1
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Hu X, Li Y, Qu H, He C, Chen Z, Zhan M, Du Y, Wang H, Chen W, Sun L, Ning X. No genetic link between Parkinson's disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1393888. [PMID: 39006236 PMCID: PMC11239547 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1393888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Existing literature has not clearly elucidated whether SARS-CoV-2 infection increases the incidence of Parkinson's disease or if Parkinson's disease patients are more susceptible to the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To clarify the issue, this study employs a genetic epidemiological approach to investigate the association. Methods This study utilizes a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. The primary analysis employs the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method, supplemented by secondary analyses including MR-Egger regression, weighted median, IVW radial method, and weighted mode, to evaluate the bidirectional causal relationship between Parkinson's disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results IVW results showed no genetic causality between SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, hospitalization rate and severity and Parkinson's disease. (IVW method: p = 0.408 OR = 1.10 95% CI: 0.87 ~ 1.39; p = 0.744 OR = 1.11 95% CI: 0.94 ~ 1.09; p = 0.436 OR = 1.05 95% CI: 0.93 ~ 1.17). Parkinson's disease was not genetically associated with susceptibility to new crown infections, hospitalization rates, and severity (IVW method: p = 0.173 OR = 1.01 95% CI: 0.99 ~ 1.03; p = 0.109 OR = 1.05 95% CI: 0.99 ~ 1.12; p = 0.209 OR = 1.03 95% CI: 0.99 ~ 1.07). MR-Egger regression, weighted median, IVW radial method, and weighted mode results are consistent with the results of the IVW method. Conclusion This study does not support a genetic link between Parkinson's disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the association observed in previous cohort studies and observational studies may be due to other confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Hu
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Li
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Qu
- National Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of Traditional Chinese, Beijing, China
- Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunying He
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyan Chen
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhan
- Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yida Du
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Ezhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Ezhou, China
| | - Linjuan Sun
- Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Ning
- Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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2
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Kikinis Z, Castañeyra-Perdomo A, González-Mora JL, Rushmore RJ, Toppa PH, Haggerty K, Papadimitriou G, Rathi Y, Kubicki M, Kikinis R, Heller C, Yeterian E, Besteher B, Pallanti S, Makris N. Investigating the structural network underlying brain-immune interactions using combined histopathology and neuroimaging: a critical review for its relevance in acute and long COVID-19. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1337888. [PMID: 38590789 PMCID: PMC11000670 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1337888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Current views on immunity support the idea that immunity extends beyond defense functions and is tightly intertwined with several other fields of biology such as virology, microbiology, physiology and ecology. It is also critical for our understanding of autoimmunity and cancer, two topics of great biological relevance and for critical public health considerations such as disease prevention and treatment. Central to this review, the immune system is known to interact intimately with the nervous system and has been recently hypothesized to be involved not only in autonomic and limbic bio-behaviors but also in cognitive function. Herein we review the structural architecture of the brain network involved in immune response. Furthermore, we elaborate upon the implications of inflammatory processes affecting brain-immune interactions as reported recently in pathological conditions due to SARS-Cov-2 virus infection, namely in acute and post-acute COVID-19. Moreover, we discuss how current neuroimaging techniques combined with ad hoc clinical autopsies and histopathological analyses could critically affect the validity of clinical translation in studies of human brain-immune interactions using neuroimaging. Advances in our understanding of brain-immune interactions are expected to translate into novel therapeutic avenues in a vast array of domains including cancer, autoimmune diseases or viral infections such as in acute and post-acute or Long COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Kikinis
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Agustin Castañeyra-Perdomo
- Universidad de La Laguna, Área de Anatomía y Fisiología. Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, San Cristobal de la Laguna, Spain
| | - José Luis González-Mora
- Universidad de La Laguna, Área de Anatomía y Fisiología. Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, San Cristobal de la Laguna, Spain
- Universidad de La Laguna, Instituto Universitario de Neurosciencias, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, San Cristobal de la Laguna, Spain
| | - Richard Jarrett Rushmore
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, San Cristobal de la Laguna, Spain
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Poliana Hartung Toppa
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kayley Haggerty
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - George Papadimitriou
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yogesh Rathi
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marek Kubicki
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ron Kikinis
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carina Heller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Edward Yeterian
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, United States
| | - Bianca Besteher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefano Pallanti
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, Florence, Italy
| | - Nikos Makris
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Universidad de La Laguna, Área de Anatomía y Fisiología. Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, San Cristobal de la Laguna, Spain
- Universidad de La Laguna, Instituto Universitario de Neurosciencias, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, San Cristobal de la Laguna, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, San Cristobal de la Laguna, Spain
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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3
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Song H, Tomasevich A, Acheampong KK, Schaff DL, Shaffer SM, Dolle JP, Johnson VE, Mikytuck B, Lee EB, Nolan A, Keene CD, Weiss SR, Stewart W, Smith DH. Detection of blood-brain barrier disruption in brains of patients with COVID-19, but no evidence of brain penetration by SARS-CoV-2. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 146:771-775. [PMID: 37624381 PMCID: PMC10592095 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, 3320 Smith Walk, 105 Hayden Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alexandra Tomasevich
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, 3320 Smith Walk, 105 Hayden Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kofi K Acheampong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Dylan L Schaff
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Sydney M Shaffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Dolle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, 3320 Smith Walk, 105 Hayden Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Victoria E Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, 3320 Smith Walk, 105 Hayden Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bailey Mikytuck
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward B Lee
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amber Nolan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan R Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - William Stewart
- School of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
- Department of Neuropathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Douglas H Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, 3320 Smith Walk, 105 Hayden Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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4
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Abha Mishra KM, Podili R, Pathlavath TS, Sethi KK. A critical review on brain and heart axis response in COVID-19 patients: Molecular mechanisms, mediators, biomarkers, and therapeutics. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23409. [PMID: 37341157 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of highly virulent coronaviruses, significant interest was assessed to the brain and heart axis (BHA) in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-affected patients. The majority of clinical reports accounted for unusual symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections which are of the neurological type, such as headache, nausea, dysgeusia, anosmia, and cerebral infarction. The SARS-CoV-2 enters the cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE-2) receptor. Patients with prior cardiovascular disease (CVD) have a higher risk of COVID-19 infection and it has related to various cardiovascular (CV) complications. Infected patients with pre-existing CVDs are also particularly exposed to critical health outcomes. Overall, COVID-19 affected patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) and exposed to stressful environmental constraints, featured with a cluster of neurological and CV complications. In this review, we summarized the main contributions in the literature on how SARS-CoV-2 could interfere with the BHA and its role in affecting multiorgan disorders. Specifically, the central nervous system involvement, mainly in relation to CV alterations in COVID-19-affected patients, is considered. This review also emphasizes the biomarkers and therapy options for COVID-19 patients presenting with CV problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Abha Mishra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Runesh Podili
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Teja S Pathlavath
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kalyan K Sethi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Assam, India
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5
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Nuber-Champier A, Cionca A, Breville G, Voruz P, de Alcântara IJ, Allali G, Lalive PH, Benzakour L, Lövblad KO, Braillard O, Nehme M, Coen M, Serratrice J, Reny JL, Pugin J, Guessous I, Landis BN, Griffa A, De Ville DV, Assal F, Péron JA. Acute TNFα levels predict cognitive impairment 6-9 months after COVID-19 infection. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 153:106104. [PMID: 37104966 PMCID: PMC10066791 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A neurocognitive phenotype of post-COVID-19 infection has recently been described that is characterized by a lack of awareness of memory impairment (i.e., anosognosia), altered functional connectivity in the brain's default mode and limbic networks, and an elevated monocyte count. However, the relationship between these cognitive and brain functional connectivity alterations in the chronic phase with the level of cytokines during the acute phase has yet to be identified. AIM Determine whether acute cytokine type and levels is associated with anosognosia and functional patterns of brain connectivity 6-9 months after infection. METHODS We analyzed the predictive value of the concentration of acute cytokines (IL-1RA, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFNγ, G-CSF, GM-CSF) (cytokine panel by multiplex immunoassay) in the plasma of 39 patients (mean age 59 yrs, 38-78) in relation to their anosognosia scores for memory deficits via stepwise linear regression. Then, associations between the different cytokines and brain functional connectivity patterns were analyzed by MRI and multivariate partial least squares correlations for the whole group. RESULTS Stepwise regression modeling allowed us to show that acute TNFα levels predicted (R2 = 0.145; β = -0.38; p = .017) and were associated (r = -0.587; p < .001) with scores of anosognosia for memory deficits observed 6-9 months post-infection. Finally, high TNFα levels were associated with hippocampal, temporal pole, accumbens nucleus, amygdala, and cerebellum connectivity. CONCLUSION Increased plasma TNFα levels in the acute phase of COVID-19 predict the presence of long-term anosognosia scores and changes in limbic system functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nuber-Champier
- Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Neurology Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - A Cionca
- Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G Breville
- Neurology Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - P Voruz
- Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Neurology Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - I Jacot de Alcântara
- Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Neurology Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G Allali
- Leenaards Memory Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P H Lalive
- Neurology Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L Benzakour
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Psychiatry Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - K-O Lövblad
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - O Braillard
- Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - M Nehme
- Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - M Coen
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Switzerland
| | - J Serratrice
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Switzerland
| | - J-L Reny
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Switzerland
| | - J Pugin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Intensive Care Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - I Guessous
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - B N Landis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - A Griffa
- Neurology Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Institute of Bioengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D Van De Ville
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Bioengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Assal
- Neurology Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J A Péron
- Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Neurology Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.
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6
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Exploration of the Shared Molecular Mechanisms between COVID-19 and Neurodegenerative Diseases through Bioinformatic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054839. [PMID: 36902271 PMCID: PMC10002862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused millions of deaths and remains a major public health burden worldwide. Previous studies found that a large number of COVID-19 patients and survivors developed neurological symptoms and might be at high risk of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to explore the shared pathways between COVID-19, AD, and PD by using bioinformatic analysis to reveal potential mechanisms, which may explain the neurological symptoms and degeneration of brain that occur in COVID-19 patients, and to provide early intervention. In this study, gene expression datasets of the frontal cortex were employed to detect common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of COVID-19, AD, and PD. A total of 52 common DEGs were then examined using functional annotation, protein-protein interaction (PPI) construction, candidate drug identification, and regulatory network analysis. We found that the involvement of the synaptic vesicle cycle and down-regulation of synapses were shared by these three diseases, suggesting that synaptic dysfunction might contribute to the onset and progress of neurodegenerative diseases caused by COVID-19. Five hub genes and one key module were obtained from the PPI network. Moreover, 5 drugs and 42 transcription factors (TFs) were also identified on the datasets. In conclusion, the results of our study provide new insights and directions for follow-up studies of the relationship between COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases. The hub genes and potential drugs we identified may provide promising treatment strategies to prevent COVID-19 patients from developing these disorders.
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7
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Askari H, Rabiei F, Lohrasbi F, Ghadir S, Ghasemi-Kasman M. The Latest Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of COVID-19 on Non-Lung Organs. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030415. [PMID: 36979225 PMCID: PMC10046222 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the transmission pathways of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) will aid in developing effective therapies directed at the virus’s life cycle or its side effects. While severe respiratory distress is the most common symptom of a coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection, the virus is also known to cause damage to almost every major organ and system in the body. However, it is not obvious whether pathological changes in extra-respiratory organs are caused by direct infection, indirect, or combination of these effects. In this narrative review, we first elaborate on the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, followed by the mechanisms of this virus on various organs such as brain, eye, and olfactory nerve and different systems such as the endocrine and gastrointestinal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Askari
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rabiei
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Lohrasbi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran
| | - Sara Ghadir
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +98-11-32190557
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8
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Li W, Sun L, Yue L, Xiao S. Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19: Interactions, intrinsic linkages, and the role of immunoinflammatory responses in this process. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1120495. [PMID: 36845144 PMCID: PMC9947230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and COVID-19 share many common risk factors, such as advanced age, complications, APOE genotype, etc. Epidemiological studies have also confirmed the internal relationship between the two diseases. For example, studies have found that AD patients are more likely to suffer from COVID-19, and after infection with COVID-19, AD also has a much higher risk of death than other chronic diseases, and what's more interesting is that the risk of developing AD in the future is significantly higher after infection with COVID-19. Therefore, this review gives a detailed introduction to the internal relationship between Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19 from the perspectives of epidemiology, susceptibility and mortality. At the same time, we focused on the important role of inflammation and immune responses in promoting the onset and death of AD from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yue
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shifu Xiao
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Migliolo L, de A. Boleti A, de O. Cardoso P, Frihling BF, e Silva P, de Moraes LRN. Adipose tissue, systematic inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:38-46. [PMID: 35799506 PMCID: PMC9241402 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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10
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Mirmosayyeb O, Badihian S, Shaygannejad V, Hartung HP. Editorial: CNS autoimmune disorders and COVID-19. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1183998. [PMID: 37082445 PMCID: PMC10112508 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1183998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mirmosayyeb
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Shervin Badihian
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Hans-Peter Hartung
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11
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Kumaria A, Noah A, Kirkman MA. Does covid-19 impair endogenous neurogenesis? J Clin Neurosci 2022; 105:79-85. [PMID: 36113246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous neural stem cells are thought to continue to generate new neurons throughout life in the human brain. Endogenous neurogenesis has been proposed to contribute to physiological roles in maintaining and regenerating olfaction, as well as promoting normal cognition, learning and memory. Specific impairments in these processes in COVID-19 - impaired olfaction and cognition - may implicate the SARS-CoV-2 virus in attenuating neurogenesis. Furthermore, neurogenesis has been linked with neuroregeneration; and impaired neuroregeneration has previously been linked with neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging evidence supports an association between COVID-19 infection and accelerated neurodegeneration. Also, structural changes indicating global reduction in brain size and specific reduction in the size of limbic structures - including orbitofrontal cortex, olfactory cortex and parahippocampal gyrus - as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been demonstrated. This paper proposes the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 infection may impair endogenous neural stem cell activity. An attenuation of neurogenesis may contribute to reduction in brain size and/or neurodegenerative processes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, as neural stem cells are thought to be the cell of origin in glioma, better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 interaction with tumorigenic stem cells is indicated, with a view to informing therapeutic modulation. The subacute and chronic implications of attenuated endogenous neurogenesis are explored in the context of long COVID. Modulating endogenous neurogenesis may be a novel therapeutic strategy to address specific neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and potential applicability in tumour virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Kumaria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Abiodun Noah
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Academic Unit of Injury, Inflammation and Recovery Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Matthew A Kirkman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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12
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Vandersteen C, Payne M, Dumas LÉ, Cancian É, Plonka A, D’Andréa G, Chirio D, Demonchy É, Risso K, Askenazy-Gittard F, Savoldelli C, Guevara N, Robert P, Castillo L, Manera V, Gros A. Olfactory Training in Post-COVID-19 Persistent Olfactory Disorders: Value Normalization for Threshold but Not Identification. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123275. [PMID: 35743346 PMCID: PMC9224948 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Persistent post-viral olfactory disorders (PPVOD) are estimated at 30% of patients one year after COVID-19 infection. No treatment is, to date, significantly effective on PPVOD with the exception of olfactory training (OT). The main objective of this work was to evaluate OT efficiency on post-COVID-19 PPVOD. (2) Methods: Consecutive patients consulting to the ENT department with post-COVID-19 PPVOD were included after completing clinical examination, the complete Sniffin’ Stick Test (TDI), the short version of the Questionnaire of olfactory disorders and the SF-36. Patients were trained to practice a self-olfactory training with a dedicated olfactory training kit twice a day for 6 months before returning to undergo the same assessments. (3) Results: Forty-three patients were included and performed 3.5 months of OT in average. We observed a significant TDI score improvement, increasing from 24.7 (±8.9) before the OT to 30.9 (±9.8) (p < 0.001). Based on normative data, a significant increase in the number of normosmic participants was observed only for the threshold values (p < 0.001). Specific and general olfaction-related quality of life improved after the OT. (4) Conclusions: Olfactory function appeared to improve only in peripheral aspects of post-COVID-19 PPVOD after OT. Future controlled studies must be performed to confirm the OT role and justify new therapeutic strategies that may focus on the central aspects of post-COVID-19 PPVOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair Vandersteen
- Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Côte d’Azur, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France; (É.C.); (G.D.); (C.S.); (N.G.); (L.C.)
- Laboratoire CoBTeK, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France; (M.P.); (L.-É.D.); (A.P.); (F.A.-G.); (P.R.); (V.M.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-9203-1705
| | - Magali Payne
- Laboratoire CoBTeK, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France; (M.P.); (L.-É.D.); (A.P.); (F.A.-G.); (P.R.); (V.M.); (A.G.)
- Département d’Orthophonie de Nice (DON), UFR Médecine, Université Côte d’Azur, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Louise-Émilie Dumas
- Laboratoire CoBTeK, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France; (M.P.); (L.-É.D.); (A.P.); (F.A.-G.); (P.R.); (V.M.); (A.G.)
- Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice CHU-LENVAL, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Côte d’Azur, 57 Avenue de la Californie, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Élisa Cancian
- Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Côte d’Azur, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France; (É.C.); (G.D.); (C.S.); (N.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Alexandra Plonka
- Laboratoire CoBTeK, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France; (M.P.); (L.-É.D.); (A.P.); (F.A.-G.); (P.R.); (V.M.); (A.G.)
- Institut NeuroMod, INRIA Centre de Recherche Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d’Azur, 2004 Route des Lucioles, 06902 Valbonne, France
- Service Clinique Gériatrique du Cerveau et du Mouvement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Grégoire D’Andréa
- Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Côte d’Azur, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France; (É.C.); (G.D.); (C.S.); (N.G.); (L.C.)
| | - David Chirio
- Département de Médecine Infectiologique, Hôpital de l’archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Côte d’Azur, 151 Route de Saint-Antoine, 06200 Nice, France; (D.C.); (É.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Élisa Demonchy
- Département de Médecine Infectiologique, Hôpital de l’archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Côte d’Azur, 151 Route de Saint-Antoine, 06200 Nice, France; (D.C.); (É.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Karine Risso
- Département de Médecine Infectiologique, Hôpital de l’archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Côte d’Azur, 151 Route de Saint-Antoine, 06200 Nice, France; (D.C.); (É.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Florence Askenazy-Gittard
- Laboratoire CoBTeK, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France; (M.P.); (L.-É.D.); (A.P.); (F.A.-G.); (P.R.); (V.M.); (A.G.)
- Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice CHU-LENVAL, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Côte d’Azur, 57 Avenue de la Californie, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Charles Savoldelli
- Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Côte d’Azur, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France; (É.C.); (G.D.); (C.S.); (N.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Nicolas Guevara
- Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Côte d’Azur, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France; (É.C.); (G.D.); (C.S.); (N.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Philippe Robert
- Laboratoire CoBTeK, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France; (M.P.); (L.-É.D.); (A.P.); (F.A.-G.); (P.R.); (V.M.); (A.G.)
- Département d’Orthophonie de Nice (DON), UFR Médecine, Université Côte d’Azur, 06107 Nice, France
- Service Clinique Gériatrique du Cerveau et du Mouvement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Laurent Castillo
- Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université Côte d’Azur, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France; (É.C.); (G.D.); (C.S.); (N.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Valeria Manera
- Laboratoire CoBTeK, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France; (M.P.); (L.-É.D.); (A.P.); (F.A.-G.); (P.R.); (V.M.); (A.G.)
- Département d’Orthophonie de Nice (DON), UFR Médecine, Université Côte d’Azur, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Auriane Gros
- Laboratoire CoBTeK, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France; (M.P.); (L.-É.D.); (A.P.); (F.A.-G.); (P.R.); (V.M.); (A.G.)
- Département d’Orthophonie de Nice (DON), UFR Médecine, Université Côte d’Azur, 06107 Nice, France
- Service Clinique Gériatrique du Cerveau et du Mouvement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France
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Yimenicioglu S, Ekici A. COVID-19, Symptoms with Pre-Existing and Not Pre-Existing Neurological Disorders in Pediatrics. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective The symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children with pre-existing neurological disease are unknown. We aimed to find out the difference in the symptoms of children with pre-existing neurological disease and those without.
Methods In this single-center, retrospective, cohort study, 96 pediatric patients who had COVID-19 between March 2020 and April 2021 were enrolled.
Results There were 35 males and 61 females. The median age was 14 years (interquartile range [IQR] 10.25–16). Fever (38.5%), headache (35.4%), and cough (32.3%) were the most common symptoms. In 53.1%, neurological complaints (headache, taste-smell loss, vertigo, febrile seizure, coma, and ataxia), in 40.6%, respiratory symptoms (cough, dyspnea, rhinitis, and pharyngitis), and in 8.3%, gastrointestinal symptoms (gastroenteritis, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal pain) were seen. While 23 (62.2%) patients with fever did not have neurological complaints, 14 (37.8%) had neurological complaints (p = 0.017). Eight (21.6%) patients with fever were hospitalized (p = 0.067). Fever was seen significantly more frequently with pre-existing neurological disease (p < 0.001). Younger children were more likely to have fever (p = 0.008). Headaches and taste–smell loss were seen more frequently in patients with no pre-existing neurological disease (p < 0.001, p = 0.034, respectively). The patients with headaches were older than the ones without headaches (p < 0.001). Patients with headaches and loss of taste and smell were older than those without (p = 0.003).
Conclusion Neurological symptoms differed significantly between those who had pre-existing neurological disease and those who did not. Headaches and taste–smell loss were seen more frequently in patients with no pre-existing neurological disease. Fever was significantly higher in patients who had pre-existing neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Yimenicioglu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Health Ministry Eskisehir City Hospital, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Arzu Ekici
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Health Ministry Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Eğitim Arastirma Hastanesi, Bursa, Turkey
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14
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Beauchet O, Galery K, Lafontaine C, Sawchuk K, Plonka A, Gros A, Allali G. Frailty, e-health and prevention of late-onset Alzheimer disease and related disorders: it is time to take action. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:1179-1181. [PMID: 35334089 PMCID: PMC8953956 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-022-02122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Beauchet
- Departments of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Research Centre of the Geriatric University Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Kevin Galery
- Research Centre of the Geriatric University Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Kim Sawchuk
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandra Plonka
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Laboratoire CoBTeK, Service Clinique Gériatrique du Cerveau et du Mouvement, Université Côté d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Auriane Gros
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Laboratoire CoBTeK, Service Clinique Gériatrique du Cerveau et du Mouvement, Université Côté d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Gilles Allali
- Leenaards Memory Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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SARS-CoV-2 and neurodegenerative diseases: what we know and what we don’t. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:1155-1167. [PMID: 35434769 PMCID: PMC9013492 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02500-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infection of the CNS with the SARS-CoV-2 can occur via different routes and results in para- or post-infectious manifestations with a variety of neurological symptoms. In patients with neurodegenerative diseases, SARS-CoV-2 is often associated with a higher fatality rate, which is a relevant problem in increasingly older populations. Apart from the direct consequences of an infection in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, indirect consequences of the pandemic such as limited access to care facilities and treatment have negative effects on the course of these chronic disorders. The occurrence of long-lasting neurological symptoms after infection with SARS-CoV-2 indicates a prolonged impact on the CNS. However, while it is known that SARS-CoV-2 affects neuronal populations that are relevant in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, it is yet unclear whether an infection with SARS-CoV-2 is sufficient to trigger neurodegeneration. Reflecting on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on neurodegeneration, we provide a concise overview on the current knowledge of SARS-CoV-2-induced pathology in the CNS and discuss yet open questions in the field.
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16
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Farooq RK, Alamoudi W, Alhibshi A, Rehman S, Sharma AR, Abdulla FA. Varied Composition and Underlying Mechanisms of Gut Microbiome in Neuroinflammation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040705. [PMID: 35456757 PMCID: PMC9032006 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome has been implicated in a host of bodily functions and their regulation, including brain development and cognition. Neuroinflammation is a relatively newer piece of the puzzle and is implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders. The microbiome of the gut may alter the inflammatory signaling inside the brain through the secretion of short-chain fatty acids, controlling the availability of amino acid tryptophan and altering vagal activation. Studies in Korea and elsewhere highlight a strong link between microbiome dynamics and neurocognitive states, including personality. For these reasons, re-establishing microbial flora of the gut looks critical for keeping neuroinflammation from putting the whole system aflame through probiotics and allotransplantation of the fecal microbiome. However, the numerosity of the microbiome remains a challenge. For this purpose, it is suggested that wherever possible, a fecal microbial auto-transplant may prove more effective. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of the microbiome in neuroinflammation and the various mechanism involved in this process. As an example, we have also discussed the autism spectrum disorder and the implication of neuroinflammation and microbiome in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rai Khalid Farooq
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
- Correspondence: (R.K.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Widyan Alamoudi
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Amani Alhibshi
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Suriya Rehman
- Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (R.K.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Fuad A. Abdulla
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 2435, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Goodwin GR, Bestwick JP, Noyce AJ. The potential utility of smell testing to screen for neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:139-148. [PMID: 35129037 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2037424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Loss of smell is a common early feature of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Identifying these conditions in their early stages is important to understand more about early pathophysiological events and the development of disease modifying therapies. Smell testing may be an effective future tool for screening large populations for early neurodegeneration. AREAS COVERED : In this review, we appraise the evidence for, and discuss the likelihood of, the use of smell testing in large screening programs to detect early neurodegeneration. We evaluate the predictive power of smell tests for neurodegenerative disease, compare performance to other established screening programs, and discuss ethical and practical considerations and limitations. EXPERT OPINION : Even if disease modifying therapies were available for neurodegenerative disease, smell tests alone are unlikely to have high enough predictive power to be used in a future screening program. However, we believe they could be a valuable component of a short battery of tests or part of a stepwise process that together could more accurately identify early neurodegeneration in large populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Goodwin
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jonathan P Bestwick
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
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18
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Chandra A, Johri A. A Peek into Pandora’s Box: COVID-19 and Neurodegeneration. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020190. [PMID: 35203953 PMCID: PMC8870638 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since it was first reported in Wuhan, China, the coronavirus-induced disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has become an enigma of sorts with ever expanding reports of direct and indirect effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on almost all the vital organ systems. Along with inciting acute pulmonary complications, the virus attacks the cardiac, renal, hepatic, and gastrointestinal systems as well as the central nervous system (CNS). The person-to-person variability in susceptibility of individuals to disease severity still remains a puzzle, although the comorbidities and the age/gender of a person are believed to play a key role. SARS-CoV-2 needs angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor for its infectivity, and the association between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 leads to a decline in ACE2 activity and its neuroprotective effects. Acute respiratory distress may also induce hypoxia, leading to increased oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Infection of the neurons along with peripheral leukocytes’ activation results in proinflammatory cytokine release, rendering the brain more susceptible to neurodegenerative changes. Due to the advancement in molecular biology techniques and vaccine development programs, the world now has hope to relatively quickly study and combat the deadly virus. On the other side, however, the virus seems to be still evolving with new variants being discovered periodically. In keeping up with the pace of this virus, there has been an avalanche of studies. This review provides an update on the recent progress in adjudicating the CNS-related mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its potential to incite or accelerate neurodegeneration in surviving patients. Current as well as emerging therapeutic opportunities and biomarker development are highlighted.
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19
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Kaliappan A, Gaur A, Sakthivadivel V, Balan Y, Tadi LJ, Sundaramurthy R. COVID-19 and Dementia; Hard to Forget Yet Haunting Forgetfulness! Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2022; 25:832-840. [PMID: 36561000 PMCID: PMC9764909 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_42_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic has affected almost everyone worldwide. Although the majority of people survive the illness, bad cognitive repercussions might last a long time, resulting in a lower quality of life and disability, particularly in severe cases. We tried to understand and bring together the various possible mechanisms leading to dementia in COVID-19. The link between COVID-19 and dementia will help public health workers plan and allocate resources to provide better care for a community suffering from sickness and improve quality of life. A conceptual framework for care of infected people in the older age group and care of dementia people is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariyanachi Kaliappan
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Archana Gaur
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Varatharajan Sakthivadivel
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Varatharajan Sakthivadivel, Associate Professor, Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad - 508 126, Telangana, India. E-mail:
| | - Yuvaraj Balan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Lakshmi Jyothi Tadi
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Raja Sundaramurthy
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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20
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Krey L, Huber MK, Höglinger GU, Wegner F. Can SARS-CoV-2 Infection Lead to Neurodegeneration and Parkinson's Disease? Brain Sci 2021; 11:1654. [PMID: 34942956 PMCID: PMC8699589 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected the daily life of the worldwide population since 2020. Links between the newly discovered viral infection and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases have been investigated in different studies. This review aims to summarize the literature concerning COVID-19 and Parkinson's disease (PD) to give an overview on the interface between viral infection and neurodegeneration with regard to this current topic. We will highlight SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism, neuropathology and the suspected pathophysiological links between the infection and neurodegeneration as well as the psychosocial impact of the pandemic on patients with PD. Some evidence discussed in this review suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic might be followed by a higher incidence of neurodegenerative diseases in the future. However, the data generated so far are not sufficient to confirm that COVID-19 can trigger or accelerate neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Krey
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.K.H.); (G.U.H.); (F.W.)
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21
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Brasil S, Renck AC, Taccone FS, Fontoura Solla DJ, Tomazini BM, Wayhs SY, Fonseca S, Bassi E, Lucena B, De Carvalho Nogueira R, Paiva W, Teixeira MJ, Frade Costa EM, Sá Malbouisson LM. Obesity and its implications on cerebral circulation and intracranial compliance in severe COVID-19. Obes Sci Pract 2021; 7:751-759. [PMID: 34226849 PMCID: PMC8242615 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Multiple factors have been identified as causes of intracranial compliance impairment (ICCI) among patients with obesity. On the other hand, obesity has been linked with worst outcomes in COVID-19. Thus, the hypothesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) conducing to cerebral hemodynamic disorders (CHD) able to worsen ICCI and play an additional role on prognosis determination for COVID-19 among obese patients becomes suitable. Methods 50 cases of SARS by COVID-19 were evaluated, for the presence of ICCI and cerebrovascular circulatory disturbances in correspondence with whether unfavorable outcomes (death or impossibility for mechanical ventilation weaning [MVW]) within 7 days after evaluation. The objective was to observe whether obese patients (BMI ≥ 30) disclosed worse outcomes and tests results compared with lean subjects with same clinical background. Results 23 (46%) patients among 50 had obesity. ICCI was verified in 18 (78%) obese, whereas in 13 (48%) of 27 non-obese (p = 0,029). CHD were not significantly different between groups, despite being high prevalent in both. 69% unfavorable outcomes were observed among obese and 44% for lean subjects (p = 0,075). Conclusion In the present study, intracranial compliance impairment was significantly more observed among obese subjects and may have contributed for SARS COVID-19 worsen prognosis.
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22
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Alipoor SD, Mortaz E, Varahram M, Garssen J, Adcock IM. The Immunopathogenesis of Neuroinvasive Lesions of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in COVID-19 Patients. Front Neurol 2021; 12:697079. [PMID: 34393976 PMCID: PMC8363128 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.697079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The new coronavirus disease COVID-19 was identified in December 2019. It subsequently spread across the world with over 125 M reported cases and 2.75 M deaths in 190 countries. COVID-19 causes severe respiratory distress; however, recent studies have reported neurological consequences of infection by the COVID-19 virus SARS-CoV-2 even in subjects with mild infection and no initial neurological effects. It is likely that the virus uses the olfactory nerve to reach the CNS and that this transport mechanism enables virus access to areas of the brain stem that regulates respiratory rhythm and may even trigger cell death by alteration of these neuronal nuclei. In addition, the long-term neuronal effects of COVID-19 suggest a role for SARS-CoV-2 in the development or progression of neurodegerative disease as a result of inflammation and/or hypercoagulation. In this review recent findings on the mechanism(s) by which SARS-CoV-2 accesses the CNS and induces neurological dysregulation are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila D. Alipoor
- Molecular Medicine Department, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Varahram
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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23
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Shehata GA, Lord KC, Grudzinski MC, Elsayed M, Abdelnaby R, Elshabrawy HA. Neurological Complications of COVID-19: Underlying Mechanisms and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4081. [PMID: 33920904 PMCID: PMC8071289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a severe respiratory disease caused by the newly identified human coronavirus (HCoV) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was discovered in December 2019, and in March 2020, the disease was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to a high number of cases. Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the respiratory system, several studies have reported neurological complications in COVID-19 patients. Headache, dizziness, loss of taste and smell, encephalitis, encephalopathy, and cerebrovascular diseases are the most common neurological complications that are associated with COVID-19. In addition, seizures, neuromuscular junctions' disorders, and Guillain-Barré syndrome were reported as complications of COVID-19, as well as neurodegenerative and demyelinating disorders. However, the management of these conditions remains a challenge. In this review, we discuss the prevalence, pathogenesis, and mechanisms of these neurological sequelae that are secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We aim to update neurologists and healthcare workers on the possible neurological complications associated with COVID-19 and the management of these disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaydaa A. Shehata
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospitals, Assiut 71511, Egypt;
| | - Kevin C. Lord
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX 77304, USA;
| | | | - Mohamed Elsayed
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12-14, 89075 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Ramy Abdelnaby
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Hatem A. Elshabrawy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX 77304, USA
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