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Stevens SK, Boley R, Pollack M, Hobfoll S, Shankman S, Pinkerton L, Valdespino-Hayden Z, Glover AC, Kaufman M, Dowd S, Zalta AK. The influence of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on the relationship between emotion regulation and mood-related pathology in survivors of childhood interpersonal trauma. J Affect Disord 2024; 362:258-262. [PMID: 38971192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide that is widely expressed throughout the limbic system. Recent evidence has highlighted NPY as a marker of resilience to posttraumatic psychopathology, which may be due to its association with neural regions involved with emotion regulation. This study examined whether plasma NPY levels moderated the relationship between emotion regulation and psychopathology in a sample of adult survivors of childhood interpersonal trauma, a population known to be at high risk for psychopathology. Adults exposed to an interpersonal criterion A trauma during childhood (N = 54) were recruited from an urban population at a midwestern medical center and completed a baseline study visit as part of a larger clinical trial. Participants gave a blood sample in order to assess circulating levels of NPY and answered questions related to emotion regulation and mood-related pathology. Results of a moderated multiple regression showed that the overall model was significant R2 = 0.26, F (5, 48) = 3.46, p < .01. Difficulties in emotion regulation was significantly predictive of psychopathology (unstandardized B = 0.032, p < .01), and this relationship was significantly moderated by levels of NPY (unstandardized B = -0.001, p < .05) such that the relationship between emotion regulation and psychopathology was weaker for those with higher levels of NPY. Results suggest that higher levels of NPY may lessen the association between emotion regulation and posttraumatic psychopathology in survivors of childhood interpersonal trauma. Further investigation of the contribution of NPY to psychopathology in this population is warranted. NCT: 02279290.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Stevens
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Randy Boley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mark Pollack
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Stevan Hobfoll
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America; STAR: Stress, Anxiety and Resilience Consultants, Sandy, UT, United States of America
| | - Stewart Shankman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Linzy Pinkerton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Zerbrina Valdespino-Hayden
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America; VA North Texas Health Care System, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Angela C Glover
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Psychology Department, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Michelle Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Sheila Dowd
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Alyson K Zalta
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
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McLean CP, Foa EB. State of the Science: Prolonged exposure therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 2024; 37:535-550. [PMID: 38652057 DOI: 10.1002/jts.23046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure therapy (PE) is a well-established first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is based on emotional processing theory. PE has been rigorously evaluated and tested in a large number of clinical trials in many countries covering a wide range of trauma populations. In this review, we summarize the evidence base supporting the efficacy of PE across populations, including adults with sexual assault-related PTSD and mixed trauma-related PTSD, military populations, and adolescents. We highlight important strengths and gaps in the research on PE with individuals from marginalized communities. We discuss the efficacy of PE on associated psychopathology and in the presence of the most commonly comorbid conditions, either alone or integrated with other treatments. In addition, we provide an overview of research examining strategies to augment PE. Much of this work remains preliminary, but numerous trials have tested PE in combination with other psychological or pharmacological approaches, interventions to facilitate extinction learning, and behavioral approaches, in the hopes of further increasing the efficiency and efficacy of PE. There are now several trials testing PE in novel formats that may have advantages over standard in-person PE, such as lower dropout and increased scalability. We examine this recent work on new models of delivering PE, including massed treatment, telehealth, and brief adaptations for primary care, all of which have the potential to increase access to PE. Finally, we highlight several promising areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen P McLean
- Dissemination and Training Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Edna B Foa
- Department of Psychiatry, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Vanderhoof SO, Vincent CJ, Beaver JN, Latsko MS, Aguilar-Alvarez R, Jasnow AM. Corticosterone after early adolescent stress prevents social avoidance, aversive behavior, and morphine-conditioned place preference in adulthood. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024:10.1007/s00213-024-06616-7. [PMID: 38805040 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stress during childhood or adolescence increases vulnerability to psychiatric disorders in adults. In adult rodents, the delayed effects of stress can increase anxiety-like behavior. These effects, however, can be prevented with post-stress administration of corticosterone (CORT). The effectiveness of CORT in preventing adolescent stress-induced emotional behavior alterations in adulthood has yet to be investigated. OBJECTIVES Here, we investigated the interactions between early adolescent stress and exogenous corticosterone on adult social, aversive, and drug-seeking behavior in mice, which are translationally related to symptoms associated with psychiatric and substance abuse disorders. METHODS AND RESULTS A single administration of CORT in drinking water (400ug/mL) for 24 h after social defeat or context fear conditioning prevents defeat-induced social avoidance, alters fear processing, prevents adolescent stress-induced anhedonia, and prevents stress-potentiated morphine place preference in adulthood. Exogenous CORT did not immediately prevent stress-induced potentiation of morphine conditioned-place preference in adolescents but did so in adult mice. However, when administered to adolescent mice, CORT also prevented the incubation of morphine-conditioned place preference into adulthood. Lastly, exogenous CORT administration blunted endogenous corticosterone but was unrelated to freezing behavior during a fear test. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of adolescent post-stress CORT promoting socio-emotional resilience and preventing drug-seeking behavior. Our data suggest elevated corticosterone after a stress experience promotes resilience for at least 40 days across the developmental transition from adolescence to adulthood and is effective for socio-emotional and drug-seeking behavior. These results are critical for understanding how adolescent stress impacts emotional and drug-seeking behavior into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha O Vanderhoof
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, USA
| | - Carly J Vincent
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
| | - Jasmin N Beaver
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, USA
| | - Maeson S Latsko
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, USA
| | - Ricardo Aguilar-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
| | - Aaron M Jasnow
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, USA.
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Farias SDS, Dierings AC, Mufalo VC, Sabei L, Parada Sarmiento M, da Silva AN, Ferraz PA, Pugliesi G, Ribeiro CVDM, Oliveira CADA, Zanella AJ. Asinine milk mitigates stress-mediated immune, cortisol and behavioral responses of piglets to weaning: A study to foster future interventions in humans. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139249. [PMID: 37122716 PMCID: PMC10140756 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study assessed whether asinine milk supplementation improved the immune and behavioral responses of piglets during an early life weaning stress event as a model for its future use in humans. Methods For this, 48 piglets from 4 different litters were used. At 20 days of age, piglets were weighed and allocated with their litter and dam into group pens until 28 days of age. Four piglets from each litter were then randomly assigned to either (1) asinine milk supplementation (n = 16) (2), skimmed cow milk supplementation (n = 16) or (3) no supplementation (n = 16; control group). The supplementations were voluntarily administered for 3 days preweaning and 3 days postweaning using a baby bottle. The effects on the weaning stress response were assessed through salivary cortisol measurements; behavioral tests such as the open field, novel object end elevated plus maze tests; and gene expression of HSD11B1, NR3C1 and IL1B in PBMCs, which was determined by RT-qPCR and normalized to GAPDH and UBB. To test the effect of the supplementations on weight, milk intake, gene expression, and behavior, a randomized block design was used with repeated measurements over time by the PROC MIXED procedure. Results and discussion The effects on salivary cortisol were determined using the ratio between the morning and afternoon concentrations, considering the time before and after the weaning event. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Fisher's test were performed to evaluate the behavior test data. When comparing salivary cortisol concentrations between the pre- and postweaning periods, there was a difference (p < 0.05) between the supplementation groups in the afternoon period, suggesting that piglets fed asinine milk had lower afternoon cortisol concentrations postweaning than their counterparts. For the behavioral tests, the supplementations had no measurable effects. No difference was between groups pre- and postweaning for the expression of HSD11B2, which codes for an enzyme that breaks down cortisol. However, the expression of NR3C1, which encodes the glucocorticoid receptor, was significantly upregulated in piglets supplemented with cow milk (mean 1.245; p < 0.05). Conclusion Asinine milk downregulated 1L1B gene expression, which codes for an inflammatory cytokine. In conclusion, these results suggest that supplementation with asinine milk may represent a strategy to diminish the damage associated with an early life event by modulating IL1B expression and reducing salivary cortisol levels in piglets undergoing weaning stress. Further transcriptomic and metabolomic studies may improve our understanding of the molecular pathways that mediate this systemic immune-mediated response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharacely de Souza Farias
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Sharacely de Souza Farias, ; Adroaldo José Zanella,
| | - Ana Carolina Dierings
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Cardoso Mufalo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Sabei
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisol Parada Sarmiento
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Arthur Nery da Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Assis Ferraz
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Pugliesi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Vaz Di Mambro Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Chiara Albano de Araujo Oliveira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Adroaldo José Zanella
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Sharacely de Souza Farias, ; Adroaldo José Zanella,
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Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10 predict therapy outcome of female patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:472. [PMID: 36351891 PMCID: PMC9646837 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PTSD patients show alterations of the immune system, mainly a 'low-grade inflammation'. Psychotherapeutic treatments are meant to reduce symptom burden of PTSD patients but 30-50% of PTSD patients do not benefit from psychotherapy. Therefore, in this study, the predictive effect of cytokine levels on therapy outcome are investigated. Pro- (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines in female PTSD patients (N = 17) were assessed under acute stress during a Trier social stress test (TSST) before therapeutic treatment. The predictive effects of IL-6 and IL-10 on therapy outcome (SCL_GSI, BDI) after an inpatient psychotherapeutic treatment at the University Medical Center Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden was investigated. Areas under the curve with respect to ground (AUCG) and increase (AUCI) for IL-6 and IL-10 levels during the TSST were calculated and used as predictors in regression analyses with pre-treatment scores. Models including all three predictors show good model fits (R2 = 0.255 to 0.744). Models including AUCG and AUCI scores show superior fits compared with models including pre-treatment scores alone (ΔR2 = 0.196 to 0.444). IL-6 AUCG and AUCI scores are significant predictors for post-treatment SCL-GSI and BDI (β = -0.554 to 0.853), whereas IL-10 AUCG significantly predicts SCL-GSI and BDI (β = -0.449 to -0.509). Therefore, pro- and anti-inflammatory IL-6 and IL-10 levels under acute stress before therapy predict therapy outcome of female PTSD patients regarding general symptom burden and depressive symptoms. Future studies should further address the link between inflammation and therapy outcome, especially underlying mechanisms and influencing factors.
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Biological markers in clinical psychological research - A systematic framework applied to HPA axis regulation in PTSD. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2022; 11:100148. [PMID: 35967927 PMCID: PMC9363642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological markers, particularly endocrine measurements, are increasingly being integrated into clinical psychological research. We introduce a systematic framework that classifies different functions of such biomarkers. The framework distinguishes between diagnostic biomarkers which add a biological perspective to conventional clinical assessments, prognostic biomarkers that inform about an individual’s risk to develop or maintain a mental health disorder, and intervention-related biomarkers. Regarding interventions, including prevention and treatment, it further distinguishes between prescriptive biomarkers which predict an individual’s response to an intervention, outcome biomarkers which evaluate intervention-related changes on a biological level and indicators of change mechanisms. We demonstrate how to apply the framework by exemplarily classifying and describing previously published systematic reviews and primary empirical studies on endogenous, peripheral cortisol concentrations as a biomarker for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The evidence on cortisol’s diagnostic and prognostic value is heterogeneous and still sparse regarding parameters based on multiple cortisol measurements, such as the cortisol awakening response. With regard to interventions, most research focused on trauma-focused psychotherapy and cortisol reactivity to trauma reminders. This field of research appears to be growing and very promising due to its potential to optimize PTSD-related interventions. The proposed framework can help in gaining a systematic overview of existing research. It can assist in structuring, comparing, summarizing and evaluating empirical studies, and in identifying research gaps. Iagnostic biomarkers can inform about biological alterations in mental disorders. Prognostic biomarkers can help to predict the development of a mental disorder. Biomarkers can indicate the outcome, differential effects, or mechanisms of change of clinical psychological interventions.
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7
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Levinson DB, Halverson TF, Wilson SM, Fu R. Less dropout from prolonged exposure sessions prescribed at least twice weekly: A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:1047-1059. [PMID: 35278229 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Trauma-focused psychotherapies, such as prolonged exposure (PE), are strongly recommended to treat posttraumatic stress disorder due to their effects in reducing symptoms. However, such therapies may also suffer from high dropout rates. To investigate how clients might benefit from trauma-focused therapy while minimizing dropout, we conducted a meta-analysis of 1,508 adults from 35 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of outpatient PE programs to evaluate treatment frequency as a predictor of dropout. When an RCT prescribed PE sessions at least twice weekly compared to less frequently, the dropout rate was significantly lower at 21.0%, 95% CI [13.9%, 30.4%], compared to 34.0%, 95% CI [28.9%, 39.4%], OR = 0.52, 95% CI [0.30, 0.89], p = .018. It was not possible to draw causal conclusions, as only one RCT compared two PE treatment frequencies head-to-head. Nonetheless, the findings remained significant after controlling for study characteristics. These data invite reconsideration of the common practice of weekly psychotherapy in favor of twice-weekly sessions in standard outpatient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tate F Halverson
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah M Wilson
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Neurosciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rongwei Fu
- School of Public Health, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Palamarchuk IS, Vaillancourt T. Integrative Brain Dynamics in Childhood Bullying Victimization: Cognitive and Emotional Convergence Associated With Stress Psychopathology. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:782154. [PMID: 35573445 PMCID: PMC9097078 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.782154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bullying victimization is a form of psychological stress that is associated with poor outcomes in the areas of mental health and learning. Although the emotional maladjustment and memory impairment following interpersonal stress are well documented, the mechanisms of complex cerebral dysfunctions have neither been outlined nor studied in depth in the context of childhood bullying victimization. As a contribution to the cross-disciplinary field of developmental psychology and neuroscience, we review the neuropathophysiology of early life stress, as well as general psychological stress to synthesize the data and clarify the versatile dynamics within neuronal networks linked to bullying victimization. The stress-induced neuropsychological cascade and associated cerebral networks with a focus on cognitive and emotional convergence are described. The main findings are that stress-evoked neuroendocrine reactivity relates to neuromodulation and limbic dysregulation that hinder emotion processing and executive functioning such as semantic cognition, cognitive flexibility, and learning. Developmental aspects and interacting neural mechanisms linked to distressed cognitive and emotional processing are pinpointed and potential theory-of-mind nuances in targets of bullying are presented. The results show that childhood stress psychopathology is associated with a complex interplay where the major role belongs to, but is not limited to, the amygdala, fusiform gyrus, insula, striatum, and prefrontal cortex. This interplay contributes to the sensitivity toward facial expressions, poor cognitive reasoning, and distress that affect behavioral modulation and emotion regulation. We integrate the data on major brain dynamics in stress neuroactivity that can be associated with childhood psychopathology to help inform future studies that are focused on the treatment and prevention of psychiatric disorders and learning problems in bullied children and adolescents.
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Paixão Pequeno D, Pequeno Galvão L, Lourenço GJ. Addressing psychiatric disorders and genetics: the meaningful use of comics for health information. J Vis Commun Med 2022; 45:154-159. [PMID: 35315748 DOI: 10.1080/17453054.2022.2029369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the fields of healthcare and education, comics have shown considerable academic and teaching importance, with their combination of text and images. As a well-known character in comics, Batman allows us to discuss several relevant topics, from the outcomes in adulthood of experiencing parental death in childhood to genetic and epigenetic changes that may be factors of vulnerability to psychiatric disorders in adulthood. In this text, a narrative of Batman is developed, demonstrating the possibility of using it in an academic context and intending at paying greater attention to patients' history and the relationship between genetics and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paixão Pequeno
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Jacob Lourenço
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fischer S, Schumacher T, Knaevelsrud C, Ehlert U, Schumacher S. Genes and hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in post-traumatic stress disorder. What is their role in symptom expression and treatment response? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1279-1286. [PMID: 33825945 PMCID: PMC8423677 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Less than half of all individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remit spontaneously and a large proportion of those seeking treatment do not respond sufficiently. This suggests that there may be subgroups of individuals who are in need of augmentative or alternative treatments. One of the most frequent pathophysiological findings in PTSD is alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, including enhanced negative feedback sensitivity and attenuated peripheral cortisol. Given the role of the HPA axis in cognition, this pattern may contribute to PTSD symptoms and interfere with key processes of standard first-line treatments, such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT). METHODS This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current state of research regarding the role of HPA axis functioning in PTSD symptoms and treatment. RESULTS Overall, there is preliminary evidence that hypocortisolaemia contributes to symptom manifestation in PTSD; that it predicts non-responses to TF-CBT; and that it is subject to change in parallel with positive treatment trajectories. Moreover, there is evidence that genetic and epigenetic alterations within the genes NR3C1 and FKBP5 are associated with this hypocortisolaemic pattern and that some of these alterations change as symptoms improve over the course of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Future research priorities include investigations into the role of the HPA axis in day-to-day symptom variation, the time scale in which biological changes in response to treatment occur, and the effects of sex. Furthermore, before conceiving augmentative or alternative treatments that target the described mechanisms, multilevel studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Fischer
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14/Box 26, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Tabea Schumacher
- Department of Education and Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Knaevelsrud
- Department of Education and Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14/Box 26, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schumacher
- Department of Education and Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Health Faculty, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Health and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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11
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Edwards-Stewart A, Smolenski DJ, Bush NE, Cyr BA, Beech EH, Skopp NA, Belsher BE. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Treatment Dropout Among Military and Veteran Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Trauma Stress 2021; 34:808-818. [PMID: 33524199 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
High treatment dropout rates reported in recent literature have brought into question the effectiveness of trauma-focused posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatments among military populations. The aim of the current systematic review was to evaluate PTSD treatment dropout rates among military populations by treatment type and other study-level variables. We searched four databases as well as gray literature for randomized controlled trials that evaluated evidence-based PTSD treatments in samples of active duty personnel and/or veterans. In total, 26 studies were included in this review, with a total of 2,984 participants. We analyzed dropout rates across treatment types using multivariate meta-analysis. Across all forms of treatment, the aggregated dropout rate was 24.2%. Dropout percentages based on treatment type were 27.1% for trauma-focused treatments, 16.1% for non-trauma-focused treatments, and 6.8% for waitlist groups. We found substantial heterogeneity between studies that was not explained by military status or other study-level covariates. Summary risk ratios (RRs) comparing relative dropout between treatment groups indicated that trauma-focused treatment groups had a higher risk of dropout compared to non-trauma-focused treatments, RR = 1.60. The statistical heterogeneity of within-treatment dropout risk ratios was negligible. Dropout rates among military patients receiving trauma-focused therapies were only slightly higher than those reported in the literature among civilian populations and were not explained by study-level covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Edwards-Stewart
- Department of Health Affairs, Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Research Branch, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Derek J Smolenski
- Department of Health Affairs, Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Performance & Analytics Branch, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Nigel E Bush
- Department of Health Affairs, Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Research Branch, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Betty-Ann Cyr
- Alliant International University, the California School of Professional Psychology, Clinical Psychology, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Erin H Beech
- Department of Health Affairs, Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Research Branch, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Nancy A Skopp
- Department of Health Affairs, Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Research Branch, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Bradley E Belsher
- Department of Health Affairs, Psychological Health Center of Excellence, Research Branch, Tacoma, Washington, USA
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Stuke H, Schoofs N, Johanssen H, Bermpohl F, Ülsmann D, Schulte-Herbrüggen O, Priebe K. Predicting outcome of daycare cognitive behavioural therapy in a naturalistic sample of patients with PTSD: a machine learning approach. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021; 12:1958471. [PMID: 34589175 PMCID: PMC8475102 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1958471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying predictors for treatment outcome in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is important in order to provide an effective treatment, but robust and replicated treatment outcome predictors are not available up to now. OBJECTIVES We investigated predictors of treatment outcome in a naturalistic sample of patients with PTSD admitted to an 8-week daycare cognitive behavioural therapy programme following a wide range of traumatic events. METHOD We used machine learning (linear and non-linear regressors and cross-validation) to predict outcome at discharge for 116 patients and sustained treatment effects 6 months after discharge for 52 patients who had a follow-up assessment. Predictions were based on a wide selection of demographic and clinical assessments including age, gender, comorbid psychiatric disorders, trauma history, posttraumatic symptoms, posttraumatic cognitions, depressive symptoms, general psychopathology and psychosocial functioning. RESULTS We found that demographic and clinical variables significantly, but only modestly predicted PTSD treatment outcome at discharge (r = 0.21, p = .021 for the best model) and follow-up (r = 0.31, p = .026). Among the included variables, more severe posttraumatic cognitions were negatively associated with treatment outcome. Early response in PTSD symptomatology (percentage change of symptom scores after 4 weeks of treatment) allowed more accurate predictions of outcome at discharge (r = 0.56, p < .001) and follow-up (r = 0.43, p = .001). CONCLUSION Our results underscore the importance of early treatment response for short- and long-term treatment success. Nevertheless, it remains an unresolved challenge to identify variables that can robustly predict outcome before the initiation of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner Stuke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikola Schoofs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen Johanssen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Bermpohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Ülsmann
- Friedrich Von Bodelschwingh-Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Schulte-Herbrüggen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Friedrich Von Bodelschwingh-Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathlen Priebe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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van Gelderen MJ, Nijdam MJ, de Vries F, Meijer OC, Vermetten E. Exposure-related cortisol predicts outcome of psychotherapy in veterans with treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 130:387-393. [PMID: 32889356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning has been related to treatment outcome in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous studies have primarily focused on cortisol levels before and after a course of therapy and findings have not been fully consistent. This study investigated session-related cortisol levels in veterans with treatment-resistant PTSD over the course of a novel motion-assisted virtual reality exposure therapy and aimed to determine whether cortisol levels were related to changes in PTSD symptom severity. METHODS Veterans (N = 22) received six exposure sessions during which salivary cortisol samples were collected pre-session, post-session and in the late afternoon following sessions. PTSD symptom severity was assessed by structured clinical interviews at pre- and post-treatment. Average cortisol levels were compared between responders and non-responders. Linear regression analyses were conducted with PTSD symptom change as criterion variable, average cortisol levels as predictor, and timing of sampling and baseline PTSD symptoms as covariates. RESULTS Responders to treatment tended to have higher average cortisol levels at pre-session (p = 0.064) and post-session (p = 0.050) compared to non-responders. Higher average pre-session and post-session cortisol levels predicted greater PTSD symptom improvement (pre: b = -1.83, p = 0.009; post: b = -3.57, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary evidence for session-related cortisol as biomarker of response to exposure-based therapies for PTSD. Higher cortisol levels may have facilitated fear extinction and reconsolidation, and may indicate increased physiological stress activation necessary for appropriate treatment engagement. Further work involving comparable methodology is encouraged to establish session-related cortisol as biomarker and to determine the mechanisms through which it interacts with treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke J van Gelderen
- ARQ Centrum'45, ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Nienoord 5, 1112XE, Diemen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Mirjam J Nijdam
- ARQ Centrum'45, ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Nienoord 5, 1112XE, Diemen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Friso de Vries
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Vermetten
- ARQ Centrum'45, ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Nienoord 5, 1112XE, Diemen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands; Military Mental Health-Research, Ministry of Defense, Lundlaan 1, 3584 EZ, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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14
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Castro-Vale I, Carvalho D. The Pathways between Cortisol-Related Regulation Genes and PTSD Psychotherapy. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:healthcare8040376. [PMID: 33019527 PMCID: PMC7712185 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) only develops after exposure to a traumatic event in some individuals. PTSD can be chronic and debilitating, and is associated with co-morbidities such as depression, substance use, and cardiometabolic disorders. One of the most important pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of PTSD and its subsequent maintenance is a dysfunctional hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The corticotrophin-releasing hormone, cortisol, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and their respective genes are some of the mediators of PTSD's pathophysiology. Several treatments are available, including medication and psychotherapies, although their success rate is limited. Some pharmacological therapies based on the HPA axis are currently being tested in clinical trials and changes in HPA axis biomarkers have been found to occur in response not only to pharmacological treatments, but also to psychotherapy-including the epigenetic modification of the GR gene. Psychotherapies are considered to be the first line treatments for PTSD in some guidelines, even though they are effective for some, but not for all patients with PTSD. This review aims to address how knowledge of the HPA axis-related genetic makeup can inform and predict the outcomes of psychotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Castro-Vale
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Davide Carvalho
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, São João Hospital University Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
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15
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Kellner M, Yassouridis A, Adel F, Muhtz C, Jelinek L, Wiedemann K. Cortisol, DHEA and DHEA-S during exposure therapy in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder - secretion patterns and prediction of treatment response. Psychiatry Res 2020; 291:113288. [PMID: 32763549 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cortisol response in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) during exposure with response prevention (ERP), a stressful but very effective psychotherapeutic treatment, has shown contradictory findings in three prior studies with low sample sizes. In a larger cohort of 51 patients with OCD we repeatedly measured subjective units of distress (SUD) and the adrenocortical stress hormones cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) in saliva during the very first session of ERP and on the day before. Expectedly, SUD were increased on the ERP day before the session and further rose during ERP, but salivary cortisol and DHEA were statistically indistinguishable from the comparison condition. Interestingly, DHEA-S was significantly elevated throughout the ERP versus the comparison day, but did not further increase in acute response to ERP. According to an explorative analysis in a subsample, hormone levels on the comparison or the ERP day did not predict anti-OCD treatment response one month later. These results corroborate our prior findings of cortisol non-response despite considerable subjective stress in ERP. The role of DHEA-S in anticipatory anxiety and the effects of augmentative cortisol therapy in ERP need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kellner
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hamburg, Germany; Herford Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, Herford, Germany.
| | - Alexander Yassouridis
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Statistics and Biomathematics, Munich, Germany
| | - Fred Adel
- Herford Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, Herford, Germany
| | - Christoph Muhtz
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Jelinek
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Wiedemann
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Barawi KS, Lewis C, Simon N, Bisson JI. A systematic review of factors associated with outcome of psychological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2020; 11:1774240. [PMID: 33029317 PMCID: PMC7473314 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1774240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are not always effective and can leave some individuals with enduring symptoms. Little is known about factors that are associated with better or worse treatment outcome. Our objective was to address this gap. METHOD We undertook a systematic review following Cochrane Collaboration Guidelines. We included 126 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychological interventions for PTSD and examined factors that were associated with treatment outcome, in terms of severity of PTSD symptoms post-treatment, and recovery or remission. RESULTS Associations were neither consistent nor strong. Two factors were associated with smaller reductions in severity of PTSD symptoms post-treatment: comorbid diagnosis of depression, and higher PTSD symptom severity at baseline assessment. Higher education, adherence to homework and experience of a more recent trauma were associated with better treatment outcome. CONCLUSION Identifying and understanding why certain factors are associated with treatment outcome is vital to determine which individuals are most likely to benefit from particular treatments and to develop more effective treatments in the future. There is an urgent need for consistent and standardized reporting of factors associated with treatment outcome in all clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kali S Barawi
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales, UK
| | - Catrin Lewis
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales, UK
| | - Natalie Simon
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales, UK
| | - Jonathan I Bisson
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales, UK
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17
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Bound Together: How Psychoanalysis Diminishes Inter-generational DNA Trauma. Am J Psychoanal 2020; 80:196-218. [PMID: 32488025 DOI: 10.1057/s11231-020-09247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The concept of intergenerational transmission of trauma plays a fundamental role in psychoanalysis. While it is known that intergenerational trauma can be transmitted through attachment relationships, a new branch of genetics (epigenetics) has emerged to study the interaction between human behavior and changes in DNA expression. Therefore, psychoanalysis, which has proven to reduce the intergenerational transmission of trauma from a behavioral perspective, can play a positive role in regulating DNA changes caused by environmental stress. The present paper focuses on recent research suggesting a direct correlation between psychological trauma and DNA modifications. In particular, DNA changes caused by psychological trauma can be transmitted from generation to generation, validating the psychoanalytic concept of intergenerational transmission of trauma. This evidence not only supports the essential role psychoanalysis has in influencing human behavior, but also suggests that it affects not only the individuals who undergo it but their offspring, as well, via the epigenetic passage of DNA.
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18
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Kim BK, Fonda JR, Hauger RL, Pinna G, Anderson GM, Valovski IT, Rasmusson AM. Composite contributions of cerebrospinal fluid GABAergic neurosteroids, neuropeptide Y and interleukin-6 to PTSD symptom severity in men with PTSD. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 12:100220. [PMID: 32435669 PMCID: PMC7231970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that multiple neurobiological systems, as well as components within these systems are impacted by stress, and may interact in additive, compensatory and synergistic ways to promote or mitigate PTSD risk, severity, and recovery, we thought that it would be important to consider the collective, as well as separate effects of these neurobiological systems on PTSD risk. With this goal in mind, we conducted a proof-of-concept study utilizing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from unmedicated, tobacco- and illicit substance-free men with PTSD (n = 13) and trauma-exposed healthy controls (TC) (n = 17). Thirteen neurobiological factors thought to contribute to PTSD risk or severity based on previous studies were assayed. As the small but typical sample size of this lumbar puncture study limited the number of factors that could be considered in a hierarchical regression model, we included only those five factors with at least a moderate correlation (Spearman rho > 0.30) with total Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-IV) scores, and that did not violate multicollinearity criteria. Three of the five factors meeting these criteria—CSF allopregnanolone and pregnanolone (Allo + PA: equipotent GABAergic metabolites of progesterone), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)—were found to account for over 75% of the variance in the CAPS-IV scores (R2 = 0.766, F = 8.75, p = 0.007). CSF Allo + PA levels were negatively associated with PTSD severity (β = −0.523, p = 0.02) and accounted for 47% of the variance in CAPS-IV scores. CSF NPY was positively associated with PTSD severity (β = 0.410, p = 0.04) and accounted for 14.7% of the CAPS-IV variance. There was a trend for a positive association between PTSD severity and CSF IL-6 levels, which accounted for 15.3% of the variance in PTSD severity (β = 0.423, p = 0.05). Z-scores were then computed for each of the three predictive factors and used to depict the varying relative degrees to which each contributed to PTSD severity at the individual PTSD patient level. This first of its kind, proof-of-concept study bears replication in larger samples. However, it highlights the collective effects of dysregulated neurobiological systems on PTSD symptom severity and the heterogeneity of potential biological treatment targets across individual PTSD patients—thus supporting the need for precision medicine approaches to treatment development and prescribing in PTSD.
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Key Words
- 3α-HSD, 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- Allo + PA, sum of allopregnanolone and pregnanolone
- EIA, enzyme immunoassay
- GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- HPLC, high pressure liquid chromatography
- LP, lumbar puncture
- PE, prolonged exposure therapy
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- RIA, radioimmunoassay
- TC, trauma-exposed control
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Kil Kim
- VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Jennifer R Fonda
- VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Richard L Hauger
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Graziano Pinna
- The Psychiatric Institute, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St. MC912 Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - George M Anderson
- Child Study Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine S. Frontage Rd. New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Ivan T Valovski
- VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St. Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ann M Rasmusson
- VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,VA National Center for PTSD Women's Health Science Division, 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA
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19
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Lewis C, Roberts NP, Andrew M, Starling E, Bisson JI. Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2020; 11:1729633. [PMID: 32284821 PMCID: PMC7144187 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1729633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Psychological therapies are the recommended first-line treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous systematic reviews have grouped theoretically similar interventions to determine differences between broadly distinct approaches. Consequently, we know little regarding the relative efficacy of the specific manualized therapies commonly applied to the treatment of PTSD. Objective: To determine the effect sizes of manualized therapies for PTSD. Methods: We undertook a systematic review following Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. A pre-determined definition of clinical importance was applied to the results and the quality of evidence was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. Results: 114 randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) of 8171 participants were included. There was robust evidence that the therapies broadly defined as CBT with a trauma focus (CBT-T), as well as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), had a clinically important effect. The manualized CBT-Ts with the strongest evidence of effect were Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT); Cognitive Therapy (CT); and Prolonged Exposure (PE). There was also some evidence supporting CBT without a trauma focus; group CBT with a trauma focus; guided internet-based CBT; and Present Centred Therapy (PCT). There was emerging evidence for a number of other therapies. Conclusions: A recent increase in RCTs of psychological therapies for PTSD, results in a more confident recommendation of CBT-T and EMDR as the first-line treatments. Among the CBT-Ts considered by the review CPT, CT and PE should be the treatments of choice. The findings should guide evidence informed shared decision-making between patient and clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrin Lewis
- National Centre for Mental Health (NCMH), Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Neil P. Roberts
- National Centre for Mental Health (NCMH), Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Directorate of Psychology and Psychological Therapies, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Martin Andrew
- Cardiff Traumatic Stress Service, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elise Starling
- National Centre for Mental Health (NCMH), Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jonathan I. Bisson
- National Centre for Mental Health (NCMH), Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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20
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Lewis C, Roberts NP, Gibson S, Bisson JI. Dropout from psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2020; 11:1709709. [PMID: 32284816 PMCID: PMC7144189 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1709709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the established efficacy of psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) there has been little systematic exploration of dropout rates. Objective: To ascertain rates of dropout across different modalities of psychological therapy for PTSD and to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. Method: A systematic review of dropout rates from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychological therapies was conducted. The pooled rate of dropout from psychological therapies was estimated and reasons for heterogeneity explored using meta-regression. Results:: The pooled rate of dropout from RCTs of psychological therapies for PTSD was 16% (95% CI 14-18%). There was evidence of substantial heterogeneity across studies. We found evidence that psychological therapies with a trauma-focus were significantly associated with greater dropout. There was no evidence of greater dropout from therapies delivered in a group format; from studies that recruited participants from clinical services rather than via advertisements; that included only military personnel/veterans; that were limited to participants traumatized by sexual traumas; that included a higher proportion of female participants; or from studies with a lower proportion of participants who were university educated. Conclusions: Dropout rates from recommended psychological therapies for PTSD are high and this appears to be particularly true of interventions with a trauma focus. There is a need to further explore the reasons for dropout and to look at ways of increasing treatment retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrin Lewis
- National Centre for Mental Health (NCMH), Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Neil P Roberts
- National Centre for Mental Health (NCMH), Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.,Psychology and Psychological Therapies, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK.,Cardiff University Traumatic Stress Service, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Samuel Gibson
- National Centre for Mental Health (NCMH), Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jonathan I Bisson
- National Centre for Mental Health (NCMH), Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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21
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Zantvoord JB, Ensink JBM, Op den Kelder R, Wessel AMA, Lok A, Lindauer RJL. Pretreatment cortisol predicts trauma-focused psychotherapy response in youth with (partial) posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 109:104380. [PMID: 31352130 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite availability of effective trauma-focused psychotherapies, treatment non-response in youth with (partial) posttraumatic stress disorder remains substantial. Studies in adult PTSD have suggested that cortisol is associated with treatment outcome. Furthermore, cortisol prior to treatment could be used to predict treatment success. However, there is a lack of comparable studies in youth with (partial) PTSD. The objective of the current study was therefore to test whether cortisol prior to treatment would differ between treatment responders and non-responders and would positively predict the extent of clinical improvement in youth with (partial) PTSD. METHODS Youth aged 8-18 with PTSD (79.2%) or partial PTSD (20.8%) were treated with 8 sessions of either trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Prior to treatment initiation, salivary cortisol was measured in treatment responders (n = 23) and treatment non-responders (n = 30) at 10 and 1 min before and 10, 20 and 30 min after personalized trauma script driven imagery (SDI). The cortisol stress response (>1.5 nmol/L increase from baseline) and basal cortisol secretion was assessed during the SDI procedure. We hypothesized that treatment responders would display higher cortisol levels caused by increased cortisol reactivity prior to trauma-focused psychotherapy relative to psychotherapy non-responders and higher cortisol levels would positively predict the extent of clinical improvement. RESULTS Script driven imagery did not induce a cortisol stress response in all but two participants. Prior to treatment responders showed significantly higher basal cortisol secretion during SDI compared to treatment non-responders. This effect remained significant after controlling for gender. Higher pre-treatment basal cortisol secretion further positively predicted the extent of clinical improvement during trauma-focused psychotherapy. CONCLUSION Because SDI failed to provoke a cortisol stress response in our sample, the question if cortisol reactivity differs between treatment responders and non-responders remains inconclusive. However, our results do suggest that higher pretreatment basal cortisol secretion forms a potential indicator of prospective trauma-focused psychotherapy response in youth with (partial) PTSD. Although, the amount of uniquely explained variance in clinical improvement by pre-treatment cortisol secretion is limited and still renders insufficient basis for clinical applicability, these findings do suggest directions for future studies to delineate the mechanisms of treatment success in youth with (partial) PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper B Zantvoord
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Judith B M Ensink
- The Bascule, Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rosanne Op den Kelder
- The Bascule, Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aimy M A Wessel
- The Bascule, Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anja Lok
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ramon J L Lindauer
- The Bascule, Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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22
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Mehta D, Pelzer ES, Bruenig D, Lawford B, McLeay S, Morris CP, Gibson JN, Young RM, Voisey J, Harvey W, Romaniuk M, Crawford D, Colquhoun D, Young RM, Dwyer M, Gibson J, O'Sullivan R, Cooksley G, Strakosch C, Thomson R, Voisey J, Lawford B. DNA methylation from germline cells in veterans with PTSD. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 116:42-50. [PMID: 31195163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated genome-wide sperm DNA methylation patterns in trauma-exposed Vietnam veterans. At the genome-wide level, we identified 3 CpG sites associated with PTSD in sperm including two intergenic and one CpG within the CCDC88C gene. Of those associated with PTSD in sperm at a nominal level, 1868 CpGs were also associated with PTSD in peripheral blood (5.6% overlap) including the RORA, CRHR1 and DOCK2 genes that have been previously implicated in PTSD. A total of 10 CpG sites were significantly associated with a reported history of a diagnosed mental health condition in children and reached genome-wide significance. CpGs associated with a history of a reported mental health condition in children were also enriched (90% of tested genes) for genes previously reported to be resistant to demethylation, making them strong candidates for transgenerational inheritance. In conclusion, our findings identify a unique sperm-specific DNA methylation pattern that is associated with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Mehta
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia.
| | - Elise S Pelzer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Dagmar Bruenig
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia; Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Newdegate Street, Greenslopes, QLD, 4120, Australia
| | - Bruce Lawford
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Sarah McLeay
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Newdegate Street, Greenslopes, QLD, 4120, Australia
| | - Charles P Morris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - John N Gibson
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Newdegate Street, Greenslopes, QLD, 4120, Australia
| | - Ross McD Young
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia; Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Newdegate Street, Greenslopes, QLD, 4120, Australia
| | - Joanne Voisey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
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23
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Kress V, Steudte-Schmiedgen S, Kopp M, Förster A, Altus C, Schier C, Wimberger P, Kirschbaum C, von Soest T, Weidner K, Junge-Hoffmeister J, Garthus-Niegel S. The Impact of Parental Role Distributions, Work Participation, and Stress Factors on Family Health-Related Outcomes: Study Protocol of the Prospective Multi-Method Cohort "Dresden Study on Parenting, Work, and Mental Health" (DREAM). Front Psychol 2019; 10:1273. [PMID: 31263435 PMCID: PMC6584823 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dresden Study on Parenting, Work, and Mental Health (“DResdner Studie zu Elternschaft, Arbeit, und Mentaler Gesundheit”, DREAM) aims to prospectively investigate the relationship between parental work participation, role distribution, stress factors, and their effects on perinatal outcomes and long-term family mental and somatic health in a community sample targeting N = 4,000 individuals, i.e., 2,000 couples, expecting a child and residing in Dresden, Germany (interim sample of N = 1,410 participants, recruitment ongoing). Various questionnaires are completed at four measurement points from pregnancy to 2 years postpartum (prolongation into middle childhood planned). Applying a multi-method approach, long-term endocrinological data (analyses of hair cortisol concentrations and other endogenous hormones, “DREAMHAIR”) and qualitative interview data (regarding gender role attitudes and distribution of domestic work, child care, and paid employment; “DREAMTALK”) are obtained. In this study protocol, the theoretical background, methods, and preliminary results considering sociodemographic characteristics during pregnancy and birth-related factors at 8 weeks postpartum are presented. Additionally, there is a focus on our endocrinological sub-study DREAMHAIR. In this sub-study currently comprising N = 152 participants, i.e., 88 families (recruitment ongoing), we want to gain knowledge on the transgenerational processes of stress regulation and psychopathology in the whole family by analyzing hair cortisol concentrations in both parents and children during the course from pregnancy (or after birth regarding children) to at least 2 years postpartum. By comparing data of the community sample to a clinical sample of mothers with postpartum mental disorders, their children, and their partners during the period between admission and discharge from a mother-baby unit and post-treatment (“DREAMMBU”), the course of mothers' psychopathology, parent-infant interaction, and infant regulation disorders with special regard to long-term endocrine correlates will be examined. With previous studies neglecting the fathers or partners involved, a major advantage of DREAM is the use of a multi-method and multi-level approach by examining the whole family in a longitudinal design. Therefore, the DREAM study will contribute to a better understanding of the role of social, work, and stress factors for mental and somatic health and its long-term endocrine correlates in the natural course of becoming a family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Kress
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susann Steudte-Schmiedgen
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie Kopp
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anke Förster
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Caroline Altus
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Caroline Schier
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pauline Wimberger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Institute of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilmann von Soest
- Department of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kerstin Weidner
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Juliane Junge-Hoffmeister
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Child Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Spencer-Segal JL, Akil H. Glucocorticoids and resilience. Horm Behav 2019; 111:131-134. [PMID: 30448249 PMCID: PMC7384477 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
All organisms endure frequent challenges to homeostasis, or stressors, that require adaptation. Depending on the individual, the context, and the magnitude of stress, this active adaptation can lead to behavioral susceptibility or resilience. The latter is an under-appreciated consequence of stress, as the damaging effects of chronic stress and chronically elevated glucocorticoids have received much more attention. We suggest here that neural pathways promoting resilience are initiated at the time of stress, and that they involve glucocorticoid signaling. By focusing on the neurobiology of resilience induction and the identification of vulnerable individuals, we may be able to intervene in the future at the time of stress to promote positive adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Spencer-Segal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America; Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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25
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Schubert CF, Schreckenbach M, Kirmeier T, Gall-Kleebach DJ, Wollweber B, Buell DR, Uhr M, Rosner R, Schmidt U. PTSD psychotherapy improves blood pressure but leaves HPA axis feedback sensitivity stable and unaffected: First evidence from a pre-post treatment study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 100:254-263. [PMID: 30391833 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although key to development of tailored drugs for augmentation treatment of psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the biological correlates of PTSD remission are still unknown, probably because pre-post treatment studies searching for them are rare. Not even the feedback sensitivity of the otherwise well-studied hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis nor arterial blood pressure (BP), which was previously reported to be elevated in PTSD patients, have so far been analyzed during PTSD treatment. To narrow this knowledge gap, we first performed an overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in a mixed-sex cohort of 25 patients with severe PTSD vs. 20 non-traumatized healthy controls (nt-HC). In addition to hormones, BP and heart rate (HR) were measured at each of the four assessment points (APs). Second, the same parameters were assessed again in 16 of these patients after 12 sessions of integrative trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (iTF-CBT). In relation to nt-HC, PTSD patients showed a significant elevation in HR and diastolic BP while their systolic BP, DST outcomes and basal serum cortisol levels (BSCL) were not significantly altered. In response to iTF-CBT, PTSD symptoms and dysfunctional stress coping strategies improved significantly in PTSD patients. Most important, also their systolic and diastolic BP levels ameliorated at distinct APs while their DST outcomes and BSCL remained unchanged. To our knowledge, this is the first pre-post treatment study assessing the stability of the DST outcome and BP levels during PTSD treatment. Our results provide first evidence for a non-involvement of HPA axis feedback sensitivity in PTSD symptom improvement and, furthermore, suggest a possible role for BP-regulating pathways such as the sympathetic nervous system in PTSD remission. Limitations arise from the small sample size, the lack of an untreated patient group and drug treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine F Schubert
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Psychiatry, RG Molecular Psychotraumatology, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 Munich, Germany; Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Ostenstraße 25, 85072 Eichstätt, Germany; Ludwig Maximilians University, Department of Psychology, Leopoldstraße 44, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Schreckenbach
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Psychiatry, RG Molecular Psychotraumatology, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Dominique J Gall-Kleebach
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Psychiatry, RG Molecular Psychotraumatology, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 Munich, Germany; Verein für Klinische Verhaltenstherapie (VFKV) - Ausbildungsinstitut München gGmbH, Lindwurmstr. 117, 80337 München, Germany
| | - Bastian Wollweber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Psychiatry, RG Molecular Psychotraumatology, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik R Buell
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Psychiatry, RG Molecular Psychotraumatology, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Uhr
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Department, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Rita Rosner
- Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Ostenstraße 25, 85072 Eichstätt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Psychiatry, RG Molecular Psychotraumatology, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 Munich, Germany; University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychotrauma Treatment Unit & RG Stress Modulation of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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26
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Schindler L, Shaheen M, Saar-Ashkenazy R, Bani Odeh K, Sass SH, Friedman A, Kirschbaum C. Victims of War: Dehydroepiandrosterone Concentrations in Hair and Their Associations with Trauma Sequelae in Palestinian Adolescents Living in the West Bank. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9020020. [PMID: 30678071 PMCID: PMC6406342 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its anti-glucocorticoid properties, the steroid hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) might play a role for coping with traumatic stress and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The majority of studies report elevated DHEA secretion and decreased cortisol/DHEA ratio associated with traumatic stress, however, contrasting results have also been published. One reason for this heterogeneity might be that in past studies, DHEA has been measured in plasma or saliva samples reflecting acute hormone levels. In comparison, the current study assessed the hair levels of DHEA and cortisol as long-term markers along with self-reported data on psychopathology and coping in 92 female adolescents aged 11–16 from the West Bank affected by the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Results showed that trauma-exposed individuals had significantly higher DHEA levels (p = 0.013) and lower cortisol/DHEA ratios (p = 0.036) than participants from the non-trauma group. Furthermore, DHEA and cortisol/DHEA ratio emerged as associated with trauma load and timing, but not with coping. By applying the novel method of DHEA analysis from hair samples, this study adds to the growing literature on the interplay of DHEA, cortisol, traumatic stress and coping, and provides valuable starting points for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schindler
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Mohammed Shaheen
- Faculty of Public Health, Al-Quds University, P.O. Box 4006, 90612 Abu Dees, West Bank, Palestine.
| | - Rotem Saar-Ashkenazy
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, 8410501 Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- Faculty of Social Work, Ashkelon Academic College, 7821100 Ashkelon, Israel.
| | - Kifah Bani Odeh
- Faculty of Public Health, Al-Quds University, P.O. Box 4006, 90612 Abu Dees, West Bank, Palestine.
| | - Sophia-Helen Sass
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, 8410501 Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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27
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Maples-Keller JL, Jovanovic T, Dunlop BW, Rauch S, Yasinski C, Michopoulos V, Coghlan C, Norrholm S, Rizzo AS, Ressler K, Rothbaum BO. When translational neuroscience fails in the clinic: Dexamethasone prior to virtual reality exposure therapy increases drop-out rates. J Anxiety Disord 2019; 61:89-97. [PMID: 30502903 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by exaggerated expression of fear responses to danger and safety cues. Translational research suggests that dexamethasone facilitates fear extinction in animal and human fear conditioning models. For this randomized, placebo-controlled trial (N = 27), we aimed to translate these findings to the clinic by using virtual reality exposure (VRE) therapy for OEF/OIF/OND veterans with PTSD to determine whether dexamethasone will increase the efficacy of exposure therapy for VRE relative to placebo. VRE sessions involved imaginal exposure to the most traumatic war memories while viewing a computer-generated view of virtual Iraq or Afghanistan with multisensory stimulus options used to match patient's description of the trauma. VRE was effective in reducing PTSD symptoms but there was no interaction with dexamethasone. Drop-out rate was significantly higher in the dexamethasone group, with 10 of 13 (76.9%) participants in this group discontinuing, compared to only 4 of 14 (28.5%) in the placebo group, χ2 = 6.31, p = 0.02. Results indicate that the dexamethasone group may have experienced an increase in PTSD symptoms, particularly re-experiencing, at session 2 following first drug administration. Contrary to study hypotheses, dexamethasone did not enhance exposure therapy outcomes and was associated with increased drop-out. This demonstrates potential pitfalls in translating neuroscience models to the clinic; future research carefully examining glucocorticoid mechanisms involved in therapy augmentation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Maples-Keller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States.
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Boadie W Dunlop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Sheila Rauch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Carly Yasinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Callan Coghlan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Seth Norrholm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Albert Skip Rizzo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, United States; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Kerry Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, United States; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Barbara O Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
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28
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Kitchiner NJ, Lewis C, Roberts NP, Bisson JI. Active duty and ex-serving military personnel with post-traumatic stress disorder treated with psychological therapies: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2019; 10:1684226. [PMID: 31762951 PMCID: PMC6853217 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1684226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a major cause of morbidity amongst active duty and ex-serving military personnel. In recent years increasing efforts have been made to develop more effective treatments. Objective: To determine which psychological therapies are efficacious in treating active duty and ex-serving military personnel with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: A systematic review was undertaken according to Cochrane Collaboration Guidelines. The primary outcome measure was reduction in PTSD symptoms and the secondary outcome dropout. Results: Twenty-four studies with 2386 participants were included. Evidence demonstrated that CBT with a trauma focus (CBT-TF) was associated with the largest evidence of effect when compared to waitlist/usual care in reducing PTSD symptoms post treatment (10 studies; n = 524; SMD -1.22, -1.78 to -0.66). Group CBT-TF was less effective when compared to individual CBT-TF at reducing PTSD symptoms post treatment (1 study; n = 268; SMD -0.35, -0.11 to -0.59). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy was not effective when compared to waitlist/usual care at reducing PTSD symptoms post treatment (4 studies; n = 92; SMD -0.83, -1.75 to 0.10). There was evidence of greater dropout from CBT-TF therapies compared to waitlist and Present Centred Therapy. Conclusions: The evidence, albeit limited, supports individual CBT-TF as the first-line psychological treatment of PTSD in active duty and ex-serving personnel. There is evidence for Group CBT-TF, but this is not as strong as for individual CBT-TF. EMDR cannot be recommended as a first line therapy at present and urgently requires further evaluation. Lower effect sizes than for other populations with PTSD and high levels of drop-out suggest that CBT-TF in its current formats is not optimally acceptable and further research is required to develop and evaluate more effective treatments for PTSD and complex PTSD in active duty and ex-serving military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Kitchiner
- Department of Psychology and Psychological Therapies, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK.,Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Catrin Lewis
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Neil P Roberts
- Department of Psychology and Psychological Therapies, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK.,Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jonathan I Bisson
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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29
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Richter-Levin G, Stork O, Schmidt MV. Animal models of PTSD: a challenge to be met. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1135-1156. [PMID: 30816289 PMCID: PMC6756084 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen increased interest in psychopathologies related to trauma exposure. Specifically, there has been a growing awareness to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in part due to terrorism, climate change-associated natural disasters, the global refugee crisis, and increased violence in overpopulated urban areas. However, notwithstanding the increased awareness to the disorder, the increasing number of patients, and the devastating impact on the lives of patients and their families, the efficacy of available treatments remains limited and highly unsatisfactory. A major scientific effort is therefore devoted to unravel the neural mechanisms underlying PTSD with the aim of paving the way to developing novel or improved treatment approaches and drugs to treat PTSD. One of the major scientific tools used to gain insight into understanding physiological and neuronal mechanisms underlying diseases and for treatment development is the use of animal models of human diseases. While much progress has been made using these models in understanding mechanisms of conditioned fear and fear memory, the gained knowledge has not yet led to better treatment options for PTSD patients. This poor translational outcome has already led some scientists and pharmaceutical companies, who do not in general hold opinions against animal models, to propose that those models should be abandoned. Here, we critically examine aspects of animal models of PTSD that may have contributed to the relative lack of translatability, including the focus on the exposure to trauma, overlooking individual and sex differences, and the contribution of risk factors. Based on findings from recent years, we propose research-based modifications that we believe are required in order to overcome some of the shortcomings of previous practice. These modifications include the usage of animal models of PTSD which incorporate risk factors and of the behavioral profiling analysis of individuals in a sample. These modifications are aimed to address factors such as individual predisposition and resilience, thus taking into consideration the fact that only a fraction of individuals exposed to trauma develop PTSD. We suggest that with an appropriate shift of practice, animal models are not only a valuable tool to enhance our understanding of fear and memory processes, but could serve as effective platforms for understanding PTSD, for PTSD drug development and drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Richter-Levin
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. .,The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. .,Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Oliver Stork
- 0000 0001 1018 4307grid.5807.aDepartment of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany ,grid.452320.2Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mathias V. Schmidt
- 0000 0000 9497 5095grid.419548.5Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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30
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Prasad A, Chaichi A, Kelley DP, Francis J, Gartia MR. Current and future functional imaging techniques for post-traumatic stress disorder. RSC Adv 2019; 9:24568-24594. [PMID: 35527877 PMCID: PMC9069787 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma and stressor related psychiatric disorder associated with structural, metabolic, and molecular alternations in several brain regions including diverse cortical areas, neuroendocrine regions, the striatum, dopaminergic, adrenergic and serotonergic pathways, and the limbic system. We are in critical need of novel therapeutics and biomarkers for PTSD and a deep understanding of cutting edge imaging and spectroscopy methods is necessary for the development of promising new approaches to better diagnose and treat the disorder. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) criterion, all forms of traumatic stress-induced disorder are considered acute stress disorder for the first month following the stressor. Only after symptoms do not remit for one month can the disorder be deemed PTSD. It would be particularly useful to differentiate between acute stress disorder and PTSD during the one month waiting period so that more intensive treatments can be applied early on to patients with a high likelihood of developing PTSD. This would potentially enhance treatment outcomes and/or prevent the development of PTSD. Comprehension of the qualities and limitations of currently applied methods as well as the novel emerging techniques provide invaluable knowledge for fast paced development. Conventional methods of studying PTSD have proven to be insufficient for diagnosis, measurement of treatment efficacy, and monitoring disease progression. As the field currently stands, there is no diagnostic biomarker available for any psychiatric disease, PTSD included. Currently, emerging and available technologies are not utilized to their full capacity and in appropriate experimental designs for the most fruitful possible studies in this area. Therefore, there is an apparent need for improved methods in PTSD research. This review demonstrates the current state of the literature in PTSD, including molecular, cellular, and behavioral indicators, possible biomarkers and clinical and pre-clinical imaging techniques relevant to PTSD, and through this, elucidate the void of current practical imaging and spectroscopy methods that provide true biomarkers for the disorder and the significance of devising new techniques for future investigations. We are unlikely to develop a single biomarker for any psychiatric disorder however. As psychiatric disorders are incomparably complex compared to other medical diagnoses, its most likely that transcriptomic, metabolomic and structural and connectomic imaging data will have to be analyzed in concert in order to produce a dependable non-behavioral marker of PTSD. This can explain the necessity of bridging conventional approaches to novel technologies in order to create a framework for further discoveries in the treatment of PTSD. Conventional methods of studying posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have proven to be insufficient for diagnosis. We have reviewed clinical and preclinical imaging techniques as well as molecular, cellular, and behavioral indicators for PTSD.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Prasad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- Louisiana State University
- Baton Rouge
- USA
| | - Ardalan Chaichi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- Louisiana State University
- Baton Rouge
- USA
| | - D. Parker Kelley
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences
- School of Veterinary Medicine
- Louisiana State University
- Baton Rouge
- USA
| | - Joseph Francis
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences
- School of Veterinary Medicine
- Louisiana State University
- Baton Rouge
- USA
| | - Manas Ranjan Gartia
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- Louisiana State University
- Baton Rouge
- USA
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Trauma management therapy with virtual-reality augmented exposure therapy for combat-related PTSD: A randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord 2019; 61:64-74. [PMID: 28865911 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) realistically incorporates traumatic cues into exposure therapy and holds promise in the treatment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In a randomized controlled trial of 92 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans and active duty military personnel with combat-related PTSD, we compared the efficacy of Trauma Management Therapy (TMT; VRET plus a group treatment for anger, depression, and social isolation) to VRET plus a psychoeducation control condition. Efficacy was evaluated at mid- and post-treatment, and at 3- and 6-month follow-up. Consistent with our hypothesis, VRET resulted in significant decreases on the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale and the PTSD Checklist-Military version for both groups. Also consistent with our hypothesis, significant decreases in social isolation occurred only for those participants who received the TMT group component. There were significant decreases for depression and anger for both groups, although these occurred after VRET and before group treatment. All treatment gains were maintained six-months later. Although not part of the original hypotheses, sleep was not improved by either intervention and remained problematic. The results support the use of VRET as an efficacious treatment for combat-related PTSD, but suggest that VRET alone does not result in optimal treatment outcomes across domains associated with PTSD.
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Rodriguez KE, Bryce CI, Granger DA, O'Haire ME. The effect of a service dog on salivary cortisol awakening response in a military population with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 98:202-210. [PMID: 29907299 PMCID: PMC8454180 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest a therapeutic effect of psychiatric service dogs for military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but are limited by self-report biases. The current study assessed the effect of PTSD service dogs on the salivary cortisol awakening response (CAR) and arousal-related functioning in a population of military veterans with PTSD. Participants included 73 post-9/11 military veterans with PTSD including 45 with a service dog and 28 on the waitlist to receive one. Saliva samples were collected on two consecutive weekday mornings at awakening and 30 min later to quantify the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and its area under the curve (AUCi) in addition to standardized survey measures of anxiety, anger, sleep quality and disturbance, and alcohol abuse. There was a significant main effect of having a service dog on both the CAR and the AUCi, with individuals with a service dog exhibiting a higher CAR and AUCi compared to those on the waitlist. Results also revealed that those with a service dog reported significantly lower anxiety, anger, and sleep disturbance as well as less alcohol abuse compared to those on the waitlist, with medium to large effect sizes. Although those with a service dog reported significantly less PTSD symptom severity, CAR was not significantly associated with PTSD symptoms within or across group. In conclusion, results indicate that the placement of a PTSD service dog may have a significant positive influence on both physiological and psychosocial indicators of wellbeing in military veterans with PTSD. Although clinical significance cannot be confirmed, a higher CAR/AUCi among those with a service dog may indicate better health and wellbeing in this population. Future within-subject, longitudinal research will be necessary to determine potential clinical significance and impact of individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri E Rodriguez
- Center for the Human-Animal Bond, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Crystal I Bryce
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marguerite E O'Haire
- Center for the Human-Animal Bond, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.
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Laufer S, Engel S, Knaevelsrud C, Schumacher S. Cortisol and alpha-amylase assessment in psychotherapeutic intervention studies: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:235-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Non-trauma-focused meditation versus exposure therapy in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 2018; 5:975-986. [PMID: 30449712 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex and difficult-to-treat disorder, affecting 10-20% of military veterans. Previous research has raised the question of whether a non-trauma-focused treatment can be as effective as trauma exposure therapy in reducing PTSD symptoms. This study aimed to compare the non-trauma-focused practice of Transcendental Meditation (TM) with prolonged exposure therapy (PE) in a non-inferiority clinical trial, and to compare both therapies with a control of PTSD health education (HE). METHODS We did a randomised controlled trial at the Department of Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System in CA, USA. We included 203 veterans with a current diagnosis of PTSD resulting from active military service randomly assigned to a TM or PE group, or an active control group of HE, using stratified block randomisation. Each treatment provided 12 sessions over 12 weeks, with daily home practice. TM and HE were mainly given in a group setting and PE was given individually. The primary outcome was change in PTSD symptom severity over 3 months, assessed by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Analysis was by intention to treat. We hypothesised that TM would show non-inferiority to PE in improvement of CAPS score (Δ=10), with TM and PE superior to PTSD HE. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01865123. FINDINGS Between June 10, 2013, and Oct 7, 2016, 203 veterans were randomly assigned to an intervention group (68 to the TM group, 68 to the PE group, and 67 to the PTSD HE group). TM was significantly non-inferior to PE on change in CAPS score from baseline to 3-month post-test (difference between groups in mean change -5·9, 95% CI -14·3 to 2·4, p=0·0002). In standard superiority comparisons, significant reductions in CAPS scores were found for TM versus PTSD HE (-14·6 95% CI, -23·3 to -5·9, p=0·0009), and PE versus PTSD HE (-8·7 95% CI, -17·0 to -0·32, p=0·041). 61% of those receiving TM, 42% of those receiving PE, and 32% of those receiving HE showed clinically significant improvements on the CAPS score. INTERPRETATION A non-trauma-focused-therapy, TM, might be a viable option for decreasing the severity of PTSD symptoms in veterans and represents an efficacious alternative for veterans who prefer not to receive or who do not respond to traditional exposure-based treatments of PTSD. FUNDING Department of Defense, US Army Medical Research.
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Pape JC, Carrillo-Roa T, Rothbaum BO, Nemeroff CB, Czamara D, Zannas AS, Iosifescu D, Mathew SJ, Neylan TC, Mayberg HS, Dunlop BW, Binder EB. DNA methylation levels are associated with CRF 1 receptor antagonist treatment outcome in women with post-traumatic stress disorder. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:136. [PMID: 30390684 PMCID: PMC6215613 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously evaluated the efficacy of the CRF1 receptor antagonist GSK561679 in female PTSD patients. While GSK561679 was not superior to placebo overall, it was associated with a significantly stronger symptom reduction in a subset of patients with probable CRF system hyperactivity, i.e., patients with child abuse and CRHR1 SNP rs110402 GG carriers. Here, we test whether blood-based DNA methylation levels within CRHR1 and other PTSD-relevant genes would be associated with treatment outcome, either overall or in the high CRF activity subgroup. Results Therefore, we measured CRHR1 genotypes as well as baseline and post-treatment DNA methylation from the peripheral blood in the same cohort of PTSD-diagnosed women treated with GSK561679 (N = 43) or placebo (N = 45). In the same patients, we assessed DNA methylation at the PTSD-relevant genes NR3C1 and FKBP5, shown to predict or associate with PTSD treatment outcome after psychotherapy. We observed significant differences in CRHR1 methylation after GSK561679 treatment in the subgroup of patients with high CRF activity. Furthermore, NR3C1 baseline methylation significantly interacted with child abuse to predict PTSD symptom change following GSK561679 treatment. Conclusions Our results support a possible role of CRHR1 methylation levels as an epigenetic marker to track response to CRF1 antagonist treatment in biologically relevant subgroups. Moreover, pre-treatment NR3C1 methylation levels may serve as a potential marker to predict PTSD treatment outcome, independent of the type of therapy. However, to establish clinical relevance of these markers, our findings require replication and validation in larger studies. Trial registration NCT01018992. Registered 6 November 2009. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0569-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius C Pape
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Carrillo-Roa
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara O Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles B Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Anthony S Zannas
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dan Iosifescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Sanjay J Mathew
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine & Michael E. Debakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas C Neylan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Helen S Mayberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Boadie W Dunlop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Aronson KR, Welsh JA, Fedotova A, Morgan NR, Perkins DF, Travis W. Treating PTSD in active duty service members using cognitive processing therapy or prolonged exposure therapy: Examining everyday practice at a military outpatient clinic. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2018.1478550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet A. Welsh
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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37
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Qiu ZK, He JL, Liu X, Zeng J, Xiao W, Fan QH, Chai XM, Ye WH, Chen JS. Anxiolytic-like effects of paeoniflorin in an animal model of post traumatic stress disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1175-1185. [PMID: 29633071 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the serious psychiatric disorder. Paeoniflorin (PF) produces the antidepressant-like properties. However, few studies are concerned about its anti-PTSD-like effects and mechanisms. To investigate these, the single prolonged stress (SPS) model was utilized. PTSD-like behavioral deficits in rats after exposure to SPS were improved by PF (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.), evidenced by blocking increased freezing time in contextual fear paradigm (CFP) and increased time and entries in open arms in elevated plus maze (EPM) test without affecting the locomotor activity in open field (OF) test. We also found that increased levels of corticosterone (Cort), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) after exposure to SPS were reversed by PF (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) in serum, respectively. Moreover, the decreased levels of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were reversed by PF (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively. In summary, the anti-PTSD-like activities of PF were associated with the modulation of HPA axis and 5-HT system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Li He
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- Pharmacy Department, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Zeng
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Hong Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Meng Chai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hai Ye
- The Affiliated Chencun Hospital of Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, 528313, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ji-Sheng Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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Neurotransmitter, Peptide, and Steroid Hormone Abnormalities in PTSD: Biological Endophenotypes Relevant to Treatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2018; 20:52. [PMID: 30019147 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-018-0908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes neurotransmitter, peptide, and other neurohormone abnormalities associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and relevant to development of precision medicine therapeutics for PTSD. RECENT FINDINGS As the number of molecular abnormalities associated with PTSD across a variety of subpopulations continues to grow, it becomes clear that no single abnormality characterizes all individuals with PTSD. Instead, individually variable points of molecular dysfunction occur within several different stress-responsive systems that interact to produce the clinical PTSD phenotype. Future work should focus on critical interactions among the systems that influence PTSD risk, severity, chronicity, comorbidity, and response to treatment. Effort also should be directed toward development of clinical procedures by which points of molecular dysfunction within these systems can be identified in individual patients. Some molecular abnormalities are more common than others and may serve as subpopulation biological endophenotypes for targeting of currently available and novel treatments.
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Naß J, Efferth T. Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacotherapy of Military Personnel Suffering from Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:831-860. [PMID: 27834145 PMCID: PMC5652029 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666161111113514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe problem among soldiers with combating experience difficult to treat. The pathogenesis is still not fully understood at the psychological level. Therefore, genetic research became a focus of interest. The identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may help to predict, which persons are at high risk to develop PTSD as a starting point to develop novel targeted drugs for treatment. Methods: We conducted a systematic review on SNPs in genes related to PTSD pathology and development of targeted pharmacological treatment options based on PubMed database searches. We focused on clinical trials with military personnel. Results: SNPs in 22 human genes have been linked to PTSD. These genes encode proteins acting as neurotransmitters and receptors, downstream signal transducers and metabolizing enzymes. Pharmacological inhibitors may serve as drug candidates for PTSD treatment, e.g. β2 adrenoreceptor antagonists, dopamine antagonists, partial dopamine D2 receptor agonists, dopamine β hydroxylase inhibitors, fatty acid amid hydrolase antagonists, glucocorticoid receptor agonists, tropomyosin receptor kinase B agonists, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors, gamma-amino butyric acid receptor agonists, glutamate receptor inhibitors, monoaminoxidase B inhibitors, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists. Conclusion: The combination of genetic and pharmacological research may lead to novel target-based drug developments with improved specificity and efficacy to treat PTSD. Specific SNPs may be identified as reliable biomarkers to assess individual disease risk. Focusing on soldiers suffering from PTSD will not only help to improve treatment options for this specific group, but for all PTSD patients and the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Naß
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz. Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz. Germany
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Usta MB, Gumus YY, Say GN, Bozkurt A, Şahin B, Karabekiroğlu K. Basal blood DHEA-S/cortisol levels predicts EMDR treatment response in adolescents with PTSD. Nord J Psychiatry 2018; 72:164-172. [PMID: 29171317 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2017.1406984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In literature, recent evidence has shown that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis can be dysregulated in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and HPA axis hormones may predict the psychotherapy treatment response in patients with PTSD. In this study, it was aimed to investigate changing cortisol and DHEA-S levels post-eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy and the relationship between treatment response and basal cortisol, and DHEA-S levels before treatment. METHOD The study group comprised 40 adolescents (age, 12-18 years) with PTSD. The PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Child Depression Inventory (CDI) and Child Post-traumatic Stress Reaction Index (CPSRI) and the blood cortisol and DHEA-S were measured with the chemiluminescence method before and after treatment. A maximum of six sessions of EMDR therapy were conducted by an EMDR level-1 trained child psychiatry resident. Treatment response was measured by the pre- to post-treatment decrease in self-reported and clinical PTSD severity. RESULTS Pre- and post-treatment DHEA-S and cortisol levels did not show any statistically significant difference. Pre-treatment CDI scores were negatively correlated with pre-treatment DHEA-S levels (r: -0.39). ROC analysis demonstrated that the DHEA-S/cortisol ratio predicts treatment response at a medium level (AUC: 0.703, p: .030, sensitivity: 0.65, specificity: 0.86). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggested that the DHEA-S/cortisol ratio may predict treatment response in adolescents with PTSD receiving EMDR therapy. The biochemical parameter of HPA-axis activity appears to be an important predictor of positive clinical response in adolescent PTSD patients, and could be used in clinical practice to predict PTSD treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirac Baris Usta
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine , Ondokuz Mayıs University , Samsun , Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yasin Gumus
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine , Ondokuz Mayıs University , Samsun , Turkey
| | - Gokce Nur Say
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine , Ondokuz Mayıs University , Samsun , Turkey
| | - Abdullah Bozkurt
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine , Ondokuz Mayıs University , Samsun , Turkey
| | - Berkan Şahin
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine , Ondokuz Mayıs University , Samsun , Turkey
| | - Koray Karabekiroğlu
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine , Ondokuz Mayıs University , Samsun , Turkey
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Goldstein LA, Mehling WE, Metzler TJ, Cohen BE, Barnes DE, Choucroun GJ, Silver A, Talbot LS, Maguen S, Hlavin JA, Chesney MA, Neylan TC. Veterans Group Exercise: A randomized pilot trial of an Integrative Exercise program for veterans with posttraumatic stress. J Affect Disord 2018; 227:345-352. [PMID: 29145076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent among military veterans and is associated with significant negative health outcomes. However, stigma and other barriers to care prevent many veterans from pursuing traditional mental health treatment. We developed a group-based Integrative Exercise (IE) program combining aerobic and resistance exercise, which is familiar to veterans, with mindfulness-based practices suited to veterans with PTSD. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of IE on PTSD symptom severity and quality of life, as well as assess the feasibility and acceptability of IE. METHODS Veterans (N = 47) were randomized to either IE or waitlist control (WL). Veterans in IE were asked to attend three 1-h group exercise sessions for 12 weeks. RESULTS Compared with WL, veterans randomized to IE demonstrated a greater reduction in PTSD symptom severity (d = -.90), a greater improvement in psychological quality of life (d = .53) and a smaller relative improvement in physical quality of life (d = .30) Veterans' ratings of IE indicated high feasibility and acceptability. LIMITATIONS The sample was relatively small and recruited from one site. The comparison condition was an inactive control. CONCLUSIONS This initial study suggests that IE is an innovative approach to treating veterans with symptoms of PTSD that reduces symptoms of posttraumatic stress and improves psychological quality of life. This approach to recovery may expand the reach of PTSD treatment into non-traditional settings and to veterans who may prefer a familiar activity, such as exercise, over medication or psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizabeth A Goldstein
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Wolf E Mehling
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Thomas J Metzler
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Beth E Cohen
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Deborah E Barnes
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gerard J Choucroun
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aliza Silver
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lisa S Talbot
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shira Maguen
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer A Hlavin
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Margaret A Chesney
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Thomas C Neylan
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Maron E, Lan CC, Nutt D. Imaging and Genetic Approaches to Inform Biomarkers for Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders, and PSTD. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018; 40:219-292. [PMID: 29796838 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health problem in the world and also claim the highest health care cost among various neuropsychiatric disorders. Anxiety disorders have a chronic and recurrent course and cause significantly negative impacts on patients' social, personal, and occupational functioning as well as quality of life. Despite their high prevalence rates, anxiety disorders have often been under-diagnosed or misdiagnosed, and consequently under-treated. Even with the correct diagnosis, anxiety disorders are known to be difficult to treat successfully. In order to implement better strategies in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment decision, and early prevention for anxiety disorders, tremendous efforts have been put into studies using genetic and neuroimaging techniques to advance our understandings of the underlying biological mechanisms. In addition to anxiety disorders including panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), specific phobias, social anxiety disorders (SAD), due to overlapping symptom dimensions, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (which were removed from the anxiety disorder category in DSM-5 to become separate categories) are also included for review of relevant genetic and neuroimaging findings. Although the number of genetic or neuroimaging studies focusing on anxiety disorders is relatively small compare to other psychiatric disorders such as psychotic disorders or mood disorders, various structural abnormalities in the grey or white matter, functional alterations of activity during resting-state or task conditions, molecular changes of neurotransmitter receptors or transporters, and genetic associations have all been reported. With continuing effort, further genetic and neuroimaging research may potentially lead to clinically useful biomarkers for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Maron
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Academic Psychiatry, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
- Department of Psychiatry, North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Chen-Chia Lan
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Academic Psychiatry, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - David Nutt
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Academic Psychiatry, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Cicchetti D, Handley ED. Methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene, nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (NR3C1), in maltreated and nonmaltreated children: Associations with behavioral undercontrol, emotional lability/negativity, and externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 29:1795-1806. [PMID: 29162187 PMCID: PMC5718163 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of various dimensions of child maltreatment (i.e., developmental timing of maltreatment, number of maltreatment subtypes, and chronicity of maltreatment) on methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene, nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (NR3C1), and investigated the associations between NR3C1 methylation and child outcomes. Participants included 534 children who attended a research summer camp program for school-aged maltreated (53.4%) and nonmaltreated (46.6%) children from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Results show that children with early onset maltreatment evidence significant hypermethylation compared to nonmaltreated children. Moreover, more maltreatment subtypes experienced and more chronic maltreatment are both related to greater NR3C1 hypermethylation. Findings also indicate that hypermethylation of NR3C1 is linked with a number of negative child outcomes including greater emotional lability-negativity, higher levels of ego undercontrol, more externalizing behavior, and greater depressive symptoms. Together, results highlight the role of methylation of NR3C1 in the effects of child maltreatment on the development of emotion dysregulation and psychopathology.
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Graebener AH, Michael T, Holz E, Lass-Hennemann J. Repeated cortisol administration does not reduce intrusive memories - A double blind placebo controlled experimental study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:1132-1143. [PMID: 28935268 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PTSD is a severe mental disorder, which may develop after exposure to traumatic events and is characterized by intrusive memories. Intrusions are sudden brief sensory memories of the traumatic event, that cause immense distress and impairment in every day functioning. Thus, the reduction of intrusive memories is one of the main aims of PTSD therapy. Recently, the glucocorticoid cortisol has been proposed as a pharmacological option to reduce intrusive memories, because cortisol is known to have memory retrieval inhibiting effects. However, the research on the effects of cortisol administration on intrusive memories is not conclusive. The aim of the present study was to examine if repeated cortisol administration inhibits intrusions and recognition memory in an experimental study using the trauma film paradigm. In a randomized double-blind placebo controlled design participants were exposed to a traumatic film (known to induce intrusions in healthy participants) and received either a low dose of cortisol (20mg) or placebo on the three days following "trauma exposure". Intrusive memories were assessed with an Electronic Diary and an Intrusion Triggering Task. Furthermore, we assessed explicit memory for the traumatic film clip with a recognition test. Contrary to our predictions, the cortisol group did not report fewer intrusions than the placebo group nor did it show diminished performance on the recognition test. Our results show that sole cortisol administration after a traumatic experience cannot reduce intrusive re-experiencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Heike Graebener
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Germany
| | - Tanja Michael
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Germany.
| | - Elena Holz
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Germany
| | - Johanna Lass-Hennemann
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Germany
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Bradbury J, Myers SP, Meyer B, Brooks L, Peake J, Sinclair AJ, Stough C. Chronic Psychological Stress Was Not Ameliorated by Omega-3 Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA). Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:551. [PMID: 29163147 PMCID: PMC5671493 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic psychological stress and mental health disorders are endemic in Western culture where population dietary insufficiencies of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) from seafood have been observed. Objective: This study was designed to test for a causal relationship between one of the most active components of fish oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and chronic psychological stress. Method: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with parallel-assignment to two groups was designed (Trial Id: ACTRN12610000404022). The interventions were four EPA-rich fish oil capsules per day, delivering 2.2 g/d EPA (and 0.44 g/d DHA), or identical placebo (low-phenolic olive oil capsules with 5% fish oil to aid blinding). The primary outcome was the between-group difference on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) after 12 weeks supplementation. An a priori power analysis determined that group sizes of 43 would provide 80% power to detect a significant between-group difference of 12.5%, at α = 0.05. Ninety community members (64 females, 26 males) reporting chronic work stress were recruited via public advertising in northern NSW, Australia. Results: At baseline the omega-3 index (EPA + DHA as % to total fatty acids in red blood cell membranes) was 5.2% in both groups (SD = 1.6% control group; 1.8% active group). After supplementation this remained stable at 5.3% (SD = 1.6%) for the control group but increased to 8.9% (SD = 1.5%) for the active group, demonstrating successful incorporation of EPA into cells. Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis found no significant between-group differences in PSS outcome scores post-intervention (b = 1.21, p = 0.30) after adjusting for sex (b = 2.36, p = 0.079), baseline PSS (b = 0.42, p = 0.001) and baseline logEPA [b = 1.41, p = 0.185; F(3, 86) = 8.47, p < 0.01, n = 89, R-square = 0.243]. Discussion: Treatment increased cell membrane EPA but, contrary to the hypothesis, there was no effect on perceived stress. Limitations included an imbalance of gender in groups after randomization (68% of the males were in the placebo group). While we found no significant interaction between sex and group on the outcome after adjusting for baseline PSS, larger studies with groups stratified for gender may be required to further confirm these findings. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 2. 2 g/day of EPA for 12 weeks did not reduce chronic psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Bradbury
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen P. Myers
- NatMed-Research, Division of Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Barbara Meyer
- Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, Lipid Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Lyndon Brooks
- Division of Research, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Peake
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Sinclair
- Faculty of Health, Office of Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Con Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Beidel DC, Frueh BC, Neer SM, Lejuez CW. The efficacy of Trauma Management Therapy: A controlled pilot investigation of a three-week intensive outpatient program for combat-related PTSD. J Anxiety Disord 2017; 50:23-32. [PMID: 28545005 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the 8-18.5% of returning Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation New Dawn (OND) veterans who are suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), few receive empirically supported treatments. Among those that do, the dropout rate is high and more than 50% retain their diagnosis after treatment. This study evaluated the efficacy of Trauma Management Therapy (TMT), delivered in a 3-week intensive outpatient (IOP) format. TMT combines virtual-reality augmented individual exposure therapy with a group intervention to address social isolation, anger, and depression. One hundred twelve (112) OIF/OEF/OND veterans and active duty personnel participated. Assessment included measures of PTSD, sleep, depression, anger, guilt, and social isolation, administered at post-treatment, 3-month, and 6-month follow-up. The effect size for TMT delivered in an IOP format was 2.06, with 65.9% no longer meeting diagnostic criteria for PTSD. There were similar positive effects in other domains and treatment gains were maintained at 6-month follow-up. The results are discussed regarding the need for efficacious, multi-component interventions that can be delivered safely and rapidly, and the potential of this approach towards that end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah C Beidel
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, 4111 Pictor Lane, Orlando, FL 32816, United States.
| | - B Christopher Frueh
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI, United States.
| | - Sandra M Neer
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, 4111 Pictor Lane, Orlando, FL 32816, United States.
| | - Carl W Lejuez
- Department of Psychology, Kansas University, Strong Hall, Room 200, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States.
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Rapcencu AE, Gorter R, Kennis M, van Rooij SJH, Geuze E. Pre-treatment cortisol awakening response predicts symptom reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder after treatment. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 82:1-8. [PMID: 28482208 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the HPA-axis has frequently been found in the aftermath of trauma exposure with or without PTSD. Decreasing HPA-axis reactivity to different stress cues has been reported during PTSD treatment. The cortisol awakening response (CARi) is a well-validated, standardized measure of HPA-axis reactivity which can be easily acquired in the clinical setting. Whether CARi changes over time in traumatized individuals are specific to PTSD treatment is unknown. Furthermore, a possible role for the baseline CARi in predicting symptom reduction after treatment in PTSD has not been examined before. To answer these questions, a cohort study was conducted in which the awakening cortisol was measured in both PTSD (N=41) and non-PTSD (N=25) combat-exposed male subjects. Measurements took place at inclusion and 6-8 months after inclusion for both the PTSD and the non-PTSD group. During the 6-8 months interval, PTSD patients received trauma-focused focused psychotherapy, whereas non-PTSD patients received no treatment. We found a decrease in the CARi over time in both groups, suggesting it was not specific to PTSD or the effect of treatment. Therefore, caution is warranted when attributing diminished HPA-axis reactivity over time to effects of PTSD treatment. Second, CARi prior to treatment predicted PTSD symptom reduction (CAPS score change) after treatment, and accounted for 10% of the variance, even when adjusted for changes in depressive symptoms and medication use during the study period. A putative role emerges for CARi as a predictive biomarker of symptom reduction in male individuals with combat-related PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Rapcencu
- Research Centre Military Mental Healthcare, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Gorter
- Research Centre Military Mental Healthcare, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Kennis
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S J H van Rooij
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - E Geuze
- Research Centre Military Mental Healthcare, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Stress-altered synaptic plasticity and DAMP signaling in the hippocampus-PFC axis; elucidating the significance of IGF-1/IGF-1R/CaMKIIα expression in neural changes associated with a prolonged exposure therapy. Neuroscience 2017; 353:147-165. [PMID: 28438613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic stress patients showed significant improvement in behavior after a prolonged exposure to an unrelated stimulus. This treatment method attempts to promote extinction of the fear memory associated with the initial traumatic experience. However, the subsequent prolonged exposure to such stimulus creates an additional layer of neural stress. Although the mechanism remains unclear, prolonged exposure therapy (PET) likely involves changes in synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitter function and inflammation; especially in parts of the brain concerned with the formation and retrieval of fear memory (Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex: PFC). Since certain synaptic proteins are also involved in danger-associated molecular pattern signaling (DAMP), we identified the significance of IGF-1/IGF-1R/CaMKIIα expression as a potential link between the concurrent progression of synaptic and inflammatory changes in stress. Thus, a comparison between IGF-1/IGF-1R/CaMKIIα, synaptic and DAMP proteins in stress and PET may highlight the significance of PET on synaptic morphology and neuronal inflammatory response. In behaviorally characterized Sprague-Dawley rats, there was a significant decline in neural IGF-1 (p<0.001), hippocampal (p<0.001) and cortical (p<0.05) IGF-1R expression. These animals showed a significant loss of presynaptic markers (synaptophysin; p<0.001), and changes in neurotransmitters (VGLUT2, Tyrosine hydroxylase, GABA, ChAT). Furthermore, naïve stressed rats recorded a significant decrease in post-synaptic marker (PSD-95; p<0.01) and synaptic regulator (CaMKIIα; p<0.001). As part of the synaptic response to a decrease in brain CaMKIIα, small ion conductance channel (KCa2.2) was upregulated in the brain of naïve stressed rats (p<0.01). After a PET, an increase in IGF-1 (p<0.05) and IGF-1R was recorded in the Stress-PET group (p<0.001). As such, hippocampal (p<0.001), but not cortical (ns) synaptophysin expression increased in Stress-PET. Although PSD-95 was relatively unchanged in the hippocampus and PFC, CaMKIIα (p<0.001) and KCa2.2 (p<0.01) were upregulated in Stress-PET, and may be involved in extinction of fear memory-related synaptic potentials. These changes were also associated with a normalized neurotransmitter function, and a significant reduction in open space avoidance; when the animals were assessed in elevated plus maze (EPM). In addition to a decrease in IGF-1/IGF-1R, an increase in activated hippocampal and cortical microglia was seen in stress (p<0.05) and after a PET (Stress-PET; p<0.001). Furthermore, this was linked with a significant increase in HMGB1 (Hippocampus: p<0.001, PFC: p<0.05) and TLR4 expression (Hippocampus: p<0.01; PFC: ns) in the neurons. Taken together, this study showed that traumatic stress and subsequent PET involves an event-dependent alteration of IGF1/IGF-1R/CaMKIIα. Firstly, we showed a direct relationship between IGF-1/IGF-1R expression, presynaptic function (synaptophysin) and neurotransmitter activity in stress and PET. Secondly, we identified the possible role of CaMKIIα in post-synaptic function and regulation of small ion conductance channels. Lastly, we highlighted some of the possible links between IGF1/IGF-1R/CaMKIIα, the expression of DAMP proteins, Microglia activation, and its implication on synaptic plasticity during stress and PET.
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Pretreatment biomarkers predicting PTSD psychotherapy outcomes: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:140-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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50
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Rasmusson AM, Marx CE, Pineles SL, Locci A, Scioli-Salter ER, Nillni YI, Liang JJ, Pinna G. Neuroactive steroids and PTSD treatment. Neurosci Lett 2017; 649:156-163. [PMID: 28215878 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights early efforts to translate pre-clinical and clinical findings regarding the role of neuroactive steroids in stress adaptation and PTSD into new therapeutics for PTSD. Numerous studies have demonstrated PTSD-related alterations in resting levels or the reactivity of neuroactive steroids and their targets. These studies also have demonstrated substantial variability in the dysfunction of specific neuroactive steroid systems among PTSD subpopulations. These variabilities have been related to the developmental timing of trauma, severity and type of trauma, genetic background, sex, reproductive state, lifestyle influences such as substance use and exercise, and the presence of comorbid conditions such as depression and chronic pain. Nevertheless, large naturalistic studies and a small placebo-controlled interventional study have revealed generally positive effects of glucocorticoid administration in preventing PTSD after trauma, possibly mediated by glucocorticoid receptor-mediated effects on other targets that impact PTSD risk, including other neuroactive steroid systems. In addition, clinical and preclinical studies show that administration of glucocorticoids, 17β-estradiol, and GABAergic neuroactive steroids or agents that enhance their synthesis can facilitate extinction and extinction retention, depending on dose and timing of dose in relation to these complex PTSD-relevant recovery processes. This suggests that clinical trials designed to test neuroactive steroid therapeutics in PTSD may benefit from such considerations; typical continuous dosing regimens may not be optimal. In addition, validated and clinically accessible methods for identifying specific neuroactive steroid system abnormalities at the individual level are needed to optimize both clinical trial design and precision medicine based treatment targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Rasmusson
- National Center for PTSD, Women's Health Science Division, Department of Veterans Affairs 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02135, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02135, USA; Boston University School of Medicine 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Christine E Marx
- Durham VA Medical Center, VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC,and Duke University Medical Center, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Suzanne L Pineles
- National Center for PTSD, Women's Health Science Division, Department of Veterans Affairs 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02135, USA; Boston University School of Medicine 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Andrea Locci
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor Str., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Erica R Scioli-Salter
- VA Boston Healthcare System 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02135, USA; Boston University School of Medicine 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yael I Nillni
- National Center for PTSD, Women's Health Science Division, Department of Veterans Affairs 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02135, USA; Boston University School of Medicine 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jennifer J Liang
- Boston University School of Medicine 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Graziano Pinna
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor Str., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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