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Brunet T, Booth DS. Cell polarity in the protist-to-animal transition. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:1-36. [PMID: 37100515 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
A signature feature of the animal kingdom is the presence of epithelia: sheets of polarized cells that both insulate the organism from its environment and mediate interactions with it. Epithelial cells display a marked apico-basal polarity, which is highly conserved across the animal kingdom, both in terms of morphology and of molecular regulators. How did this architecture first evolve? Although the last eukaryotic common ancestor almost certainly possessed a simple form of apico-basal polarity (marked by the presence of one or several flagella at a single cellular pole), comparative genomics and evolutionary cell biology reveal that the polarity regulators of animal epithelial cells have a surprisingly complex and stepwise evolutionary history. Here, we retrace their evolutionary assembly. We suggest that the "polarity network" that polarized animal epithelial cells evolved by integration of initially independent cellular modules that evolved at distinct steps of our evolutionary ancestry. The first module dates back to the last common ancestor of animals and amoebozoans and involved Par1, extracellular matrix proteins, and the integrin-mediated adhesion complex. Other regulators, such as Cdc42, Dlg, Par6 and cadherins evolved in ancient unicellular opisthokonts, and might have first been involved in F-actin remodeling and filopodial dynamics. Finally, the bulk of "polarity proteins" as well as specialized adhesion complexes evolved in the metazoan stem-line, in concert with the newly evolved intercellular junctional belts. Thus, the polarized architecture of epithelia can be understood as a palimpsest of components of distinct histories and ancestral functions, which have become tightly integrated in animal tissues.
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2
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Yamamoto S, Gaillard J, Vianay B, Guerin C, Orhant-Prioux M, Blanchoin L, Théry M. Actin network architecture can ensure robust centering or sensitive decentering of the centrosome. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111631. [PMID: 35916262 PMCID: PMC9574749 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The orientation of cell polarity depends on the position of the centrosome, the main microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). Microtubules (MTs) transmit pushing forces to the MTOC as they grow against the cell periphery. How the actin network regulates these forces remains unclear. Here, in a cell-free assay, we used purified proteins to reconstitute the interaction of a microtubule aster with actin networks of various architectures in cell-sized microwells. In the absence of actin filaments, MTOC positioning was highly sensitive to variations in microtubule length. The presence of a bulk actin network limited microtubule displacement, and MTOCs were held in place. In contrast, the assembly of a branched actin network along the well edges centered the MTOCs by maintaining an isotropic balance of pushing forces. An anisotropic peripheral actin network caused the MTOC to decenter by focusing the pushing forces. Overall, our results show that actin networks can limit the sensitivity of MTOC positioning to microtubule length and enforce robust MTOC centering or decentering depending on the isotropy of its architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yamamoto
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168-LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Jérémie Gaillard
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168-LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Vianay
- Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, UMRS1160-HIPI, CytoMorpho Lab, University of Paris, CEA, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Guerin
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168-LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Magali Orhant-Prioux
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168-LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168-LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France.,Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, UMRS1160-HIPI, CytoMorpho Lab, University of Paris, CEA, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Théry
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, UMR5168-LPCV, CytoMorpho Lab, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France.,Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, UMRS1160-HIPI, CytoMorpho Lab, University of Paris, CEA, INSERM, Paris, France
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3
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Kattner AA. What makes tics tick? Insights into Tourette syndrome. Biomed J 2022; 45:219-226. [PMID: 35460927 PMCID: PMC9250088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This issue of Biomedical Journal provides the reader with articles concerning the latest understanding of Tourette syndrome (TS), the relation to genetic predisposition, defects in the dopaminergic system, and related comorbidities which further complications like sleep disruption. Treatment approaches for TS, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and developmental coordination disorder are discussed. The second section of this issue offers insights into inside out integrin activation and its link to T cell activation, demonstrates how polarity in immune cells allows adoption to specialized functions, and describes the endosomal signaling of internalized T cell receptors (TCRs). The link between mutations in TCR signaling and immunodeficiencies is elucidated, as well as the interactions of thymocyte-expressed molecule involved in selection in T cell development. Additionally, we learn about a potential biomarker for colorectal cancer, screening tools for determining frailty in older adults, surgical approaches in spinal metastases, the influence of autophagy on mating behavior, and the effect of nitrite administration on SNARE proteins associated with insulin secretion. Finally, parameters for surgery in breast cancer are discussed, as well as gender and age dependent pain perception in a lysosomal storage disease, and the use of laser meridian massage in opioid use disorder. Three letters complement this issue, one concerning neuroimaging in pediatric COVID-19 patients, and two discussing the role of cancer antigen-125 and renal impairment in ovarian cancer patients.
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4
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Kristofova M, Ori A, Wang ZQ. Multifaceted Microcephaly-Related Gene MCPH1. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020275. [PMID: 35053391 PMCID: PMC8774270 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MCPH1, or BRIT1, is often mutated in human primary microcephaly type 1, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a smaller brain size at birth, due to its dysfunction in regulating the proliferation and self-renewal of neuroprogenitor cells. In the last 20 years or so, genetic and cellular studies have identified MCPH1 as a multifaceted protein in various cellular functions, including DNA damage signaling and repair, the regulation of chromosome condensation, cell-cycle progression, centrosome activity and the metabolism. Yet, genetic and animal model studies have revealed an unpredicted essential function of MPCH1 in gonad development and tumorigenesis, although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. These studies have begun to shed light on the role of MPCH1 in controlling various pathobiological processes of the disorder. Here, we summarize the biological functions of MCPH1, and lessons learnt from cellular and mouse models of MCPH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kristofova
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Alessandro Ori
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (A.O.)
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Bachstrasse 18k, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-656415; Fax: +49-3641-656335
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5
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Li S, Fernandez JJ, Fabritius AS, Agard DA, Winey M. Electron cryo-tomography structure of axonemal doublet microtubule from Tetrahymena thermophila. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/3/e202101225. [PMID: 34969817 PMCID: PMC8742875 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Doublet microtubules (DMTs) provide a scaffold for axoneme assembly in motile cilia. Aside from α/β tubulins, the DMT comprises a large number of non-tubulin proteins in the luminal wall of DMTs, collectively named the microtubule inner proteins (MIPs). We used cryoET to study axoneme DMT isolated from Tetrahymena We present the structures of DMT at nanometer and sub-nanometer resolution. The structures confirm that MIP RIB72A/B binds to the luminal wall of DMT by multiple DM10 domains. We found FAP115, an MIP-containing multiple EF-hand domains, located at the interface of four-tubulin dimers in the lumen of A-tubule. It contacts both lateral and longitudinal tubulin interfaces and playing a critical role in DMT stability. We observed substantial structure heterogeneity in DMT in an FAP115 knockout strain, showing extensive structural defects beyond the FAP115-binding site. The defects propagate along the axoneme. Finally, by comparing DMT structures from Tetrahymena and Chlamydomonas, we have identified a number of conserved MIPs as well as MIPs that are unique to each organism. This conservation and diversity of the DMT structures might be linked to their specific functions. Our work provides structural insights essential for understanding the roles of MIPs during motile cilium assembly and function, as well as their relationships to human ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jose-Jesus Fernandez
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Amy S Fabritius
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David A Agard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Winey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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6
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Nastały P, Maiuri P. Cellular Polarity Transmission to the Nucleus. Results Probl Cell Differ 2022; 70:597-606. [PMID: 36348123 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06573-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is an intrinsic and fundamental property of unicellular organisms and, as well, of single cells in multicellular ones. It can be defined as asymmetric cell organization that is self-reinforced and maintained by appropriate signaling. While cellular polarity is widely studied at the membrane and cytoplasmic level, if and how it is transmitted to the nucleus is still a matter of research and discussion. However, there is growing evidence of polarity transmission from the cell to the nucleus. In this chapter, we discuss recent reports on nuclear polarity and involvement of potential molecular players including emerin, nesprins, and nuclear F-actin which may play a significant role in establishment of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Nastały
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Experimental Oncology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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7
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Abstract
All living cells interact dynamically with a constantly changing world. Eukaryotes, in particular, evolved radically new ways to sense and react to their environment. These advances enabled new and more complex forms of cellular behaviour in eukaryotes, including directional movement, active feeding, mating, and responses to predation. But what are the key events and innovations during eukaryogenesis that made all of this possible? Here we describe the ancestral repertoire of eukaryotic excitability and discuss five major cellular innovations that enabled its evolutionary origin. The innovations include a vastly expanded repertoire of ion channels, the emergence of cilia and pseudopodia, endomembranes as intracellular capacitors, a flexible plasma membrane and the relocation of chemiosmotic ATP synthesis to mitochondria, which liberated the plasma membrane for more complex electrical signalling involved in sensing and reacting. We conjecture that together with an increase in cell size, these new forms of excitability greatly amplified the degrees of freedom associated with cellular responses, allowing eukaryotes to vastly outperform prokaryotes in terms of both speed and accuracy. This comprehensive new perspective on the evolution of excitability enriches our view of eukaryogenesis and emphasizes behaviour and sensing as major contributors to the success of eukaryotes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: conceptual tools and the view from the single cell'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Y. Wan
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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8
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Jimenez AJ, Schaeffer A, De Pascalis C, Letort G, Vianay B, Bornens M, Piel M, Blanchoin L, Théry M. Acto-myosin network geometry defines centrosome position. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1206-1220.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Bornens M. Centrosome organization and functions. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 66:199-206. [PMID: 33338884 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The centrosome, discovered near 1875, was named by Boveri when proposing the chromosomal theory of heredity. After a long eclipse, a considerable amount of molecular data has been accumulated on the centrosome and its biogenesis in the last 30 years, summarized regularly in excellent reviews. Major questions are still at stake in 2021 however, as we lack a comprehensive view of the centrosome functions. I will first try to see how progress towards a unified view of the role of centrosomes during evolution is possible, and then review recent data on only some of the many important questions raised by this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bornens
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS - UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France.
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10
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Genome-wide identification of polar auxin transporter gene families reveals a possible new polar auxin flow in inverted cuttings of Populus yunnanensis. Gene 2020; 772:145349. [PMID: 33338511 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inverted cuttings of Populus yunnanensis are characterized by enlarged stems and dwarfed new shoots, and phytohormones play a crucial role in the response to inversion. The polar auxin transport (PAT) system is distinct from the transport systems of other hormones and is controlled by three major transporter gene families: pin-formed (PIN), auxin-resistant/like aux (AUX/LAX) and ATP-binding cassette transporters of the B class (ABCB). Here, we identified these three families in P. trichocarpa, P. euphratica and P. yunnanensis through a genome-wide analysis. The Populus PIN, AUX/LAX and ABCB gene families comprised 15, 8 and 31 members, respectively. Most PAT genes in Populus and Arabidopsis were identified as clear sister pairs, and some had unique motifs. Transcriptome profiling revealed that the expression of most PAT genes was unrelated to cutting inversion and that only several genes showed altered expression when cuttings were inverted. The auxin content difference at positions was opposite in upright and inverted cutting bodies during rooting, which obeyed the original plant polarity. However, during plant growth, the two direction types exhibited similar auxin movements in the cutting bodies, and the opposite auxin changes were observed in new shoots. Four PAT genes with a positive response to cutting inversion, PyuPIN10, PyuPIN11, PyuLAX6 and PyuABCB27, showed diverse expression patterns between upright and inverted cuttings during rooting and plant growth. Furthermore, PAT gene expression retained its polarity, which differs from the results found for auxin flow during plant growth. The inconformity indicated that a new downward auxin flow in addition to the old upward flow might be established during the growth of inverted cuttings. Some highly polar PAT genes were involved in the maintenance of original auxin polarity, which might cause the enlarged stems of inverted cuttings. This work lays a foundation for understanding the roles of auxin transport in plant responses to inversion.
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11
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De la Fuente IM, López JI. Cell Motility and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2177. [PMID: 32764365 PMCID: PMC7464129 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is an essential systemic behavior, tightly regulated, of all living cells endowed with directional motility that is involved in the major developmental stages of all complex organisms such as morphogenesis, embryogenesis, organogenesis, adult tissue remodeling, wound healing, immunological cell activities, angiogenesis, tissue repair, cell differentiation, tissue regeneration as well as in a myriad of pathological conditions. However, how cells efficiently regulate their locomotion movements is still unclear. Since migration is also a crucial issue in cancer development, the goal of this narrative is to show the connection between basic findings in cell locomotion of unicellular eukaryotic organisms and the regulatory mechanisms of cell migration necessary for tumor invasion and metastases. More specifically, the review focuses on three main issues, (i) the regulation of the locomotion system in unicellular eukaryotic organisms and human cells, (ii) how the nucleus does not significantly affect the migratory trajectories of cells in two-dimension (2D) surfaces and (iii) the conditioned behavior detected in single cells as a primitive form of learning and adaptation to different contexts during cell migration. New findings in the control of cell motility both in unicellular organisms and mammalian cells open up a new framework in the understanding of the complex processes involved in systemic cellular locomotion and adaptation of a wide spectrum of diseases with high impact in the society such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildefonso M. De la Fuente
- Department of Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC Institute, Espinardo University Campus, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - José I. López
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
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12
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Wan KY. Synchrony and symmetry-breaking in active flagellar coordination. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190393. [PMID: 31884920 PMCID: PMC7017343 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Living creatures exhibit a remarkable diversity of locomotion mechanisms, evolving structures specialized for interacting with their environment. In the vast majority of cases, locomotor behaviours such as flying, crawling and running are orchestrated by nervous systems. Surprisingly, microorganisms can enact analogous movement gaits for swimming using multiple, fast-moving cellular protrusions called cilia and flagella. Here, I demonstrate intermittency, reversible rhythmogenesis and gait mechanosensitivity in algal flagella, to reveal the active nature of locomotor patterning. In addition to maintaining free-swimming gaits, I show that the algal flagellar apparatus functions as a central pattern generator that encodes the beating of each flagellum in a network in a distinguishable manner. The latter provides a novel symmetry-breaking mechanism for cell reorientation. These findings imply that the capacity to generate and coordinate complex locomotor patterns does not require neural circuitry but rather the minimal ingredients are present in simple unicellular organisms. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Y. Wan
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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13
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Bornens M. A moment at the cell centre. Biol Cell 2019; 111:294-307. [PMID: 31621092 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
I have been invited by the board of the French Society of Cell Biology (SBCF) to write a text around my presentation in the Symposium 'A day at the Cell Centre', held at the Curie Institute on May 17, 2019, and organized by four of my former students, namely Juliette Azimzadeh, Nathalie Delgehyr, Matthieu Piel and Manuel Théry. I have to thank them warmly for the quality of the science during this day. It was also a moving day for me indeed to listen to so many figures in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bornens
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris, France
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14
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Zhou AP, Gan PH, Zong D, Fei X, Zhong YY, Li SQ, Yu JD, He CZ. Bark tissue transcriptome analyses of inverted Populus yunnanensis cuttings reveal the crucial role of plant hormones in response to inversion. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7740. [PMID: 31592192 PMCID: PMC6777492 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inverted cuttings of Populus yunnanensis exhibit an interesting growth response to inversion. This response is characterized by enlargement of the stem above the shoot site, while the upright stem shows obvious outward growth below the shoot site. In this study, we examined transcriptome changes in bark tissue at four positions on upright and inverted cuttings of P. yunnanensis: position B, the upper portion of the stem; position C, the lower portion of the stem; position D, the bottom of new growth; and position E, the top of new growth. The results revealed major transcriptomic changes in the stem, especially at position B, but little alteration was observed in the bark tissue of the new shoot. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly assigned to four pathways: plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway-plant, and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Most of these DEGs were involved in at least two pathways. The levels of many hormones, such as auxin (IAA), cytokinin (CTK), gibberellins (GAs), ethylene (ET), and brassinosteroids (BRs), underwent large changes in the inverted cuttings. A coexpression network showed that the top 20 hub unigenes at position B in the upright and inverted cutting groups were associated mainly with the BR and ET signaling pathways, respectively. Furthermore, brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) in the BR pathway and both ethylene response (ETR) and constitutive triple response 1 (CTR1) in the ET pathway were important hubs that interfaced with multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Pei Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Pei-Hua Gan
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Dan Zong
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuan Fei
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Si-Qi Li
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jin-De Yu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng-Zhong He
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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15
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Joukov V, De Nicolo A. The Centrosome and the Primary Cilium: The Yin and Yang of a Hybrid Organelle. Cells 2019; 8:E701. [PMID: 31295970 PMCID: PMC6678760 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes and primary cilia are usually considered as distinct organelles, although both are assembled with the same evolutionary conserved, microtubule-based templates, the centrioles. Centrosomes serve as major microtubule- and actin cytoskeleton-organizing centers and are involved in a variety of intracellular processes, whereas primary cilia receive and transduce environmental signals to elicit cellular and organismal responses. Understanding the functional relationship between centrosomes and primary cilia is important because defects in both structures have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer. Here, we discuss evidence that the animal centrosome evolved, with the transition to complex multicellularity, as a hybrid organelle comprised of the two distinct, but intertwined, structural-functional modules: the centriole/primary cilium module and the pericentriolar material/centrosome module. The evolution of the former module may have been caused by the expanding cellular diversification and intercommunication, whereas that of the latter module may have been driven by the increasing complexity of mitosis and the requirement for maintaining cell polarity, individuation, and adhesion. Through its unique ability to serve both as a plasma membrane-associated primary cilium organizer and a juxtanuclear microtubule-organizing center, the animal centrosome has become an ideal integrator of extracellular and intracellular signals with the cytoskeleton and a switch between the non-cell autonomous and the cell-autonomous signaling modes. In light of this hypothesis, we discuss centrosome dynamics during cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation and propose a model of centrosome-driven microtubule assembly in mitotic and interphase cells. In addition, we outline the evolutionary benefits of the animal centrosome and highlight the hierarchy and modularity of the centrosome biogenesis networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Joukov
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 197758 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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Bornens M. [Cell polarity and the innovation of the primary cilium/centrosome organ in Metazoa]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:452-461. [PMID: 31115328 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-autonomous polarity in Metazoans is inherited from ancestral unicellular organisms. We assume that permanent polarity in unicellular eukaryotes is required for cell motion and sensory reception and that the integration of these two activities corresponds to an evolutionary constrained cell function. While conserving the ancestral flagellum, Metazoans have co-opted a primary cilium/centrosome organ from it, ensuring similar functions, but in different cells, or in the same cell at different moments. We propose that the remodeling necessary to reach a new higher-level unit of selection in multi-cellular organisms, has been triggered by conflicts among individual cell polarities to reach an organismic polarity. We shall provisionally conclude that beyond critical consequences for embryo development, the conservation of cell-autonomous polarity in Metazoans has far reaching implications for the evolution of individuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bornens
- Institut Curie, Université de recherche Paris-Sciences-et-Lettres, CNRS - UMR 144, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Zhou AP, Zong D, Gan PH, Zou XL, Fei X, Zhong YY, He CZ. Physiological Analysis and Transcriptome Profiling of Inverted Cuttings of Populus yunnanensis Reveal That Cell Wall Metabolism Plays a Crucial Role in Responding to Inversion. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E572. [PMID: 30477186 PMCID: PMC6316517 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inverted cuttings of Populus yunnanensis remain alive by rooting from the original morphological apex and sprouting from the base, but the lateral branches exhibit less vigorous growth than those of the upright plant. In this study, we examined the changes in hormone contents, oxidase activities, and transcriptome profiles between upright and inverted cuttings of P. yunnanensis. The results showed that the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA₃) contents were significantly lower in inverted cuttings than in upright cuttings only in the late growth period (September and October), while the abscisic acid (ABA) level was always similar between the two direction types. The biosynthesis of these hormones was surprisingly unrelated to the inversion of P. yunnanensis during the vegetative growth stage (July and August). Increased levels of peroxidases (PODs) encoded by 13 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) served as lignification promoters that protected plants against oxidative stress. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that most DEGs (107) were related to carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, altered activities of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USP, 15 DEGs) for nucleotide sugars, pectin methylesterase (PME, 7 DEGs) for pectin, and POD (13 DEGs) for lignin were important factors in the response of the trees to inversion, and these enzymes are all involved cell wall metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Pei Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Dan Zong
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Pei-Hua Gan
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Xin-Lian Zou
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Xuan Fei
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Cheng-Zhong He
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
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