1
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Le Noir de Carlan C, Kaarlejärvi E, De Tender C, Heinecke T, Eskelinen A, Verbruggen E. Shifts in mycorrhizal types of fungi and plants in response to fertilisation, warming and herbivory in a tundra grassland. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1190-1204. [PMID: 38742310 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Climate warming is severely affecting high-latitude regions. In the Arctic tundra, it may lead to enhanced soil nutrient availability and interact with simultaneous changes in grazing pressure. It is presently unknown how these concurrently occurring global change drivers affect the root-associated fungal communities, particularly mycorrhizal fungi, and whether changes coincide with shifts in plant mycorrhizal types. We investigated changes in root-associated fungal communities and mycorrhizal types of the plant community in a 10-yr factorial experiment with warming, fertilisation and grazing exclusion in a Finnish tundra grassland. The strongest determinant of the root-associated fungal community was fertilisation, which consistently increased potential plant pathogen abundance and had contrasting effects on the different mycorrhizal fungal types, contingent on other treatments. Plant mycorrhizal types went through pronounced shifts, with warming favouring ecto- and ericoid mycorrhiza but not under fertilisation and grazing exclusion. Combination of all treatments resulted in dominance by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. However, shifts in plant mycorrhizal types vs fungi were mostly but not always aligned in their magnitude and direction. Our results show that our ability to predict shifts in symbiotic and antagonistic fungal communities depend on simultaneous consideration of multiple global change factors that jointly alter plant and fungal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coline Le Noir de Carlan
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Elina Kaarlejärvi
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Caroline De Tender
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 96-109, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thilo Heinecke
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anu Eskelinen
- Ecology & Genetics, University of Oulu, PO Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erik Verbruggen
- Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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2
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Lapointe F, Karmalkar AV, Bradley RS, Retelle MJ, Wang F. Climate extremes in Svalbard over the last two millennia are linked to atmospheric blocking. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4432. [PMID: 38830858 PMCID: PMC11148056 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Arctic precipitation in the form of rain is forecast to become more prevalent in a warmer world but with seasonal and interannual changes modulated by natural modes of variability. Experiencing rapid hydroclimatic changes in the Arctic, Svalbard serves as an ideal study location due to its exposure to oceanic and atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic region. Here we use climate data from paleoproxies, observations, and a climate model to demonstrate that wet and warm extremes in Svalbard over the last two millennia are linked to the presence of atmospheric blocking regimes over Scandinavia and the Ural mountain region. Rainfall episodes lead to the deposition of coarse sediment particles and high levels of calcium in Linnévatnet, a lake in southwest Svalbard, with the coarsest sediments consistently deposited during atmospheric blocking events. A unique annually resolved sediment record from Linnévatnet confirms that this linkage has been persistent over the past 2000 years. Our record also shows that a millennial-scale decline in Svalbard precipitation ended around the middle of the 19th century, followed by several unprecedented extreme events in recent years. As warming continues and sea ice recedes, future Svalbard floods will become more intense during episodes of Scandinavian and Ural blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Lapointe
- Department of Earth, Geographic and Climate Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
- World Climate Research Programme - Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) Project, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | | | - Raymond S Bradley
- Department of Earth, Geographic and Climate Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- World Climate Research Programme - Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) Project, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Retelle
- Earth and Climate Sciences, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, USA
- Department of Geology, The University Center in Svalbard, Svalbard, Norway
| | - Feng Wang
- Institut National de la recherche scientifique, University of Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
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3
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Cox DTC, Gaston KJ. Cathemerality: a key temporal niche. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:329-347. [PMID: 37839797 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Given the marked variation in abiotic and biotic conditions between day and night, many species specialise their physical activity to being diurnal or nocturnal, and it was long thought that these strategies were commonly fairly fixed and invariant. The term 'cathemeral', was coined in 1987, when Tattersall noted activity in a Madagascan primate during the hours of both daylight and darkness. Initially thought to be rare, cathemerality is now known to be a quite widespread form of time partitioning amongst arthropods, fish, birds, and mammals. Herein we provide a synthesis of present understanding of cathemeral behaviour, arguing that it should routinely be included alongside diurnal and nocturnal strategies in schemes that distinguish and categorise species across taxa according to temporal niche. This synthesis is particularly timely because (i) the study of animal activity patterns is being revolutionised by new and improved technologies; (ii) it is becoming apparent that cathemerality covers a diverse range of obligate to facultative forms, each with their own common sets of functional traits, geographic ranges and evolutionary history; (iii) daytime and nighttime activity likely plays an important but currently neglected role in temporal niche partitioning and ecosystem functioning; and (iv) cathemerality may have an important role in the ability of species to adapt to human-mediated pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T C Cox
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
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4
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Post E, Kaarlejärvi E, Macias-Fauria M, Watts DA, Bøving PS, Cahoon SMP, Higgins RC, John C, Kerby JT, Pedersen C, Post M, Sullivan PF. Large herbivore diversity slows sea ice-associated decline in arctic tundra diversity. Science 2023; 380:1282-1287. [PMID: 37347848 DOI: 10.1126/science.add2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity is declining globally in response to multiple human stressors, including climate forcing. Nonetheless, local diversity trends are inconsistent in some taxa, obscuring contributions of local processes to global patterns. Arctic tundra diversity, including plants, fungi, and lichens, declined during a 15-year experiment that combined warming with exclusion of large herbivores known to influence tundra vegetation composition. Tundra diversity declined regardless of experimental treatment, as background growing season temperatures rose with sea ice loss. However, diversity declined slower with large herbivores than without them. This difference was associated with an increase in effective diversity of large herbivores as formerly abundant caribou declined and muskoxen increased. Efforts that promote herbivore diversity, such as rewilding, may help mitigate impacts of warming on tundra diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Post
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Elina Kaarlejärvi
- Research Center for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc Macias-Fauria
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David A Watts
- Alaska State Virology Laboratory, Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Pernille Sporon Bøving
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sean M P Cahoon
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Anchorage, AK 99501, USA
| | - R Conor Higgins
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christian John
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Kerby
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian Pedersen
- Department of Landscape Monitoring, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Mason Post
- Department of Genome Sciences and Brotman Baty Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Environment and Natural Resources Institute, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
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5
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Warret Rodrigues C, Roth JD. Feast to famine: Sympatric predators respond differently to seasonal prey scarcity on the low Arctic tundra. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9951. [PMID: 36993144 PMCID: PMC10041551 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Resource fluctuation is a major driver of animal movement, influencing strategic choices such as residency vs nomadism, or social dynamics. The Arctic tundra is characterized by strong seasonality: Resources are abundant during the short summers but scarce in winters. Therefore, expansion of boreal-forest species onto the tundra raises questions on how they cope with winter-resource scarcity. We examined a recent incursion by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) onto the coastal tundra of northern Manitoba, an area historically occupied by Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) that lacks access to anthropogenic foods, and compared seasonal shifts in space use of the two species. We used 4 years of telemetry data following 8 red foxes and 11 Arctic foxes to test the hypothesis that the movement tactics of both species are primarily driven by temporal variability of resources. We also predicted that the harsh tundra conditions in winter would drive red foxes to disperse more often and maintain larger home ranges year-round than Arctic foxes, which are adapted to this environment. Dispersal was the most frequent winter movement tactic in both fox species, despite its association with high mortality (winter mortality was 9.4 times higher in dispersers than residents). Red foxes consistently dispersed toward the boreal forest, whereas Arctic foxes primarily used sea ice to disperse. Home range size of red and Arctic foxes did not differ in summer, but resident red foxes substantially increased their home range size in winter, whereas home range size of resident Arctic foxes did not change seasonally. As climate changes, abiotic constraints on some species may relax, but associated declines in prey communities may lead to local extirpation of many predators, notably by favoring dispersal during resource scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James D. Roth
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
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6
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Cox DTC, Gardner AS, Gaston KJ. Diel niche variation in mammalian declines in the Anthropocene. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1031. [PMID: 36658287 PMCID: PMC9852540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity is being eroded worldwide. Many human pressures are most forcefully exerted or have greatest effect during a particular period of the day. Therefore when species are physically active (their diel niche) may influence their risk of population decline. We grouped 5032 terrestrial extant mammals by their dominant activity pattern (nocturnal, crepuscular, cathemeral and diurnal), and determine variation in population decline across diel niches. We find an increased risk of population decline in diurnal (52.1% of species), compared to nocturnal (40.1% of species), crepuscular (39.1% of species) and cathemeral (43.0% of species) species, associated with the larger proportion of diurnal mammals that are primates. Those species with declining populations whose activity predominantly coincides with that of humans (cathemeral, diurnal) face an increased number of anthropogenic threats than those principally active at night, with diurnal species more likely to be declining from harvesting. Across much of the land surface habitat loss is the predominant driver of population decline, however, harvesting is a greater threat to day-active species in sub-Saharan Africa and mainland tropical Asia, associated with declines in megafauna and arboreal foragers. Deepening understanding of diel variation in anthropogenic pressures and resulting population declines will help target conservation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T C Cox
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - Alexandra S Gardner
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
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7
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Power CC, Assmann JJ, Prendin AL, Treier UA, Kerby JT, Normand S. Improving ecological insights from dendroecological studies of Arctic shrub dynamics: Research gaps and potential solutions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158008. [PMID: 35988628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid climate change has been driving changes in Arctic vegetation in recent decades, with increased shrub dominance in many tundra ecosystems. Dendroecological observations of tundra shrubs can provide insight into current and past growth and recruitment patterns, both key components for understanding and predicting ongoing and future Arctic shrub dynamics. However, generalizing these dynamics is challenging as they are highly scale-dependent and vary among sites, species, and individuals. Here, we provide a perspective on how some of these challenges can be overcome. Based on a targeted literature search of dendrochronological studies from 2005 to 2022, we highlight five research gaps that currently limit dendro-based studies from revealing cross-scale ecological insight into shrub dynamics across the Arctic biome. We further discuss the related research priorities, suggesting that future studies could consider: 1) increasing focus on intra- and interspecific variation, 2) including demographic responses other than radial growth, 3) incorporating drivers, in addition to warming, at different spatial and temporal scales, 4) implementing systematic and unbiased sampling approaches, and 5) investigating the cellular mechanisms behind the observed responses. Focusing on these aspects in dendroecological studies could improve the value of the field for addressing cross-scale and plant community-framed ecological questions. We outline how this could be facilitated through the integration of community-based dendroecology and dendroanatomy with remote sensing approaches. Integrating new technologies and a more multidisciplinary approach in dendroecological research could provide key opportunities to close important knowledge gaps in our understanding of scale-dependencies, as well as intra- and inter-specific variation, in vegetation community dynamics across the Arctic tundra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice C Power
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jakob J Assmann
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Angela L Prendin
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Urs A Treier
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey T Kerby
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Signe Normand
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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8
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Hiltunen TA, Stien A, Väisänen M, Ropstad E, Aspi JO, Welker JM. Svalbard reindeer winter diets: Long-term dietary shifts to graminoids in response to a changing climate. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:7009-7022. [PMID: 36071549 PMCID: PMC9826046 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arctic ecosystems are changing dramatically with warmer and wetter conditions resulting in complex interactions between herbivores and their forage. We investigated how Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) modify their late winter diets in response to long-term trends and interannual variation in forage availability and accessibility. By reconstructing their diets and foraging niches over a 17-year period (1995-2012) using serum δ13 C and δ15 N values, we found strong support for a temporal increase in the proportions of graminoids in the diets with a concurrent decline in the contributions of mosses. This dietary shift corresponds with graminoid abundance increases in the region and was associated with increases in population density, warmer summer temperatures and more frequent rain-on-snow (ROS) in winter. In addition, the variance in isotopic niche positions, breadths, and overlaps also supported a temporal shift in the foraging niche and a dietary response to extreme ROS events. Our long-term study highlights the mechanisms by which winter and summer climate changes cascade through vegetation shifts and herbivore population dynamics to alter the foraging niche of Svalbard reindeer. Although it has been anticipated that climate changes in the Svalbard region of the Arctic would be detrimental to this unique ungulate, our study suggests that environmental change is in a phase where conditions are improving for this subspecies at the northernmost edge of the Rangifer distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audun Stien
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Fram CentreThe Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Maria Väisänen
- Ecology and Genetics Research UnitUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
- Arctic CentreUniversity of LaplandRovaniemiFinland
| | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Jouni O. Aspi
- Ecology and Genetics Research UnitUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Jeffery M. Welker
- Ecology and Genetics Research UnitUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
- UArcticRovaniemiFinland
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Alaska AnchorageAnchorageAlaskaUSA
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9
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Lee RM, Griffin N, Jones E, Abbott BW, Frei RJ, Bratsman S, Proteau M, Errigo IM, Shogren A, Bowden WB, Zarnetske JP, Aanderud ZT. Bacterioplankton dispersal and biogeochemical function across Alaskan Arctic catchments. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:5690-5706. [PMID: 36273269 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In Arctic catchments, bacterioplankton are dispersed through soils and streams, both of which freeze and thaw/flow in phase, seasonally. To characterize this dispersal and its potential impact on biogeochemistry, we collected bacterioplankton and measured stream physicochemistry during snowmelt and after vegetation senescence across multiple stream orders in alpine, tundra, and tundra-dominated-by-lakes catchments. In all catchments, differences in community composition were associated with seasonal thaw, then attachment status (i.e. free floating or sediment associated), and then stream order. Bacterioplankton taxonomic diversity and richness were elevated in sediment-associated fractions and in higher-order reaches during snowmelt. Families Chthonomonadaceae, Pyrinomonadaceae, and Xiphinematobacteraceae were abundantly different across seasons, while Flavobacteriaceae and Microscillaceae were abundantly different between free-floating and sediment-associated fractions. Physicochemical data suggested there was high iron (Fe+ ) production (alpine catchment); Fe+ production and chloride (Cl- ) removal (tundra catchment); and phosphorus (SRP) removal and ammonium (NH4 + ) production (lake catchment). In tundra landscapes, these 'hot spots' of Fe+ production and Cl- removal accompanied shifts in species richness, while SRP promoted the antecedent community. Our findings suggest that freshet increases bacterial dispersal from headwater catchments to receiving catchments, where bacterioplankton-mineral relations stabilized communities in free-flowing reaches, but bacterioplankton-nutrient relations stabilized those punctuated by lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond M Lee
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Natasha Griffin
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvalis, Oregon, USA
| | - Erin Jones
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Benjamin W Abbott
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Rebecca J Frei
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samuel Bratsman
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Mary Proteau
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Isabella M Errigo
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Arial Shogren
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - William B Bowden
- The Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Jay P Zarnetske
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Zachary T Aanderud
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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10
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Rosqvist GC, Inga N, Eriksson P. Impacts of climate warming on reindeer herding require new land-use strategies. AMBIO 2022; 51:1247-1262. [PMID: 34919201 PMCID: PMC8931141 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate in the Arctic has warmed at a more rapid pace than the global average over the past few decades leading to weather, snow, and ice situations previously unencountered. Reindeer herding is one of the primary livelihoods for Indigenous peoples throughout the Arctic. To understand how the new climate state forces societal adaptation, including new management strategies and needs for preserved, interconnected, undisturbed grazing areas, we coupled changes in temperature, precipitation, and snow depth recorded by automatic weather stations to herder observations of reindeer behaviour in grazing areas of the Laevas Sámi reindeer herding community, northern Sweden. Results show that weather and snow conditions strongly determine grazing opportunities and therefore reindeer response. We conclude that together with the cumulative effects of increased pressures from alternative land use activities, the non-predictable environmental conditions that are uniquely part of the warming climate seriously challenge future reindeer herding in northern Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunhild C. Rosqvist
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Pia Eriksson
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Peeters B, Grøtan V, Gamelon M, Veiberg V, Lee AM, Fryxell JM, Albon SD, Saether BE, Engen S, Loe LE, Hansen BB. Harvesting can stabilise population fluctuations and buffer the impacts of extreme climatic events. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:863-875. [PMID: 35103374 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Harvesting can magnify the destabilising effects of environmental perturbations on population dynamics and, thereby, increase extinction risk. However, population-dynamic theory predicts that impacts of harvesting depend on the type and strength of density-dependent regulation. Here, we used logistic population growth models and an empirical reindeer case study to show that low to moderate harvesting can actually buffer populations against environmental perturbations. This occurs because of density-dependent environmental stochasticity, where negative environmental impacts on vital rates are amplified at high population density due to intra-specific resource competition. Simulations from our population models show that even low levels of harvesting may prevent overabundance, thereby dampening population fluctuations and reducing the risk of population collapse and quasi-extinction following environmental perturbations. Thus, depending on the species' life history and the strength of density-dependent environmental drivers, low to moderate harvesting can improve population resistance to increased climate variability and extreme weather expected under global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Peeters
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vidar Grøtan
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marlène Gamelon
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | - Aline M Lee
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - John M Fryxell
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bernt-Erik Saether
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Steinar Engen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Leif Egil Loe
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Brage Bremset Hansen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
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12
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Joly K, Gunn A, Côté SD, Panzacchi M, Adamczewski J, Suitor MJ, Gurarie E. Caribou and reindeer migrations in the changing Arctic. ANIMAL MIGRATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ami-2020-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Caribou and reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, are the most numerous and socio-ecologically important terrestrial species in the Arctic. Their migrations are directly and indirectly affected by the seasonal nature of the northernmost regions, human development and population size; all of which are impacted by climate change. We review the most critical drivers of Rangifer migration and how a rapidly changing Arctic may affect them. In order to conserve large Rangifer populations, they must be allowed free passage along their migratory routes to reach seasonal ranges. We also provide some pragmatic ideas to help conserve Rangifer migrations into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Joly
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Arctic Inventory and Monitoring Network, National Park Service , 4175 Geist Road, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99709, USA
| | - Anne Gunn
- Salt Spring Island , British Columbia V8K 1V1 Canada
| | - Steeve D. Côté
- Département de biologie, Caribou Ungava & Centre d’études nordiques , Université Laval , Québec (QC), G1V 0A6 , Canada
| | - Manuela Panzacchi
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) , Høgskoleringen 9, NO-7034 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Jan Adamczewski
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories , Yellowknife, Northwest Territories , Canada
| | - Michael J. Suitor
- Fish and Wildlife Branch, Environment Yukon, Yukon Government , Dawson City , Yukon , Canada
| | - Eliezer Gurarie
- Department of Biology , University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA , and Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry , Syracuse , NY 13210
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13
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Pedersen ÅØ, Beumer LT, Aanes R, Hansen BB. Sea or summit? Wild reindeer spatial responses to changing high‐arctic winters. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Larissa T. Beumer
- Fram Centre Norwegian Polar Institute Tromsø 9296 Norway
- Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Roskilde 4000 Denmark
| | - Ronny Aanes
- Fram Centre Norwegian Polar Institute Tromsø 9296 Norway
| | - Brage B. Hansen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Trondheim 7485 Norway
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim 7491 Norway
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14
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Potential applications of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 235:106890. [PMID: 34847527 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the use of assisted reproductive technology in reindeer husbandry has gradually increased during the last decades. This article reviews Western and Russian literature on reindeer semen collection, semen cryopreservation and artificial insemination. In addition, literature on the synchronisation of the stage of reindeer oestrous cycle among females, recovery of in vivo embryos, embryo transfer, the production of in vitro-produced embryos and pregnancy diagnosis is reviewed.
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15
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McCrystall MR, Stroeve J, Serreze M, Forbes BC, Screen JA. New climate models reveal faster and larger increases in Arctic precipitation than previously projected. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6765. [PMID: 34848697 PMCID: PMC8633026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
As the Arctic continues to warm faster than the rest of the planet, evidence mounts that the region is experiencing unprecedented environmental change. The hydrological cycle is projected to intensify throughout the twenty-first century, with increased evaporation from expanding open water areas and more precipitation. The latest projections from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) point to more rapid Arctic warming and sea-ice loss by the year 2100 than in previous projections, and consequently, larger and faster changes in the hydrological cycle. Arctic precipitation (rainfall) increases more rapidly in CMIP6 than in CMIP5 due to greater global warming and poleward moisture transport, greater Arctic amplification and sea-ice loss and increased sensitivity of precipitation to Arctic warming. The transition from a snow- to rain-dominated Arctic in the summer and autumn is projected to occur decades earlier and at a lower level of global warming, potentially under 1.5 °C, with profound climatic, ecosystem and socio-economic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R McCrystall
- Canada 150 Research Chairs Program, Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Julienne Stroeve
- Canada 150 Research Chairs Program, Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- National Snow and Ice Data Centre, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark Serreze
- National Snow and Ice Data Centre, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Bruce C Forbes
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - James A Screen
- College of Engineering, Maths, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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16
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Breeding den selection by Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in southern Yamal Peninsula, Russia. Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02962-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSelecting the right location for a den during the breeding season is a type of habitat selection in the Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) that is likely to affect its reproductive success. A den’s suitability likely depends on its ability to provide shelter, as well as its proximity to prey resources. Depending on the different relative risks that Arctic foxes may face across their broad circumpolar range, Arctic foxes may place different emphases on selection for shelter and prey resources in different ecosystems. Understanding the different requirements for reproduction under different ecological conditions is highly relevant to conservation efforts in areas where Arctic foxes are threatened by rapid environmental changes. Here, we investigated the relative selection for shelter and prey resources in southern Yamal Peninsula (Russia) using data from 45 dens collected over a 13-year period. Arctic foxes preferred to breed in dens with more den entrances; an indicator of shelter quality. Arctic foxes also preferred dens surrounded by more prey resources (quantified by the amount of river valley habitat), but this result was less conclusive. These results complement the findings reported from other study areas, illustrating that Arctic foxes in ecosystems with diverse predator communities may put emphasis on selection for shelter quality. In less productive ecosystems, Arctic foxes may rather put emphasis on selection for prey resources. As tundra ecosystems become more productive and generalist predators move north, the reproductive requirements and habitat selection of Arctic foxes may change accordingly, depending on the species’ ability to adapt.
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17
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Callaghan TV, Shaduyko O, Kirpotin SN, Gordov E. Siberian environmental change: Synthesis of recent studies and opportunities for networking. AMBIO 2021; 50:2104-2127. [PMID: 34586591 PMCID: PMC8479719 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A recent multidisciplinary compilation of studies on changes in the Siberian environment details how climate is changing faster than most places on Earth with exceptional warming in the north and increased aridity in the south. Impacts of these changes are rapid permafrost thaw and melt of glaciers, increased flooding, extreme weather events leading to sudden changes in biodiversity, increased forest fires, more insect pest outbreaks, and increased emissions of CO2 and methane. These trends interact with sociological changes leading to land-use change, globalisation of diets, impaired health of Arctic Peoples, and challenges for transport. Local mitigation and adaptation measures are likely to be limited by a range of public perceptions of climate change that vary according to personal background. However, Siberia has the possibility through land surface feedbacks to amplify or suppress climate change impacts at potentially global levels. Based on the diverse studies presented in this Ambio Special Issue, we suggest ways forward for more sustainable environmental research and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry V. Callaghan
- University of Sheffield UK. University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin ave., Tomsk, Russia 634050
| | - Olga Shaduyko
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin ave., Tomsk, Russia 634050
| | - Sergey N. Kirpotin
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin ave., Tomsk, Russia 634050
- Tuvan State University, Republic of Tuva, 36 Lenina St., Kyzyl, Russia 667000
| | - Evgeny Gordov
- Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems, SB RAS, 10/3 Academichesky Pr, Tomsk, Russia 634055
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18
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Screening of Eurasian Tundra Reindeer for Viral Sequences by Next-Generation Sequencing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126561. [PMID: 34207171 PMCID: PMC8296488 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reindeer husbandry is essential for the livelihood and culture of indigenous people in the Arctic. Parts of the herding areas are also used as pastures for farm animals, facilitating potential transmission of viruses between species. Following the Covid-19 pandemic, viruses circulating in the wild are receiving increased attention, since they might pose a potential threat to human health. Climate change will influence the prevalence of infectious diseases of both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to detect known and previously unknown viruses in Eurasian tundra reindeer. In total, 623 nasal and 477 rectal swab samples were collected from reindeer herds in Fennoscandia, Iceland, and Eastern Russia during 2016–2019. Next-generation sequencing analysis and BLAST-homology searches indicated the presence of viruses of domesticated and wild animals, such as bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine papillomavirus, alcephaline herpesvirus 1 and 2, deer mastadenovirus B, bovine rotavirus, and roe deer picobirnavirus. Several viral species previously found in reindeer and some novel species were detected, although the clinical relevance of these viruses in reindeer is largely unknown. These results indicate that it should be possible to find emerging viruses of relevance for both human and animal health using reindeer as a sentinel species.
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19
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The context of an emerging predation problem: Nenets reindeer herders and Arctic foxes in Yamal. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-021-01497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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20
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Contrasting dynamical responses of sympatric caribou and muskoxen to winter weather and earlier spring green-up in the Arctic. FOOD WEBS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2021.e00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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The Impact of Climate Change on the Food (In)security of the Siberian Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic: Environmental and Health Risks. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13052561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate change represents a global challenge that impacts the environment, traditional lifestyle and health of the Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic zone of Western Siberia and threatens their food security. Reindeer are an important food source for this population since reindeer herding products are used as traditional nutrition and effective preventive means and remedies for adapting to the cold and geomagnetic activity in the High North. Longer off-season periods, high summer and winter temperatures, melting ice, and forest and tundra fires have a significant impact on the trampling and degradation of reindeer pastures. These effects may lead to massive reindeer losses and changes in the traditional diet of the Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic, which result in increases in the prevalence of respiratory diseases, overweight and hypertension. This study applied a multidisciplinary approach based on ecological and medical research methods with the inclusion of socioeconomic analysis. The primary sources included data on the longitudinal dynamics of air temperature as a climate change indicator and reindeer livestock populations (1936–2018), consumption of reindeer products and physiological impacts on the Yamal Indigenous population collected during expeditions to the Arctic zone of Western Siberia in 2012–2018.
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23
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Tyler NJC, Hanssen-Bauer I, Førland EJ, Nellemann C. The Shrinking Resource Base of Pastoralism: Saami Reindeer Husbandry in a Climate of Change. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.585685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The productive performance of large ungulates in extensive pastoral grazing systems is modulated simultaneously by the effects of climate change and human intervention independent of climate change. The latter includes the expansion of private, civil and military activity and infrastructure and the erosion of land rights. We used Saami reindeer husbandry in Norway as a model in which to examine trends in, and to compare the influence of, both effects on a pastoral grazing system. Downscaled projections of mean annual temperature over the principal winter pasture area (Finnmarksvidda) closely matched empirical observations across 34 years to 2018. The area, therefore, is not only warming but seems likely to continue to do so. Warming notwithstanding, 50-year (1969–2018) records of local weather (temperature, precipitation and characteristics of the snowpack) demonstrate considerable annual and decadal variation which also seems likely to continue and alternately to amplify and to counter net warming. Warming, moreover, has both positive and negative effects on ecosystem services that influence reindeer. The effects of climate change on reindeer pastoralism are evidently neither temporally nor spatially uniform, nor indeed is the role of climate change as a driver of change in pastoralism even clear. The effects of human intervention on the system, by contrast, are clear and largely negative. Gradual liberalization of grazing rights from the 18th Century has been countered by extensive loss of reindeer pasture. Access to ~50% of traditional winter pasture was lost in the 19th Century owing to the closure of international borders to the passage of herders and their reindeer. Subsequent to this the area of undisturbed pasture within Norway has decreased by 71%. Loss of pasture due to piecemeal development of infrastructure and to administrative encroachment that erodes herders' freedom of action on the land that remains to them, are the principal threats to reindeer husbandry in Norway today. These tangible effects far exceed the putative effects of current climate change on the system. The situation confronting Saami reindeer pastoralism is not unique: loss of pasture and administrative, economic, legal and social constraints bedevil extensive pastoral grazing systems across the globe.
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Abstract
Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) is declining at an accelerating rate with a wide range of ecological consequences. However, determining sea ice effects on tundra vegetation remains a challenge. In this study, we examined the universality or lack thereof in tundra shrub growth responses to changes in SIE and summer climate across the Pan-Arctic, taking advantage of 23 tundra shrub-ring chronologies from 19 widely distributed sites (56°N to 83°N). We show a clear divergence in shrub growth responses to SIE that began in the mid-1990s, with 39% of the chronologies showing declines and 57% showing increases in radial growth (decreasers and increasers, respectively). Structural equation models revealed that declining SIE was associated with rising air temperature and precipitation for increasers and with increasingly dry conditions for decreasers. Decreasers tended to be from areas of the Arctic with lower summer precipitation and their growth decline was related to decreases in the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index. Our findings suggest that moisture limitation, associated with declining SIE, might inhibit the positive effects of warming on shrub growth over a considerable part of the terrestrial Arctic, thereby complicating predictions of vegetation change and future tundra productivity.
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25
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Bogdanova E, Andronov S, Morell IA, Hossain K, Raheem D, Filant P, Lobanov A. Food Sovereignty of the Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic Zone of Western Siberia: Response to COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7570. [PMID: 33080982 PMCID: PMC7590208 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the challenges facing reindeer herding as being both a profitable business and part of the traditional culture of the nomadic Indigenous peoples in the Arctic zone of Western Siberia which addresses substantial needs of the local population. Reindeer herding products are used as traditional nutrition, and as effective preventive means and remedies for adapting to the cold and geomagnetic activity in the High North. Export trends of traditional reindeer products have decreased local Indigenous peoples' access to venison and had a negative impact on their health. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is especially urgent for the Indigenous peoples to have sufficient access to traditional food and be involved in policy decision-making to maintain this traditional business. We aim to analyze the dependencies of Indigenous peoples on the reindeer produce-exporting "food value chain" and explore how (1) the independence of reindeer herders could be increased in these export chains and (2) how provision of their products to local communities could be secured. The study takes a multidisciplinary approach based on policy and socioeconomic analyses with input from medical research. Primary sources include data collected from interviews and surveys of Indigenous peoples during expeditions to the Nyda settlement, the Nydinskaya tundra, the Tazovsky settlement, the Tazovskaya tundra, the Nakhodka tundra, the Gyda and Gydansky settlements, the Yavai-Salinskaya tundra, the Seyakha settlement, the Seyakhinskaya and Tambeyskaya tundras located along the southern coast of the Ob Bay, the northeast coast of the Yamal Peninsula, the Tazovsky and Gydansky Peninsulas, and the Shuryshkarsky district. Data were collected during the summers and winters of 2014-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bogdanova
- Department of Economics and Management, Northern Arctic Federal University, 164500 Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Sergei Andronov
- National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology, Ministry of Health of the Russia, 121099 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Ildiko Asztalos Morell
- Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Kamrul Hossain
- Northern Institute of Environmental and Minority Law, Arctic Center of the University of Lapland, 96101 Rovaniemi, Finland;
| | - Dele Raheem
- Northern Institute of Environmental and Minority Law, Arctic Center of the University of Lapland, 96101 Rovaniemi, Finland;
| | - Praskovia Filant
- Association of Reindeer Herders in YNAO, 629000 Salekhard, Russia;
| | - Andrey Lobanov
- National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology, Ministry of Health of the Russia, 121099 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.); (A.L.)
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Røed KH, Kvie KS, Losey RJ, Kosintsev PA, Hufthammer AK, Dwyer MJ, Goncharov V, Klokov KB, Arzyutov DV, Plekhanov A, Anderson DG. Temporal and structural genetic variation in reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus) associated with the pastoral transition in Northwestern Siberia. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9060-9072. [PMID: 32953046 PMCID: PMC7487228 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Just as the domestication of livestock is often cited as a key element in the Neolithic transition to settled, the emergence of large-scaled reindeer husbandry was a fundamental social transformation for the indigenous peoples of Arctic Eurasia. To better understand the history of reindeer domestication, and the genetic processes associated with the pastoral transition in the Eurasian Arctic, we analyzed archaeological and contemporary reindeer samples from Northwestern Siberia. The material represents Rangifer genealogies spanning from 15,000 years ago to the 18th century, as well as modern samples from the wild Taĭmyr population and from domestic herds managed by Nenetses. The wild and the domestic population are the largest populations of their kind in Northern Eurasia, and some Nenetses hold their domestic reindeer beside their wild cousins. Our analyses of 197 modern and 223 ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences revealed two genetic clusters, which are interpreted as representing the gene pools of contemporary domestic and past wild reindeer. Among a total of 137 different mitochondrial haplotypes identified in both the modern and archaeological samples, only 21 were detected in the modern domestic gene pool, while 11 of these were absent from the wild gene pool. The significant temporal genetic shift that we associate with the pastoral transition suggests that the emergence and spread of reindeer pastoralism in Northwestern Siberia originated with the translocation and subsequent selective breeding of a special type of animal from outside the region. The distinct and persistent domestic characteristics of the haplotype structure since the 18th century suggests little genetic exchange since then. The absence of the typical domestic clade in modern nearby wild populations suggests that the contemporary Nenets domestic breed feature an ancestry from outside its present main distribution, possibly from further South.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pavel A. Kosintsev
- Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesInstitute of Plant and Animal EcologyYekaterinburgRussia
| | - Anne K. Hufthammer
- Department of Natural HistoryThe University MuseumUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Vasiliy Goncharov
- Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture and Ecology of ArcticNorilskRussia
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Stammler FM, Ivanova A. From spirits to conspiracy? Nomadic perceptions of climate change, pandemics and disease. ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Plante S, Dussault C, Richard JH, Garel M, Côté SD. Untangling Effects of Human Disturbance and Natural Factors on Mortality Risk of Migratory Caribou. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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29
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Callaghan TV, Kulikova O, Rakhmanova L, Topp-Jørgensen E, Labba N, Kuhmanen LA, Kirpotin S, Shaduyko O, Burgess H, Rautio A, Hindshaw RS, Golubyatnikov LL, Marshall GJ, Lobanov A, Soromotin A, Sokolov A, Sokolova N, Filant P, Johansson M. Improving dialogue among researchers, local and indigenous peoples and decision-makers to address issues of climate change in the North. AMBIO 2020; 49:1161-1178. [PMID: 31721066 PMCID: PMC7128002 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01277-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Circumpolar North has been changing rapidly within the last decades, and the socioeconomic systems of the Eurasian Arctic and Siberia in particular have displayed the most dramatic changes. Here, anthropogenic drivers of environmental change such as migration and industrialization are added to climate-induced changes in the natural environment such as permafrost thawing and increased frequency of extreme events. Understanding and adapting to both types of changes are important to local and indigenous peoples in the Arctic and for the wider global community due to transboundary connectivity. As local and indigenous peoples, decision-makers and scientists perceive changes and impacts differently and often fail to communicate efficiently to respond to changes adequately, we convened a meeting of the three groups in Salekhard in 2017. The outcomes of the meeting include perceptions of how the three groups each perceive the main issues affecting health and well-being and recommendations for working together better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry V. Callaghan
- University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenina Pr, Tomsk, Russia 634050
| | - Olga Kulikova
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenina Pr, Tomsk, Russia 634050
- University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
- Institute of the Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya Street 18, Magadan, Russia 685000
| | - Lidia Rakhmanova
- 28 Promyshlennaya str, Saint-Petersburg, Russia 190121
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenina Pr, Tomsk, Russia 634050
| | - Elmer Topp-Jørgensen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Building 7418, I2.41, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Niklas Labba
- Centre for Sámi Studies, University of Tromsø, Postboks 6050, Langnes, 9037 Tromsö, Norway
| | | | | | - Olga Shaduyko
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenina Pr, Tomsk, Russia 634050
| | - Henry Burgess
- British Antarctic Survey, UK Natural Environment Research Council Arctic Office, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET UK
| | - Arja Rautio
- Thule Institute, University of Oulu and University of the Arctic, P.O. Box 7300 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Gareth J. Marshall
- British Antarctic Survey, UK Natural Environment Research Council Arctic Office, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET UK
| | - Andrey Lobanov
- Arctic Research Centre of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, Line 8, Nadym, Russia 629730
| | - Andrey Soromotin
- Research Institute of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Tumen State University, 6 Volodarskogo St, Tyumen, Russia 625003
| | - Alexander Sokolov
- Arctic Research Station, Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 21, Str. Zelenaya Gorka, Labytnangi, Russia 629400
- Arctic Research Center of Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, 73, Str. Respublika, Salekhard, Russia 629008
| | - Natalia Sokolova
- Arctic Research Station, Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 21, Str. Zelenaya Gorka, Labytnangi, Russia 629400
- Arctic Research Center of Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, 73, Str. Respublika, Salekhard, Russia 629008
| | - Praskovia Filant
- Reindeer Herders Association of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, of. 35, 41 Sverdlov Str, Salekhard, Russia 629007
| | - Margareta Johansson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Solvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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30
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Le Moullec M, Sandal L, Grøtan V, Buchwal A, Hansen BB. Climate synchronises shrub growth across a high‐arctic archipelago: contrasting implications of summer and winter warming. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Le Moullec
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Dept of Biology, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology Högskoleringen 5 NO‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Lisa Sandal
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Dept of Biology, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology Högskoleringen 5 NO‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Vidar Grøtan
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Dept of Biology, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology Högskoleringen 5 NO‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Agata Buchwal
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Alaska Anchorage AK USA
- Inst. of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Adam Mickiewicz Univ. Poznan Wielkopolskie Poland
| | - Brage Bremset Hansen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Dept of Biology, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology Högskoleringen 5 NO‐7491 Trondheim Norway
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31
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Gurarie E, Hebblewhite M, Joly K, Kelly AP, Adamczewski J, Davidson SC, Davison T, Gunn A, Suitor MJ, Fagan WF, Boelman N. Tactical departures and strategic arrivals: Divergent effects of climate and weather on caribou spring migrations. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer Gurarie
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
- Wildlife Biology Program Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - Mark Hebblewhite
- Wildlife Biology Program Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - Kyle Joly
- National Park Service Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve Arctic Inventory and Monitoring Network Fairbanks Alaska 99709 USA
| | - Allicia P. Kelly
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources Government of the Northwest Territories Fort Smith Northwest Territories Canada
| | - Jan Adamczewski
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources Government of the Northwest Territories Yellowknife Northwest Territories Canada
| | - Sarah C. Davidson
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Am Obstberg 1 Radolfzell 78315 Germany
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Tracy Davison
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources Government of the Northwest Territories Inuvik Northwest Territories Canada
| | - Anne Gunn
- Circumarctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment Network (CARMA) Salt Spring Island British Columbia V8K 1V1 Canada
| | - Michael J. Suitor
- Fish and Wildlife Branch Environment Yukon, Yukon Government Dawson City Yukon Canada
| | - William F. Fagan
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Natalie Boelman
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University Palisades New York 10964 USA
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32
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Ylänne H, Kaarlejärvi E, Väisänen M, Männistö MK, Ahonen SHK, Olofsson J, Stark S. Removal of grazers alters the response of tundra soil carbon to warming and enhanced nitrogen availability. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henni Ylänne
- Arctic Center University of Lapland P.O. Box 122 Rovaniemi FI‐96101 Finland
- Department of Ecology and Genetics University of Oulu P.O. Box 3000 Oulu FI‐90100 Finland
| | - Elina Kaarlejärvi
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Umeå University Umeå SE‐90187 Sweden
- Department of Biology Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Pleinlaan 2 Brussel B‐1050 Belgium
| | - Maria Väisänen
- Arctic Center University of Lapland P.O. Box 122 Rovaniemi FI‐96101 Finland
| | - Minna K. Männistö
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Eteläranta 55 Rovaniemi FI‐96300 Finland
| | - Saija H. K. Ahonen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics University of Oulu P.O. Box 3000 Oulu FI‐90100 Finland
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Umeå University Umeå SE‐90187 Sweden
| | - Sari Stark
- Arctic Center University of Lapland P.O. Box 122 Rovaniemi FI‐96101 Finland
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33
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Post E, Alley RB, Christensen TR, Macias-Fauria M, Forbes BC, Gooseff MN, Iler A, Kerby JT, Laidre KL, Mann ME, Olofsson J, Stroeve JC, Ulmer F, Virginia RA, Wang M. The polar regions in a 2°C warmer world. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw9883. [PMID: 31840060 PMCID: PMC6892626 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw9883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the Arctic has warmed by 0.75°C, far outpacing the global average, while Antarctic temperatures have remained comparatively stable. As Earth approaches 2°C warming, the Arctic and Antarctic may reach 4°C and 2°C mean annual warming, and 7°C and 3°C winter warming, respectively. Expected consequences of increased Arctic warming include ongoing loss of land and sea ice, threats to wildlife and traditional human livelihoods, increased methane emissions, and extreme weather at lower latitudes. With low biodiversity, Antarctic ecosystems may be vulnerable to state shifts and species invasions. Land ice loss in both regions will contribute substantially to global sea level rise, with up to 3 m rise possible if certain thresholds are crossed. Mitigation efforts can slow or reduce warming, but without them northern high latitude warming may accelerate in the next two to four decades. International cooperation will be crucial to foreseeing and adapting to expected changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Post
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard B. Alley
- Department of Geosciences, and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Torben R. Christensen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Marc Macias-Fauria
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Bruce C. Forbes
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Box 122, FI-96101 Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Michael N. Gooseff
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Amy Iler
- Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Kerby
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Neukom Institute for Computational Science, Institute of Arctic Studies, and Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Kristin L. Laidre
- Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Michael E. Mann
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science and Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Julienne C. Stroeve
- University College London, Bloomsbury, London, UK
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Fran Ulmer
- Chair, U.S. Arctic Research Commission, 420 L Street, Suite 315 Anchorage, AK 99501, USA
- Chair, U.S. Artic Research Commission, 4350 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 510, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
- Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ross A. Virginia
- Institute of Arctic Studies, and Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Muyin Wang
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
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34
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Hansen BB, Pedersen ÅØ, Peeters B, Le Moullec M, Albon SD, Herfindal I, Sæther B, Grøtan V, Aanes R. Spatial heterogeneity in climate change effects decouples the long-term dynamics of wild reindeer populations in the high Arctic. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3656-3668. [PMID: 31435996 PMCID: PMC6851690 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The 'Moran effect' predicts that dynamics of populations of a species are synchronized over similar distances as their environmental drivers. Strong population synchrony reduces species viability, but spatial heterogeneity in density dependence, the environment, or its ecological responses may decouple dynamics in space, preventing extinctions. How such heterogeneity buffers impacts of global change on large-scale population dynamics is not well studied. Here, we show that spatially autocorrelated fluctuations in annual winter weather synchronize wild reindeer dynamics across high-Arctic Svalbard, while, paradoxically, spatial variation in winter climate trends contribute to diverging local population trajectories. Warmer summers have improved the carrying capacity and apparently led to increased total reindeer abundance. However, fluctuations in population size seem mainly driven by negative effects of stochastic winter rain-on-snow (ROS) events causing icing, with strongest effects at high densities. Count data for 10 reindeer populations 8-324 km apart suggested that density-dependent ROS effects contributed to synchrony in population dynamics, mainly through spatially autocorrelated mortality. By comparing one coastal and one 'continental' reindeer population over four decades, we show that locally contrasting abundance trends can arise from spatial differences in climate change and responses to weather. The coastal population experienced a larger increase in ROS, and a stronger density-dependent ROS effect on population growth rates, than the continental population. In contrast, the latter experienced stronger summer warming and showed the strongest positive response to summer temperatures. Accordingly, contrasting net effects of a recent climate regime shift-with increased ROS and harsher winters, yet higher summer temperatures and improved carrying capacity-led to negative and positive abundance trends in the coastal and continental population respectively. Thus, synchronized population fluctuations by climatic drivers can be buffered by spatial heterogeneity in the same drivers, as well as in the ecological responses, averaging out climate change effects at larger spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brage Bremset Hansen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
| | | | - Bart Peeters
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
| | - Mathilde Le Moullec
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
| | | | - Ivar Herfindal
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
| | - Bernt‐Erik Sæther
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
| | - Vidar Grøtan
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
| | - Ronny Aanes
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD)Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
- Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI)Fram CentreTromsøNorway
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35
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Le Moullec M, Pedersen ÅØ, Stien A, Rosvold J, Hansen BB. A century of conservation: The ongoing recovery of Svalbard reindeer. J Wildl Manage 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Le Moullec
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) NO‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | | | - Audun Stien
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Arctic Ecology Department, Fram Centre NO‐9296 Tromsø Norway
| | - Jørgen Rosvold
- Norwegian Institute of Nature Research (NINA) NO 7034 Trondheim Norway
| | - Brage Bremset Hansen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) NO‐7491 Trondheim Norway
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36
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Hansen BB, Lorentzen JR, Welker JM, Varpe Ø, Aanes R, Beumer LT, Pedersen ÅØ. Reindeer turning maritime: Ice‐locked tundra triggers changes in dietary niche utilization. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brage Bremset Hansen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Jon Runar Lorentzen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
- Department of Arctic Biology The University Centre in Svalbard N‐9171 Longyearbyen Norway
| | - Jeffrey M. Welker
- UArctic & University of Oulo Oulo 90014 Finland
- University of Alaska Anchorage Anchorage Alaska 99516 USA
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Department of Arctic Biology The University Centre in Svalbard N‐9171 Longyearbyen Norway
- Akvaplan‐niva Fram Centre N‐9296 Tromsø Norway
| | - Ronny Aanes
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology N‐7491 Trondheim Norway
- Norwegian Polar Institute Fram Centre N‐9296 Tromsø Norway
| | - Larissa Teresa Beumer
- Department of Arctic Biology The University Centre in Svalbard N‐9171 Longyearbyen Norway
- Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde Denmark
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37
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Macias-Fauria M, Post E. Effects of sea ice on Arctic biota: an emerging crisis discipline. Biol Lett 2019; 14:rsbl.2017.0702. [PMID: 29563280 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid decline in Arctic sea ice (ASI) extent, area and volume during recent decades is occurring before we can understand many of the mechanisms through which ASI interacts with biological processes both at sea and on land. As a consequence, our ability to predict and manage the effects of this enormous environmental change is limited, making this a crisis discipline Here, we propose a framework to study these effects, defining direct effects as those acting on life-history events of Arctic biota, and indirect effects, where ASI acts upon biological systems through chains of events, normally involving other components of the physical system and/or biotic interactions. Given the breadth and complexity of ASI's effects on Arctic biota, Arctic research requires a truly multidisciplinary approach to address this issue. In the absence of effective global efforts to tackle anthropogenic global warming, ASI will likely continue to decrease, compromising the conservation of many ASI-related taxonomic groups and ecosystems. Mitigation actions will rely heavily on the knowledge acquired on the mechanisms and components involved with the biological effects of ASI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Macias-Fauria
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Eric Post
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8571, USA
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38
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More frequent extreme climate events stabilize reindeer population dynamics. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1616. [PMID: 30962419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme climate events often cause population crashes but are difficult to account for in population-dynamic studies. Especially in long-lived animals, density dependence and demography may induce lagged impacts of perturbations on population growth. In Arctic ungulates, extreme rain-on-snow and ice-locked pastures have led to severe population crashes, indicating that increasingly frequent rain-on-snow events could destabilize populations. Here, using empirically parameterized, stochastic population models for High-Arctic wild reindeer, we show that more frequent rain-on-snow events actually reduce extinction risk and stabilize population dynamics due to interactions with age structure and density dependence. Extreme rain-on-snow events mainly suppress vital rates of vulnerable ages at high population densities, resulting in a crash and a new population state with resilient ages and reduced population sensitivity to subsequent icy winters. Thus, observed responses to single extreme events are poor predictors of population dynamics and persistence because internal density-dependent feedbacks act as a buffer against more frequent events.
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39
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Abstract
Rapid Arctic warming results in increased winter rain frequencies, which may impact glacial systems. In this paper, we discuss climatology and precipitation form trends, followed by examining the influence of winter rainfall (Oct‒May) on both the mass balance and dynamics of Hansbreen (Svalbard). We used data from the Hornsund meteorological station (01003 WMO), in addition to the original meteorological and glaciological data from three measurement points on Hansbreen. Precipitation phases were identified based on records of weather phenomena and used—along with information on lapse rate—to estimate the occurrence and altitudinal extent of winter rainfall over the glacier. We found an increase in the frequency of winter rain in Hornsund, and that these events impact both glacier mass balance and glacier dynamics. However, the latter varied depending on the degree of snow cover and drainage systems development. In early winter, given the initial, thin snow cover and an inefficient drainage system, rainfall increased glacier velocity. Full-season winter rainfall on well-developed snow was effectively stored in the glacier, contributing on average to 9% of the winter accumulation.
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40
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Serreze MC, Meier WN. The Arctic's sea ice cover: trends, variability, predictability, and comparisons to the Antarctic. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1436:36-53. [PMID: 29806697 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As assessed over the period of satellite observations, October 1978 to present, there are downward linear trends in Arctic sea ice extent for all months, largest at the end of the melt season in September. The ice cover is also thinning. Downward trends in extent and thickness have been accompanied by pronounced interannual and multiyear variability, forced by both the atmosphere and ocean. As the ice thins, its response to atmospheric and oceanic forcing may be changing. In support of a busier Arctic, there is a growing need to predict ice conditions on a variety of time and space scales. A major challenge to providing seasonal scale predictions is the 7-10 days limit of numerical weather prediction. While a seasonally ice-free Arctic Ocean is likely well within this century, there is much uncertainty in the timing. This reflects differences in climate model structure, the unknown evolution of anthropogenic forcing, and natural climate variability. In sharp contrast to the Arctic, Antarctic sea ice extent, while highly variable, has increased slightly over the period of satellite observations. The reasons for this different behavior remain to be resolved, but responses to changing atmospheric circulation patterns appear to play a strong role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Serreze
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Walter N Meier
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
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41
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Simplified Normalization of C-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Data for Terrestrial Applications in High Latitude Environments. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10040551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Dependence of C-Band Backscatter on Ground Temperature, Air Temperature and Snow Depth in Arctic Permafrost Regions. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Climate Degradation and Extreme Icing Events Constrain Life in Cold-Adapted Mammals. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1156. [PMID: 29348632 PMCID: PMC5773676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the growth in knowledge about the effects of a warming Arctic on its cold-adapted species, the mechanisms by which these changes affect animal populations remain poorly understood. Increasing temperatures, declining sea ice and altered wind and precipitation patterns all may affect the fitness and abundance of species through multiple direct and indirect pathways. Here we demonstrate previously unknown effects of rain-on-snow (ROS) events, winter precipitation, and ice tidal surges on the Arctic’s largest land mammal. Using novel field data across seven years and three Alaskan and Russian sites, we show arrested skeletal growth in juvenile muskoxen resulting from unusually dry winter conditions and gestational ROS events, with the inhibitory effects on growth from ROS events lasting up to three years post-partum. Further, we describe the simultaneous entombment of 52 muskoxen in ice during a Chukchi Sea winter tsunami (ivuniq in Iñupiat), and link rapid freezing to entrapment of Arctic whales and otters. Our results illustrate how once unusual, but increasingly frequent Arctic weather events affect some cold-adapted mammals, and suggest that an understanding of species responses to a changing Arctic can be enhanced by coalescing groundwork, rare events, and insights from local people.
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44
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Weijers S, Buchwal A, Blok D, Löffler J, Elberling B. High Arctic summer warming tracked by increased Cassiope tetragona growth in the world's northernmost polar desert. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:5006-5020. [PMID: 28464494 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid climate warming has resulted in shrub expansion, mainly of erect deciduous shrubs in the Low Arctic, but the more extreme, sparsely vegetated, cold and dry High Arctic is generally considered to remain resistant to such shrub expansion in the next decades. Dwarf shrub dendrochronology may reveal climatological causes of past changes in growth, but is hindered at many High Arctic sites by short and fragmented instrumental climate records. Moreover, only few High Arctic shrub chronologies cover the recent decade of substantial warming. This study investigated the climatic causes of growth variability of the evergreen dwarf shrub Cassiope tetragona between 1927 and 2012 in the northernmost polar desert at 83°N in North Greenland. We analysed climate-growth relationships over the period with available instrumental data (1950-2012) between a 102-year-long C. tetragona shoot length chronology and instrumental climate records from the three nearest meteorological stations, gridded climate data, and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Arctic Oscillation (AO) indices. July extreme maximum temperatures (JulTemx ), as measured at Alert, Canada, June NAO, and previous October AO, together explained 41% of the observed variance in annual C. tetragona growth and likely represent in situ summer temperatures. JulTemx explained 27% and was reconstructed back to 1927. The reconstruction showed relatively high growing season temperatures in the early to mid-twentieth century, as well as warming in recent decades. The rapid growth increase in C. tetragona shrubs in response to recent High Arctic summer warming shows that recent and future warming might promote an expansion of this evergreen dwarf shrub, mainly through densification of existing shrub patches, at High Arctic sites with sufficient winter snow cover and ample water supply during summer from melting snow and ice as well as thawing permafrost, contrasting earlier notions of limited shrub growth sensitivity to summer warming in the High Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef Weijers
- Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Agata Buchwal
- Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ecosystem and Biomedical Lab, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Daan Blok
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jörg Löffler
- Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bo Elberling
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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45
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Melting Characteristics of Snow Cover on Tidewater Glaciers in Hornsund Fjord, Svalbard. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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