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Reyes-Martín J, Simó-Pinatella D, Andrés A. Emotional Reactions of Professionals to Challenging Behaviors in People with Intellectual and Developmental Disability. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:707. [PMID: 39199103 PMCID: PMC11351142 DOI: 10.3390/bs14080707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Professionals working with people with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) can be exposed to challenging behaviors (CBs), which may result in professionals exhibiting emotional reactions that can impact their practices. This study examined these reactions and analyzed how they are influenced by the individual characteristics of people with IDD (gender, age, and level of IDD) and the variables related to CB (type of behavior and its frequency and behavioral function). A total of 125 professionals assessed 293 people with IDD who exhibited CBs. The professionals were asked to complete the Behavior Problems Inventory-Short Form, the Emotional Reactions to Challenging Behavior Scale, and the Questions About Behavior Function measure. It was revealed that positive emotional reactions predominated over negative ones. Significant results were found regarding the level of disability and the age of people with IDD. Emotional reactions were related to the severity of CBs, especially self-injurious and aggressive/destructive behavior, as well as certain behavioral functions. The severity of CBs and the age of people with IDD emerge as key predictors of the emotional reactions of professionals. In short, these reactions vary according to different variables, highlighting the importance of interventions that address professionals' emotional needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Reyes-Martín
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l’Educació i de l’Esport, Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain; (D.S.-P.); (A.A.)
- Fundació Vallparadís, Mutua Terrassa, 08221 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Simó-Pinatella
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l’Educació i de l’Esport, Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain; (D.S.-P.); (A.A.)
| | - Ana Andrés
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l’Educació i de l’Esport, Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain; (D.S.-P.); (A.A.)
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de Kuijper G, Jonker J, Kouwer K, Hoekstra PJ, de Bildt A. Integrative Care for Challenging Behaviors in People with Intellectual Disabilities to Reduce Challenging Behaviors and Inappropriate Psychotropic Drug Prescribing Compared with Care as Usual: A Cluster-Randomized Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:950. [PMID: 39063526 PMCID: PMC11277020 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21070950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) often present with challenging behaviors (CBs) mostly due to inappropriate environments and mental and physical disorders. Integrative care is recommended to address CBs. However, in clinical practice, psychotropic drugs are often prescribed off-label for CBs, although the effectiveness is unclear, and side effects frequently occur. We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled study to investigate the effect of integrative care provided by a collaboration of an ID specialized mental healthcare team and participants' own ID service providers' care team on reducing CBs and inappropriate off-label psychotropic drug prescriptions compared with care as usual. Participants (N = 33, aged 19-81 years) had a moderate, severe, or profound intellectual disability and used off-label psychotropic drugs. The primary outcome measures were the Aberrant Behavior Checklist and the total dose of psychotropic drug prescriptions. At the study endpoint of 40 weeks, we found no effect of the intervention on the total ABC score and on the total dose of psychotropic drug prescriptions. In the intervention group, however, the psychotropic drug dose decreased significantly, while CBs did not change. The small sample size and not-completed interventions due to organizational problems may have affected our findings. This study illustrates the difficulties in the implementation of integrative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda de Kuijper
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.J.); (P.J.H.)
- Mental Healthcare Drenthe, Department Centre for intellectual Disability and Mental Health, Middenweg 19, 9404 LL Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Josien Jonker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.J.); (P.J.H.)
- Mental Healthcare Drenthe, Department Centre for intellectual Disability and Mental Health, Middenweg 19, 9404 LL Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Karlijn Kouwer
- Mental Healthcare Drenthe, Department Centre for intellectual Disability and Mental Health, Middenweg 19, 9404 LL Assen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies Vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.J.); (P.J.H.)
- Accare Child Study Center, Lübeckweg 2, 9723 HE Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Bildt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.J.); (P.J.H.)
- Accare Child Study Center, Lübeckweg 2, 9723 HE Groningen, The Netherlands
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El Tahir M. Stress Levels and Coping Strategies of Families of Adults With Intellectual Disability and Challenging Behaviours During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Qatar. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2023; 27:689-700. [PMID: 35422144 PMCID: PMC9014332 DOI: 10.1177/17446295211062381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the perceived stress levels and coping strategies of caregivers of adults with intellectual disability and challenging behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from June 7 to September 7, 2020 for caregivers of adults diagnosed with intellectual disability and challenging behaviours. Perceived stress levels and coping strategies were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale and Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced inventory. Results showed moderate to high perceived stress levels in most caregivers (69%). The most frequent coping strategy was religion, followed by acceptance and active coping. Substance use and self-blame were less frequently used. The study revealed that emotional support, informational support and venting coping strategies were significant predictors of perceived stress levels. Restrictions on physical activity and social mobility caused by pandemic-related lockdowns have placed tremendous pressure on caregivers. Appropriate supportive measures should be implemented for the caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Tahir
- Mohamed El Tahir, Mental Health Services,
Department of Psychiatry, Hamad Medical Corporation, P O BOX 3050, Doha, Qatar.
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Bruinsma E, van den Hoofdakker BJ, Hoekstra PJ, de Kuijper GM, de Bildt AA. Exploring the association of staff characteristics with staff perceptions of quality of life of individuals with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviours. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2022; 35:1231-1243. [PMID: 35689398 PMCID: PMC9546376 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to examine the associations between individual staff and staff team characteristics and quality of life of individuals with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviours. Method With multilevel analyses, we examined educational level, experience, attitudes and behaviours of 240 staff members, in relation to their perception of quality of life of 152 individuals with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviours they cared for. Results Two individual staff characteristics were related to better quality of life: higher educational and self‐reflection levels. Of the team characteristics, higher educational level, higher self‐efficacy and more friendly behaviour were associated with better quality of life. Unexpectedly, higher staff‐individual ratio was related to lower quality of life. Conclusions Both individual staff and staff team characteristics are associated with quality of life, indicating the need to take staff team characteristics into account when examining quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eke Bruinsma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara J van den Hoofdakker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerda M de Kuijper
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Intellectual Disability and Mental Health, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies A de Bildt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Simons R, Koordeman R, de Looff P, Otten R. Physiological Measurements of Stress Preceding Incidents of Challenging Behavior in People With Severe to Profound Intellectual Disabilities: Longitudinal Study Protocol of Single-Case Studies. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e24911. [PMID: 34287220 PMCID: PMC8339975 DOI: 10.2196/24911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clients with severe to profound intellectual disabilities (SPID) and challenging behavior (CB) and the professional caregivers that support them are vulnerable to high stress levels, which negatively impact their well-being and the quality of care. CB is thought to result from an increase in the intensity and frequency of clients’ stress experiences. In turn, staff members experience stress in dealing with this behavior, and stressed staff members might behave in ways that increase clients’ stress levels, contributing to the origin and maintenance of CB. Research into these dyadic interactions between clients and staff is scarce for people with SPID, especially in real-life situations. The barriers of studying stress in this population include clients’ difficulties in communicating stress experiences and the lack of an objective continuous measure of stress. Objective This paper presents a protocol for studying patterns of physiological stress in 15 client-caregiver dyads in the 30 minutes preceding incidents of CB compared to control periods without CB and the interplay between the stress levels of clients and professional caregivers. Methods We will conduct 15 single-case studies to assess patterns of physiological stress in dyads of clients with SPID and professional caregivers prior to CB in several Dutch residential institutes. Client-caregiver dyads will wear the Empatica E4 wristband for 20 sessions of 3 to 8 hours without interruptions of daily routines while caregivers report clients’ CB. The physiological measures obtained will be electrodermal activity (microsiemens) and heart rate (beats per minute). A multilevel model with repeated measures at the incident level nested within the person level will be applied, employing separate models for electrodermal activity and heart rate to compare stress levels in the 30 minutes prior to incidents with control epochs. Covariates in the models include movement, temperature, and gender. In addition, cross-recurrence quantification analyses will be performed to study the synchronization between the stress levels of clients and professional caregivers. Results The Ethics Committee of the Radboud University (NL-number: NL71683.091.19) approved the study on February 12, 2020. In total, 15 organizations have declared their commitment to participate in the study. The first result is expected in the spring of 2022. Conclusions Study results will demonstrate whether changes in patterns of electrodermal activity and heart rate are apparent in the 30 minutes preceding an incident of CB compared to baseline levels when the client does not engage in CB. The synchronization between caregivers’ and clients’ physiological stress levels will be explored with cross-recurrence quantification analyses. Insights into the physiological stress levels of clients and caregivers may contribute to a reduction of CB and an improvement of both clients’ and caregivers’ safety and well-being. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/24911
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Simons
- Department of Research and Development, Pluryn, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Renske Koordeman
- Department of Research and Development, Pluryn, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter de Looff
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Specialized and Forensic Care, Wier (SGLVG Treatment Center), Den Dolder, Netherlands.,Specialized and Forensic Care, De Borg National Expertise Center, Den Dolder, Netherlands
| | - Roy Otten
- Department of Research and Development, Pluryn, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Research and Education Advancing Children's Health Institute, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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Klaver M, van den Hoofdakker BJ, Wouters H, de Kuijper G, Hoekstra PJ, de Bildt A. Exposure to challenging behaviours and burnout symptoms among care staff: the role of psychological resources. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2021; 65:173-185. [PMID: 33331049 PMCID: PMC7839462 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staff supporting individuals with intellectual disabilities are at risk of burnout symptoms. Evidence suggests an association between exposure to challenging behaviours of individuals with intellectual disabilities and burnout symptoms of staff, but the protective role of staff psychological resources in this relation has been understudied. METHOD We investigated the association between exposure to challenging behaviours and burnout symptoms of staff and the direct and moderating effects of several psychological resources. Staff (N = 1271) completed an online survey concerning burnout symptoms (subscale Emotional Exhaustion of the Maslach Burnout Inventory), exposure to challenging behaviours and a range of potential psychological resources. We examined main and moderating effects with multilevel analyses. In order to control for the multiple comparisons, P values corrected for false discovery rate (PFDR ) were reported. RESULTS We found a direct relation between exposure to challenging behaviours and increased levels of burnout symptoms in staff (b = .15, t(670) = 4.466, PFDR < .0001). Perceived supervisor social support (b = -.97, t(627) = -7.562, PFDR < .0001), staff self-efficacy (b = -.23, t(673) = -3.583, PFDR < .0001), resilience (b = -.19, t(668) = -2.086, PFDR < .05) and extraversion (b = -.20, t(674) = -3.514, PFDR < .05) were associated with reduced burnout symptoms. None of the proposed psychological resources moderated the association between exposure to challenging behaviours and burnout symptoms of staff. CONCLUSIONS Of the psychological resources found to be associated with reduced risk of burnout symptoms, staff self-efficacy and access of staff to supervisor social support seem to be the factors that can be influenced best. These factors thus may be of importance in reducing the risk of developing burnout symptoms and improving staff well-being, even though the current study was not designed to demonstrate causal relations between psychological resources and burnout symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Klaver
- Centre for Intellectual Disability and Mental HealthGGZ DrentheAssenThe Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Centre GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - B. J. van den Hoofdakker
- Centre for Intellectual Disability and Mental HealthGGZ DrentheAssenThe Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Centre GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- AccareUniversity Centre for Child and Adolescent PsychiatryGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental PsychopathologyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - H. Wouters
- General Practitioners Research InstituteGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - G. de Kuijper
- Centre for Intellectual Disability and Mental HealthGGZ DrentheAssenThe Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Centre GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - P. J. Hoekstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Centre GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - A. de Bildt
- Centre for Intellectual Disability and Mental HealthGGZ DrentheAssenThe Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Centre GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- AccareUniversity Centre for Child and Adolescent PsychiatryGroningenThe Netherlands
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van den Akker N, Kroezen M, Wieland J, Pasma A, Wolkorte R. Behavioural, psychiatric and psychosocial factors associated with aggressive behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and narrative analysis. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2020; 34:327-389. [PMID: 33073443 PMCID: PMC7894289 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Aggressive behaviour is prevalent in people with intellectual disabilities. To understand the aetiology, it is important to recognize factors associated with the behaviour. Method A systematic review was conducted and included studies published between January 2002 and April 2017 on the association of behavioural, psychiatric and psychosocial factors with aggressive behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities. Results Thirty‐eight studies were included that presented associations with 11 behavioural, psychiatric and psychosocial factors. Conflicting evidence was found on the association of these factors with aggressive behaviour. Conclusions The aetiology of aggressive behaviour is specific for a certain person in a certain context and may be multifactorial. Additional research is required to identify contributing factors, to understand causal relationships and to increase knowledge on possible interaction effects of different factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie van den Akker
- Intellectual Disability Medicine, Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Kroezen
- Intellectual Disability Medicine, Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jannelien Wieland
- Cordaan, Center for Excellence on Mental Health and Mild Intellectual Disability, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelieke Pasma
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ria Wolkorte
- Intellectual Disability Medicine, Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Willner P, Rose J, Stenfert Kroese B, Murphy GH, Langdon PE, Clifford C, Hutchings H, Watkins A, Hiles S, Cooper V. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of carers of people with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2020; 33:1523-1533. [PMID: 32885897 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The measures implemented to manage the COVID-19 pandemic have been shown to impair mental health. This problem is likely to be exacerbated for carers. METHOD Informal carers (mainly parents) of children and adults with intellectual disabilities, and a comparison group of parents of children without disabilities, completed an online questionnaire. Almost all the data were collected while strict lockdown conditions were in place. RESULTS Relative to carers of children without intellectual disability, carers of both children and adults with intellectual disability had significantly greater levels of a wish fulfilment coping style, defeat/entrapment, anxiety, and depression. Differences were 2-3 times greater than reported in earlier pre-pandemic studies. Positive correlations were found between objective stress scores and all mental health outcomes. Despite their greater mental health needs, carers of those with intellectual disability received less social support from a variety of sources. CONCLUSIONS The greater mental health needs of carers in the context of lesser social support raises serious concerns. We consider the policy implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Willner
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - John Rose
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Peter E Langdon
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Coventry and Warwichshire Partnership NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | | | | | | | - Steve Hiles
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
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Keesler JM, Fukui S. Factor structure of the professional quality of life scale among direct support professionals: factorial validity and scale reliability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2020; 64:681-689. [PMID: 32696469 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct support professionals (DSPs) support people with intellectual and developmental disabilities in activities of daily living. DSPs may experience both contentment and struggles with their work. As agencies grapple with their recruitment and retention, understanding DSPs' holistic work experience is important. The Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) scale assesses multiple domains of work experiences (i.e. compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress). Despite extensive use across helping professions, the ProQOL is largely absent from DSP research. METHOD This study examined the factor structure of the ProQOL with DSPs. Using secondary data from 495 DSPs, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to determine if the original three-factor structure holds for this population. RESULTS We confirmed the factorial validity of the ProQOL with the three-factor solution. In the validation process, some modifications were suggested to the model, which also improved the scale reliability. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides initial evidence of the factorial validity of the ProQOL when used with DSPs, as well as recommendations for subsequent improvements and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Keesler
- School of Social Work, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S Fukui
- School of Social Work, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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10
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Cudré-Mauroux A, Piérart G, Vaucher C. Partnership with social care professionals as a context for promoting self-determination among people with intellectual disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 99:103602. [PMID: 32044559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disabilities who live in residential facilities may need social support to express self determination. Relationships with social care professionals provide an important context for promoting self-determination. Adopting a socioecological perspective, our study aimed to better understand the nature of these relationships. METHOD Over a period of ten months, we held 13 focus group discussions with a total of 20 participants, including both residents and staff at facilities for people with intellectual disabilities. Using transcripts of these discussions, we analysed expressions of self-determination among people with intellectual disabilities and the responses of social care professionals. RESULTS Our results highlight the importance of relational adjustment in fostering self-determination among people with intellectual disabilities and underline the importance of respective roles within relationships between people with intellectual disabilities and social care professionals. CONCLUSION The partnership between people with intellectual disabilities and professionals seems to be the most effective type of relationship in order to support the self-determination of people with intellectual disabilities. This paper provides a fresh perspective on the role played by people with intellectual disabilities in their relationships with social care professionals. By engaging people with intellectual disabilities as partners in fostering self-determination, social care professionals can encourage social participation and feelings of empowerment. Relationships based on partnership offer people with intellectual disabilities a form of hetero-regulation that can help them overcome challenges to behaving in a fully self-determined way. However, partnership also requires changes in professional practices and attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Cudré-Mauroux
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland / HES-SO, School of Social Work Fribourg, Route des Arsenaux 16a, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Geneviève Piérart
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland / HES-SO, School of Social Work Fribourg, Route des Arsenaux 16a, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Carla Vaucher
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland / HES-SO, School of Social Work Fribourg, Route des Arsenaux 16a, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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11
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Deveau R, Gore N, McGill P. Senior manager decision-making and interactions with frontline staff in intellectual disability organisations: A Delphi study. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2020; 28:81-90. [PMID: 31482622 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Very little is known of the activities of the most senior managers in organisations providing social care in the community to people with intellectual disabilities. Yet the importance of the focus and activities of senior managers in directing and supporting staff practice and staff experiences is likely to be central to an organisation's functioning and support provided for staff and service users. This study employed Delphi methodology with a panel of 11 senior managers, mostly chief executives, managing small to very large organisations providing support for people with intellectual disabilities, in the UK. Answering three rounds of questions, senior managers described their face-to-face and non-face-to-face contacts with staff and decision-making. Narrative data were subject to quantitative and thematic analysis. In the last round, themes were subject to quantitative analysis. Most contacts between senior managers and staff were in formal structured contexts and all managers used social media to promote the organisations' ambitions regarding good practice. The panel focused upon accessing and understanding the informal aspects of their organisations and staff factors. Decisions were both short-term reactive and long-term strategic and an effort to link these was felt to improve organisational functioning. A framework for understanding senior managers' activities emerged showing two sources of demands and opportunity, extra-organisational focused upon meeting legal and regulatory demands and intra-organisational focused upon understanding and influencing informal staff practices/experiences and cultures within their organisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Deveau
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Nick Gore
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Peter McGill
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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12
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Ryan C, Bergin M, Wells JS. Work-related stress and well-being of direct care workers in intellectual disability services: a scoping review of the literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 67:1-22. [PMID: 34141395 PMCID: PMC7942790 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2019.1582907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: Understanding the nature of work-related stress and burnout among intellectual disability care staff is important to protect the well-being of these workers and encourage their retention in the sector. Though reviews of specific aspects of this literature have been conducted no article has sought to fully chart the range and nature of this research. Objective: This article addresses this gap by synthesizing the findings of such research with consideration to the future implications for protecting the well-being of care workers. Methods: A scoping review of the published literature was undertaken using a framework described in a previous article. Results: The findings of this review are presented thematically across six primary categories: challenging behavior; reciprocity; coping and stress; role issues; individual differences; and settings. A seventh theme, namely the positive aspects of intellectual disability care work was also identified through this process and is discussed. Conclusion: Occupational stress and strain is an internationally experienced issue in this sector. Challenging behavior and inequality in the relationships between staff and their clients, their colleagues, and their organization appear to exert a significant impact on the stress and well-being of workers in this sector. Excessive workplace demands, a low level of control, and a lack of support have been shown to be related to higher levels of stress and burnout among intellectual disability care workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal Ryan
- Department of Nursing and Health Care, School of Health Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Ireland
- Correspondence to: Cathal Ryan, Department of Nursing and Health Care, School of Health Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Ireland.
| | - Michael Bergin
- Head of Department of Applied Arts, School of Humanities, Waterford Institute of Technology, Ireland
| | - John S.G. Wells
- Head of School of Health Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Ireland
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Finkelstein A, Bachner YG, Greenberger C, Brooks R, Tenenbaum A. Correlates of burnout among professionals working with people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2018; 62:864-874. [PMID: 30141530 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although burnout has been recognised as an important stress-related problem among staff working with people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), literature on the subject is limited yet emerging. The aim of this study is twofold: (1) to evaluate the level of burnout within different professions working with IDD; (2) to examine the association between socio-demographic, professional and organisational characteristics and burnout. METHOD One hundred ninety-nine professionals working with people with IDD were enrolled in the study (66% response rate). Participants were recruited from several facilities that provide care for people with IDD of all ages, in the Jerusalem area and in other cities in central Israel. The anonymous questionnaires included valid and reliable measures of burnout, socio-demographic variables, professional variables and organisational variables. RESULTS Participants' mean age was 38.3 years, and most were women. There were no significant differences in burnout levels among the different professionals. Role ambiguity, perceived overload, care-recipient group and job involvement were significant predictors of burnout. The model explained a high percentage (46.8%) of the observed variance. CONCLUSIONS Most of these predictors are organisational measures. These findings demonstrate that organisational variables are more significantly associated with burnout of staff working with people with IDD than the socio-demographic factors or professional characteristics. Identifying and better understanding the specific factors associated with burnout among professionals working with IDD could facilitate unique intervention programs to reduce burnout levels in staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Finkelstein
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Y G Bachner
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - C Greenberger
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - R Brooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Center Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - A Tenenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Center Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
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Stenfert Kroese B, Smith N. How do psychologists experience working with staff in residential care settings for people with an intellectual disability? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 64:144-157. [PMID: 34141301 PMCID: PMC8115623 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2018.1439818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While psychologists working with people with an intellectual disability routinely work with care staff in residential care homes there is a lack of research investigating how psychologists can effectively assess, collaborate, and engage with staff groups. AIMS This research seeks to explore psychologists' experiences of working with staff in residential care homes in order to develop an understanding of how psychologists manage the work and to help generate clinical solutions to psychological problems. METHODS Seven clinical psychologists and one counseling psychologist were interviewed using a semi-structured interview focusing on participants' interactions with staff. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. FINDINGS Themes common across participants included 'development and maintenance of a therapeutic relationship,' 'theory and emotion,' 'perceived restrictions,' 'safety,' 'developing an identity as a psychologist,' 'support and shared experiences,' 'motivation,' and 'conflict and the roles of a psychologist.' CONCLUSIONS Participants experienced several barriers to carrying out effective psychological work with staff in residential care homes. The various ways they have sought to address these are discussed. A preliminary model is proposed to describe what is needed for psychologists to be effective when working with staff in residential care homes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Smith
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Clinical Psychology Department at Kerwin Court, Brain Injury Rehabilitation Trust, Horsham, UK
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15
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Ng N, Flygare Wallén E, Ahlström G. Mortality patterns and risk among older men and women with intellectual disability: a Swedish national retrospective cohort study. BMC Geriatr 2017; 17:269. [PMID: 29166873 PMCID: PMC5700486 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-017-0665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sweden has closed all institutions and imposed legislation to ensure service and support for individuals with intellectual disability (ID). Understanding mortality among older individuals with ID is essential to inform development of health promotion and disease control strategies. We investigated patterns and risk of mortality among older adults with ID in Sweden. Methods This retrospective cohort study compared older adults aged 55 years and older with ID with a control population. Participants were followed during 2002–2015 or death, and censored if they moved out of Sweden. Individuals with ID were identified from two national registers: one covering all specialist health-care visits (out-patient visits and hospitalisation) and the other covering people accessing social/support services. Individuals with ID (n = 15,289) were matched with a control population by sex, birth year, and year of first hospitalisation/out-patient visit/access to LSS services. Cause-of-death data were recorded using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision. Cox proportional hazards regression were conducted to assess if overall and cause-specific mortality rate among individuals with ID was higher than in the Swedish population. Results The overall mortality rate among individuals with ID was 2483 per 100,000 people compared with 810 in the control population. Among those who died, more individuals with ID were younger than 75 years and unmarried. Leading causes of death among individuals with ID were circulatory diseases (34%), respiratory diseases (17%) and neoplasms (15%). Leading causes of death in a sub-sample with Down syndrome (DS) were respiratory diseases (37%), circulatory diseases (26%) and mental/behavioural disorders (11%). Epilepsy and pneumonitis were more common among individuals with ID than controls. Alzheimer’s disease was common in the control population and individuals with DS, but not among those with ID when DS was excluded. Individuals with ID had a higher overall mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR] 4.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.0–4.3) and respiratory disease death risk (HR 12.5, 95% CI 10.9–14.2) than controls. Conclusion Older adults with ID in Sweden carry a higher mortality risk compared with the general population, mainly attributable to respiratory, nervous and circulatory diseases. Care for this group, particularly during the terminal stage of illness, needs to be tailored based on understanding of their main health problem. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12877-017-0665-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawi Ng
- Unit of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.,Centre for Demographic and Ageing Research, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva Flygare Wallén
- Karolinska Institutet (KI), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Alfred Nobels allé 23, D2, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Gerd Ahlström
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, P.O. Box 157, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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Trip H, Conder J, Hale L, Whitehead L. The role of key workers in supporting people with intellectual disability in the self-management of their diabetes: a qualitative New Zealand study. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2016; 24:789-798. [PMID: 26099802 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes in people with an intellectual disability, although unknown, is indicated to be higher than the general population. Given the challenges individuals with intellectual disability may face, this population is often dependent upon key workers to manage their health and well-being. One aim of a wider study on the self-management of diabetes by people with intellectual disability was to explore how key workers supported their self-management. That aim was the focus of this paper. Between 2009 and 2010, 17 staff from five residential intellectual disability services and two supported independent living services within New Zealand, consented to a semi-structured interview. Transcripts of the interviews were analysed using Thomas' General Inductive Approach. Three overarching themes emerged; having knowledge and understanding, being lifestyle police and ensuring future well-being. While knowledge, skills and perspectives varied, all participants were committed to ensuring that the lifestyle of the person concerned was compatible with the management of their diabetes. A range of perspectives existed between the expectations they had of themselves, colleagues and the individual with diabetes. There was an identified need for initial and ongoing education of permanent and casual staff and the people themselves with diabetes in collaboration with health and disability services to build confidence and promote self-management practices. In so doing, the impacts of this long-term condition may be reduced and the health outcomes improved for people with intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Trip
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Jenny Conder
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Donald Beasley Institute, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Leigh Hale
- Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Whitehead
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Merrick AD, Grieve A, Cogan N. Psychological impacts of challenging behaviour and motivational orientation in staff supporting individuals with autistic spectrum conditions. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016; 21:872-880. [PMID: 27354430 DOI: 10.1177/1362361316654857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite increased risk of experiencing challenging behaviour, psychological impacts on community and residential staff supporting adults with autistic spectrum conditions are under-explored. Studies examining related roles indicate protective psychological factors may help maintain staff well-being. This study investigated relationships between motivational orientation (eudaimonic or hedonic), challenging behaviour frequency and type (physical, verbal or self-injurious) and psychological impacts (anxiety, depression and life satisfaction). Participants (N = 99) were recruited from six organisations providing autism-specific adult services within Scotland. A series of binary logistic regressions demonstrated weekly challenging behaviour exposure (compared to monthly or daily) significantly increased the likelihood of anxiety caseness. Increased eudaimonic motivation significantly reduced the likelihood of anxiety caseness while also predicting higher life satisfaction. Furthermore, having high levels of eudaimonic motivation appeared to moderate the impact of weekly challenging behaviour exposure on anxiety. No motivational orientation or challenging behaviour factor significantly predicted depression. This sample also demonstrated higher anxiety, lower depression and equivalent life satisfaction levels compared with general population norms. The results highlight the need for considering staff's motivational orientations, their frequency of exposure to challenging behaviour, and both positive and negative psychological outcomes, if seeking to accurately quantify or improve well-being in this staff population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Grieve
- 1 University of Glasgow, UK.,2 NHS Lanarkshire, UK
| | - Nicola Cogan
- 1 University of Glasgow, UK.,2 NHS Lanarkshire, UK
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18
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Willems A, Embregts P, Hendriks L, Bosman A. Towards a framework in interaction training for staff working with clients with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2016; 60:134-148. [PMID: 26708920 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training support staff in dealing with challenging behaviour in clients with intellectual disabilities (ID) is needed. The goal of this study is to determine which elements need to be incorporated in a training on staff interactions with these clients, building upon a framework and an interpersonal model. As in functional analysis, this study tests the influence of client interpersonal behaviour, three types of staff reactions to challenging behaviour, two types of staff psychological resources and staff team climate on four styles of staff interpersonal behaviour. METHOD A total of 318 support staff members completed a questionnaire on staff interpersonal behaviour for 44 clients with ID and challenging behaviour, as well as seven questionnaires on client interpersonal behaviour, staff emotions, attributions, self-efficacy, self-reflection, coping styles and team climate. The influence of these seven factors on four staff interpersonal behaviours was examined using multilevel multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Friendly-warm and dominant client interpersonal behaviour had a significant positive impact on friendly and assertive control staff behaviour, respectively. Also, there was a strong influence of staff negative and positive emotions, as well as their self-efficacy, on most of the staff interpersonal behaviours. Staff self-reflection, insight and avoidance-focused coping style had an impact on some staff interpersonal behaviours. Staff team climate only predicted higher support-seeking staff behaviour. CONCLUSIONS In conducting a functional analysis of staff interpersonal behaviour, the results of this study can be used both as a framework in staff-client interaction training and in clinical practice for treating challenging behaviour. The emphasis in training and practice should not only be on the bidirectional dynamics of control and affiliation between staff and clients, but also - in order of importance - on the impact of staff emotions, self-efficacy, self-reflection and insight, coping style, team climate and attributions on staff interpersonal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Willems
- MFCG-Limburg, Koraal Groep, Heel, The Netherlands
| | - P Embregts
- Department of Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Dichterbij Innovation and Science, Gennep, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - L Hendriks
- Department of Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Bosman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lin LP, Wu TY, Lin JD. Comparison of job burnout and life satisfaction between native and foreign female direct care workers in disability institutions. Work 2015; 52:803-9. [PMID: 26409362 DOI: 10.3233/wor-152117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little information about the burnout and wellbeing of institutional caregivers working for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities; information is particularly limited in the understanding of experiences of direct care workers. OBJECTIVE The aims of the study were to provide a profile of self-perceived burnout and wellbeing of direct-care caregivers working in disability institutions, and to compare the difference between native- and foreign caregivers. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted. We recruited 46 female living assistants of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities in two disability institutions in Taiwan. There were 23 subjects who were local residents and 23 subjects who were foreign providers of labor. A self-administered questionnaire which included scale of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were employed in the survey. RESULTS Findings revealed the local caregivers were slightly higher than foreign caregivers in personal burnout score (PBS) and work-related burnout score (WBS), although there were no significant differences. Those caregivers from foreign countries seem to be slightly happier and have higher life satisfaction than native caregivers. CONCLUSIONS In order to decrease the burnout and improve wellbeing of caregivers of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, service providers should understand the experiences which caregivers encounter in their workplaces. Caregivers can benefit if they receive appropriate support to improve positive health while working for their service clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Ping Lin
- Department of Senior Citizen Service Management, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung, Taiwan.,School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ying Wu
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ding Lin
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Chung-Hua Foundation for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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20
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Willems APAM, Embregts PJCM, Bosman AMT, Hendriks AHC. The analysis of challenging relations: influences on interactive behaviour of staff towards clients with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2014; 58:1072-1082. [PMID: 23480642 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relationships between support staff and clients with intellectual disability (ID) are important for quality of care, especially when dealing with challenging behaviour. Building upon an interpersonal model, this study investigates the influence of client challenging behaviour, staff attitude and staff emotional intelligence on interactive behaviour of one of these relationship partners, being support staff. METHOD A total of 158 support staff members completed a questionnaire on staff interactive behaviour for 158 clients with ID and challenging behaviour, as well as two questionnaires on staff interpersonal attitude and emotional intelligence. RESULTS Confronted with challenging behaviour as opposed to no challenging behaviour, staff reported less friendly, more assertive control and less support-seeking interpersonal behaviour. Also, staff used more proactive thinking and more self-reflection in dealing with challenging behaviour. Staff interpersonal attitude in general, mainly a harsh-dominant-resentful attitude, had a significant influence on most staff interactive behaviours towards an individual client with challenging behaviour. The influence of staff emotional intelligence, specifically intrapersonal abilities, on staff interactive behaviour towards an individual client with challenging behaviour was somewhat limited. CONCLUSIONS This research supports the necessity for training staff in general interpersonal attitudes towards clients as well as training in intrapersonal emotional intelligence, when confronted with challenging behaviour. Future research should focus more on the bidirectional dynamics of staff and client interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P A M Willems
- MFCG, Multi-Disciplinary Centre for Dual Disabilities, Koraal groep, Heel, the Netherlands; Tranzo, Scientific Center for Care and Welfare & Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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21
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Capri C, Buckle C. ‘We have to be Satisfied with the Scraps’: South African Nurses' Experiences of Care on Adult Psychiatric Intellectual Disability Inpatient Wards. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2014; 28:167-81. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Capri
- Psychology; University of Stellenbosch; Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Chanellé Buckle
- Psychology; University of Stellenbosch; Stellenbosch South Africa
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22
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Lunsky Y, Hastings RP, Hensel J, Arenovich T, Dewa CS. Perceptions of positive contributions and burnout in community developmental disability workers. INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 52:249-257. [PMID: 25061769 DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-52.4.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Research on staff supporting individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) tends to focus on negative aspects of the work. This study expanded on previous research on the positive consequences that work in the IDD field has on staff using a brief version of the Staff Positive Contributions Questionnaire with 926 staff. Factor analysis suggested two factors: General positive contributions and Positive work motivation. Positive work motivation was associated with high levels of personal accomplishment, but shared limited variance with the other two burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization). Findings lend support to the idea that we need to consider both positive and negative aspects of work life. This brief scale may be a useful index of how staff benefit from their work.
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23
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Staff perception of aggressive behaviour in community services for adults with intellectual disabilities. Community Ment Health J 2014; 50:743-51. [PMID: 23949541 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-013-9636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Experiencing aggressive behaviour has been associated with increased stress and turnover among staff who support adults with intellectual disabilities. Incident perception is a strong predictor of psychological outcomes after trauma but has not been studied in this staff group. This study clustered exposure to aggression and endorsement of emotional difficulties among 386 community residential group home staff and evaluated the contribution of four behavioural topographies to staff-rated perceived severity. Staff exposure varied considerably. Perceived severity correlated with subjective emotional difficulties. High perceived severity was associated with daily exposure, aggression towards others causing injury, and property aggression causing injury or damage. Therefore, the role the staff plays, whether a witness or target, may impact their experience.
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Hensel JM, Lunsky Y, Dewa CS. The mediating effect of severity of client aggression on burnout between hospital inpatient and community residential staff who support adults with intellectual disabilities. J Clin Nurs 2013; 23:1332-41. [PMID: 24128052 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To compare exposure to client aggressive behaviour, perceived self-efficacy in managing this behaviour and burnout between community residential group home and specialised hospital inpatient staff who provide care for adults with intellectual disabilities (ID). To assess the mediating role of aggression exposure on burnout in these two staff groups. BACKGROUND Aggressive behaviour is a common indication for admission to hospital so these staff typically experience more frequent and severe forms compared to staff working in the community. There have been mixed results in few studies examining burnout and perceived self-efficacy between these two groups. DESIGN This study used a demographically matched sample of cross-sectional survey data from community residential group home and hospital staff who care for adults with ID in Ontario, Canada. METHODS Exposure to aggression, perceived self-efficacy and burnout were compared for 42 matched pairs using descriptive statistics. A mediation analysis was used to examine the role of aggression severity in the relationship between care setting and burnout. RESULTS Hospital staff were exposed to more severe client aggression and scored higher in emotional exhaustion (EE). There were no differences in perceived self-efficacy. Severity of aggression was a partial mediator of the higher EE among hospital staff. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to more severe forms of client aggression among hospital staff contributes, at least in part, to them feeling more emotionally exhausted. This study contributes to further understanding exposure to aggression in these different settings and the impact it can have on emotional outcomes. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE There may be a role for policy and resource development aimed at reducing aggression and preventing or managing the associated emotional consequences. This is particularly true in hospitals, where aggression is most severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Hensel
- Centre for Research on Employment and Workplace Health, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Drieschner KH, Marrozos I, Regenboog M. Prevalence and risk factors of inpatient aggression by adults with intellectual disabilities and severe challenging behaviour: a long-term prospective study in two Dutch treatment facilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:2407-2418. [PMID: 23711630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Over five years, various types of aggressive incidents by 421 intellectually disabled inpatients were recorded on a daily basis, using an adapted version of the Modified Overt Aggression Scale. Stable patient characteristics (e.g., gender, intelligence, DSM IV classification at the start of treatment) and pre-treatment scores of two treatment outcome measures (e.g., Adult Behavior Checklist and Dynamic Risk Outcome Scale) were used to predict aggression during the treatment. At an overall average of one incident per patient per week, about ten times more aggression occurred on admission compared to resocialisation wards, and the 20% most aggressive individuals caused 50% of the verbal and 80% of the physical incidents. The best predictor of aggressive behaviour was aggression early in treatment, followed by coping skills deficits and impulsiveness. The relevance of the results for the treatment of aggressive behaviour and methodological issues in the recording of inpatient aggression are discussed.
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Hickey R. Prosocial Motivation, Stress and Burnout Among Direct Support Workers. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2013; 27:134-44. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hickey
- School of Policy Studies; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
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28
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Rose J, Mills S, Silva D, Thompson L. Client characteristics, organizational variables and burnout in care staff: the mediating role of fear of assault. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:940-947. [PMID: 23291511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A broad range of factors have been identified as having an impact on burnout and performance. To improve our understanding of how these factors interact, a model of carer stress is tested. Staff were surveyed in residential units, assessments included burnout, organizational factors, staff cognitions and ratings of resident challenging behavior. The relationship between challenging behavior and emotional exhaustion was fully mediated by fear of assault. The relationship between emotional exhaustion and experienced safety (an organizational variable) was also fully mediated by fear of assault. The use of the model with staff is supported and it suggests that staff burnout can be reduced by influencing either staff cognitions, organizational factors or challenging behavior or a combination of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Rose
- The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Ko C, Lunsky Y, Hensel J, Dewa CS. Burnout among summer camp staff supporting people with intellectual disability and aggression. INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2012; 50:479-485. [PMID: 23256690 DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-50.06.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that there is an association between exposure to people with intellectual disability who are aggressive and burnout in the staff who support them. Little is known, however, about the experience of summer camp staff who work with this population. This study examined the relationship between aggression and burnout in 169 staff members working at summer camps in Ontario, Canada. The questionnaire used included demographic information, exposure to aggression (frequency and severity), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory--Human Services Survey. Results showed that summer camp staff was exposed to frequent and relatively severe aggression. Severe exposure was associated with higher levels of emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment. Given that summer camp staff is likely to be exposed to at least some aggression in their summer job, and that this aggression is associated with burnout, greater attention should be paid to training and supporting staff for when aggression occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ko
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Dual Diagnosis Program, Toronto, Ontario Canada
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Zijlmans LJM, Embregts PJCM, Bosman AMT, Willems APAM. The relationship among attributions, emotions, and interpersonal styles of staff working with clients with intellectual disabilities and challenging behavior. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2012; 33:1484-1494. [PMID: 22522206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have tested Weiner's model, which suggests a relationship among causal attributions regarding challenging behavior (CB), emotions, and helping behavior of staff. No studies have focused on interpersonal styles. The goals of this study were to investigate the influence of type of CB on attributions, emotions and interpersonal style of staff, the relationships among staff attributions, emotions, and interpersonal style, and the mediating function of emotions in the relation between attributions and interpersonal style. Participants were 99 staff members. CB aimed at the environment was related to higher levels of negative emotions, attributions and certain interpersonal styles such as controlling behavior. In addition, a relationship between emotions, attributions, and interpersonal style was found. However, there was no mediating function of emotions in the relationships between attributions and interpersonal style. Future research should take a more dynamic view of staff behavior and staff-client interaction into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J M Zijlmans
- Tilburg University, Department of Developmental and Clinical Psychology & Tranzo, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
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Willems APAM, Embregts PJCM, Hendriks LHC, Bosman AMT. Measuring staff behavior towards clients with ID and challenging behavior: further psychometric evaluation of the Staff-Client Interactive Behavior Inventory (SCIBI). RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2012; 33:1523-1532. [PMID: 22522211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the Staff-Client Interactive Behavior Inventory (SCIBI) was developed, measuring both interpersonal and intrapersonal staff behavior in response to challenging behavior in clients with ID. The aim of the two studies presented here was first to confirm the factor structure and internal consistency of the SCIBI and second to demonstrate its convergent validity. In the first study, a total of 265 support staff members, employed in residential and community services, completed the SCIBI for 62 clients with ID and challenging behavior. In the second study, 158 staff members completed the SCIBI for 158 clients, as well as the SASB-Intrex, the NIAS and the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQI). Replication of a confirmatory factor analysis resulted in a consistent seven-factor solution of the SCIBI with high levels of internal consistency. Also, mostly good convergent validity with the SASB-Intrex and sufficient to good convergent validity with the NIAS and EQI were found, except for the self-reflective intrapersonal staff behavior scale. By replicating and extending earlier results on the SCIBI, it proves to be a reliable and sufficient valid measure of interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior of staff working with people with intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno P A M Willems
- MFCG, Multi-Disciplinary Centre for Dual Disabilities, Koraal Group, Heel, The Netherlands.
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Gil-Monte PR, Figueiredo-Ferraz H. Psychometric properties of the 'Spanish burnout inventory' among employees working with people with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2012; 57:959-68. [PMID: 22775138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burnout has been recognised as an important stress-related problem for employees working with people with intellectual disability. Researchers have been troubled by some of the psychometric limitations of the questionnaires developed to evaluate burnout. This study was designed to assess the psychometric properties of the Spanish Burnout Inventory. METHOD The sample consisted of 697 Spanish employees working in intellectual disability services. The instrument is composed of 20 items distributed in four dimensions: Enthusiasm towards the job, Psychological exhaustion, Indolence and Guilt. The psychometric properties were examined through the following analyses: confirmatory factor analysis and reliability. To assess the factorial validity of the Spanish Burnout Inventory, four alternative models were tested. RESULTS The four-factor model obtained an adequate data fit for the sample. The four sub-scales exhibited high reliability, with Cronbach alphas exceeding the critical value of 0.70. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence showing the adequate psychometric properties of an alternative burnout measure that could facilitate the diagnosis of individuals with burnout. It recommends taking feelings of guilt into consideration in interventions designed to improve staff burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Gil-Monte
- Unidad de Investigación Psicosocial de la Conducta Organizacional, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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