (I.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; and Department of Neuroradiology (M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Imke Metz
- From the Department of Neurology (F.S., S.L., G.R.F., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Experimental Immunotherapeutics Unit (I.C.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Cognitive Neuroscience (G.R.F.), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich; Institute of Virology (S.S.), National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (I.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; and Department of Neuroradiology (M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Mike P Wattjes
- From the Department of Neurology (F.S., S.L., G.R.F., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Experimental Immunotherapeutics Unit (I.C.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Cognitive Neuroscience (G.R.F.), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich; Institute of Virology (S.S.), National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (I.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; and Department of Neuroradiology (M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Clemens Warnke
- From the Department of Neurology (F.S., S.L., G.R.F., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany; Experimental Immunotherapeutics Unit (I.C.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Cognitive Neuroscience (G.R.F.), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich; Institute of Virology (S.S.), National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology (T.S.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neuropathology (I.M.), University Medical Center Göttingen; and Department of Neuroradiology (M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School, Germany.
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Dsilva L, McCarthy K, Lyons J, Cabigas B, Campbell N, Kong G, Adams B, Kuhelj R, Singhal P, Smirnakis K. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with natalizumab extended or standard interval dosing in the United States and the rest of the world. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2023; 22:995-1002. [PMID: 37272350 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2023.2221027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an important identified risk for natalizumab, has been described for standard interval dosing (SID; dosing interval every-4-weeks). Information on PML with natalizumab extended interval dosing (EID; dosing interval >every-4-weeks) in the US and the rest of the world (ROW) is limited. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A retrospective analysis of patient demographics, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and clinical outcomes was conducted on confirmed natalizumab EID and SID PML cases evaluated from Biogen pharmacovigilance systems. RESULTS Of 857 confirmed natalizumab PML cases, EID and SID accounted for 7.5% and 92.5%, respectively (US: 12.9% and 87.1%; ROW: 5.4% and 94.6%). PML risk factors included anti-JCV index > 1.5 (US: EID, 56.7% and SID, 12.8%; ROW: EID, 44.1% and SID, 21.0%), mean duration of natalizumab treatment (US: 90.0 and 70.2 months; ROW: 54.1 and 49.8 months), and prior immunosuppressive therapy (US: 20.0% and 21.7%; ROW:11.8% and 18.0%). In the EID and SID groups, 68.8% and 76.0% of patients, respectively, were alive at up to 2 years after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS This analysis provides insights on PML in patients receiving natalizumab that extend current knowledge, particularly regarding PML in patients receiving natalizumab EID, which can be built upon in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerry McCarthy
- Drug Safety, Pharmacovigilance & Systems & Data Analytics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen Smirnakis
- Safety and Benefit Risk Management, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
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6
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Ding Y, Wan M, Li Z, Ma X, Zhang W, Xu M. Comparison of the gut virus communities between patients with Crohn's disease and healthy individuals. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1190172. [PMID: 37396350 PMCID: PMC10311494 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1190172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The escalating incidence of Crohn's disease (CD), a debilitating ailment that ravages individuals and their families, has become a formidable issue over recent decades. Method In this study, fecal samples from patients with CD and healthy individuals were investigated by means of viral metagenomics. Results The fecal virome was analyzed and some suspected disease-causing viruses were described. A polyomavirus named HuPyV with 5,120 base pairs (bp) was found in the disease group. In a preliminary analysis employing large T region-specific primers, it was found that HuPyV was present in 3.2% (1/31) of healthy samples and 43.2% (16/37) of disease samples. Additionally, two other viruses from the anellovirus and CRESS-DNA virus families were found in fecal samples from CD patients. The complete genome sequences of these two viruses were described respectively, and the phylogenetic trees have been built using the anticipated amino acid sequences of the viral proteins. Discussion Further research is required to elucidate the relationship between these viruses and the onset and development of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengtian Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Swingler M, Donadoni M, Bellizzi A, Cakir S, Sariyer IK. iPSC-derived three-dimensional brain organoid models and neurotropic viral infections. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:121-134. [PMID: 37097597 PMCID: PMC10127962 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Progress in stem cell research has revolutionized the medical field for more than two decades. More recently, the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has allowed for the development of advanced disease modeling and tissue engineering platforms. iPSCs are generated from adult somatic cells by reprogramming them into an embryonic-like state via the expression of transcription factors required for establishing pluripotency. In the context of the central nervous system (CNS), iPSCs have the potential to differentiate into a wide variety of brain cell types including neurons, astrocytes, microglial cells, endothelial cells, and oligodendrocytes. iPSCs can be used to generate brain organoids by using a constructive approach in three-dimensional (3D) culture in vitro. Recent advances in 3D brain organoid modeling have provided access to a better understanding of cell-to-cell interactions in disease progression, particularly with neurotropic viral infections. Neurotropic viral infections have been difficult to study in two-dimensional culture systems in vitro due to the lack of a multicellular composition of CNS cell networks. In recent years, 3D brain organoids have been preferred for modeling neurotropic viral diseases and have provided invaluable information for better understanding the molecular regulation of viral infection and cellular responses. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on recent advances in iPSC-derived 3D brain organoid culturing and their utilization in modeling major neurotropic viral infections including HIV-1, HSV-1, JCV, ZIKV, CMV, and SARS-CoV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Swingler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Martina Donadoni
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Anna Bellizzi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Senem Cakir
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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8
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Zheng HC, Xue H, Zhang CY. The oncogenic roles of JC polyomavirus in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:976577. [PMID: 36212474 PMCID: PMC9537617 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.976577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) belongs to the human polyomavirus family. Based on alternative splicing, the early region encodes the large and small T antigens, while the late region encodes the capsid structural proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3) and the agnoprotein. The regulatory transcription factors for JCPyV include Sp1, TCF-4, DDX1, YB-1, LCP-1, Purα, GF-1, and NF-1. JCPyV enters tonsillar tissue through the intake of raw sewage, inhalation of air droplets, or parent-to-child transmission. It persists quiescently in lymphoid and renal tissues during latency. Both TGF-β1 and TNF-α stimulates JCPyV multiplication, while interferon-γ suppresses the process. The distinct distribution of caspid receptors (α-2, 6-linked sialic acid, non-sialylated glycosaminoglycans, and serotonin) determines the infection capabilities of JCPyV virions, and JCPyV entry is mediated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In permissive cells, JCPyV undergoes lytic proliferation and causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, while its DNA is inserted into genomic DNA and leads to carcinogenesis in non-permissive cells. T antigen targets p53, β-catenin, IRS, Rb, TGF-β1, PI3K/Akt and AMPK signal pathways in cancer cells. Intracranial injection of T antigen into animals results in neural tumors, and transgenic mice develop neural tumors, lens tumor, breast cancer, gastric, Vater’s, colorectal and pancreatic cancers, insulinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Additionally, JCPyV DNA and its encoded products can be detected in the brain tissues of PML patients and brain, oral, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, breast, cervical, pancreatic, and hepatocellular cancer tissues. Therefore, JCPyV might represent an etiological risk factor for carcinogenesis and should be evaluated for early prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-chuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
- *Correspondence: Hua-chuan Zheng,
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Cong-yu Zhang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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El Mouzan M, Assiri A, Al Sarkhy A, Alasmi M, Saeed A, Al-Hussaini A, AlSaleem B, Al Mofarreh M. Viral dysbiosis in children with new-onset celiac disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262108. [PMID: 35030192 PMCID: PMC8759644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are common components of the intestinal microbiome, modulating host bacterial metabolism and interacting with the immune system, with a possible role in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases such as celiac disease (CeD). The objective of this study was to characterize the virome profile in children with new-onset CeD. We used metagenomic analysis of viral DNA in mucosal and fecal samples from children with CeD and controls and performed sequencing using the Nextera XT library preparation kit. Abundance log2 fold changes were calculated using differential expression and linear discriminant effect size. Shannon alpha and Bray–Curtis beta diversity were determined. A total of 40 children with CeD and 39 controls were included. We found viral dysbiosis in both fecal and mucosal samples. Examples of significantly more abundant species in fecal samples of children with CeD included Human polyomavirus 2, Enterobacteria phage mEpX1, and Enterobacteria phage mEpX2; whereas less abundant species included Lactococcus phages ul36 and Streptococcus phage Abc2. In mucosal samples however, no species were significantly associated with CeD. Shannon alpha diversity was not significantly different between CeD and non-CeD groups and Bray–Curtis beta diversity showed no significant separation between CeD and non-CeD samples in either mucosal or stool samples, whereas separation was clear in all samples. We identified significant viral dysbiosis in children with CeD, suggesting a potential role in the pathogenesis of CeD indicating the need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad El Mouzan
- Department of Pediatrics (Gastroenterology), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Asaad Assiri
- Department of Pediatrics (Gastroenterology), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Abdullah Bin Khalid Celiac Disease Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al Sarkhy
- Department of Pediatrics (Gastroenterology), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alasmi
- Department of Pediatrics (Gastroenterology), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anjum Saeed
- Department of Pediatrics (Gastroenterology), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Hussaini
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children’s Specialist Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine, AlFaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr AlSaleem
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Children Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Pediatric Intestinal Failure and Parenteral Nutrition Program, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Al Mofarreh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Al Mofarreh PolyClinic, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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10
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Fatal JC-virus Granular Cerebellar Neuronopathy in a Patient Diagnosed with ALPS and Hypogammaglobulinemia. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:869-872. [PMID: 35178641 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Baldassari LE, Wattjes MP, Cortese ICM, Gass A, Metz I, Yousry T, Reich DS, Richert N. The neuroradiology of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a clinical trial perspective. Brain 2021; 145:426-440. [PMID: 34791056 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an opportunistic infection of the central nervous system caused by the JC virus, which infects white and grey matter cells and leads to irreversible demyelination and neuroaxonal damage. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in addition to the clinical presentation and demonstration of JC virus DNA either in the CSF or by histopathology, is an important tool in the detection of PML. In clinical practice, standard MRI pulse sequences are utilized for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of PML, but validated imaging-based outcome measures for use in prospective, interventional clinical trials for PML have yet to be established. We review the existing literature regarding the use of MRI and positron emission tomography imaging in PML and discuss the implications of PML histopathology for neuroradiology. MRI not only demonstrates the localization and extent of PML lesions, but also mirrors the tissue destruction, ongoing viral spread, and resulting inflammation. Finally, we explore the potential for imaging measures to serve as an outcome in PML clinical trials and provide recommendations for current and future imaging outcome measure development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Baldassari
- Division of Neurology 2, Office of Neuroscience, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Mike P Wattjes
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Irene C M Cortese
- Neuroimmunology Clinic, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Achim Gass
- Department of Neurology/Neuroimaging, Mannheim Center of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Imke Metz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tarek Yousry
- Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL IoN; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, UCLH National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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12
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SV40 Polyomavirus Activates the Ras-MAPK Signaling Pathway for Vacuolization, Cell Death, and Virus Release. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101128. [PMID: 33028008 PMCID: PMC7650553 DOI: 10.3390/v12101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are a family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that can cause severe disease in immunosuppressed individuals. Studies with SV40, a well-studied model polyomavirus, have revealed the role of host proteins in polyomavirus entry and trafficking to the nucleus, in viral transcription and DNA replication, and in cell transformation. In contrast, little is known about host factors or cellular signaling pathways involved in the late steps of productive infection leading to release of progeny polyomaviruses. We previously showed that cytoplasmic vacuolization, a characteristic late cytopathic effect of SV40 infection, depends on the specific interaction between the major viral capsid protein VP1 and its cell surface ganglioside receptor GM1. Here, we show that, late during infection, SV40 activates a signaling cascade in permissive monkey CV-1 cells involving Ras, Rac1, MKK4, and JNK to stimulate SV40-specific cytoplasmic vacuolization and subsequent cell lysis and virus release. Inhibition of individual components of this signaling pathway inhibits vacuolization, lysis, and virus release, even though high-level intracellular virus replication occurs. Identification of this pathway for SV40-induced vacuolization and virus release provides new insights into the late steps of non-enveloped virus infection.
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13
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Simopoulou T, Tsimourtou V, Katsiari C, Vlychou M, Bogdanos DP, Sakkas LI. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with systemic sclerosis treated with methotrexate: A case report and literature review. JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2020; 5:NP1-NP6. [PMID: 35382519 PMCID: PMC8922622 DOI: 10.1177/2397198320926883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Reactivation of viruses occurs in autoimmune disorders in the setting of certain immunosuppressive drugs. We describe a 54-year-old female with systemic sclerosis and extensive cutaneous calcinosis who had been treated with methotrexate for 18 months and presented with headache and neurological deficits. She was diagnosed with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a rare disease caused by JC virus. Methotrexate was discontinued and mirtazapine plus mefloquine were added. The patient showed a slow recovery and five years later she had complete resolution of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy clinical manifestations. Calcinosis had a limited response to various agents and severely affected daily activities of the patient. This case report, highlights the importance of clinical suspicion for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in every patient with immune-mediated disease, even on weak immunosuppressant, who presents with central nervous system manifestations and also the unmet therapeutic need for systemic sclerosis-associated calcinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Simopoulou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vana Tsimourtou
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christina Katsiari
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Marianna Vlychou
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Lazaros I Sakkas
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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14
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CD8 T Cells and STAT1 Signaling Are Essential Codeterminants in Protection from Polyomavirus Encephalopathy. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02038-19. [PMID: 31996425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02038-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), a human-specific virus, causes the aggressive brain-demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in individuals with depressed immune status. The increasing incidence of PML in patients receiving immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic agents creates a pressing clinical need to define biomarkers to stratify PML risk and develop anti-JCPyV interventions. Mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) CNS infection causes encephalopathology and may provide insight into JCPyV-PML pathogenesis. Type I, II, and III interferons (IFNs), which all signal via the STAT1 transcription factor, mediate innate and adaptive immune defense against a variety of viral infections. We previously reported that type I and II IFNs control MuPyV infection in non-central nervous system (CNS) organs, but their relative contributions to MuPyV control in the brain remain unknown. To this end, mice deficient in type I, II, or III IFN receptors or STAT1 were infected intracerebrally with MuPyV. We found that STAT1, but not type I, II, or III IFNs, mediated viral control during acute and persistent MuPyV encephalitis. Mice deficient in STAT1 also developed severe hydrocephalus, blood-brain barrier permeability, and increased brain infiltration by myeloid cells. CD8 T cell deficiency alone did not increase MuPyV infection and pathology in the brain. In the absence of STAT1 signaling, however, depletion of CD8 T cells resulted in lytic infection of the choroid plexus and ependymal lining, marked meningitis, and 100% mortality within 2 weeks postinfection. Collectively, these findings indicate that STAT1 signaling and CD8 T cells cocontribute to controlling MuPyV infection in the brain and CNS injury.IMPORTANCE A comprehensive understanding of JCPyV-induced PML pathogenesis is needed to define determinants that predispose patients to PML, a goal whose urgency is heightened by the lack of anti-JCPyV agents. A handicap to achieving this goal is the lack of a tractable animal model to study PML pathogenesis. Using intracerebral inoculation with MuPyV, we found that MuPyV encephalitis in wild-type mice causes an encephalopathy, which is markedly exacerbated in mice deficient in STAT1, a molecule involved in transducing signals from type I, II, and III IFN receptors. CD8 T cell deficiency compounded the severity of MuPyV neuropathology and resulted in dramatically elevated virus levels in the CNS. These findings demonstrate that STAT1 signaling and CD8 T cells concomitantly act to mitigate MuPyV-encephalopathy and control viral infection.
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15
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JC virus identified in a patient with persistent and severe West Nile virus disease. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:608-611. [DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Corbridge SM, Rice RC, Bean LA, Wüthrich C, Dang X, Nicholson DA, Koralnik IJ. JC virus infection of meningeal and choroid plexus cells in patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:520-524. [PMID: 31025264 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) can cause a lytic infection of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) leading to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JCV can also infect meningeal and choroid plexus cells causing JCV meningitis (JCVM). Whether JCV also infects meningeal and choroid plexus cells in PML patients and other immunosuppressed individuals with no overt symptoms of meningitis remains unknown. We therefore analyzed archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain samples from PML patients, and HIV-seropositive and seronegative control subjects by immunohistochemistry for the presence of JCV early regulatory T Ag and JCV VP1 late capsid protein. In meninges, we detected JCV T Ag in 11/48 (22.9%) and JCV VP1 protein in 8/48 (16.7%) PML patients. In choroid plexi, we detected JCV T Ag in 1/7 (14.2%) and JCV VP1 protein in 1/8 (12.5%) PML patients. Neither JCV T Ag nor VP1 protein could be detected in meninges or choroid plexus of HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative control subjects without PML. In addition, examination of underlying cerebellar cortex of PML patients revealed JCV-infected cells in the molecular layer, including GAD 67+ interneurons, but not in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative control subjects without PML. Our findings suggest that productive JCV infection of meningeal cells and choroid plexus cells also occurs in PML patients without signs or symptoms of meningitis. The phenotypic characterization of JCV-infected neurons in the molecular layer deserves further study. This data provides new insight into JCV pathogenesis in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Corbridge
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard C Rice
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Linda A Bean
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christian Wüthrich
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin Dang
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel A Nicholson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Igor J Koralnik
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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17
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Shwetank, Frost EL, Mockus TE, Ren HM, Toprak M, Lauver MD, Netherby-Winslow CS, Jin G, Cosby JM, Evavold BD, Lukacher AE. PD-1 Dynamically Regulates Inflammation and Development of Brain-Resident Memory CD8 T Cells During Persistent Viral Encephalitis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:783. [PMID: 31105690 PMCID: PMC6499176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor signaling dampens the functionality of T cells faced with repetitive antigenic stimulation from chronic infections or tumors. Using intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation with mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV), we have shown that CD8 T cells establish a PD-1hi, tissue-resident memory population in the brains (bTRM) of mice with a low-level persistent infection. In MuPyV encephalitis, PD-L1 was expressed on infiltrating myeloid cells, microglia and astrocytes, but not on oligodendrocytes. Engagement of PD-1 on anti-MuPyV CD8 T cells limited their effector activity. NanoString gene expression analysis showed that neuroinflammation was higher in PD-L1-/- than wild type mice at day 8 post-infection, the peak of the MuPyV-specific CD8 response. During the persistent phase of infection, however, the absence of PD-1 signaling was found to be associated with a lower inflammatory response than in wild type mice. Genetic disruption and intracerebroventricular blockade of PD-1 signaling resulted in an increase in number of MuPyV-specific CD8 bTRM and the fraction of these cells expressing CD103, the αE integrin commonly used to define tissue-resident T cells. However, PD-L1-/- mice persistently infected with MuPyV showed impaired virus control upon i.c. re-infection with MuPyV. Collectively, these data reveal a temporal duality in PD-1-mediated regulation of MuPyV-associated neuroinflammation. PD-1 signaling limited the severity of neuroinflammation during acute infection but sustained a level of inflammation during persistent infection for maintaining control of virus re-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetank
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth L. Frost
- Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Taryn E. Mockus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Heather M. Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Mesut Toprak
- Section of Neuropathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Matthew D. Lauver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | | | - Ge Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Cosby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Brian D. Evavold
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Aron E. Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Aron E. Lukacher
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18
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Abstract
JC virus is the etiological agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a white matter demyelinating disease that mostly affects immunocompromised patients. JC virus can also infect neurons and meningeal cells and cause encephalitis, meningitis and granule cell neuronopathy. We report a patient with JC virus granule cell neuronopathy, without concomitant progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, presenting as inaugural acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related illness. This patient's human immunodeficiency virus infection remained undiagnosed for several months after neurological symptoms onset. We review JC virus pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis, and emphasize the importance of considering human immunodeficiency virus infection and related opportunistic infections in the differential diagnosis of new-onset isolated cerebellar disease.
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19
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Dehhaghi M, Kazemi Shariat Panahi H, Guillemin GJ. Microorganisms' Footprint in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:466. [PMID: 30564101 PMCID: PMC6288487 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancement of science has gifted the human a longer life; however, as neuron cells do not regenerate, the number of people with neurodegeneration disorders rises with population aging. Neurodegeneration diseases occur as a result of neuronal cells loss caused by environmental factors, genetic mutations, proteopathies and other cellular dysfunctions. The negative direct or indirect contributions of various microorganisms in onset or severity of some neurodegeneration disorders and interaction between human immune system and pathogenic microorganisms has been portrayed in this review article. This association may explain the early onset of neurodegeneration disorders in some individuals, which can be traced through detailed study of health background of these individuals for infection with any microbial disease with neuropathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses). A better understanding and recognition of the relation between microorganisms and neurodegeneration disorders may help researchers in development of novel remedies to avoid, postpone, or make neurodegeneration disorders less severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dehhaghi
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and risks associated with treatments for multiple sclerosis: a decade of lessons learned. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:467-480. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Mills EA, Mao-Draayer Y. Understanding Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Risk in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Immunomodulatory Therapies: A Bird's Eye View. Front Immunol 2018; 9:138. [PMID: 29456537 PMCID: PMC5801425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased use of newer potent immunomodulatory therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS), including natalizumab, fingolimod, and dimethyl fumarate, has expanded the patient population at risk for developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). These MS therapies shift the profile of lymphocytes within the central nervous system (CNS) leading to increased anti-inflammatory subsets and decreased immunosurveillance. Similar to MS, PML is a demyelinating disease of the CNS, but it is caused by the JC virus. The manifestation of PML requires the presence of an active, genetically rearranged form of the JC virus within CNS glial cells, coupled with the loss of appropriate JC virus-specific immune responses. The reliability of metrics used to predict risk for PML could be improved if all three components, i.e., viral genetic strain, localization, and host immune function, were taken into account. Advances in our understanding of the critical lymphocyte subpopulation changes induced by these MS therapies and ability to detect viral mutation and reactivation will facilitate efforts to develop these metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mills
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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22
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Replication of JC Virus DNA in the G144 Oligodendrocyte Cell Line Is Dependent Upon Akt. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00735-17. [PMID: 28768870 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00735-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an often-fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. PML results when oligodendrocytes within immunocompromised individuals are infected with the human JC virus (JCV). We have identified an oligodendrocyte precursor cell line, termed G144, that supports robust levels of JCV DNA replication, a central part of the JCV life cycle. In addition, we have determined that JC virus readily infects G144 cells. Furthermore, we have determined that JCV DNA replication in G144 cells is stimulated by myristoylated (i.e., constitutively active) Akt and reduced by the Akt-specific inhibitor MK2206. Thus, this oligodendrocyte-based model system will be useful for a number of purposes, such as studies of JCV infection, establishing key pathways needed for the regulation of JCV DNA replication, and identifying inhibitors of this process.IMPORTANCE The disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by the infection of particular brain cells, termed oligodendrocytes, by the JC virus. Studies of PML, however, have been hampered by the lack of an immortalized human cell line derived from oligodendrocytes. Here, we report that the G144 oligodendrocyte cell line supports both infection by JC virus and robust levels of JCV DNA replication. Moreover, we have established that the Akt pathway regulates JCV DNA replication and that JCV DNA replication can be inhibited by MK2206, a compound that is specific for Akt. These and related findings suggest that we have established a powerful oligodendrocyte-based model system for studies of JCV-dependent PML.
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23
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Abstract
We report a possible association between ruxolitinib and JC virus meningitis. A 72-year-old man with myelofibrosis started treatment with ruxolitinib. Fourteen days later, the patient presented to the emergency department with fever and nausea. HIV test was negative. Ruxolitinib was suspended. Symptoms progressed with neck stiffness, cognitive impairment, and motor aphasia. CSF was positive for JC virus. MRI showed nonspecific abnormal findings. Five days after the clinical debut, the patient died. The clinical picture, MRI imaging, and positive JC virus PCR in CSF strongly suggest ruxolitinib-related JC virus meningitis.
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24
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Ballesta B, González H, Martín V, Ballesta JJ. Fatal ruxolitinib-related JC virus meningitis. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:783-785. [PMID: 28791626 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a possible association between ruxolitinib and JC virus meningitis. A 72-year-old man with myelofibrosis started treatment with ruxolitinib. Fourteen days later, the patient presented to the emergency department with fever and nausea. HIV test was negative. Ruxolitinib was suspended. Symptoms progressed with neck stiffness, cognitive impairment, and motor aphasia. CSF was positive for JC virus. MRI showed nonspecific abnormal findings. Five days after the clinical debut, the patient died. The clinical picture, MRI imaging, and positive JC virus PCR in CSF strongly suggest ruxolitinib-related JC virus meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Ballesta
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Carretera General del Rosario 145, 38010, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Héctor González
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Carretera General del Rosario 145, 38010, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Vicente Martín
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Carretera General del Rosario 145, 38010, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Juan J Ballesta
- Alacant Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL - FISABIO Foundation), Calle Pintor Baeza 12, 03010, Alacant, Spain. .,Institute of Neurosciences, Universidad Miguel Hernandez-CSIC, Avenida Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550, Alacant, Spain.
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25
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Barth H, Solis M, Kack-Kack W, Soulier E, Velay A, Fafi-Kremer S. In Vitro and In Vivo Models for the Study of Human Polyomavirus Infection. Viruses 2016; 8:E292. [PMID: 27782080 PMCID: PMC5086624 DOI: 10.3390/v8100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Developments of genome amplification techniques have rapidly expanded the family of human polyomaviruses (PyV). Following infection early in life, PyV persist in their hosts and are generally of no clinical consequence. High-level replication of PyV can occur in patients under immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapy and causes severe clinical entities, such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, polyomavirus-associated nephropathy or Merkel cell carcinoma. The characterization of known and newly-discovered human PyV, their relationship to human health, and the mechanisms underlying pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. Here, we summarize the most widely-used in vitro and in vivo models to study the PyV-host interaction, pathogenesis and anti-viral drug screening. We discuss the strengths and limitations of the different models and the lessons learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Barth
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Morgane Solis
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Wallys Kack-Kack
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Eric Soulier
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Aurélie Velay
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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26
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Hamad Y, Silveira FP, Crespo MM. JC virus encephalopathy in a lung transplant recipient: Novel presentation of an old virus. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016; 36:244-245. [PMID: 27914897 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Hamad
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fernanda P Silveira
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Maria M Crespo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania..
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27
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Saylor D, Venkatesan A. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in HIV-Uninfected Individuals. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2016; 18:33. [PMID: 27686675 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-016-0543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the human neurotropic polyomavirus JC (JCV). The disease occurs virtually exclusively in immunocompromised individuals, and, prior to the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, was seen most commonly in the setting of HIV/AIDS. More recently, however, the incidence of PML in HIV-uninfected persons has increased with broader use of immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory medications utilized in a variety of systemic and neurologic autoimmune disorders. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of PML in HIV-uninfected individuals, as well as diagnostic modalities and the limited treatment options. Moreover, we describe recent findings regarding the neuropathogenesis of PML, with specific focus on the unique association between PML and natalizumab, a monoclonal antibody that prevents trafficking of activated leukocytes into the CNS that is used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Saylor
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Infectious Diseases, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6-113, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Arun Venkatesan
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Infectious Diseases, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6-113, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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28
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Wüthrich C, Batson S, Anderson MP, White LR, Koralnik IJ. JC Virus Infects Neurons and Glial Cells in the Hippocampus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:712-717. [PMID: 27297673 PMCID: PMC5909865 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human polyomavirus JC (JCV) infects glial cells and is the etiologic agent of the CNS demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. JCV can infect granule cell neurons of the cerebellum, causing JCV granule cell neuronopathy and cortical pyramidal neurons in JCV encephalopathy. Whether JCV also infects neurons in other areas of the CNS is unclear. We determined the prevalence and pattern of JCV infection of the hippocampus in archival samples from 28 patients with known JCV infection of the CNS and 66 control subjects. Among 28 patients, 11 (39.3%) had JCV infection of hippocampus structures demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Those included gray matter (dentate gyrus and cornu ammonis, subiculum) in 11/11 and afferent or efferent white matter tracts (perforant path, alveus, fimbria) in 10/11. In the hippocampus, JCV infected granule cell and pyramidal neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Although glial cells expressed either JCV regulatory T Antigen or JCV VP1 capsid protein, infected neurons expressed JCV T Antigen only, suggesting an abortive/restrictive infection. None of the 66 control subjects had evidence of hippocampal JCV protein expression by immunohistochemistry or JCV DNA by in situ hybridization. These results greatly expand our understanding of JCV pathogenesis in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wüthrich
- From the Division of Neuro-Immunology (CW, SB, IJK); Department of Neurology (CW, SB, MPA, IJK); Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine(CW, SB, IJK); Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (MPA); and John a. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, and the Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii (LRW)
| | - Stephanie Batson
- From the Division of Neuro-Immunology (CW, SB, IJK); Department of Neurology (CW, SB, MPA, IJK); Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine(CW, SB, IJK); Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (MPA); and John a. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, and the Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii (LRW)
| | - Matthew P Anderson
- From the Division of Neuro-Immunology (CW, SB, IJK); Department of Neurology (CW, SB, MPA, IJK); Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine(CW, SB, IJK); Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (MPA); and John a. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, and the Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii (LRW)
| | - Lon R White
- From the Division of Neuro-Immunology (CW, SB, IJK); Department of Neurology (CW, SB, MPA, IJK); Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine(CW, SB, IJK); Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (MPA); and John a. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, and the Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii (LRW)
| | - Igor J Koralnik
- From the Division of Neuro-Immunology (CW, SB, IJK); Department of Neurology (CW, SB, MPA, IJK); Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine(CW, SB, IJK); Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (MPA); and John a. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, and the Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii (LRW).
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29
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Grubman SA, Shin J, Phelan PJ, Gong A, Can H, Dilworth R, Kini SK, Gagnon D, Archambault J, Meinke G, Bohm A, Jefferson DM, Bullock PA. Isolation of a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the origin binding domain of JCV, but not SV40, large T-antigen. Virology 2016; 497:92-101. [PMID: 27433780 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Within immunocompromised populations, the JC polyomavirus is the cause of the often-fatal disease Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML). JC virus encodes a protein, termed T-antigen (T-ag), which is essential for its replication and pathogenicity. Previous studies of JCV T-ag have, in general, used antibodies raised against SV40 T-ag. Unfortunately, SV40 T-ag is also detected in humans and therefore there have been concerns about cross-reactivity. To address this issue, we have isolated a monoclonal antibody that binds to the JCV, but not the SV40, T-ag origin-binding domain (OBD). Furthermore, the region on the surface of the JCV T-ag OBD that is recognized by the "anti-JCV OBD mAb" has been mapped. We also demonstrate that the "anti-JCV OBD mAb" will be a useful reagent for standard techniques (e.g., Westerns blots and ELISAs). Finally, we note that additional monoclonal Abs that are specific for the T-ags encoded by the other human polyomaviruses could be generated by adopting the approach described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley A Grubman
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, 02111 MA, USA; Cell Essentials Inc., 75 Kneeland Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jong Shin
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016-6481, USA
| | - Paul J Phelan
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, 02111 MA, USA
| | - Aaron Gong
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, 02111 MA, USA
| | - Hande Can
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, 02111 MA, USA
| | - Ryan Dilworth
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, 02111 MA, USA
| | - Sandeep Kuntadi Kini
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, 02111 MA, USA
| | - David Gagnon
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Universite de Montreal Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacques Archambault
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Universite de Montreal Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gretchen Meinke
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, 02111 MA, USA
| | - Andrew Bohm
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, 02111 MA, USA
| | - Douglas M Jefferson
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, 02111 MA, USA
| | - Peter A Bullock
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, 02111 MA, USA.
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30
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Meinke G, Phelan PJ, Shin J, Gagnon D, Archambault J, Bohm A, Bullock PA. Structural Based Analyses of the JC Virus T-Antigen F258L Mutant Provides Evidence for DNA Dependent Conformational Changes in the C-Termini of Polyomavirus Origin Binding Domains. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005362. [PMID: 26735515 PMCID: PMC4703215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication of human polyomavirus JCV, which causes Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, is initiated by the virally encoded T-antigen (T-ag). The structure of the JC virus T-ag origin-binding domain (OBD) was recently solved by X-ray crystallography. This structure revealed that the OBD contains a C-terminal pocket, and that residues from the multifunctional A1 and B2 motifs situated on a neighboring OBD molecule dock into the pocket. Related studies established that a mutation in a pocket residue (F258L) rendered JCV T-ag unable to support JCV DNA replication. To establish why this mutation inactivated JCV T-ag, we have solved the structure of the F258L JCV T-ag OBD mutant. Based on this structure, it is concluded that the structural consequences of the F258L mutation are limited to the pocket region. Further analyses, utilizing the available polyomavirus OBD structures, indicate that the F258 region is highly dynamic and that the relative positions of F258 are governed by DNA binding. The possible functional consequences of the DNA dependent rearrangements, including promotion of OBD cycling at the replication fork, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Meinke
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Phelan
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jong Shin
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David Gagnon
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacques Archambault
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew Bohm
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Bullock
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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