1
|
Sun S, Zhou J, Li Z, Wu Y, Wang H, Zheng Q, Adu-Nti F, Fan J, Tian Y. Progranulin promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and alleviates anxiety-like behavior and cognitive impairment in adult mice subjected to cerebral ischemia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:775-787. [PMID: 35146924 PMCID: PMC8981488 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Cerebral ischemia can lead to anxiety and cognitive impairment due to the loss of hippocampal neurons. Facilitation of endogenous neurogenesis in the hippocampus is a potential therapeutic strategy for alleviating ischemia‐induced anxiety and cognitive impairment. Progranulin (PGRN), a secretory glycoprotein, has been reported to have a mitogentic effect on many cell types. However, it is not clear whether PGRN enhances hippocampal neurogenesis and promotes functional recovery. Methods Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and injected intracerebroventricularly with recombinant mouse PGRN 30 min after pMCAO. Anxiety‐like behavior was detected by the open field and the elevated plus maze tests, and spatial learning and memory abilities were evaluated by Morris water maze. Neurogenesis was examined by double labeling of BrdU and neural stem cells or neurons markers. For mechanism studies, the level of ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation were assessed by western blotting. Results Progranulin significantly alleviated anxiety‐like behavior and spatial learning and memory impairment induced by cerebral ischemia in mice. Consistent with the functional recovery, PGRN promoted neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the dentate gyrus (DG) after cerebral ischemia. PGRN upregulated the expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and Akt in the DG after cerebral ischemia. Conclusions Progranulin alleviates ischemia‐induced anxiety‐like behavior and spatial learning and memory impairment in mice, probably via stimulation of hippocampal neurogenesis mediated by activation of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. PGRN might be a promising candidate for coping with ischemic stroke‐induced mood and cognitive impairment in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinlong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongqi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuzi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Frank Adu-Nti
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingfang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang XM, Zeng P, Fang YY, Zhang T, Tian Q. Progranulin in neurodegenerative dementia. J Neurochem 2021; 158:119-137. [PMID: 33930186 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Long-term or severe lack of protective factors is important in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative dementia. Progranulin (PGRN), a neurotrophic factor expressed mainly in neurons and microglia, has various neuroprotective effects such as anti-inflammatory effects, promoting neuron survival and neurite growth, and participating in normal lysosomal function. Mutations in the PGRN gene (GRN) have been found in several neurodegenerative dementias, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, PGRN deficiency and PGRN hydrolytic products (GRNs) in the pathological changes related to dementia, including aggregation of tau and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), amyloid-β (Aβ) overproduction, neuroinflammation, lysosomal dysfunction, neuronal death, and synaptic deficit have been summarized. Furthermore, as some therapeutic strategies targeting PGRN have been developed in various models, we highlighted PGRN as a potential anti-neurodegeneration target in dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying-Yan Fang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Huangshi, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanxian Central Hospital, The Affiliated Huxi Hospital of Jining Medical College, Heze, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hummel R, Lang M, Walderbach S, Wang Y, Tegeder I, Gölz C, Schäfer MKE. Single intracerebroventricular progranulin injection adversely affects the blood-brain barrier in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2021; 158:342-357. [PMID: 33899947 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory factor with protective effects in animal models of ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Administration of recombinant (r) PGRN prevents exaggerated brain pathology after TBI in Grn-deficient mice, suggesting that local injection of recombinant progranulin (rPGRN) provides therapeutic benefit in the acute phase of TBI. To test this hypothesis, we subjected adult male C57Bl/6N mice to the controlled cortical impact model of TBI, administered a single dose of rPGRN intracerebroventricularly (ICV) shortly before the injury, and examined behavioral and biological effects up to 5 days post injury (dpi). The anti-inflammatory bioactivity of rPGRN was confirmed by its capability to inhibit the inflammation-induced hypertrophy of murine primary microglia and astrocytes in vitro. In C57Bl/6N mice, however, ICV administration of rPGRN failed to attenuate behavioral deficits over the 5-day observation period. (Immuno)histological gene and protein expression analyses at 5 dpi did not reveal a therapeutic benefit in terms of brain injury size, brain inflammation, glia activation, cell numbers in neurogenic niches, and neuronal damage. Instead, we observed a failure of TBI-induced mRNA upregulation of the tight junction protein occludin and increased extravasation of serum immunoglobulin G into the brain parenchyma at 5 dpi. In conclusion, single ICV administration of rPGRN had not the expected protective effects in the acute phase of murine TBI, but appeared to cause an aggravation of blood-brain barrier disruption. The data raise questions about putative PGRN-boosting approaches in other types of brain injuries and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hummel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manuel Lang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simona Walderbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina Gölz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bai D, Ma Y, Lv L, Wang Y, Yang W, Ma Y. Progranulin suppresses the age-dependent enhancement of neuronal activity in the hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 2020; 720:134755. [PMID: 31945450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our previous investigations revealed that progranulin (PGRN) is a lysosomal protein involved in hippocampal neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. However, the possible involvement of PGRN in regulating inflammatory response and mediating neuronal activity is still not well-defined. Here, we demonstrate that PGRN deficiency enhances the age-dependent increase of neuronal activity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Aging increased neuronal activity in the PVN of the hypothalamus, and PGRN deficiency enhanced the effects of age on hypothalamic neuronal activity. Aging increased the lysosomal biogenesis and inflammatory response in microglia, which was also aggravated in PGRN-knockout mice. Moreover, PGRN deficiency enhanced interleukin-1 beta and lysosomal genes levels. These results suggest that PGRN deficiency may enhance the age-dependent increase of neuronal activity possibly because PGRN facilitates immunological responses through regulating lysosomal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Bai
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China
| | - Yihong Ma
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Leyuan Lv
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Wanqing Yang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yanbo Ma
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arrant AE, Filiano AJ, Patel AR, Hoffmann MQ, Boyle NR, Kashyap SN, Onyilo VC, Young AH, Roberson ED. Reduction of microglial progranulin does not exacerbate pathology or behavioral deficits in neuronal progranulin-insufficient mice. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:152-162. [PMID: 30448285 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in progranulin (GRN), most of which cause progranulin haploinsufficiency, are a major autosomal dominant cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Individuals with loss-of-function mutations on both GRN alleles develop neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a lysosomal storage disorder. Progranulin is a secreted glycoprotein expressed by a variety of cell types throughout the body, including neurons and microglia in the brain. Understanding the relative importance of neuronal and microglial progranulin insufficiency in FTD pathogenesis may guide development of therapies. In this study, we used mouse models to investigate the role of neuronal and microglial progranulin insufficiency in the development of FTD-like pathology and behavioral deficits. Grn-/- mice model aspects of FTD and NCL, developing lipofuscinosis and gliosis throughout the brain, as well as deficits in social behavior. We have previously shown that selective depletion of neuronal progranulin disrupts social behavior, but does not produce lipofuscinosis or gliosis. We hypothesized that reduction of microglial progranulin would induce lipofuscinosis and gliosis, and exacerbate behavioral deficits, in neuronal progranulin-deficient mice. To test this hypothesis, we crossed Grnfl/fl mice with mice expressing Cre transgenes targeting neurons (CaMKII-Cre) and myeloid cells/microglia (LysM-Cre). CaMKII-Cre, which is expressed in forebrain excitatory neurons, reduced cortical progranulin protein levels by around 50%. LysM-Cre strongly reduced progranulin immunolabeling in many microglia, but did not reduce total brain progranulin levels, suggesting that, at least under resting conditions, microglia contribute less than neurons to overall brain progranulin levels. Mice with depletion of both neuronal and microglial progranulin failed to develop lipofuscinosis or gliosis, suggesting that progranulin from extracellular sources prevented pathology in cells targeted by the Cre transgenes. Reduction of microglial progranulin also did not exacerbate the social deficits of neuronal progranulin-insufficient mice. These results do not support the hypothesis of synergistic effects between progranulin-deficient neurons and microglia. Nearly complete progranulin deficiency appears to be required to induce lipofuscinosis and gliosis in mice, while partial progranulin insufficiency is sufficient to produce behavioral deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Arrant
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Anthony J Filiano
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Aashka R Patel
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Madelyn Q Hoffmann
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Nicholas R Boyle
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Shreya N Kashyap
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Vincent C Onyilo
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Allen H Young
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Walsh CE, Hitchcock PF. Progranulin regulates neurogenesis in the developing vertebrate retina. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:1114-1129. [PMID: 28380680 PMCID: PMC5568971 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the expression and function of the microglia‐specific growth factor, Progranulin‐a (Pgrn‐a) during developmental neurogenesis in the embryonic retina of zebrafish. At 24 hpf pgrn‐a is expressed throughout the forebrain, but by 48 hpf pgrn‐a is exclusively expressed by microglia and/or microglial precursors within the brain and retina. Knockdown of Pgrn‐a does not alter the onset of neurogenic programs or increase cell death, however, in its absence, neurogenesis is significantly delayed—retinal progenitors fail to exit the cell cycle at the appropriate developmental time and postmitotic cells do not acquire markers of terminal differentiation, and microglial precursors do not colonize the retina. Given the link between Progranulin and cell cycle regulation in peripheral tissues and transformed cells, we analyzed cell cycle kinetics among retinal progenitors following Pgrn‐a knockdown. Depleting Pgrn‐a results in a significant lengthening of the cell cycle. These data suggest that Pgrn‐a plays a dual role during nervous system development by governing the rate at which progenitors progress through the cell cycle and attracting microglial progenitors into the embryonic brain and retina. Collectively, these data show that Pgrn‐a governs neurogenesis by regulating cell cycle kinetics and the transition from proliferation to cell cycle exit and differentiation. © 2017 The Authors. Developmental Neurobiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 1114–1129, 2017
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Walsh
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105
| | - Peter F Hitchcock
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ma Y, Matsuwaki T, Yamanouchi K, Nishihara M. Involvement of progranulin in modulating neuroinflammatory responses but not neurogenesis in the hippocampus of aged mice. Exp Gerontol 2017; 95:1-8. [PMID: 28479389 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus declines with age. Our previous studies have suggested that progranulin (PGRN) has a facilitative effect on hippocampal neurogenesis. We have also shown that PGRN plays a role in suppressing excessive neuroinflammatory responses in the cortex and thalamus after brain injury and aging, respectively. However, the roles of PGRN in modulating neurogenesis and neuroinflammatory responses in the hippocampus of aged animals are not yet understood. In the present study, we investigated neurogenesis and neuroinflammation-related responses in the hippocampus of young (15-week-old) and old (135-week-old) wild-type and PGRN-deficient male mice. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus markedly declined with age, and there was no significant difference between the genotype. The number of CD68-positive activated microglia and the expression of lysosomal genes in the hippocampus were significantly increased with age, and PGRN deficiency further increased them. The expression of pro-inflammatory genes was also increased with age, and PGRN deficiency significantly enhanced some of them. These results suggest that PGRN deficiency exacerbates neuroinflammatory responses related to activated microglia in aged animals, while PGRN may not counteract the decline of hippocampal neurogenesis with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Ma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Takashi Matsuwaki
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamanouchi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masugi Nishihara
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Doke M, Matsuwaki T, Yamanouchi K, Nishihara M. Lack of estrogen receptor α in astrocytes of progranulin-deficient mice. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:547-551. [PMID: 27440553 PMCID: PMC5177971 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a multifunctional growth factor with functions in neuroprotection, anti-inflammation, and neural progenitor cell proliferation. These
functions largely overlap with the actions of estrogen in the brain. Indeed, we have previously shown that PGRN mediates the functions of estrogen, such as
masculinizing the rodent brain and promoting adult neurogenesis. To evaluate the underlying mechanism of PGRN in mediating the actions of estrogen, the
localization of estrogen receptor α (ERα) in the brains of wild-type (WT) and PGRN-deficient (KO) mice was investigated. First, double-labeling
immunofluorescence was performed for ERα with neuronal nuclei (NeuN), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), and glial fibrillary acidic protein
(GFAP), as markers for neurons, microglia, and astrocytes, respectively, in female mice in diestrous and estrous stages. ERα-immunoreactive (IR) cells were
widespread and co-localized with NeuN in brain sections analyzed (bregma –1.06 to –3.16 mm) of both WT and KO mice. In contrast, expression of ERα was not
observed in Iba1-IR cells from both genotypes. Interestingly, although ERα was co-localized with GFAP in WT mice, virtually no ERα expression was discernible in
GFAP-IR cells in KO mice. Next, the brains of ovariectomized adult female, adult male, and immature female mice were subjected to immunostaining for ERα and
GFAP. Again, co-localization of ERα with GFAP was observed in WT mice, whereas this co-localization was not detected in KO mice. These results suggest that PGRN
plays a crucial role in the expression of ERα in astrocytes regardless of the estrous cycle stage, sex, and maturity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mio Doke
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yi T, Qi L, Li J, Le JJ, Shao L, Du X, Dong JC. Moxibustion upregulates hippocampal progranulin expression. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:610-6. [PMID: 27212922 PMCID: PMC4870918 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.180746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, moxibustion is reported to be useful and has few side effects for chronic fatigue syndrome, but its mechanisms are largely unknown. More recently, the focus has been on the wealth of information supporting stress as a factor in chronic fatigue syndrome, and largely concerns dysregulation in the stress-related hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In the present study, we aimed to determine the effect of moxibustion on behavioral symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome rats and examine possible mechanisms. Rats were subjected to a combination of chronic restraint stress and forced swimming to induce chronic fatigue syndrome. The acupoints Guanyuan (CV4) and Zusanli (ST36, bilateral) were simultaneously administered moxibustion. Untreated chronic fatigue syndrome rats and normal rats were used as controls. Results from the forced swimming test, open field test, tail suspension test, real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western blot assay showed that moxibustion treatment decreased mRNA expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the hypothalamus, and adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone levels in plasma, and markedly increased progranulin mRNA and protein expression in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that moxibustion may relieve the behavioral symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome, at least in part, by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and upregulating hippocampal progranulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yi
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Qi
- E-institute of Shanghai Municipal Education Committee, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Jing Le
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shao
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Cheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Progranulin Protects Hippocampal Neurogenesis via Suppression of Neuroinflammatory Responses Under Acute Immune Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3717-3728. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
11
|
Possible involvement of the cerebellum in motor-function impairment in progranulin-deficient mice. Neuroreport 2016; 26:877-81. [PMID: 26302163 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a multifunctional growth factor involved in many physiological and pathological processes in the brain such as sexual differentiation, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Previously, we showed that PGRN was expressed broadly in the brain and the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum were one of the regions with the highest expression level of PGRN. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the possible roles of PGRN in the cerebellum by comparing wild-type (WT) and PGRN-deficient (KO) mice with immunohistochemical staining for calbindin, a marker of Purkinje cells. The results showed that the density of Purkinje cell dendrites in the molecular layer of the cerebellum was significantly higher in KO mice than in WT mice, although the number of cell bodies was comparable between the genotypes. Subsequently, as the cerebellum is the center of the motor function, we performed a rotarod test and found that KO mice remained on the rotating rod for significantly shorter periods than WT mice. However, KO and WT mice did not differ significantly with respect to the diameter of myofibers in a skeletal muscle. These results suggest that PGRN is involved in the development and/or maturation of neuronal networks comprising Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, which may be a prerequisite to normal motor function.
Collapse
|
12
|
Nagai MK, Marquez-Chin C, Popovic MR. Why Is Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy Capable of Restoring Motor Function Following Severe Injury to the Central Nervous System? Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
13
|
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in progranulin (GRN) are one of the most common genetic causes of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder with no available disease-modifying treatments. Through haploinsufficiency, these mutations reduce levels of progranulin, a protein that has neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory effects. Increasing progranulin expression from the intact allele is therefore a potential approach for treating individuals with GRN mutations. Based on the well-known effects of physical exercise on other neurotrophic factors, we hypothesized that exercise might increase brain progranulin levels. We tested this hypothesis in progranulin heterozygous (Grn+/−) mice, which model progranulin haploinsufficiency. We housed wild-type and progranulin-insufficient mice in standard cages or cages with exercise wheels for 4 or 7.5 weeks, and then measured brain and plasma progranulin levels. Although exercise modestly increased progranulin in very young (2-month-old) wild-type mice, this effect was limited to the hippocampus. Exercise did not increase brain progranulin mRNA or protein in multiple regions, nor did it increase plasma progranulin, in 4- to 8-month-old wild-type or Grn+/− mice, across multiple experiments and under conditions that increased hippocampal BDNF and neurogenesis. Grn−/−mice were included in the study to test for progranulin-independent benefits of exercise on gliosis. Exercise attenuated cortical microgliosis in 8-month-old Grn−/−mice, consistent with a progranulin-independent, anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. These results suggest that exercise may have some modest, nonspecific benefits for FTD patients with progranulin mutations, but do not support exercise as a strategy to raise progranulin levels.
Collapse
|
14
|
Inoue K, Okamoto M, Shibato J, Lee MC, Matsui T, Rakwal R, Soya H. Long-Term Mild, rather than Intense, Exercise Enhances Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Greatly Changes the Transcriptomic Profile of the Hippocampus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128720. [PMID: 26061528 PMCID: PMC4464753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our six-week treadmill running training (forced exercise) model has revealed that mild exercise (ME) with an intensity below the lactate threshold (LT) is sufficient to enhance spatial memory, while intense exercise (IE) above the LT negates such benefits. To help understand the unrevealed neuronal and signaling/molecular mechanisms of the intensity-dependent cognitive change, in this rat model, we here investigated plasma corticosterone concentration as a marker of stress, adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) as a potential contributor to this ME-induced spatial memory, and comprehensively delineated the hippocampal transcriptomic profile using a whole-genome DNA microarray analysis approach through comparison with IE. Results showed that only IE had the higher corticosterone concentration than control, and that the less intense exercise (ME) is better suited to improve AHN, especially in regards to the survival and maturation of newborn neurons. DNA microarray analysis using a 4 × 44 K Agilent chip revealed that ME regulated more genes than did IE (ME: 604 genes, IE: 415 genes), and only 41 genes were modified with both exercise intensities. The identified molecular components did not comprise well-known factors related to exercise-induced AHN, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Rather, network analysis of the data using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis algorithms revealed that the ME-influenced genes were principally related to lipid metabolism, protein synthesis and inflammatory response, which are recognized as associated with AHN. In contrast, IE-influenced genes linked to excessive inflammatory immune response, which is a negative regulator of hippocampal neuroadaptation, were identified. Collectively, these results in a treadmill running model demonstrate that long-term ME, but not of IE, with minimizing running stress, has beneficial effects on increasing AHN, and provides an ME-specific gene inventory containing some potential regulators of this positive regulation. This evidence might serve in further elucidating the mechanism behind ME-induced cognitive gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koshiro Inoue
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305–8574, Japan
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061–0293, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okamoto
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305–8574, Japan
| | - Junko Shibato
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305–8574, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Hatanodai, Tokyo, 142–8555, Japan
| | - Min Chul Lee
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305–8574, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsui
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305–8574, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Hatanodai, Tokyo, 142–8555, Japan
- Organization for Educational Initiatives, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305–8577, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305–8574, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kwon SJ, Park J, Park SY, Song KS, Jung ST, Jung SB, Park IR, Choi WS, Kwon SO. Low-intensity treadmill exercise and/or bright light promote neurogenesis in adult rat brain. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:922-9. [PMID: 25206384 PMCID: PMC4145925 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a brain region responsible for learning and memory functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of low-intensity exercise and bright light exposure on neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in adult rat hippocampus. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control, exercise, light, or exercise + light groups (n = 9 per group). The rats in the exercise group were subjected to treadmill exercise (5 days per week, 30 minutes per day, over a 4-week period), the light group rats were irradiated (5 days per week, 30 minutes per day, 10 000 lx, over a 4-week period), the exercise + light group rats were subjected to treadmill exercise in combination with bright light exposure, and the control group rats remained sedentary over a 4-week period. Compared with the control group, there was a significant increase in neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of rats in the exercise, light, and exercise + light groups. Moreover, the expression level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus was significantly higher in the exercise group and light group than that in the control group. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression between the control group and exercise + light group. These results indicate that low-intensity treadmill exercise (first 5 minutes at a speed of 2 m/min, second 5 minutes at a speed of 5 m/min, and the last 20 minutes at a speed of 8 m/min) or bright-light exposure therapy induces positive biochemical changes in the brain. In view of these findings, we propose that moderate exercise or exposure to sunlight during childhood can be beneficial for neural development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Kwon
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsook Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yun Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seop Song
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Tae Jung
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - So Bong Jung
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik Ryeul Park
- Department of Liberal Arts, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Sung Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ok Kwon
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tanaka Y, Matsuwaki T, Yamanouchi K, Nishihara M. Increased lysosomal biogenesis in activated microglia and exacerbated neuronal damage after traumatic brain injury in progranulin-deficient mice. Neuroscience 2013; 250:8-19. [PMID: 23830905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is known to play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, it has been demonstrated that patients with the homozygous mutation in the GRN gene present with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and there is growing evidence that PGRN is related to lysosomal function. In the present study, we investigated the possible role of PGRN in the lysosomes of activated microglia in the cerebral cortex after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We showed that the mouse GRN gene has two possible coordinated lysosomal expression and regulation (CLEAR) sequences that bind to transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal genes. PGRN was colocalized with Lamp1, a lysosomal marker, and Lamp1-positive areas in GRN-deficient (KO) mice were significantly expanded compared with wild-type (WT) mice after TBI. Expression of all the lysosome-related genes examined in KO mice was significantly higher than that in WT mice. The number of activated microglia with TFEB localized to the nucleus was also significantly increased in KO as compared with WT mice. Since the TFEB translocation is regulated by the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity in the lysosome, we compared ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) phosphorylation that reflects mTORC1 activity. S6K1 phosphorylation in KO mice was significantly lower than that in WT mice. In addition, the number of nissl-positive and fluoro-jade B-positive cells around the injury was significantly decreased and increased, respectively, in KO as compared with WT mice. These results suggest that PGRN localized in the lysosome is involved in the activation of mTORC1, and its deficiency leads to increased TFEB nuclear translocation with a resultant increase in lysosomal biogenesis in activated microglia and exacerbated neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Exacerbated inflammatory responses related to activated microglia after traumatic brain injury in progranulin-deficient mice. Neuroscience 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|